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A new mobile app developed at the University of Washington does the opposite. The Trace app turns a digital sketch that you draw on your smartphone screen -- a heart, maple leaf, raindrop, sailboat -- into a walking route that you can send to a friend or loved one. The recipient of the "gift" tells the app how long they want the walk to last and receives step-by-step directions that eventually reveal the hidden shape on a map.
The sender can also include audio recordings, images, inside jokes or other messages that pop up at specified locations along the route to give the recipient hints. The free app, available from Google and iTunes, was designed by UW Human Centered Design and Engineering researchers to explore how GIS mapping technology shapes how we experience the simple act of walking. Trace aims to encourage communication and reflection, rather than focusing on competition or efficiency.
"For some people it was a delight to find that slowing down allowed them to meet new people or see familiar sites in their neighborhood in new ways, but at the same time giving up that control was a stress for other folks who had a routine, " said project lead Daniela Rosner, assistant professor of Human Centered Design and Engineering and co-director of the UW's TAT Lab.
Activity tracking apps like FitBit help people reach exercise goals, and routing apps like Google Maps are optimized to send people on the most efficient route to a particular destination. Trace, by contrast, forces walkers to relinquish control, go where the app directs them and in some cases experience traveling through a city quite differently than they're used to.
In a study presented last month in Seoul at the Association for Computing Machinery's CHI conference for computer-human interaction, 16 avid walkers in Seattle, Boston and Chicago who used Trace for a week tested more than 150 shapes. Some participants -- who included a dog walker, an artist, a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority employee and a lawyer who works on rights to public space -- sent routes to friends while others simply used the app to draw walks for themselves.
In one instance, a woman who met her boyfriend at a French cultural center in Boston sent him a walk that traced the outline of the United States, the country that brought them together. Along the way, she included hints to the mystery pattern, like "The Star-Spangled Banner." The two walked the route together in downtown Boston on a Sunday afternoon.
Unlike other apps that allow you to share a fixed route that you may have already run or biked, Trace allows a person to begin walking the route from any point in the city. The walker can also make the shape bigger or smaller by specifying how long the walk should last.
Some people found that using Trace introduced a different pace into their daily routines. One found himself in neighborhoods that he usually biked or ran through, but rarely walked. Others discovered new paths to local parks in their neighborhoods, or found time to engage with kids and neighbors as they paused to wait for the next direction. Rediscovering features that they often overlooked in their everyday environments invited unexpected surprises.
On the other hand, participants also found Trace to be deeply disruptive to familiar routines. It forced them to walk without having a clear sense of where they were going, and some shapes forced them to walk up and down the same street more than once, all of which felt disturbingly inefficient.
"We've sort of lost interest in exploring the same path two different ways, even though you can retrace your steps and have a different experience," Rosner said. "That deep-seated need for efficiency says something about what we expect from our tools and what maybe our tools have enabled us to expect."
In other instances, Trace routed people into neighborhoods that they perceived as unsafe or that made them feel uncomfortable. Those were among the times that people abandoned their walks. As some GIS routing apps have begun to experiment with using crime data to steer people away from certain neighborhoods, those algorithms raise questions about what becomes a discriminatory act, Rosner said.
"Our goal for this research wasn't necessarily to produce the next new app for walking, though we hope people will use and enjoy it," Rosner said. "It was to use the tool to start asking questions about what we expect from our GIS routing tools and about the role that technology can play in our walks."
Co-authors are UW master's students Hidekazu Saegusa and Allison Chambliss and recent graduate Jeremy Friedland.
The research was funded by Intel.
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Well, we’ve been hearing a lot lately about income equality. Is there a way, though, we can quantify all that? So, it’s not just a bunch of stories and opinions?
Well, yes, there is. It’s called the Gini Coefficient, and it’s basically a number that tells you how equal or unequal a country is based on distribution of income.
I won’t get into all the gory details (though you can find them on good ol' Wikipedia), but essentially the Gini will give you a value of 1 for complete equality (everybody makes the same) and 0 for complete inequality (1 person makes all the money, and nobody else makes nuthin’). It’s something that any serious economist knows all about and takes very seriously.
Now, there are two ways to look at this number …
Believe it or not, this country was pretty darn equal at one time. Can you guess when? It was actually in the 1950s, the heyday of the middle class. Yup, everyone was working, unemployment was usually under 5%, the CEO of the average company made 25 times more than the average worked at that company (it's over 200 now), the highest tax rate was 90% (it's 40 now), and the Gini bottomed out at just under 39. (Oh, we were also the strongest country in the world and basically paid everyone’s military bill, gave foreign aid all over the place, and managed to fund all sorts of internal improvements and R&D.)
Now, this was a major contrast to what was going on pre-Depression, when the (mixed metaphor alert) Fat Cats were rolling in the dough and the Gini was over 50.
What’s really interesting, though, is what happened in the 1980s, when numbers started to rise and rise, advancing to almost pre-Depression levels.
So, what exactly was going on in those years? Well, you may remember a fellow by the name of Ronald Reagan. As avuncular and charming as he was, he was also the first Republican in almost 60 years who wasn’t essentially a DINO (a Democrat In Name Only). Yup, all the Republicans elected in FDR’s (and the Depression’s) very long shadow basically believed in the same model of government. That means Eisenhower, of course, but also Nixon and Ford too.
Reagan, however, wanted to blow the whole thing up. In that regard, he was essentially as nutso as Barry Goldwater (who ran in ’64) – but somehow managed to win more than his little home state and the Deep South.
And Reagan did (blow the whole thing up, that is). He totally changed the game – so that gummint was the enemy, unregulated capitalism was the hottest thing since the middle of the 19th Century, economic victims deserved their plight, and greed was good. And one of the major effects of all that was for the Gini coefficient to rise by almost a quarter, back to figures similar to those of the Roaring 20’s.
Another way to look at this is to compare ourselves to the rest of the world. Yes, I realize we American don’t really like to do that. American exceptionalism is, after all, a storied tradition in this land. Sometimes, though, the exception is on the debit, not the credit, side.
Like, for example, when it comes to the Gini coefficient:
On the plus side, it looks like we’ve got everybody beat directly south of us. Take that, Colombia! And that, Guatemala! At the same time, though, it looks like we’re in the same boat as Argentina and Nicaragua – and Suriname’s got us beat flat. Dang!
Africa’s looking pretty good too – at least south of the equator, that is. It’s a little hard to believe, though, that were losing out to Ghana, and Sudan, and Mali, and Burkina Fasso.
And here’s a call out to China, and Malaysia, and – um, er – Papua-New Guinea. It’s looking, though, like Japan, and South Korea, and even such light weights as Mongolia and Vietnam and Afghanistan have us bested in Asia.
As for Europe? Are you kidding? Canada? Fuggedaboutit. The ANZAC countries? Yeah, right. Heck, even India and Iran and Greece have us beat.
Care to see it in a list? Well then, the World Bank has us coming in at 96, just above Gabon, but just below Qatar. Not a World Bank fan? Well, how about the CIA? They’ve got us at 102.
Ready to give up? I know I am.
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J. Afro-American Hist. and Geneal. Soc. 21(1):64-74.
by allen lutins (www.lutins.org)Copyright © 2002. Please click here for information about reproducing this article.
Dunker Hook Road...was the original location of slave houses built sometime before 1800 by Zabriskies who owned this land... [Dunkerhook] contained, at its peak population, about a half dozen houses, (three of which still stand on the north side of Dunker Hook Road) a school for the slave children and a church .In addition, Bogert suggested that the Dunkerhook school, constructed in 1726, was the earliest school in the region, and that it was integrated . Bogert's history included old photos of an "old slave house" and a "small slave church" that formerly stood at Dunkerhook.
Rogers, who apparently derived some of his information from Bogert, noted:
[There are at Dunkerhook] three homes which were formerly the quarters of negro slaves. These slaves, it is believed, belonged to Cornelius Board and the Zabriskies and worked on their plantations at the end of Dunkerhook Road. Mr. Bogert has pictures of the descendants of these slaves. One was Ben Bennet...Here also was a small negro church...with a negro school to the left .He added that the three houses still standing in 1960 were built around 1760. Neither author provided reference to documentation which confirmed their claims.
The only other source which mentions the existence of a slave community at this location is an historic marker, erected by the Bergen County Historical Society in the adjacent Saddle River County Park. The sign reads:
DUNKERHOOK ROAD: This old colonial lane was named Dunkerhook meaning Dark Corner by the Dutch who settled the area in the early 18th century. Along this road, the Zabriskie family, who bought the land from the Indians in 1702, built houses and a school for the use of their slaves.If Dunkerhook was indeed a `slave community' it was certainly unique, as references to other slave communities in New Jersey are unknown in the historic literature, although the existence of free black communities in New Jersey is documented . The assertion that Dunkerhook was indeed a slave community seems tenuous, given the fact that such communities are practically unknown in the northeastern United States, and that Bogert's and Roger's works apparently are based on previous histories and oral tradition, rather than primary documentation, (i.e., court documents, municipal, county, and state records, tax and census information, etc.). In order to assess the nature of such a community, it is imperative first to prove that a number of slaves were indeed residents there. Primary documentation demonstrates, however, that it is unlikely that Dunkerhook existed prior to the mid-nineteenth century. Furthermore, Dunkerhook was populated primarily or completely by free African Americans, and never housed a population predominantly of slaves. This article presents the relevant documents which support this assertion, and postulates that Dunkerhook's purported status as a slave community derives primarily from the political and economic position in which the area residents found themselves during the nineteenth century, and perhaps secondarily from the state of African American demographics in nineteenth century New Jersey.
The earliest reference to the area encompassing Dunkerhook is from 1668 . It describes a "tract of land, now called New Barbadoes, betw. the Hackensack and Pawsaick Rivers" which Governor Cartarett granted to Captain William Sandford. A 1682 map lists it as "Berry's Grant 1669" . The boundaries of New Barbadoes in 1693 were defined by the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers (west and east), the Newark Bay (south), and the Sussex, New York County line (north). Its first proprietors were Captains John Berry and William Sandford . In 1871 Dunkerhook became part of the newly formed Midland Township, in Bergen County, and in 1922 Paramus Borough was incorporated, which included Dunkerhook .
Albrecht Zaborowsky (whose name is spelled various ways throughout the literature and later became "Zabriskie") is the earliest known settler in New Barbadoes . After traveling from what was then Prussia to New Barbadoes in 1662, he purchased over 4000 acres of land . His first purchase in 1702, later known as the "Paramus Tract," included land which would become Dunkerhook . Much of the land stayed in the family throughout the centuries. The last person with the surname Zabriskie to inherit land in the Dunkerhook area was Frances H. Zabriskie, in 1920 , although land inherited by Wessells and Boards, descendants of Zabriskies, was in the family's hands a few years beyond that . Bogert and Rogers give details of the Zabriskie's ownership of this area. These historians wrote that the Zabriskies built a number of successive residences on Paramus Road directly across from Dunkerhook, including houses built in 1760 by Jacob Zabriskie and in 1790 by Andries Zabriskie .
The earliest known use of the name Dunkerhook, a corruption of the Dutch `Donkere Hoek' (meaning `Dark Corner') , occurs in the text of a 1767 county survey of Dunkerhook Road ; unfortunately, the map that originally accompanied this record is missing. Dunkerhook Road does not appear on the detailed maps of New Jersey and New York drawn for General George Washington by Robert Erskine between 1778 and 1779 , but the Zabriskies' residence is shown in the area, with no other structures depicted in the vicinity of Dunkerhook.
Historic maps from 1861, 1867 and 1876 indicate that either four or five houses were constructed at Dunkerhook during this time. These are the homes referred to as "slave houses" in local histories. Two of the homes are still extant at the time of this writing, and the foundation of a third lies under a home which was significantly altered in the 1980s; all are on the north side of Dunkerhook Road. The house at 273 Dunkerhook Road is on the State Register of Historic Places (# 10-03-80), the only vestige of Dunkerhook so honored.
A number of conflicting dates are listed for the construction of these homes. Rogers claimed 1760 as the construction date for the three houses that remained in 1960, while Bogert simply stated that they were built "sometime before 1800" . More recent sources suggest later dates for their construction: A county historical survey asserts that the homestead at 273 Dunkerhook Road (listed on the National Register of Historic Places as of 24 July 1984) was erected in the mid-nineteenth century, with two others built in the mid-nineteenth century or earlier (the report describes these as "slave/tenant" houses and suggests that they "may have been built before or shortly after 1800"). These data derive from historic maps and architectural style. Another source claims that all three structures date to the early nineteenth century . Unfortunately, no maps are available from the years spanning 1776 to 1861 by which to judge these claims.
A church formerly stood near the western terminus of Dunkerhook Road. It first appears on an 1867 map, and is labeled "Zion ME Ch." This identifies it as a branch of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church . The church building was probably erected between 1861 and 1867, for it does not appear on an 1861 map, and an African Methodist Episcopal church built between 1856 and 1860 in what is now Alpine (also in Bergen County) is described in a well-researched work as "the first church of its kind in all of Bergen County" . Further evidence for the date of construction is the fact that it does not appear on Christopher Rush's list of Zion organizations for 1843 , which lists only three such churches in New Jersey (in Newark, Elizabethtown and Shrewsbury). The church most likely ran a Sunday school, for by 1846 all but one of the 132 A.M.E. Zion churches did so .
The 30 foot by 60 foot lot of land on which the church rested was granted to trustees of the church in 1904 by Catherine Wessells, daughter of Cornelius Zabriskie. The deed recording this conveyance stated specifically that the land was "to be used for church purposes only" . The trustees of the church sold the land in 1923 , at which time it may be presumed that the church had ceased to be used as such. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1932 or 1933 .
Bogert and Rogers claim that Dunkerhook was home to a very early historic school. Apparently the earliest reference to this school was in Frances Westervelt's history of Bergen County, published in 1900, in which Westervelt wrote:
Probably the first school in the present limits of the county was at Paramus, near the old Reformed Church, and was built about 1730. There was another built somewhat later on land now belonging to the Board Estate" .The latter school, mentioned as being on the lands of the Board Estate, is presumably the Dunkerhook school. However, the Board Estate encompassed a large area and a number of structures in Paramus, so the school mentioned in Westervelt's history was not necessarily in Dunkerhook. Bogert mistakenly took the former school to be Dunkerhook's when he wrote that the Dunkerhook school "seems to have been the first one-room schoolhouse in the borough," attributing its construction date to 1726 . If there was indeed a school at Dunkerhook, it did not date to this early a time.
There are incongruities in the school's description. One source says it was a "little brick schoolhouse" , while Bogert describes it as being built of rough stone , a description reiterated in a 50th Anniversary Commemorative Journal for Paramus. (This journal seems to have obtained its information from Bogert's history, as it also gives a construction date of 1726.) In addition, the Journal claims that both whites and blacks attended class at this "democratic place" . This story is found in its earliest form in Bogert's history, where he added (p. 47) that "[i]ntegration was not a problem then".
No reference to such a school exists in maps, deeds, school listings, or any other primary sources. As previously mentioned, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church probably ran a Sunday school; it is possible that historians have mistaken the church's classes for an actual school in Dunkerhook. If there was a schoolhouse in Dunkerhook, it was certainly built after 1730, and was not the earliest school in the area despite claims to the contrary.
An examination of historic records reveals that small slave houses existed on some large New Jersey farmsteads, but they invariably occurred as single dwellings , and there is no evidence that a number of such dwellings ever existed in the Dunkerhook area. My conclusion, based on the above data, is that Dunkerhook, consisting of some half dozen residential structures (and later including a church), came into being sometime in the early-mid 19th century.
Since Dunkerhook was likely founded after 1780, records were examined dating back to 1779. The latest year for which records were examined was 1860, for slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. constitution, officially adopted in New Jersey in 1866 . And although local historians list only the Zabriskie, Wessels and Boards families as slaveowners in the Dunkerhook area, slaveholding records of adjacent landowning families (as determined by historic maps) were examined as well.
A book entitled "Black Births (slaves) 1804-1844 From Original Records", located in the vertical files of the Bergen County Historical Society (at the Johnson Free Public Library, in Hackensack, N.J.) contains in excess of 700 entries. State law required that such records be kept in order to later assess a slave's right to freedom; this extensive set of records appears to be complete. Of all the entries, only one (p. 81) is absolutely attributable to a resident living near Dunkerhook: Cornelius Zabriskie. A second record (p. 12) probably refers to the same Zabriskie. The entry (dated 1805), listing the birth of a boy named Sam in 1804 to a slave of "Cornelius H. Zabriskie," employs a middle initial used nowhere else to designate the Cornelius Zabriskie who lived adjacent to Dunkerhook. However, a slave named Sam was freed 27 years later by "Cornelius Zabriskie" (see the following paragraph). The first entry refers more definitively to the Cornelius Zabriskie in question, and reads:
I, Cornelius Zabriskie, of the Township of New Barbadoes in the County of Bergen, do hereby Certify that on the 19th day of September, 1806, was born of my Negro woman slave a female child named Floor. As witness my hand this 10th day of January, 1810. [Signed] Cornelius Zabriskie."Another useful source of information is a book entitled "Bergen County Manumissions of Slaves June 17, 1804-August 10, 1841," currently in the hands of the Bergen County Office of Cultural and Historic Affairs in Hackensack, N.J. Like slave births, these listings, recording the freeing of slaves by their masters, are voluminous and apparently complete. Again, there is exceedingly scant evidence of slave ownership by the Dunkerhook area residents. One entry (p. 204) records the freeing of a slave named Sam by Cornelius Zabriskie in 1831. Two other entries (pp. 128,188) list slaves freed by Zabriskie's neighbors: In 1819, J. Harman Van Dien freed a slave named Ann, and in 1829 J.J. Bancker Aycrigg freed a slave named Jack.
Additional information can be gleaned from tax and census records for the Township of New Barbadoes, of which Dunkerhook was a part throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For some of the years between 1779 and 1820, Bergen County Tax Ratables exist which detail slave holdings. For the succeeding years, U.S. and New Jersey census information is available which lists the names and races of every individual in the Township; they usually mention slaves and/or "free colored persons" resident at a person's house. The proximity of individuals' census listings generally concurs with the proximity of their residences (due to the method of gathering and recording the information). Implications presented here regarding the location of residences based on census information have been confirmed through other sources (such as maps and deeds) when possible.
The data in Table 1 confirm that the Zabriskies and their neighbors owned very few slaves between 1779 and 1860. Residents in the area generally owned a combined total of two or three slaves; a peak of six occurs in 1820, after which there is no record of slave ownership in the area. Beginning in 1830, however, there are numerous references to free "negroes" living in Dunkerhook. By the 1850's, a large number of free African Americans were concentrated in the Dunkerhook area (see Appendix, "List of Dunkerhook Residents According to U.S. Census").
Table 1. Tax and Census Data for Dunkerhook.
Year Source* Resident** # Slaves Notes (see Appendix) 1779 BCTR Andries Zabriskie 2 1784 BCTR Andreas Zabriskie 0 Bogert 1 Hopper 1 1791 BCTR Andreis Zabriskie 1 Bogert 2 1802 BCTR Andries Zabriskie 1 BCTR Bogert 1 1820 BCTR Andries Zabriskie 0 Cornelius Zabriskie 1 Bogert 1 Van Dien 4 1830 USC Cornelius Zabriskie 0 1850 USC Cornelius Zabriskie 0 2 African American households listed in area 1855 NJC Cornelius Zabriskie 0 1860 USC Cornelius Zabriskie n.a. 4 African American households listed in area *BCTR=Bergen County Tax Ratables; USC=United States Census; NJC=New Jersey Census.
**Last name only indicates a Zabriskie neighbor.
Contrary to the facts, the assumption in the oral histories is that the majority of African Americans were enslaved throughout the nineteenth century. This is perhaps because, although technically "free," the rights of African Americans in New Jersey were severely limited by laws which were still in effect years after their emancipation. These laws served to perpetuate a system whereby African Americans were unable to attain a status far superior to their previous slavery. It is clear that, regarding the nineteenth century African American, "his powerlessness and rightlessness as a slave may be seen as related to the juridical idea of the slave as property, [but] his continued powerlessness and rightlessness as a free person was related to his racial identity" .
One example of this subjugation was the absence of African American voting rights between 1807 and 1875 . Most of the limitations were implemented through statutes enacted by New Jersey throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
In 1769 an act was passed placing "the burden of the support of the indigent freedman directly on the slaveholder who had manumitted him" . Not only did this retard manumissions, but the fact that this act was never repealed indicates the degree of subservience in which "freed" African Americans were expected to live. In 1798, twelve years after slave importation was banned in New Jersey , a statute was enacted requiring free blacks who entered the state to have "a written certificate of freedom from their former masters, and all free Negroes already in the state had to have such a certificate in their possession at all times" .
In 1804, the Gradual Abolition Act was passed, freeing children of slaves at the age of 21 (for females) or 25 (for males) , but an act of 1820 "strengthening" the 1804 act set up an indentured servant system. This trend continued with the 1846 act abolishing slavery; although free in name, former slaves became indentured servants who could be liberated only with the permission of their masters . These people became "apprentices" for life .
The fact that Dunkerhook's African American residents were renters, not landowners, may contribute to the impression that they were not free. The property was rented from the Zabriskie family, which owned the entire Dunkerhook area into the twentieth century . Catharine Wessells, daughter of Cornelius Zabriskie, made mention of two tenants in her 1907 will , one of whom (Ben Bennett) is listed as the head of a Dunkerhook household in the 1860 U.S. census (see Appendix). Rental of the Dunkerhook homes is attested as late as 1928 .
It is likely that the occupations of Dunkerhook residents also contributed to the later notion that they were slaves. U.S. census data for 1850 and 1860 (Appendix) indicates that the job descriptions accompanying Dunkerhook residents consist primarily of such categories as "Laborer", "Domestic", "Washer Woman", "Help around farm", "Help around house", and other domestic jobs. The oral history may well preserve memories of menial tasks performed by the Dunkerhook residents, but not the fact that they were paid or otherwise compensated to perform them. The history of Dunkerhook, as recorded by Bogert and Rogers, reflects a bias towards a composite image formed through oral history, rather than the facts as elucidated in the primary documentation.
NAME AGE SEX OCCUPATION NOTES 1850 Census: (3 households; none with valued real estate) *Samuel Bennet 46 M Abby " 42 F Phobe " 9 F Elizabeth " 5 F *Jack Steward 39 M Mary " 33 F Charity " 10 F Thomas " 8 M Samuel " 6 M Henry " 4 M William M. " 2 M Benjamin Steward 18 M Laborer Resident of Wessells homestead John " 14 M " " " " " Patty " 16 F " " " " *Harry Sisco 33 M Laborer Arianna " 30 F Harry " 2 M Maria " 1/2 yr F 1860 Census: (6 households; none with valued real estate) *Ned Jackson 44 M Laborer Cannot read or write Jo---s " 30 F Mistress " " " " Sam " 10 M Attended school within last year Harry " 6 M " " " " " Gilbert Riley 22 M Laborer Mulatto Phobe J. " 18 F Mistress " William A. " 2 M " *Harry Jones 50 M Laborer Cannot read or write Dinah " 45 F Mistress " " " " Phobe " 20 F Help at home George " 18 M Laborer Sam " 15 M " Jane " 13 F Granny " 80 F Widow Sam Kiser 6 M *Benjamin Bennet 30 M Coachman Kate " 20 F Washer Woman Frank B. " 2 M John Stewart 43 M Laborer Mary " 40 F Mistress Thomas " 18 M Footman Samuel " 15 M Waiter Henry " 12 M Attended school within last year William M. Stewart 10 M " " " " " Anthony M. " 8 M Mary Stewart 2 F *Joseph Thompson 43 M Laborer Cannot read or write Dinah " 40 F Mistress " " " " John " 10 M Attended school within last year Caesar " 6 M " " " " " Benjamin Eglan 15 M Help on farm White from Morris County, NJ Hannah Richards 24 F Domestic White from Yorkshire, England Mary E. Kiser 7 F " White from Bergen County, NJ *Cuffy Joseph 72 M Laborer Cannot read or write Harry " 32 M " " " " " Mary " 32 F Mistress Hannah J. " 10 F Eliza " 7 F Henry " 1 M Nancy " 70 F Washer woman Cannot read or write *Sam Thompson 25 M Laborer Cannot read or write Jane " 20 F Mistress Samuel E. " 1 M
1. Fred Bogert, Paramus - A Chronicle of Four Centuries (Paramus, N.J., 1961), p. 40.
2. ibid., p. 75.
3. Robert Quillman Rogers, From Slooterdam to Fair Lawn (Fair Lawn, N.J., 1960), 60.
4. E.g., Joan H. Geismar, The Archaeology of Social Disintegration in Skunk Hollow, a Nineteenth-Century Rural Black Community (New York, 1982).
5. New Jersey Archives, First Series, Vol. XXI.
6. William A. Whitehead, East Jersey Under the Proprietary Governments (Newark, N.J., 1875).
7. Frances Westervelt, History of Bergen County, New Jersey 1630-1923 (New York, 1923), 273-274.
8. Bogert, Paramus, 28, 111.
9. Westervelt, Bergen County, 276.
10. Rogers, Slooterdam, 50-51.
11. Ibid., 15, 52.
12. Bergen County Court House, Deeds, Liber 1091, p. 526.
13. Bergen County Court House, Liber 1139, p. 561; Liber 1154, p. 479; et al.
14. Rogers, Slooterdam, 49, 52.
15. Gerre van der Kleij, personal communication, January 1989.
16. Bergen County Court House, Road Returns, Folder F, p. B70.
17. Edward L. Smullen, Surveys Done for His Excy General Washington by Robert Erskine 1778-1779... (retracing).
18. Rogers, Slooterdam, 60-61; Bogert, Paramus, 40.
19. Bergen County Office of Cultural and Historic Affairs, Historic Sites Survey of Paramus, New Jersey (Hackensack, N.J., 1981/1982), 5, L1.
20. Borough of Paramus [N.J.] Planning Board, Historic Preservation Zone, Article 23.
21. Rogers, Slooterdam, 61.
22. For a history of the A.M.E. Zion Church, see the following: Bishop J.W. Hood, One Hundred Years of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (New York, 1895); Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience Vol. I. (1988); David H. Bradley, A History of the A.M.E. Zion Church 1796-1968. Part I, 1796-1872 (Nashville, 1956).
23. Geismar, Skunk Hollow, 38.
24. Bradley, A.M.E. Zion Church, 104.
25. Ibid., 483
26. Bergen County Court House, Deeds, Liber 590, pp. 482-483.
27. Bergen County Court House, Deeds, Liber 1224, p. 609.
28. Bogert, Paramus, 40.
29. Westervelt, Bergen County, 210.
30. Bogert, Paramus, 47, 75.
31. Sunday Post Tercentenery Edition (Paramus), March 1, 1964.
32. Bogert, Paramus, 75.
33. Borough of Paramus, Borough of Paramus 50th Anniversary Commemorative Journal (Paramus, N.J., 1972), 12.
34. Examples of ads listing residences for sale which include "Negro houses" include: The New York Evening Post 1/27/1746, The New York Gazette or the Weekly Post Boy 10/7/1754, The New York Mercury 6/16/1755, The New York Mercury 10/11/1756, The New York Mercury 12/13/1762, The Pennsylvania Gazette 11/29/1764, and The New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury 3/21/1768 (all reproduced in William Nelson, ed., Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey: Newspaper Extracts, Press Printing & Pub. Co., Paterson; various volumes released between 1895 and 1904).
Isaac Bangs' journal entry for 29 June 1776 describes a farmstead on the west bank of the Hackensack River where 50-60 African American domestic workers resided in a single dwelling (Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society VIII:123, 1859).
35. Simeon F. Moss, "The Persistence of Slavery and Involuntary Servitude in a Free State (1685-1866)," J. Negro Hist. 35(3):289-314.
36. Lee Calligaro, "The Negro's Legal Status in Pre-Civil War New Jersey," N.J. Hist. 85:167-180.
37. Geismar, Skunk Hollow, 8.
38. Moss, "Persistence of Slavery," 289.
39. Henry S. Cooley, A Study of Slavery in New Jersey (Baltimore, 1896), 26.
40. This wasn't quite true in Bergen County, however, which had a higher percentage of slaves than any other New Jersey County until 1820.
41. Geismar, Skunk Hollow, 8.
42. C.M. Knapp, New Jersey Politics During the Period of the Civil War and Reconstruction (Geneva, N.Y., 1924), 2.
43. Arnold Sio, "Commentary" on "Slavery and Race" in Roots and Branches: Current Directions in Slave Studies (ed. Michael Craton). Historical Reflections 6:271.
43. Geismar, Skunk Hollow, 9-10.
45. Moss, "Persistence of Slavery," 296.
46. Cooley, "Study of Slavery," 25.
47. Calligaro, "Negro's Legal Status," 168.
48. Moss, "Persistence of Slavery," 305; Cooley, "Study of Slavery," 26.
49. Calligaro, "Negro's Legal Status," 170; Cooley, "Study of Slavery," 28.
50. Moss, "Persistence of Slavery," 306.
51. Bergen County Court House, Deeds, Liber 1578, p. 154.
52. Bergen County Court House, Surrogate's records, Book 38, p. 499: "To Benjamin Bennett and Bartholomew Westerhaven (both in my service) I devise to each of them to be held and enjoyed by him during his life the cottage or dwelling now occupied by him at Paramus on the road leading to Paterson..."
53. Bergen County Court House, Deeds, Liber 1578, p. 159: "Subject to the rights of two tenants: Taylor and Behm, in two houses on the north side of Dunker Hook Road, which tenants were yearly tenants... Subject to a possible right of way leading north from Dunker Hook Road near the old church site."
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On this day in 1964, delegates to the Republican National Convention, meeting at the Cow Palace in Daly City, a suburb of San Francisco, nominated Sen. Barry Goldwater of Arizona to run against President Lyndon B. Johnson in the race for the White House.
In accepting his party’s nomination, which he won on the first ballot, Goldwater said: “I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.”
Story Continued Below
Some GOP moderates saw Goldwater’s remarks as a deliberate insult. New York Gov. Nelson Rockefeller — who at one point before the convention led GOP primary polls by wide margins — refused to endorse or campaign for Goldwater. Michigan Gov. George Romney took a similar stance.
In the ensuing campaign, Goldwater tacked right, championing the conservative cause, embracing libertarianism, deriding liberalism and denouncing the New Deal, founded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933.
“Sometimes I think this country would be better off,” Goldwater had said at a 1961 news conference, “if we could just saw off the Eastern Seaboard and let it float out to sea.”
This was Goldwater’s way of signaling dislike of liberal economic and social policies, which were widely popular in that part of the country. Democrats gleefully highlighted this remark — as well as Goldwater’s Senate vote against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, his idea of making Social Security voluntary and his advocacy of privatizing the government-owned Tennessee Valley Authority.
In November, Goldwater suffered a crushing defeat, claiming 39 percent of the vote and carrying five states. Nonetheless, the election enshrined Goldwater, who died in 1998, as the political godfather of the modern conservative movement.
Source: “The Making of the President: 1964,”
by Theodore H. White (1965)
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A new study led by Florida State University evolutionary anthropologist Dean Falk has revealed that portions of the brain of Albert Einstein are unlike those of most people. The differences could relate to Einstein’s unique discoveries about the nature of space and time. Falk’s team used photographs of Einstein’s brain, taken shortly after his death, but not previously analyzed in detail. The photographs showed that Einstein’s brain had an unusually complex pattern of convolutions in the prefrontal cortex, which is important for abstract thinking.
In other words, Einsteins’ brain actually looks different from yours or mine. Falk and her team published their work on November 16, 2012 in the journal Brain.
Falk and her colleagues obtained 12 original photographs of Einstein’s brain from the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Silver Spring, Maryland. They analyzed the photos and compared the patterns of convoluted ridges and furrows in Einstein’s prefrontal cortex with those of 85 brains described in other studies. According to an article in Nature, many of the photographs were taken from unusual angles. They apparently show brain structures that weren’t visible in previously analyzed photos.
How did Einstein’s brain come to undergo so much scrutiny? Pathologist Thomas Harvey performed an autopsy on Einstein shortly after his death in 1955. At that time, he removed Einstein’s brain and preserved it in formalin. He took dozens of black-and-white photos of the brain. Later, he cut Einstein’s brain up into 240 blocks, took tissue samples from each block, mounted them onto microscope slides and distributed the slides to some of the world’s best neuropathologists.
So studies of Einstein’s brain began, although the first detailed one didn’t appear for 30 more years. In 1985, a study revealed that two parts of Einstein’s brain contained an unusually large number of non-neuronal cells – called glia – for every neuron, or nerve-transmitting cell in the brain. Ten years after that, Einstein’s brain was found to lack a furrow normally seen in the parietal lobe. Scientists at that time said the missing furrow might have been related to Einstein’s enhanced ability to think in three dimensions, as well as to his mathematical skills.
Now the most recent study, by Falk et. al., suggests that the pattern of convolutions in Einstein’s prefrontal cortex looks different from most people’s. And if all this talk of removing Einstein’s brain, and photographing it, seems a bit ghoulish, well, the science journal Nature explains it this way:
Albert Einstein is considered to be one of the most intelligent people that ever lived, so researchers are naturally curious about what made his brain tick.
There’s no doubt that Einstein is the most famous abstract thinker known to most of us. His general and special theories of relativity changed the way the rest of us think about space and time, in ways you might take for granted. For example, Einstein said time is relative. It doesn’t click along steadily for everyone at the same rate. It’s Einstein who imagined such a thing, and can you picture yourself making that leap of thought, much less proving it to the world, using the tools of mathematics and physics?
Another example: Einstein altered scientists’ pre-existing understanding of gravity, and, in so doing, changed the way we think about the structure of space. In simple terms, Einstein said that matter causes space to curve. That’s what Einstein’s brain suggested to him and, ultimately, it’s what caused the 20th century revolution in physics.
Einstein’s ability to think abstractly – to think about fundamental properties of the universe in ways no one ever had – is why he’s considered the father of modern physics and the most influential physicist of the 20th century.
Bottom line: Florida State University evolutionary anthropologist Dean Falk led a study showing that portions of the brain of Albert Einstein are different from those of most people. Falk’s team used photographs of Einstein’s brain, taken shortly after his death, and showed that Einstein’s brain has an unusually complex pattern of convolutions in the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain is important for abstract thought. Falk and her team published their work on November 16, 2012 in the journal Brain.
Deborah Byrd created the EarthSky radio series in 1991 and EarthSky.org in 1994. Today, she serves as Editor-in-Chief of this website. She has won a galaxy of awards from the broadcasting and science communities, including having an asteroid named 3505 Byrd in her honor. A science communicator and educator since 1976, Byrd believes in science as a force for good in the world and a vital tool for the 21st century. "Being an EarthSky editor is like hosting a big global party for cool nature-lovers," she says.
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What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
Retina is a highly sensitive thin tissue that lines the innermost part of the eye.It is this tissue that gives us our vision and is the part you are using now to read this note! There are tiny blood vessels on the Retina which bring oxygen and nourishment to it. Diabetes damages these blood vessels and cause them to leak,thus leading to a condition called Diabetic Retinopathy.
Normal Healthy Retina
Retinal Bleeding in Diabetic Retinopathy
Why is Diabetic Retinopathy Important ?
Diabetic retinopathy, today, has become one of the leading cause of Blindness in the working population.It slowly progresses with time and may not cause symptoms until it reaches an advanced stage.
Who can develop Diabetic Retinopathy ?
Every Diabetic is a potential candidate for developing Diabetic Retinopathy. Longer the person has diabetes, the greater are his/her chances to develop diabetic retinopathy.You are at greater risk if
- Your Diabetes is poorly controlled
- You have Hypertension
- You are on Insulin
- You have had Diabetes for a long time.
How do I know if I have Diabetic Retinopathy ?
Prevention is always better than cure. Hence it is essential to have periodic evaluation of your eye by an Ophthalmologist to detect the condition early. Frequency of follow up visits is decided on basis of the severity of the disease.Your pupils may be dilated with eyedrops, so that the Ophthalmologist may have a good look at the back of the eye , using an instrument called Ophthalmoscope. . Newer modalities of investigations like Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) help in accurately determining the severity of the disease and its treatment.
How is Diabetic Retinopathy treated ?
Treatment depends on the stage and severity of the disease.Several treatment options are available for the management of Diabetic Retinopathy like Laser Application to the retina , certain drugs to be injected into the eye or Eye Surgery in advanced cases. Early diagnosis and timely treatment is very essential in preventing the complications of this disease and thus maintaining vision.
- See your Ophthalmologist regularly.
- Don’t miss out your screening appointment.
- Control the blood sugar levels
- Get advice if you have a problem with your sight.
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The Moon reaches apogee, (greatest distance from Earth), this month on Thursday March 5th at 7 UT (1 am CST). At that time the Moon will more or less be at a distance of 31.86 Earth diameters (406,384 km or 252,515 miles) from the Earth.
Our Moon orbits around the Sun with the Earth and from our perspective on the Earth the Moon appears to circle around the Earth. However in reality the Moon orbits the Sun together with the Earth*.
Click here to go to the Qué tal in the Current Skies web site for more observing information for this month.
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If you want to determine the physical location of some web site's server, you have to know how to find an IP address1. Every site, existing on the Internet, has at least one IP address, though it is not demonstrated in browsers. There are several ways of finding it.
The simplest way is to use a special ping2 utility to find IP addresses. Such utilities are built in all operation systems. They contact the required sites by their names and then report you back their IP addresses.
Microsoft Windows Users should open the Start menu, click Run, type "command" or "cmd" (from here on without quotation marks) and press Ok or Enter. Then type the word "ping" and the name of the site, and press enter.
The utility will give you the IP address of the site. If you need to know your own IP address, type "command", press Enter, type "ipconfig", and press Enter once more.
Mac users can determine their IP addresses by clicking the Apple icon, selecting System Preferences - Network. There the IP address can be easily found in TCP/IP. There is also an alternative method: the Apple icon - About This Mac - More - Network.
On the Internet there are special sites, like whatstheirip.com, which will help you to find IP addresses when you are unable to do it yourself.
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A new network diagram function has been added to Heurist that allows you to view the schema of relationships within the database, as well as the network of connections between the records in a search result set. It also allows export of network data to GEPHI for further manipulation.
The new tool is a good way for researchers to explore and understand their data structure and content visually. By dragging nodes into position and interactively modifying the shape and colours of the diagram elements, a researcher can sometimes reveal hidden properties and patterns or isolate anomalies within the data. Clicking on either the nodes or the lines pops up information on the connectivity between them (pointer fields, relationships, counts).
The Data Summary function uses a network diagram to display an interactive visualisation of the record relationships schema, that is the structure defined by pointer fields and relationships specified through relationship marker fields. These fields constrain the target record types and thus define the relationships structure of the database.
The Summary table on the left is a useful overview of the counts for each record type, and can be used to open a new tab with a search for a specific record type. Record types displayed in the network diagram can be turned on and off; the diagram remembers the selected record types and their position in the diagram between uses, so that the diagram is re-displayed the way you left it.
The direction of relationships between entities (record types) is shown with arrows, and the frequency of occurrence in the database is indicated by line thickness, which may be weighted to linear or log scales. The frequency of occurrence of each record type is shown by the radius of the node, which may also be linear or log scaled.
The nodes representing record types can be dragged to restructure the diagram; with gravity enabled, other nodes will settle into position.
Settings include line thickness, node radius and colours, and ‘gravity’ settings (which govern how the diagram behaves when entities are moved). There’s also a fisheye mode, mostly just for fun. Setting curved lines allows one to separately view relationships which go in opposite directions, which would otherwise appear as a single line with arrows in both directions.
You can view information about a particular record type (pointer and relationship marker fields, with use counts) by clicking on a node.
Network visualisation is also available through the “Connections” tab in the righthand panel of the search screen. This diagram shows the records in the current result-set as nodes, and the connections (pointer fields and relationships) as the lines between nodes (edges).
This diagram provides the same controls as the database schema diagram.
For both types of diagram you can export the data to a Gephi GEFX file via the Gephi button at top-right.
Gephi is a widely used free, open-source desktop tool that gives great flexibility in the visualisation of networks. Further information and download of Gephi is available here.
Once you have installed Gephi, clicking on the exported Gephi file will open the data in Gephi, where you have a wide range of options for tailoring and exporting similar diagrams.
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Why do people snore?
Everybody snores. The snoring noise we make while sleeping comes from the vibration of our nasal passages as we breathe. The muscles in your nose and throat relax when you sleep and narrow your airways enough to make it easy to snore. Only some people have medical reasons for their snoring. The rest of us naturally make those embarrassing noises in our sleep.
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HYDROGEN – The dawn of a heating revolution?
25th Oct 2016
The chemical element Hydrogen is the most common element in the periodic table and sci-entists estimate that it makes up 75% of the mass of the entire universe. The name hydrogen comes from the Greek name for water, because it only produces water when it is burned. Hydrogen may be easily found on other planets but here on earth it is bonded to other elements, such as oxygen, which then forms H20- water. Hydrogen gas is colourless, odourless, tasteless and non-toxic. Hydrogen gas was first produced artificially way back in the 16th century.
That’s the science lesson over. So why am I talking about Hydrogen, how does it relate to the heating industry?
We all know that we need to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions and to do so we must decarbonise heat, it’s tricky but necessary if we are to meet our climate change obligations. In our quest to reduce carbon, alternative fuel sources are being explored. Hydrogen- a ‘green gas’ is one of those alternative sources.
The gas grid currently delivers gas into the homes of over 85% of the UK population and there is little appetite to simply abandon gas and start again with a new system, not to mention the enormous costs involved.
UK Government has recognised the potential contribution of “green gas” in helping the UK meet its renewable energy targets. As a consequence considerable resources are being spent on ensuring better and more efficient delivery of gas, particularly in the Research and Development of biogas. Very recently however hydrogen has come to the fore. The Leeds H21 project is an exciting study where the city of Leeds would be changed over from natural gas to hydrogen, with the hydrogen made on Teesside, and the resulting carbon dioxide buried deep under the North Sea. This hydrogen could provide both heat and transport.
So is hydrogen the future fuel for the heating industry?
The automotive industry now has several hydrogen models on the market but a hydrogen car isn’t powered by an internal combustion engine in the same way that your current car is powered by petrol or diesel. A hydrogen car is basically an electric vehicle but instead of using power stored in batteries to run its electric motors, it generates its own electricity on the move. In effect this is a car that has the engine replaced by a fuel cell (a mini power station) that mixes the stored hydrogen from the fuel tank, with oxygen from the air to generate electricity. This is then used by the electric motors to make the car move.
Advancements in the heating sector may not have been as exciting as those made in the automotive industry but the prospect of replacing traditional combustion of fuel with hydrogen may just start to raise the pulse of the heating engineer. This prospect could become a reality using similar technology as the automotive industry-fuel cells, a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through this chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.
What is a fuel cell?
Fuel cells were first created in 1839 by William Grove. Grove was a British physicist, who discovered that four large cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, could produce electricity. NASA used fuel cells in the 1960’s to provide power during its space flights. It was essential for space travel to use a system that did not emit pollution so fuel cells were an ideal solution. As a result of NASA’s successful use of the fuel cell, private industry began to recognise its commercial potential.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. The other electrochemical device that we are all familiar with is the battery. A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it converts those chemicals into electricity too. This means that a battery eventually "goes dead" and you either throw it away or recharge it.
With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead -- as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell.
There are many fuel cell types, but the principal ones are the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).
PEM fuel cells operate at relatively low temperatures, have high power density, and can vary output quickly to meet shifts in power demand. PEMs are well-suited to power applications where quick start up is required, such as cars or forklifts. They are ideally suited to using hydrogen. These offer the opportunity of a rapid response power station in every house.
SOFC fuel cells operate at very high temperatures, have high electrical efficiency, and have been used in to large stationary applications such as office buildings and retail stores. Interestingly they can also burn natural gas.
How are they fuelled?
Fuel cells need hydrogen as a feedstock, how can we supply the hydrogen? Well, as said above , in the long term the hydrogen supply to either the heat or automotive sector should be low carbon, but in the meantime some manufacturers are doing this locally as part of a fuel cell generator.
The opportunity for use of fuel cells in the residential market is via high performance micro combined heat and power units (microCHP’s). These produce both heat and electricity.
Fuelling the future
In the longer term we envisage hydrogen being produced on a larger scale either through natural gas reforming, or by renewable processes, and then distributed to our homes in place of natural gas.
The question is how much hydrogen can be used and in what manner? It is possible, within existing gas quality guidelines, to mix up to 2 per cent of hydrogen into the blend that flows through the gas grid. Some studies suggest that up to 20 per cent might be feasible – remember this makes the overall mix of gas “greener”. However, the Northern Gas Networks feasibility study is assessing 100 per cent hydrogen through the gas grid. Their Leeds 21 study is arousing considerable interest within the industry on the basis that it envisages using the existing gas grid, conventional heating systems such as central heating in the home saving about ¾ of the overall carbon emissions. It was launched on the 11th July 2016, and suggests a detailed route map of how to save approaching 1m tonnes per year of CO2 . A recent study for DECC has shown real enthusiasm by UK appliance manufacturers for the potential offered by hydrogen. The next few years should be exciting for the gas industry.
25th Oct 2016
25th Oct 2016
25th Oct 2016
25th Oct 2016
25th Oct 2016
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2016 December 25
Explanation: Sculpted by stellar winds and radiation, a magnificent interstellar dust cloud by chance has assumed this recognizable shape. Fittingly named the Horsehead Nebula, it is some 1,500 light-years distant, embedded in the vast Orion cloud complex. About five light-years "tall", the dark cloud is cataloged as Barnard 33 and is visible only because its obscuring dust is silhouetted against the glowing red emission nebula IC 434. Stars are forming within the dark cloud. Contrasting blue reflection nebula NGC 2023, surrounding a hot, young star, is at the lower left. The gorgeous color image combines both narrowband and broadband images recorded using three different telescopes.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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— Really, Malcolm: you don’t surprise us somehow. But how do you intend to “restore them”?
— Aha! With a proper plasterer!
— You’re going back on the Old Peculier, then?
— Never off it, old son. But I mean a real skim-it-on-the-wall professional.
— !!!? … please explain, Malcolm. We can only take so much mental aggro each day.
Well, I thought a quirk was:
A peculiarity of character or behaviour; an idiosyncrasy, an eccentricity; an oddity…
But that’s only definition number 5 in the OED.
Number one (both in the OED and Merriam-Webster) is:
A twist or turn; a sudden or unexpected change.
Your modern plaster turns a corner with the use of a metal corner bead. The result is a sharp right-angled edge.
Now look at your Victorian house, before the modern plasterer nailed up his bead and skimmed up to it. Thus destroying the gentler, more rounded old “broom-handle” corner. You’ll find, where the modern metal bead would be, that the corner is a piece of dowelling, so “broom-handle” moulding. Moreover, each side of the dowel, the plasterer laid a groove. There are your quirks. And my plasterer is going to scrape them out and relay them, properly.
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Iceland plans to resume its disputed commercial fin whale hunt in June with a quota of at least 154 giant mammals plus some 20% from last season possibly. Beside the second largest whale species (after the blue whale), Iceland also hunts a smaller minke whales. Iceland resumed commercial whaling in 2006.
Kristjan Loftsson, chief executive of Hvalur, the only company that catches the fin whale, said that two vessels are being prepared for the hunt and they will head out to sea in early June. In 2010, Hvalur caught 148 fin whales but none in 2011 and 2012 due to the disintegration of its only market in quake- and tsunami-hit Japan. Iceland exported 500- 600 tons of fin whale meat to Japan in 2011. Most of this year’s whale meat would be also exported to Japan. In 2011, the United States threatened Iceland with economic sanctions over its commercial whaling, accusing the country of undermining international efforts to preserve the ocean giants.
Iceland and Norway are the only two countries still openly practising commercial whaling in defiance of the moratorium. Japan also hunts whales but insists this is only for scientific purposes even if most of the meat ends up on the market for consumption.
The species is also hunted by Greenlanders under the Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling provisions of the IWC. Estimates suggest that the population of the remaining fin whales in the world’s seas range from less than 100,000 to roughly 119,000.
A fin whale being flensed at the Hvalfjörður whaling station in Iceland, showing the baleen bristles used to filter prey organisms (Credit: Jean-Pierre Bazard / Wikipedia)
The International Whaling Commission imposed a global moratorium on whaling in 1986 amid alarm at the declining stock of the marine mammals. Fin whales are protected in the Southern Ocean and North Pacific since the 1970s and in the North Atlantic by the moratorium from 1986; some special permit and commercial whaling under objection has occurred since. Fin whale populations in the Southern Hemisphere were heavily exploited by industrial whaling in the Southern Ocean, especially between the 1930s and 1960s.
Whale processing in Hvalfjörður, Iceland. (Credit:: Dagur Brynjólfsson/Flickr)
Fin whale populations were exploited throughout the North Atlantic. Present total abundance in the North Atlantic is over 35,000 animals although not all areas have been surveyed. Assessments of the population status in the central North Atlantic and off West Greenland have shown populations there to be in a healthy state. The status of fin whales in other parts of the North Atlantic has not been fully assessed. Fin whale populations were exploited throughout the North Pacific. There are insufficient data to undertake an assessment of their present status. However, partial estimates for the eastern North Pacific reveal around 10,000 animals with some evidence of annual increase rates of 4-5%.
Fin whales are found in all the world’s major oceans, from polar to tropical waters. It is absent only from waters close to the ice pack at both poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. Its food consists of small schooling fish, squid, and crustaceans including copepods and krill.
|Average length (m):||Southern Hemisphere: 21-22.3 (females are larger)
Northern Hemisphere: 19-20 (females are larger)
|Average weight (tonnes):||45-75|
|Conservation:||A primary target for modern whaling. Heavily reduced, particularly in the North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere. Evidence of recovery in the North Atlantic and parts of the Southern Hemisphere.|
|Distribution:||Worldwide, ranging from temperate to polar waters and less commonly in the tropics|
|Migration:||Between high-latitude feeding grounds in summer and lower-latitude breeding grounds in winter – some evidence to suggest that some populations may shift in winter to occupy the summer habitats of others|
|Primary prey:||Krill and small schooling fish|
|Feeding:||Lunging and gulping|
STOP WHALING NOW!
Featured image: Fin whale (Credit: An1mal.org)
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The best recognized symbol of democratic government in the world, the United States Capitol has housed Congress since 1800. The Capitol is where Congress meets to write the laws of our nation and where presidents are inaugurated and deliver their annual State of the Union messages. For nearly two centuries, the Capitol has grown along with the nation, adding new wings to accomodate the increasing number of senators and representatives as new states entered the Union. Its halls are lined with statuary and paintings representing great events and people in the nation's history.
The Early CapitolThe original Capitol was designed by Dr. William Thorton, and the cornerstone was laid by President George Washington on September 18, 1793. Benjamin Harry Latrobe and Charles Bulfinch, among other architects, directed its early construction. In 1800, when the government moved from temporary quarters in Philadelphia to Washington DC, the Capitol that awaited them was an unfinished brick and sandstone building. The Congress moved into the small, cramped north wing. At first the House met in a large room on the second floor intended for the Library of Congress, the Senate in a chamber on the ground floor. Today on the second floor is the chamber that the Senate used between 1810 and 1859.
In 1807, the south wing of the Capitol was completed for the House of Representatives. A wooden walkway across the vacant yard intended for the domed center building linked the House and Senate wings. This was how the Capitol appeared in August 1814, during America's second war with Great Britain, when British troops burned the Capitol and other public buildings in Washington. The exterior walls survived, but much of the interior was gutted. In 1819, the reconstructed wings of the Capitol were reopened. The center building, completed in 1826, joined the two wings. A low wood and copper dome covered the Rotunda.
Capitol Extensions and DomeBy 1850, so many new states had been admitted to the Union that the House and Senate had outgrown their chambers. Congress decided to enlarge the Capitol by adding grand wings to the ends of the old building. In 1851, Daniel Webster, who had served in both houses of Congress, delivered one of his famous orations at the laying of the cornerstone for the new wings. The house occupied its current chamber in 1857, and the Senate moved into its chamber in 1859.
The Old Hall of the House was later dedicated as National Statuary Hall. Congress invited each state to contribute two statues of its most famous citizens. Today, these statues are displayed in Statuary Hall and in corridors.
During the Civil War, work continued on the new cast-iron dome, designed by Thomas U. Walter. On December 2, 1863, the statue of Freedom, by American artist Thomas Crawford, was placed at the top of the dome, 287 feet above the East Plaza.
In the 1870s, the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted designed the terraces that run across the north, south, and west elevations of the Capitol. These terraces provided extra rooms as well as a grand pedestal for the building perched on the brow of Capitol Hill.
20th-Century ChangesBy the opening of the twentieth century, the need for more space again became acute. The first House and Senate office buildings were finished in 1908 and 1909 respectively. Tunnels and electric subway cars connect these buildings with the Capitol.
Severe deterioration of the original sandstone walls prompted major renovations of the Capitol's exterior. Between 1958 and 1962 the East Front was extended some thirty-two feet and the original facade replicated in marble. Portions of the old outside walls can still be viewed inside the East Front corridors. In the 1980s, the West Front was carefully repaired and restored; it is the only portion of the original exterior not covered by marble additions.
The RotundaUnlike the Senate and House chambers, the Rotunda serves no legislative function. It is, however, the very heart of the Capitol. It is a ceremonial center where state funerals have been held for presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Lyndon Johnson, distinguished members of Congress, military heroes, and eminent citizens. Visiting heads of state have been received in the Rotunda, and memorable individuals and events celebrated.
Hanging in the Rotunda are four giant canvases painted by John Trumbull, an aide-de-camp to General Washington, who recorded scenes of the American Revolution. Four other artists added paintings depicting events associated with the discovery and settlement of the United States. On the canopy, hovering 180 feet above the Rotunda floor, the Italian-American artist Constantino Brumidi painted "The Apotheosis of Washington." It depicts George Washington surrounded by symbols of American democracy and technological progress. Brumidi painted and decorated many of the rooms and corridors of the Capitol, and was painting the frieze that rings the Rotunda when he died. Other artists completed his work, which illustrates major events in the nation's history. The events portrayed at the end of the frieze took place years after Brumidi's death, an appropriate suggestion of the continuity of history.
The United States CongressThe chief focus of the Capitol is on the chambers of the Senate and House of Representatives. Here members introduce legislation, speak out on the issues, and cast votes on bills, resolutions, nominations, and treaties. A series of buzzers and lights throughout the Capitol and office buildings summon members to vote. The House chamber is in the south wing of the Capitol; the Senate chamber is in the north wing.
Galleries in both houses have been set aside for the press and broadcast media, and in recent years floor proceedings have been televised. Except on rare occasions, proceedings of the Senate and House and their committees are open to the press and public. News of congressional activities is broadcast instantly around the world from the Capitol, and visitors will often see cameras and reporters outside the building, using the dome as their backdrop.
The SenateThe Senate has 100 members, two from each state. A senator must be thirty years of age, a resident of the state, and a citizen of the United States for nine years. Senators are elected for six year terms, one-third of the Senate being elected every two years.
Originally senators were chosen by state legislators; but in 1913 the Seventeenth Amendment provided for direct election of senators by the people. If a senator dies or leaves office in midterm, the governor of the state appoints a replacement. The vice president is the presiding officer of the Senate, but on a daily basis the chair is usually held by the president pro tempore of the Senate (the senior member of the majority party) or his designee. The vice president votes only to break a tie.
The House of RepresentativesThe House of Representatives, under a law passed in 1911, is limited to 435 members. States are assigned the number of representatives based on their population and are redistricted every ten years after the census. Each state is entitled to at least one representative. If a representative dies or leaves office in midterm, a special election is held to choose a replacement. In addition, non-voting delegates represent American Somoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico is represented by a resident commissioner.
A representative must be twenty-five years of age, a resident of the state, and a citizen of the United States for at least seven years. Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms. The presiding officer of the House is the Speaker. The Speaker is next in line after the vice president to succeed to the presidency.
Special PowersUnder the constitutional system of checks and balances, federal powers both shared and divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, as well as between the two houses of Congress. The Constitution gives both the Senate and House responsibility for declaring war, maintaining the armed forces, assessing taxes, borrowing money, minting currency, regulating commerce, and making all laws necessary for the operation of the government. The Senate alone offers advice and consent on treaties and nominations. The House of Representatives initiates all "money" bills (taxation and appropriation measures); the Senate may vote changes in such bills, and any differences are then resolved in conference between the House and Senate. The House votes on articles of impeachment (an indictment of the president or other federal officer), and the Senate judges whether or not to remove the individual from office.
Visitor InformationVisitors are encouraged to tour the Capitol, view its artwork and historic rooms, spend time in the galleries, and visit the offices of their senators and representatives. Congress is proud to maintain the Capitol as a building with few restrictions on visitors. The Capitol is open seven days a week, except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day. Guided tours begin in the Rotunda from 9:00 am to 3:45 pm. Visitors may obtain gallery passes from their representative or senator. Foreign visitors may obtain House passes at the gallery check-in desk on the third floor and Senate passes at the Senate appointment desk on the first floor. Tours and assistance for disabled visitors are available from the Special Services Office, on the first floor central area known as "the crypt."
Materials providing additional information about the Capitol and the Congress are available at the gift stand on the first floor. Free descriptive brochures are available at the gallery entrances to the Senate chamber and in the Old Senate and Old Supreme Court chambers. Citizens of the United States who have specific questions about the Capitol or Congress are encouraged to write either their senators (Washington, DC 20510) or their representative (Washington, DC 20515).
Members' OfficesOffices of representatives are located in the three buildings on the south side of the Capitol along Independence Avenue: the Cannon, Longworth, and Rayburn Buildings. Senators have offices in the three buildings on the north side of the Capitol along Constitution Avenue: the Russell, Dirksen and Hart Buildings.
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The four-stringed instrument beloved by vaudeville acts and Hawaiians is also enjoying a renaissance outside the classroom, even becoming a must-have accessory for some teenagers.
Llandogo primary school in the Wye valley bordering England and Wales is among the latest to take delivery of a batch of brightly-coloured ukuleles. Its years five and six - nine-, 10- and 11-year-olds - have been experimenting over the last few weeks. Teacher Gail Roberts said: "They can't put the instruments down. They are writing their own music. They are forming their own little groups. They don't seem to feel constrained by boundaries. Nobody's told them this note is A and this is B and this is how you've got to play."
But it is not just about having fun. The ukulele playing is part of the new national curriculum in which more emphasis is placed on life skills, working out challenges together and persevering. Benedict, nine, said he liked playing "sort of jazz weird ones", while Felix, 10, can already play two White Stripes songs on his ukulele. Victoria, nine, said: "I've tried the saxophone and the flute and the piano. This is a bit easier."
The craze is not confined to the Wye valley. A school in Somerset has a ukulele orchestra and schools in London have also started buying up the instrument, contributing to a national shortage. Teenagers are also buying into the craze. DS Music in Monmouth, who supplied Llandogo primary with their instruments, has sold 500 ukuleles since July.
Owner Jon Petrie said: "It's mostly teenagers. You wouldn't have thought the ukulele was cool but suddenly it is."
A jumping flea
· The ukulele became popular at the turn of the 20th century. Its name is Hawaiian in origin and means jumping or dancing flea - a reference to the speed with which a player's fingers move around the strings.
· It looks like a miniature guitar but is constructed in a different way, giving the distinctive tone. A decent ukulele can be picked up for £12.
· George Formby is probably Britain's most famous ukulele player. He made more than 230 records and 21 films. His favoured instrument was actually a banjolele, a cross between a ukulele and a banjo.
· The ukelele has had many rock star fans, including George Harrison, Brian Wilson, Brian May and Eric Clapton. Marilyn Monroe played the ukulele for her role as Sugar Kane Kowalczyk in Some Like It Hot.
· Some musicians believe that it is possible to tell if a tune is really any good by playing it on a ukulele.
· The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain is also leading the renaissance. It plays tunes by artists ranging from Tchaikovsky to Nirvana via Otis Redding.
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The Postal Age: The Emergence Of Modern Communications In Nineteenth-Century America
ISBN : 9780226327211
Availability: Only 5 Left In-stock.
The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America
Many of us may not realize that what we now call snail mail was once just as revolutionary as e-mail and text messages are today. As David M. Henkin argues in The Postal Age, a burgeoning postal network initiated major cultural shifts during the nineteenth century, laying the foundation for the interconnectedness that now defines our ever-evolving world of telecommunications.
This fascinating history traces these shifts from their beginnings in the mid-1800s, when cheaper postage, mass literacy, and migration combined to make the long-established postal service a more integral and viable part of everyday life. Through original correspondence and public discussions from the time period, Henkin tells the story of how Americans adjusted to a new world of long-distance correspondence, crowded post offices, junk mail, valentines, and dead letters. Throughout, The Postal Age paints a vibrant picture of a society where possibilities proliferated for personal and impersonal communications.
“The Postal Age is engagingly written, rich with anecdotes and observations that dramatize and illuminate the manifold facets of 'postal culture' in the antebellum United States. . . . a nuanced view of the complicated relationships between technologies and systems and social forms. The Postal Age is a major contribution to American social history and to the history of communications in general.”--Geoffrey Nunberg, author of Going Nucular: Language, Politics, and Culture in Controversial Times
Specifications of The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America
|Author||David M. Henkin|
|Publisher||University Of Chicago Press|
|Number Of Pages||238|
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|Kingdom||Plantae||Plants, but not fungi, lichens, or algae|
|Subkingdom||Tracheobionta||Vascular plants—plants with a “circulatory system” for delivering water and nutrients|
|Division||Magnoliophyta||Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms|
|Class||Magnoliopsida||Dicotyledons—plants with two initial seed leaves|
|Subclass||Asteridae||A large class that encompasses asters|
|Order||Asterales||Flowering plants with a central disk flower and surrounding petals, like daisies|
|Family||Campanulaceae||Campanula or bellflower family; means “bell-shaped flowers”|
|Genus||Lobelia||Named for Flemish botanist Matthias de l’Obel, also known as Lobelius|
About plant names...
[An article has not been written yet.]
Lobelia description by Thomas H. Kent, last updated 12 May 2012.
© FloraFinder.org. All rights reserved.
(Lobelia) · 8/7/2009 · Tom and Susan’s, Pepperell, MA
≈ 9 × 14" (23 × 35 cm) Species not yet identified
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Tag Archives: 24-70 f/2.8
There’s something to be said for the people who chose to settle on Santorini, for the faith and the mettle of people who perch their most important town on the vertiginous edge of a cliff. People come to Santorini for its spectacular, made-for-a-postcard views of blue-domed churches at sunset. But they don’t often give a lot of thought to the island’s inhabitants.
It was my last day in Santorini. I’d climbed the steep passageways, wandered through its churches, and captured more than a few of the island’s famous sunsets. It wasn’t yet the high season, but the island was still crowded with tourists and I found myself wanting to spend the time I had left in relative solitude. Santorini and its history had given me much to think about.
You can’t look at Santorini without understanding something of its history — Santorini is, after all, merely the remains of a larger island destroyed in a massive volcanic eruption in roughly 1500 B.C. The modern-day towns seem to hang so near to the edge of the caldera formed by the eruption that a good breeze might blow them away. Santorini’s 1,600 residents exist on a spot 260 meters above the sea. It takes a certain kind of people to live in such an environment.
They weren’t people who were easily broken by their environment. Later, long after the volcano did its work, the residents of Santorini, faced with an unforgiving natural world and raiders from the Middle East, they dug homes into Santorini’s rough-hewn surface. Known as yposkafos, which means “dug into the rock,” many of these homes still exist on Santorini, a testament to the hardiness of its people.
The rock dwellings weren’t the only structures that Santorinians built for protection. Invoking their faith and the protection of God, they built churches by the dozens. By some estimates, there are 600 churches on Santorini, because for many years, individual families built them to ensure God’s protection over their husbands and fathers who made their living on the sea.
On my last day in Santorini, I entered one of these churches — the famous blue-domed Saint Theodore. My plan was to take a few last photos of Fira and its sunsets, and walking through its winding streets, I happened to come upon this view — the magnificent Saint Theodore Church in early evening sunlight. The view was all the more special because I knew my time in Santorini was coming to an end, and like all visitors to the island, I was completely charmed by the place.
As it happened, I didn’t capture one of Fira’s vivid sunsets that day. But what I did capture was all of the essential elements of Santorini in one image — its pastel-hued architecture against black, volcanic cliffs and the deep blue of the sea. And there’s something here, I hope, of the strength and faith of its residents. As for that last sunset – now I have a good reason to go back.
The next morning, I awoke early. I wanted to photograph Oia in the soft light of early morning. Its sunsets may be spectacular, but Santorini is no less beautiful by sunrise.
Walking along the winding streets and staircases of Oia with most of the village still asleep, I let my mind drift to Santorini’s history. So much of Oia is new — the necessary result of rebuilding after the 1956 volcanic eruption — that it was sometimes easy for me to forget that I was walking in the footsteps of one of the oldest civilizations in Europe.
The people who originally called the island home were the Minoans, an enigmatic people whose culture is, after many centuries, still something of a mystery. They wrote in a language that has never been fully deciphered; much of what is known about the Minoans comes from others, after the fact. Even today, the Minoans are a shadowy, mysterious people, with much of their history lost to the passage of time.
But what we do know about these early inhabitants of the Aegean islands suggests that the Minoans were a highly advanced people. Their palaces, particularly the palace at Knossos on the island of Crete, was not only aesthetically impressive, but was a technological marvel, complete with flush toilets.
The ancient historian Thucydides referred to the Minoans as a thalassocracy, or an empire of the sea. Protected as they were by the sea, the Minoans were virtually invulnerable; their palaces, even the grand one at Knossos, were not fortified. Their dominance of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas was so complete that they viewed their world as unassailable. Hundreds of years after Egyptian society peaked, the Minoans looked out over impossibly blue seas and saw a world that was theirs alone.
But unlike the Egyptians, the Minoans did not shut themselves off from the world. They were vibrant, dynamic people, as seafarers tend to be, who traded their textiles and metalwork in Cyprus, Syria, Anatolia, and Lebanon. Evidence of their artwork can be found in the Nile Delta.
But at the height of their power, the Minoans vanished. Without any obvious threats, one of the most powerful ancient civilizations simply disappeared from the historical record, leaving historians and archaeologists (and the occasional photographer) to puzzle over their demise for centuries.
For a while that morning, I had Oia to myself. The sun was just beginning to make itself known, and the tourists, likely still sleeping off the wine of the night before, were not yet out and about. I watched the sun rise over that beautiful island and pondered its ancient mysteries. It’s easy to become lost in the past in a place like Santorini.
By the time I got around to photographing one of Santorini’s famed sunsets, I was thoroughly captivated by this small sliver of volcanic island. Everything about Santorini was enchanting — I was so charmed by the island that even after climbing flight after flight of narrow, cobbled stairs, I only wanted to see more.
I spent days exploring and photographing Oia’s blue-domed churches and its windmills, and marveling at the view over the deep blue of the Aegean. I photographed its iconic chalk-white churches and homes, made all the more striking against the blue of the sea and sky. But I hadn’t yet captured one of the island’s sunsets.
Everyone knows Santorini for its famed blue and white churches, but it’s equally famous for its sunsets, so much so that crowds of tourists gather at certain points on the island for the best views. Oia, in particular, is regarded as one of best places on the island to watch the sun go down. In summer, which is the high tourist season in Santorini — finding a spot to oneself is all but impossible.
I was there in the shoulder season, and still Oia was crowded with tourists who had the same objective as I did — to see those spectacular sunsets. The windmills were a popular spot for sunset viewing, as was Oia Castle. I’ll admit that I went hoping to catch a few dreamy, golden hour moments to myself, and was disappointed to find that dozens of other people had the same idea.
After lugging my tripod and cameras up Oia’s maze of stairs, I found a great view and got set up to capture the sunset. Plenty of other people had the same idea, but I knew they could be edited out of the photo if necessary. As the sun began to set over the Aegean, the crowds were momentarily hushed as they and I looked in awe at the one of the most breathtaking sunsets I’d ever seen.
But then I happened to glance to my side — at Oia itself, and I realized that one of the most spectacular sights was in the other direction. As incredible as the sunset was, it left Oia’s whitewashed buildings glazed in a glowing, pastel light, and I thought the village had never looked lovelier. And while the crowds of tourists were mesmerized by the sea view, for a few moments, I had that watercolor-hued image to myself.
To walk the winding streets of Oia was to be continually reminded of the beauty that sometimes comes from tragedy. The island of Santorini is famous for its blue-domed churches, and there’s no denying their charm. The image of chalk-white churches and their blue domes against a clear blue sky is perhaps the quintessential postcard image from Santorini. But as with the island itself, there’s an element of the tragic behind the island’s iconic churches.
Perched high on a caldera cliff overlooking the Aegean Sea, Oia was once a village of fishermen, and the lives of fishermen were filled with dangers and uncertainty. The sea that provided for your family could turn deadly; there were no guarantees.
And so the people of Oia did what people have always done in times of distress: they prayed. To keep their husbands, fathers, and sons safe at sea, the families of Oia — the wealthy ones, at least built churches. Year after year, one family after another built churches, many of them named for the saints that the fishermen looked to for protection. The lucky fishermen who returned safely brought all manner of treasure — religious icons, crystal chandeliers — and as a result, the churches of Santorini often house remarkable valuables. Most of Santorini’s churches are still owned by the families who built them; they’ve simply been passed down through the years.
Like the fishermen who made their living in the Aegean and were keenly attuned to its dangers, to live in Santorini is to live with an understanding that the sea is violent, unpredictable. Many of the tourists who come to Oia and take their postcard-worthy photographs of the town’s sugar cube white buildings are unaware that in the not-so-distant past, Oia was nearly wiped from the earth, and that one of the only things keeping the town alive today are the tourists themselves.
On July 9, 1956, a massive earthquake struck Santorini. It lasted only twelve minutes, but in that time, much of the ancient villages of Oia and Fira were destroyed. More than thirty lives were lost, and almost ninety percent of Santorini’s buildings were damaged or destroyed. Much of the local population moved elsewhere, and villages like the ones now famous for their blue-domed churches were in danger of disappearing. Oia and the surrounding towns didn’t really begin to recover from the earthquake until the 1970s, when they began to look to tourism as their lifeline.
Here in Oia, so much of its beauty comes from the tragedies of its past. The faithful uttered fervent prayers and built churches to stave off disaster. In the wake of another, later disaster—the earthquake—the town was rebuilt and its churches were refurbished, painted in their trademark blues and whites. As the sun sets over Oia, I think of the incredible beauty of this place and the fragility of life.
After exploring and photographing the Parthenon, I wandered around the Acropolis. It was easy to become lost in thought there, imagining Athens in the time of the philosophers. Eventually I made my way to the Areopagus, a large outcropping of rock to the west of the Acropolis. It was a rock with a dark history, as it was once the site of trials for those accused of homicide.
That wasn’t the only significance of the Areopagus. It is believed to be the site of a famous meeting between Alexander the Great and the philosopher Diogenes. Alexander, whose personal tutor was Aristotle, was as much a student of philosophy as a general. The brash young commander, who had already met and won the praise of many of Greece’s most influential philosophers, was dismayed that Diogenes had not yet come to meet him and chose to go to the philosopher himself. He found Diogenes on the Areopagus, reclining in the sun. Eager to win the philosopher’s respect, Alexander asked Diogenes if he wanted anything; the philosopher’s simple reply was “Stand out of my light.” Rather than feel insulted by the philosopher’s indifference, Alexander was impressed by his haughtiness.
I think of this meeting as I wander the Areopagus and set up my tripod to photograph the Acropolis from the other side. Looking over this grand city from this vantage point, I can imagine Diogenes with the sun on his face, speaking imperviously to Alexander. Athens can do that; it’s a city that inspires a feeling of grandeur. Lounging atop the Areopagus in the sun, I can imagine it must have been easy for the philosopher to speak indifferently to the man who conquered most of the known world by the time he was in his mid-twenties. I take my shots, and with a setting sun in my face, I feel a bit like a philosopher myself.
Visiting Greece was a dream — what traveler hasn’t imagined walking along ancient streets in the shadows of Olympian Gods? When I planned the trip to Greece, Athens was the first stop on my itinerary; I could hardly wait to see one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the birthplace of democracy and philosophy.
The first to visit and shoot in this grand city was the Acropolis and Parthenon. Athens is a city of stark contrasts, where the distant past seems to live alongside a very modern metropolis. I wanted to see Athens the way the ancient Greeks would have seen it; I wanted to approach the Parthenon, that beautiful temple to their patron, Athena, with the same sense of wonder and pride they must have felt.
I found what I think must be the best view of the Acropolis at the top of Philopappos Hill. The hill is in the center of Athens, but from here, the modern city of cars and busloads of tourists somehow manages to disappear. I walked among olive trees in the footsteps of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and at the top of the hill, I was rewarded with a breathtaking view of the Acropolis at dawn. Seeing the Acropolis from this vantage point, with modernity temporarily suspended, I think I felt something of what the ancients must have felt here…
Although I love to photograph the Alps — it’s a stunningly beautiful place — it can be frustrating because finding the perfect view is difficult. It can be harder than you might imagine to capture that kind of natural majesty.
As soon as we arrived at Selva Val Gardena, I began exploring the village’s hiking trails to find the best view of the city and the mountains. This was a family vacation, but I couldn’t resist photographing the village.
This is one of my favorite spots in Selva Val Gardena — it’s a place where the ski slopes and the road seem to converge, forming a dramatic angle in the photograph. There is energy in this photograph that I like — the dynamic convergence of the two roads, as well as the three cliffs in the background that overlook the slopes. There’s the suggestion of something menacing about those cliffs, perhaps a warning of the mountain and its dangers.
Once again, I found a spot overlooking the village and set up my tripod. Even though the snow on the slopes was artificial and the cliffs gave a somewhat sinister cast to the scene, I liked it nonetheless — an Alpine village in the early hours of evening.
For the past several years, my family and I have spent the first two weeks of the New Year skiing in various locations in Europe. This year, we chose the Italian Dolomites, famous among skiiers for its Sella Ronda region. We chose a ski resort in the village of Selva Val Gardena, one of the three villages that make up the valley known as Val Gardena.
This year, however, was different. For the first time that I can remember, there was no snow. There was artificial snow on the slopes, to be sure, (and the skiing was great) but the surrounding mountains were strangely snowless. Selva Val Gardena wasn’t any less lovely for lack of snow; it could be a picture postcard of an Alpine village. But there was nothing to indicate that this was ski resort in January — lovely as it was, it might just as easily have been the middle of summer.
But as I had no control over the weather and I didn’t want to waste an opportunity for a great shot, I managed to slip away and get some fine sunrise and sunset shots. Even without snow, I found Selva Val Gardena to be an enchanting place.
A bit later, after photographing the Biblioteca Municipal, I walked further out along the beach.
I wanted a panoramic view of the city, one which would encompass the Old City, the port, and Monte Urgull, the hill which dominates San Sebastian. Given its height and its location, the hill was used for many years for the city’s defense. Since 1950, however, Monte Urgull is most well-known for its 12 metre long statue of Jesus at its crown.
By the time I found a spot which would allow me to capture everything I wanted in one shot, blue hour was waning and the first hints of morning’s golden hour were breaking through the horizon. Against the soft hues of the beach and sky, the brilliant green of the hill was striking. As the sun rose higher, the clouds began to glow a golden pink, and the sculpture of Jesus seemed illuminated from within. Centered within the panorama, it made an imposing image.
From this vantage point, it wasn’t difficult to see why San Sebastian is one of the Basque region’s most loved cities. The city is a mixture of old and new, sacred and secular, man-made beauty juxtaposed against nature’s handiwork. And for a few moments on an early morning, I was lucky enough to capture all of it one shot.
It’s fitting that in 2016’s San Sebastian is European City of Culture, I chose to take a photograph of the Biblioteca Municipal.
I walked to the area in early morning, with the first tentative rays of sunlight beginning to break through the night sky. In the quiet of an early morning, with the area mostly to myself, the structure made a striking picture.
It is also fitting that in a city known for its abundant and energetic nightlife, nearby nightclubs were still bustling, even at this early hour. The nightclub on the left was particularly busy, with revelers still spilling out into the street. In the stillness, I spotted a man alone on a bench, his head in his hands. I couldn’t help wondering if he was one of the club’s patrons, a man whose party had come to an unpleasant end. I imagined he must have quite a story to tell.
Looking away from the clubbers, I focused the photograph on the library, with the city hall in the foreground. Waning darkness and the soft glow of streetlights lent the shot a soft, subdued quality. As the last of the night’s partiers trickled into the street, I packed up my equipment, pleased with the shot and silently amused by the man on the bench.
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Golf carts aren't just for the links anymore. Many industries are taking advantage of these and other low-speed vehicles (LSVs) for easy transportation. But, with the increase of usage comes an increase of incidents. In fact, thousands of golf cart incidents happen every year, many which are serious and sometimes even fatal.
Produced in conjunction with the National Golf Cart Association, Golf Cart & LSV Safety: On And Off The Course shows drivers how to properly identify potential dangers and hazards associated with operating a golf cart or utility vehicle. It presents ten basic safety rules for golf cart operation and further suggests common sense operating tips.
The 10 Rules of Golf Cart/LSV Safety
This section goes over the ten rules of golf cart and LSV safety that are integral to a thorough safety program within your facility. Rules include:
Tips on Proper Golf Cart Operating Procedures
- Use caution when entering or exiting an enclosed area such as a warehouse.
- Never stand up while driving a golf cart.
- Do not exceed the vehicle's seating capacity.
- Bring the vehicle to a complete stop before exiting.
- Reduce speed around corners and over bumps.
This section reviews some basic tips on golf cart operation.
- Vehicle inspection
- Referencing the user's manual
- The differences between golf carts or LSVs and automobiles
- Keys to safe golf cart operation
- Safe driving on hills and slopes
- Braking, stopping and parking
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- La Verrière is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. "La Verrière" means "The Canopy."
Thanks to Chris.
It didn't take long to realize that this object was something quite unique. It is hard to deduce the distance that this object had been out in the sky but it was too large to have been a regular bird and did not look like an airplane or anything mechanical. The reason why it was so odd is that although seeing this from my angle looking up at it, I could not make out any real definition but I did see what looked like wings above this mass that flapped like the wings of a butterfly.
It looked like what a gigantic butterfly would appear to be at a great distance in the sky. It was not streamlined or had wings open like a bird soaring. This is what really knocked me over. As it kept passing over I looked at this object that I then considered to be some kind of very large 'bird' because of the 'wings' that I saw flapping but in the motion that a butterfly would flap its wings. So in my mind my first thought was a huge 'bird' because of the many sightings of enormous 'birds' and the thought of a gigantic butterfly was to me, outlandish.
Lastly, I do remember some 'color' in this mass and to the best of my memory, shades of red-orange, possibly reddish-yellow but I did see a hint of color in it. It passed and it was gone. It flew like it was in no rush at all. I went around the building to see if I could see more of it but couldn't. I could not see any real definition like a head or tail but the 'butterfly' type wings and motion were standout in my memory.Grant Lawrence remarkably makes the connection between this new LA-area sighting and a rather dramatic account that is part of February 24-25, 1942's infamous "Battle of Los Angeles."
Even in a somewhat experience-hardened newsroom, Wednesday's news that somebody had set themselves on fire at Longfellow Square was a shock.
The man, who was identified yesterday as David Parker, 24, of Portland, reportedly soaked himself with gasoline in his nearby apartment, walked over to the Longfellow statue and ignited the fuel. He has reportedly been transferred to a Boston burn center.
But the ripple effect from the event continues, with police urging witnesses to seek help if they need it. One local property manager noted that witnessing the man ablaze "is going to stay with me for awhile."
In the midst of the community conversation, some odd facts were emerging. They have, frankly, nothing to do with the event except of course ... well, judge for yourself.
Now, regular readers know that Loren Coleman is no stranger to our pages or out-of-ordinary. He's been in this and other papers and newscasts as owner of the International Cryptozoology Museum on Congress Street — near Longfellow Square.
But Coleman is also a suicide prevention researcher and author, and his most recent book includes a section about "suicide self-immolation." The book, "The Copycat Effect," was published in 2004 by Simon and Schuster.
He noted a couple of oddities:
(1) The statue of American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in Longfellow Square, Coleman noted, was unveiled on the same date as the event (Sept. 29, 1888) as confirmed by a bibliography entry of the Maine Historical Society (" Exercises at the unveiling of the statue of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Portland, Maine, Sept 29, 1888.").
That means Wednesday was the 122nd anniversary of the statue's unveiling.
(2) Longfellow's second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after sustaining burns from her dress catching fire.
Random enough by any measure, but in the wake of a freak-out, it's also stuff that takes on eerie near-meaning.
Perhaps more to the point is the subtitle to the Coleman book: "How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines."
Coleman makes the oft-noted point that people seem to imitate what they've seen. He also takes some aim at media for the "if it bleeds, it leads."
Certainly there is ample evidence that suicide can bring suicide, and some of the better research is collected in the famous best-seller by Malcolm Gladwell, "The Tipping Point." So should we be concerned that the presumed suicide attempt at Longfellow Square, being so dramatic, might trigger copy-cat attempts?
By extension, does that mean we should not report on such things?
It's not acceptable in today's media environment, and casual media observers might doubt the industry's ability to make such efforts. If you're among those who think that sensationalism will always win, then two examples quickly prove you wrong.
Professional news organizations almost never disclose the name of a sexual assault victim, and we routinely do not publish the names of minors charged with crimes. So universal is this tradition that many people assume there are laws requiring the omissions — there are not.
News folks are not in the same league as police officers and other first responders when it comes to handling such things. Myself, I was once a coroner's photographer (well, a backup for when the real photographer was not available), and that was gory duty. But still, the despair one associates with setting yourself on fire is unsettling.
Hopefully, this is not going to create copycat activity. And hey, maybe even this column is "wrong."
So, what do you think? And if you e-mail an answer, please indicate if you want it published.
And, yes, there is irony in that request.
Curtis Robinson is editor of The Portland Daily Sun. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.org
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First we started with a book about electricity and how it reaches the house. The book was American so there were a few differences compared to Australia but the basics are the same.
Once we had learnt about how the electricity enters the home we went outside to have a look at our electric meter and fuse box. Next we looked around for appliances that are wired in (like our oven and air con) and those with on/off switches like the kettle.
Next we talked about portable electricity and batteries. We decided to investigate and take apart some torches.
|L takes a bike light apart|
Throughout our initial investigations we had been talking about circuits so we made some of our own.
We talked about completing a circuit to make the bulb light. Next we made a game where the object was to pass a loop over a wire without touching it and making the bulb light. It was pretty tricky.
Next we considered what materials would and wouldn't conduct electricity and we tested some of them to find out.
|A coin completes the circuit|
|Wood does not conduct electricity|
|A paper clip completes the circuit|
We finished off by doing some more electrical experiments with our Heebie Jeebies electronics kit.
The children loved the morning full of experiments and talked about what they had learnt later in the day.
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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: Jun 17, 2016
Marrying superconductors, lasers, and Bose-Einstein condensates
(Nanowerk News) Chapman University Institute for Quantum Studies (IQS) member Yutaka Shikano, Ph.D., recently had research published in Scientific Reports ("High-energy side-peak emission of exciton-polariton condensates in high density regime"). Superconductors are one of the most remarkable phenomena in physics, with amazing technological implications. Some of the technologies that would not be possible without superconductivity are extremely powerful magnets that levitate trains and MRI machines used to image the human body. The reason that superconductivity arises is now understood as a fundamentally quantum mechanical effect.
The basic idea of quantum mechanics is that at the microscopic scale everything, including matter and light, has a wave property to it. Normally the wave nature is not noticeable as the waves are very small, and all the waves are out of synchronization with each other, so that their effects are not important. For this reason, to observe quantum mechanical behavior experiments generally have to be performed at a very low temperature, and at microscopic length scales.
Superconductors, on the other hand, have a dramatic effect in the disappearance of resistance, changing the entire property of the material. The key quantum effect that occurs is that the quantum waves become highly synchronized and occur at a macroscopic level. This is now understood to be the same basic effect as that seen in lasers. The similarity is that in a laser, all the photons making up the light are synchronized, and appear as one single coherent wave. In a superconductor the macroscopic wave is for the quantum waves of the electrons, instead of the photons, but the basic quantum feature is the same. Such macroscopic quantum waves have also been observed in Bose-Einstein condensates, where atoms cooled to nanokelvin temperatures all collapse into a single state.
Up until now, these related but distinct phenomena have only been observed separately. However, as superconductors, lasers, and Bose-Einstein condensates all share a common feature, it has been expected that it should be able to see these features at the same time. A recent experiment in a global collaborative effort with teams from Japan, the United States, and Germany have observed for the first time experimental indication that this expectation is true.
They tackled this problem by highly exciting exciton-polaritons, which are particle-like excitations in a semiconductor systems and formed by strong coupling between electron-hole pairs and photons. They observed high-energy side-peak emission that cannot be explained by two mechanisms known to date: Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons, nor conventional semiconductor lasing driven by the optical gain from unbound electron hole plasma.
By combining the experimental data with their latest theory, they found a possibility that the peak originates from a strongly bound e-h pairs, which can persist in the presence of the high-quality optical cavity even for the lasing state. This scenario has been thought to be impossible since an e-h pair experiencing weakened binding force due to other electrons and/or holes breaks up in high-density. The proposed scenario is closely related to the BCS physics, which was originally introduced by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer to explain the origin of superconductivity. In the BCS theory, the superconductivity is an effect caused by a condensation of weakly bound electron pairs (Cooper pairs). In the latest theory of e-h pairs plus photons (e-h-p), bound e-h pairs' survival can be described in BCS theory of e-h-p system as an analogy of Cooper pairs in superconductivity.
"Although a full understanding of this observation has not yet been reached," said Dr. Tomoyuki Horikiri at Yokohama National University, and one of the authors on the study. "The discovery provides an important step toward the clarification of the relationship between the BCS physics and the semiconductor lasers. The observation not only deepens the understanding of the highly-excited exciton-polariton systems, but also opens up a new avenue for exploring the non-equilibrium and dissipative many-body physics. In such practical application studies, there are still many quantum foundational questions."
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|Monday||10:10 AM - 12:40 PM||lesson||Lecture Hall SMT.04|
|Wednesday||8:30 AM - 11:00 AM||lesson||Lecture Hall SMT.04|
- Learning how models from general microeconomic theory can be used to understand the main issues in environmental and health economics.
- Understanding economic determinants and implications of the current environmental challenges
- Learning the strengths and weaknesses of alternative environmental policies with real world examples from developing and developed countries
- Being able to interpret the main economic issues relevant for modern health care systems: efficiency, equity, sustainability.
- Gaining basic understanding of how analytical models can be used for the assessment of the evolution of variables of interest in both economic and environmental economics and for the economic evaluation of market innovations and policies
- Environmental effects on health
- Climate change and health
- Biodiversity and health
- Environmental policy instruments (e.g., taxes, payments for environmental surveys, ecolabelling, ecotourism)
- Environment, health, and human capital
- Individuals as producers of their health
- Health care risks and insurance
- The demand for health care
- Health care supply
- The key Features of some Health Care Systems around the world
- Asymmetry of information and contracts in health care
- The economic evaluation of health care interventions
- Introduction to applied methods for intertemporal assessment in health and environmental economics
|Stephen Morris, John Appleby, David Parkin||Economic Analysis in Health Care||Wiley||2011||978-0-470-72849-9|
The evaluation will be based on a written exam (including both theoretical and practical questions). The ability to apply concepts to real world situations and the understanding of theory and methods are essential to obtain the highest marks.
Data from AA 2016/2017 are not available yet
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5. Corridor and area planning
Corridor and area planning aim to identify options and priorities for initiatives consistent with the network strategy and policy choices. The output is a corridor or area strategy that, among other things, can provide guidance for the corridor or area on issues such as the relative priority of investment versus maintenance, the balance between investment/infrastructure and reform/non-infrastructure solutions and the type and mix of initiatives.
A corridor or area strategy is a cooperative long-term plan identifying the transport problems within a corridor or area and the potential initiatives and priorities to address those problems. Figure 1 indicates that corridor and area planning involves three main activities:
- Setting corridor or area objectives and performance indicators and targets
- Developing multi-modal corridor or area strategies
- Defining and protecting the routes and links in the corridor or area.
The objectives and targets for the corridor or area strategy should be consistent with the transport system objectives and targets.
A 15 to 20 year corridor or area strategy should stipulate a multi-modal approach to achieve objectives and performance targets. As with the network strategy, the corridor or area strategy may contain interim performance objectives and targets for equity or operational reasons.
A corridor or area strategy should be tailored to the circumstances of the corridor or area, taking into account the results of studies and stakeholder engagement. The strategy will also be affected by transport demand and capacity within the corridor or area, and should accommodate the network strategy and policy choices made by government. Other corridor and area considerations such as land use patterns, environmental issues and freight logistics should be taken into account.
It is important to check for consistency in strategies across various corridors and areas. It is essential to have a high level of consistency across strategic plans of related corridors and areas. Within that, some variation may sometimes be required to reflect the influence of local and regional circumstances.
Take, as an example, the Melbourne–Sydney and Sydney–Brisbane corridors. If there were a strong pro-rail strategy for one corridor but a strong pro-road strategy for the other corridor, the difference in strategies could have significant implications for inter-modal transfers in Sydney.
The last step in corridor and area planning is to define and protect routes and links to facilitate potential future development. Most routes will already be established and contain transport infrastructure. However, routes that could potentially be developed in future may be incomplete (i.e. missing certain sections) or only at the concept stage. In corridor and area planning, these missing routes or links are usually identified as areas or lines on a map. This approach recognises that detailed route or link planning and necessary land acquisitions are yet to occur.
As a final task, the network strategy should be re-visited to see if it needs to be refined to reflect the outcomes of corridor and area planning. This is one of several iterations that should occur to ensure consistency and integration.
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Essay Topic 1
What are Steinbeck's reasons for embarking on this journey? What does he hope to find that he did not see in a similar trip 25 years before? What is the unspoken private motivation of Steinbeck's vs. the reason he provides to everyone else?
Essay Topic 2
What is Charley's role on the trip? Why does Steinbeck take a dog instead of a human on such an extended journey? What is the relationship between Steinbeck and Charley? Cite some examples that indicate the nature of their friendship.
Essay Topic 3
Discuss Steinbeck's writing style. How is he different from other writers of his time? What are some of his characteristic writing techniques? Identify some examples of his classic style in this book.
Essay Topic 4
Why do Steinbeck's friends caution him about being a celebrity on the road? Why is Steinbeck's answer so very "Steinbeck"? Explain the differences between being a...
This section contains 906 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)
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Canine Diet for Heart Disease
When your dog’s heart begins to decline, certain nutrients take on special significance.
Last month we discussed the fact that because unlike people, dogs don’t get the kind of heart disease in which fatty deposits clog the arteries and hinder blood flow, the fat and fat-like substances in their diet are not a big heart disease issue. Instead, dogs’ heart disease tends to be in the form of faulty heart valves, which allows blood to leak backward rather than flow forward like it’s supposed to. Still, what a dog eats has a major impact on heart disease progression and symptoms. Herewith, the nutrients you need to be concerned about.
Sodium. As we said last month, keeping down sodium consumption will control a dog’s blood pressure as well as reduce fluid build-up in those cases where heart disease has progressed to congestive heart failure and fluid builds up around the lungs or chest, making it harder to breathe.
While the condition is still moderate, sodium restriction should be moderate also. “If you go too low in sodium too fast,” says Cummings School veterinary nutritionist Deborah Linder, DVM, DACVN, “the body may actually rebound and make it worse.” That is, the dog may hold onto too much fluid in an effort to combat the sodium restriction.
Fortunately, moderate sodium restriction, not a bad idea for any dog, is easy to achieve with a number of over-the-counter foods produced by large, reputable companies. What’s tricky is that unlike with foods for people, sodium levels are not required to be listed on dog food labels. You can find out by talking with your vet or calling pet food manufacturing companies directly. (If a company can’t or won’t tell you, don’t buy their food; it could be a red flag about quality control.) You’re looking for no more than 100 milligrams of sodium per 100 calories of food. You might be surprised to learn that some dog foods contain as much as 600 milligrams of sodium per 100 calories.
You can also look on HeartSmart, the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine’s website for owners of dogs with heart disease. The list was updated last October, but as it says right at the top, “the nutrient content of diets can change very often so this will be out of date soon. Check with the manufacturers for up-to-date information.” The list is at least a place to start, however, and the HeartSmart website — vet.tufts.edu/heartsmart — also contains information on symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for heart disease along with nutrition information, at-home monitoring, and exercise.
As the heart disease becomes more severe, you will want to speak with your dog’s veterinarian about dropping to 80 milligrams of sodium per 100 calories of food, or even 50. Over-the-counter options are not as plentiful at that level, but they are certainly out there. You don’t have to start cooking up the dog’s meals at your stove.
“One hundred milligrams of sodium per 100 calories and then 80 milligrams or 50 milligrams per 100 calories are not hard and fast rules,” Dr. Linder says. “They’re based on our clinical experience here at Tufts. There need to be more studies to find out the exact numbers — but these are good general guidelines. They’re what we’ve seen works best.”
Protein. “There is not necessarily a specific number of grams of protein that I would want people to watch for,” Dr. Linder says. “But it is important to be mindful of protein. As a dog’s heart disease becomes more severe, she can have cachexia — a loss of lean body mass. “You don’t want to combine that with not consuming enough protein in the diet. That makes for chaos. In fact, if you don’t provide enough protein in the dog’s food, her body will be even more likely to break down its own muscle mass to get it.”
Decades ago, it used to be argued that dogs should be fed a low-protein diet if they had heart problems. It was thought that extra protein put an extra demand on the heart to work harder. But studies have since shown that’s not the case. In fact, the call for enough dietary protein is strong enough that Dr. Linder says that if there are no medical concerns that would necessitate a low-protein diet, like advanced kidney disease, it’s even “okay to go with an above-average-protein food plan.”
Any dog food with a statement from AAFCO — the Association of American Feed Control Officials — declaring that the food is complete and balanced will have an appropriate amount of protein for a dog with heart disease. “But you want to go on the high side,” Dr. Linder stresses. “Ask your vet. She may be able to tell you about the number of grams of protein in a food per so many calories.
“It’s very individual,” she adds. “It’s not like sodium, for which through clinical experience we can name cutoff points. What’s a high enough amount depends on the particular pet with heart disease.”
At the very least, she says, you definitely want to make sure you’re not going low-protein. Foods labeled ‘senior diets’ vary considerably, but some tend to be on the lower side, supposedly to stave off kidney disease (although unless a dog has advanced kidney disease, protein in the diet should not be reduced).
If your vet doesn’t feel comfortable discussing the details of which diets are high in protein, comments Dr. Linder, seek a consultation with a board-certified veterinary nutritionist. “Some vets have excellent training in nutrition and can provide the answers you need; others would feel more comfortable referring you to someone board-certified in nutrition. But even a vet not comfortable with the ins and outs of nutrition would be mindful if a dog had cachexia. She’d know to make sure the dog got more protein in her diet. It wouldn’t make the lost muscle come back, but it would help as much as possible not to make things worse.”
Potassium. Potassium levels in a dog with heart disease can go high or low, Dr. Linder says. It’s very dependent on the pet’s situation. Sometimes it depends on what medications the dog is taking, and at what dosages. A vet would know which direction to go in with dietary potassium based on blood work. As with protein, there are no hard-and-fast rules for potassium levels in food. “If you have a pet who’s very potassium-depleted,” Dr. Linder says, “the vet will steer you toward a diet that has more potassium than other brands.
“What dog owners should not do,” she adds, “is start trying to tweak potassium levels on their own. That’s about blood work and drug-nutrient interactions, and it takes a medical professional to sort it out.”
Are supplements ever appropriate?
The nutrients discussed so far concern the food a dog eats. But there are things outside the main diet — supplements — that could also have an impact on heart disease, affecting its rate of progression and the dog’s quality of life.
Taurine. A deficiency of the amino acid taurine is much more common in cats, because they require it in their diet. Dogs, on the other hand, do not have a dietary taurine requirement because the body can produce it. That said, some dogs have a genetic predisposition to need more taurine than their body can produce. And if they don’t get enough and become taurine deficient, they can develop a kind of heart disease known as dilated cardiomyopathy that compromises the ability of the heart to contract vigorously enough with each beat. Those dogs with a taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy tend to do better with taurine supplements. However, it is unlikely to have a benefit if taurine levels are not deficient,” Dr. Linder says. Susceptible breeds include cocker spaniels, Newfoundlands, St. Bernards, English setters, and Labrador and golden retrievers.
“If your pet has dilated cardiomyopathy and is a susceptible breed, your vet may recommend testing taurine levels. That way, she will know if a deficiency exists, how bad the deficiency is, and how much to supplement,” Dr. Linder counsels.
Note: Lamb and rice diets in breeds predisposed to a lack of taurine may make it more likely for them to develop a deficiency.
Omega-3 fatty acids. In people, omega-3s are thought to help prevent coronary artery disease — the blocking of blood flow through the arteries. In dogs, who only very rarely get coronary artery disease, omega-3s seem to work best for those with a reduced or altered appetite as a result of a compromised heart, or muscle loss, or abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). It’s also thought that omega-3s help ameliorate inflammation in the dog’s body.
“Side effects to consider,” says Dr. Linder “include diarrhea and, in extremely high doses, bleeding problems” because omega-3s “thin” the blood. Admittedly, the occurrence of such problems is on the rare side, but to insure your dog stays safe, give omega-3 supplements to your dog with your vet’s knowledge so she can monitor her for any untoward effects. Tufts Cummings School’s HeartSmart website advises that for every 10 pounds of body weight, a dog should get one gram of fish oil that contains 180 milligrams of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 120 milligrams of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). The site also advises choosing a brand from ConsumerLabs.com, which does testing for quality. Don’t give your dog fish oil in the form of cod liver oil. It can be toxic in vitamins A and D.
Coenzyme Q10. Some dog owners think it’s important for dogs with heart disease, Dr. Linder says. They believe it has antioxidant effects. But to date, studies in dogs have shown minimal to no benefit. “If people really push for it,” she says, “I won’t tell them not to administer it. But we don’t really have good evidence that it helps.”
The bottom line
Providing a dog with heart disease proper nutrition truly is medical nutrition therapy. It can afford a pet more quality time. But also, Dr. Linder says, it allows a dog’s body to focus on coping with the disease rather than dealing with any nutrient deficiencies. “By giving the right nutrients,” she comments, “you’re making sure your dog has everything she needs to function as best as possible” in the face of compromised health.
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[bey-kuh n] /ˈbeɪ kən/
Francis (Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans) 1561–1626, English essayist, philosopher, and statesman.
Francis, 1910–92, English painter, born in Ireland.
Henry, 1866–1924, U.S. architect.
Nathaniel, 1647–76, American colonist, born in England: leader of a rebellion in Virginia 1676.
Roger (“The Admirable Doctor”) 1214?–94? English philosopher and scientist.
meat from the back and sides of a pig, dried, salted, and usually smoked
(informal) bring home the bacon
(Brit, informal) save someone’s bacon, to help someone to escape from danger
Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St Albans. 1561–1626, English philosopher, statesman, and essayist; described the inductive method of reasoning: his works include Essays (1625), The Advancement of Learning (1605), and Novum Organum (1620)
Francis. 1909–92, British painter, born in Dublin, noted for his distorted, richly coloured human figures, dogs, and carcasses
Roger. ?1214–92, English Franciscan monk, scholar, and scientist: stressed the importance of experiment, demonstrated that air is required for combustion, and first used lenses to correct vision. His Opus Majus (1266) is a compendium of all the sciences of his age
early 14c., “meat from the back and sides of a pig” (originally either fresh or cured, but especially cured), from Old French bacon, from Proto-Germanic *bakkon “back meat” (cf. Old High German bahho, Old Dutch baken “bacon”). Slang phrase bring home the bacon first recorded 1908; bacon formerly being the staple meat of the working class.
English scientist and philosopher who is noted for the wide range of his knowledge and writing on scientific topics. Bacon pioneered the idea that mathematics is fundamental to science and that experimentation is essential to test scientific theories.
Our Living Language : Roger Bacon was something of a Renaissance man before there was a Renaissance. Over the course of his long life, his energetic research would lead him to study everything from languages to mathematics to optics. He is most remembered for his insistence on the importance of pursuing fruitful lines of scientific research through experimentation. His writings describe countless experiments; while the majority were probably never performed by him, the profusion alone of experimental ideas is nothing short of astounding. His own laboratory work dealt primarily with alchemy, optics, and mechanics. He was among the first to apply geometric and mathematical principles to problems in optics and the behavior of light, allowing him to make important observations on reflection and refraction. His interest in mechanics led him to describe flying machines and other devices that had not yet been invented. He was the first person in the West to come up with a recipe for gunpowder, and he suggested reforms to the calendar, which would ultimately be implemented hundreds of years later. His novel ways of pursuing knowledge were sometimes viewed with suspicion, resulting at one time in imprisonment; but he bravely resisted all strictures on his intellectual life, even when that meant having to write and work in secret.
bring home the bacon
- Nathaniel currier
[kur-ee-er, kuhr-] /ˈkɜr i ər, ˈkʌr-/ noun 1. Nathaniel, 1813–88, U.S. lithographer. Compare (def 4). /ˈkʌrɪə/ noun 1. a person who curries leather n. late 14c., “one who dresses and colors leather,” from Old French corier, from Latin coriarius “tanner, currier,” from corium “hide, leather, skin” (see corium).
- Nathaniel hawthorne
[haw-thawrn] /ˈhɔˌθɔrn/ noun 1. Nathaniel, 1804–64, U.S. novelist and short-story writer. 2. a city in SW California, SW of Los Angeles. 3. a city in NE New Jersey. /ˈhɔːˌθɔːn/ noun 1. Nathaniel. 1804–64, US novelist and short-story writer: his works include the novels The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851) […]
[ney-thuh nz] /ˈneɪ θənz/ noun 1. Daniel, 1928–1999, U.S. biologist: Nobel Prize in medicine 1978. [ney-thuh n] /ˈneɪ θən/ noun 1. a prophet during the reigns of David and Solomon. II Sam. 12; I Kings 1:34. 2. George Jean, 1882–1958, U.S. drama critic, author, and editor. 3. Robert, 1894–1985, U.S. novelist and poet. 4. a […]
[neyth-lis, nath-] /ˈneɪθ lɪs, ˈnæθ-/ adverb, Archaic. 1. . /ˈneɪθlɪs/ sentence connector 1. another word for nonetheless preposition 2. notwithstanding; despite
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WAVES: Women in the WW2 US Navy
In 1919, a small group of women served with the United States Navy as nurses, answering to male officers. 23 years later, in early Aug 1942, female officer Naval Reserve Lieutenant Commander Mildred McAfee was commissioned into the US Navy amidst World War II to head up the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service program (WAVES). The use of the word "emergency", however, signified that when the effort to resurrect female service was in the planning stages, US Navy brass thought female service would cease when the emergency, or the war, came to and end. The reason for that was due to political resistance from many who did not believe women had a place in the US Navy, and for the program to take place, creative intrigue had to be used. Despite the resistance from conservative officers, however, the demand was clearly there; for example, as early as Jan 1942, the Office of Naval Intelligence was recruiting female college students. Even as President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Navy Women's Reserve Act into law on 30 July 1942, little did people know that female service in the US Navy would become something that would last far beyond the "emergency".
By mid-1943, 27,000 American women served in the WAVES program. While their WW1 counterparts served only as nurses and secretaries, these WW2-era women took up far more responsibilities. Secretarial and clerical jobs still made up a large portion of WAVES positions, but thousands of WAVES personnel performed other jobs such as aviation mechanics, photographers, control tower operators, and intelligence personnel. In late 1944, the WAVES program began accepting African American women at the ratio of one black woman for every 36 white women enlisted in the WAVES program. By the end of the war, over 84,000 women served in WAVES with 8,000 female officers, which constituted 2.5% of the US Navy's personnel strength.
After the war, the US Congress passed the Women's Armed Services Integration Act (Public Law 625) on 12 Jun 1948, allowing women to gain permanent status in all military branches of the United States, which put the WAVES program into obsolescence (although people still referred to female members of the Navy as a member of WAVES well into the 1970s). After the passage of the Women's Armed Services Integration Act, on 7 Jul 1948, six women were sworn into the regular Navy: Kay Langdon, Wilma Marchal, Edna Young, Frances Devaney, Doris Robertson, and Ruth Flora. On 15 Oct 1948, eight women were commissioned as the first female officers of the regular Navy: Joy Bright Hancock, Winifred Quick Collins, Ann King, Frances Willoughby, Ellen Ford, Doris Cranmore, Doris Defenderfer, and Betty Rae Tennant.
Source: United States Navy Great Lakes Naval Museum, United States Navy Naval Historical Center, Wikipedia.
WAVES: Women in the WW2 US Navy Interactive Map
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Chiang Kaishek, 31 Jul 1937
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Lobster vs Crayfish
Seafood lovers all over the world cannot resist themselves when it comes to lobsters and crayfish, both of whom just taste divine. Despite such popularity in all parts of the world, especially landlocked countries where they are considered delicacies, many remain confused between the two sea creatures, and because of their almost similar physical features, a vast majority of sea food eaters cannot tell the difference between a lobster and a crayfish. This article attempts to elucidate differences between lobster and crayfish.
Both lobsters and crayfish have a hard outer shell and a body divided into parts. Both have 4 pairs of legs, pincers, claws, antennae, and a long tail. Even the eye structure is same being compound. Anyone not having seen a crayfish before is likely to call it a lobster. However, there are a few differences that will enable even a novice to quickly tell if a crayfish or a lobster is being served to him.
The first difference lies in size. Crayfish, even when adult, do not grow to more than 6 inches, and one finds them in sizes 2-6 inches. On the other hand, lobsters are normally 8 inches long, and there are lobsters who grow more than 8 inches if not caught. So if the recipe given to you contains a creature 2-3 inch long, you can straight away conclude it is a crayfish and not a lobster, though it may be possible you got a small lobster that was not adult when caught.
Another difference that you have no chance of knowing when you are in a restaurant is the location where the 2 creatures are normally found in sea. While lobsters are found in oceans, it is common to catch crayfish in even lakes and streams. These crayfish live at the bottom of freshwater lakes and streams, under rocks and muddy waters, and feed on insects, worms, mollusks and organic matter at night. They use their claws to catch the prey and crush it down into small pieces before consuming it. One interesting difference that not many people know about lobsters is that they swim front ways while crayfish swim sideways.
What is the difference between Lobster and Crayfish?
• Both lobsters and crayfish are crustaceous creatures having hard outer shell. They have similar body structure, same pair of legs antennae, pincers etc.
• Crayfish in general is smaller in size (2-6 inches) to lobsters (8 inches).
• Crayfish is found in lakes, streams and rivers, whereas lobsters are found in oceans.
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THE ANEMOI THUELLAI were the spirits (daimones) of the violent storm-winds, sons of the monstrous hurricane-giant Typhoeus. They were kept locked away inside the floating island of Aiolos (Aeolus) and released at the command of the gods to wreak their havoc.
Their female counterparts were the Harpyiai (Harpies) (also known as the Aellai and Thuellai).
The storm-winds were often conflated with the gentler Anemoi of the four directional winds--Boreas (the North Wind), Notos (the South-Wind) and Zephyros (the West-Wind) and Euros (the East-Wind).
TYPHEOUS (Hesiod Theogony 869)
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
BIRTH OF THE STORM-WINDS
Hesiod, Theogony 869 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or 7th B.C.) :
"Zeus in tumult of anger cast [the storm-giant] Typhoeus into broad Tartaros (Tartarus). And from Typhoeus come boisterous Winds (Anemoi) which blow damply, except Notos (South Wind) and Boreas (North Wind) and clear Zephyros (West Wind). These are a god-sent kind, and a great blessing to men; but the others blow fitfully upon the seas. Some rush upon the misty sea and work great havoc among men with their evil, raging blasts; for varying with the season they blow, scattering ships and destroying sailors. And men who meet these upon the sea have no help against the mischief. Others again over the boundless, flowering earth spoil the fair fields of men who dwell below, filling them with dust and cruel uproar."
AEOLUS MASTER OF THE STORM-WINDS
Homer, Odyssey 10. 1 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"We [Odysseus and his men] came to the Nesos Aiolios (Aeolian island); here lived Aiolos (Aeolus), son of Hippotas; the deathless gods counted him their friend. His island is a floating one; all round it there is a wall of bronze, unbreakable, and rock rises sheer above it . . . He gave me a bag made from the hide of a full-grown ox of his, and in the bag he had penned up every Anemos (Wind) that blows whatever its course might be; because Kronion (Cronion) [Zeus] had made him warden of all the Anemoi (Winds), to bid each of them rise or fall at his own pleasure . . .
[On the return voyage.] The men [Odysseus' crew] talked among themselves [about the contents of the bag], and the counsels of folly were what prevailed. They undid the bag, the Anemoi (Winds) rushed out all together, and in a moment a tempest (thuella) had seized my crew and was driving them--now all in tears--back to the open sea and away from home.
I myself [Odysseus] awoke, and wondered if now I should throw myself overboard and be drowned in ocean or if I should bear it all in silence and stay among the living. I did bear it and did remain, but covered my face as I lay on deck. My own ship and the others with it were carried back by raging storm (anemos thuella) to the Nesos Aioloios (Island of Aeolus), amid the groaning of all my company."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E7. 10 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Odysseus went on to the island of Aiolia (Aeolia), of which Aiolos (Aeolus) was king. Zeus had set him up as coordinator of the Anemoi (Winds), for both stopping them and stirring them up. After playing host to Odysseus, he gave him an ox-skin, in which he had tied up the Anemoi (Winds). He explained which Winds would be needed for sailing, and fastened the skin securely in the ship. So Odysseus, by using the correct Winds, had a good voyage, but as they drew near enough to Ithaka (Ithaca) to see the smoke rising from the polis, he fell asleep. His comrades, in the belief that he carried gold in the skin, opened it and let the winds escape. Back again they went, captured by the Winds."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 819 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) :
"Aiolos (Aeolus) will hold his gusty winds in check, letting none but soft Zephyros (the West Wind) blow till Argo reaches a Phaiakian (Phaeacian) port."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 14. 467 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"To Aiolia (Aeolia) came she [Iris goddess of the rainbow], isle of caves, of echoing dungeons of mad-raging winds with rugged ribs of mountain overarched, whereby the mansion stands of Aiolos (Aeolus) Hippotas' son. Him found she therewithin with wife and twelve children; and she told to him Athena's purpose toward the homeward-bound Akhaians (Achaeans). He denied her not, but passed forth of his halls, and in resistless hands upswung his trident, smiting the mountain-side within whose chasm-cell the wild Anemoi (Winds) dwelt tempestuously shrieking. Ever pealed weird roarings of their voices round its vaults. Cleft by his might was the hill-side; forth they poured. He bade them on their wings bear blackest storm to upheave the sea, and shroud Kaphereus' (Caphereus') heights.
Swiftly upsprang they, ere their king's command was fully spoken. Mightily moaned the sea as they rushed o'er it; waves like mountain-cliffs from all sides were uprolled."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 663 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Now in their age-old prison Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] had locked the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi]."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 430 ff :
"Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] rules the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] of heaven, holding imprisoned all their stormy strength, soothing at will the anger of the seas. When once the Venti (Winds) are loosed and seize the main, naught is forbidden them; the continents and oceans cower forsaken; in the sky they drive the clouds and with their wild collisions strike fiery lightnings crashing down the world."
Virgil, Aeneid 1. 50 ff (trans. Day-Lewis) (Roman epic C1st B.C.) :
"The goddess [Juno-Hera] came to the storm-cloud country, the womb-land of brawling siroccos, Aeolia. Here in a huge cavern King Aeolus keeps curbed and stalled, chained up in durance to his own will, the heaving Winds and far-reverberating Tempests. Behind the bars they bellow, mightily fretting: the mountain is one immense murmur. Aeolus, aloft on his throne of power, sceptre in hands, gentles and disciplines their fierce spirits. Otherwise, they'd be bolting off with the earth and the ocean and the deep sky - yes, brushing them all away into space. But to guard against this the Father of heaven [Jupiter-Zeus] put the Winds in a dark cavern and laid a heap of mountains upon them, and gave them an overlord who was bound by a firm contract to rein them in or give them their head, as he was ordered. Him Juno [Hera] now petitioned.
Here are the words she used :--‘Aeolus, the king of gods and men has granted you the rule of the winds, to lull the waves or lift them. A breed I have no love for now sails the Tyrrhene sea [Aeneas and his Trojans]. Transporting Troy's defeated gods to Italy. Lash fury into your Winds! Whelm those ships and sink them! Flail the crews apart! Litter the sea with their fragments! Fourteen Nymphae (Nymphs) I have--their charms are quite out of the common--of whom the fairest in form, Deiopea, I'll join to you in lasting marriage and seal her yours for ever, a reward for this great favour I ask, to live out all the years with you, and make you the father of handsome children.’
Aeolus answered thus :--‘O queen, it is for you to be fully aware what you ask: my duty is to obey. Through you I hold this kingdom, for what it's worth, as Jove's viceroy; you grant the right to sit at the gods' table; you are the one who makes me grand master of cloud and storm.’
Thus he spoke, and pointing his spear at the hollow mountain, pushed at its flank: and the Winds, as it were in a solid mass, hurl themselves through the gates and sweep the land with tornadoes. They have fallen upon the sea, they are heaving it up from its deepest abysses, the whole sea--Euros (the East-Wind), Notos (the South-Wind), Sou-wester thick with squalls--and bowling great billows at the shore. There follows a shouting of men, a shrilling of stays and halyards. All of a sudden the Storm-clouds are snatching the heavens, the daylight from the eyes of the Trojans; night, black night is fallen on the sea. The welkin explodes, the firmament flickers with thick-and-fast lightning, and everything is threatening the instant death of men . . .
Even as he cried out thus, a howling gust from Boreas (the North-Wind) hit the front of the sail, and a wave climbed the sky. Oars snapped; then the ship yawed, wallowing broadside on to the seas: and then, piled up there, a precipice of sea hung. One vessel was poised on a wave crest; for another the waters, collapsing, showed sea-bottom in the trough: the tide-race boiled with sand. Three times did Notos (the South-Wind) spin them towards an ambush of rocks (those sea-girt rocks which Italians call by the name of The Altars), rocks like a giant spine on the sea: three times did Euros (the East-Wind) drive them in to the Syrtes shoal, a piteous spectacle--hammering them on the shallows and hemming them round with sandbanks . . .
Meanwhile Neptune [Poseidon] has felt how greatly the sea is in turmoil, felt the unbridled storm disturbing the water even down to the sea-bed, and sorely troubled has broken surface; he gazes forth on the seep with a pacific mien. He sees the fleet of Aeneas all over the main, dismembered, the Trojans crushed by waves and the sky in ribbons about them: Juno's [Hera's] vindictive stratagems do not escape her brother.
He summons the East and the West Winds, and then proceeds to say :--‘Does family pride tempt you to such impertinence? Do you really dare, you Winds, without my divine assent to confound earth and sky, and raise this riot of water? You, whom I--! Well, you have made the storm, I must lay it. Next time, I shall not let you so lightly redeem your sins. Now leave, and quickly leave, and tell your overlord this--not to him but me was allotted the stern trident dominion over the seas. His domain is the mountain of rock, your domicile, O East Wind. Let Aeolus be king of that castle and let him keep the Winds locked up in its dungeon.’
He spoke; and before he had finished, the insurgent sea was calmed."
Suidas s.v. Ges agalma (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Ges agalma (A statue of the earth) : They model Hestia as a woman, like the earth, holding up a kettledrum, since the earth encloses the winds below herself." [N.B. The place beneath the earth is Tartaros.]
- Homer, The Odyssey - Greek Epic C8th B.C.
- Hesiod, Theogony - Greek Epic C8th - 7th B.C.
- Apollodorus, The Library - Greek Mythography C2nd A.D.
- Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica - Greek Epic C3rd B.C.
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy - Greek Epic C4th A.D.
- Ovid, Metamorphoses - Latin Epic C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
- Virgil, Aeneid - Latin Epic C1st B.C.
- Suidas, The Suda - Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.
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1599 - 1658
OLIVER CROMWELL, the leader of the English Revolution, died on 3rd September 1658. Cromwell, the MP for Huntingdon, was the leading Parliamentary commander during the English Civil War, which began in 1642 and ended in1649 with the trial and execution of Charles Stuart and the abolition of the monarchy. The Republic of England, or Commonwealth as it was styled in English, was proclaimed soon after.
The fighting had taken a fearful toll in lives and property in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The death toll, including civilians, came to around 870,000, some 11.6 per cent of the pre-Civil War population. Material damage was immense, particularly in Ireland. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell became head of state, the Lord Protector.
Royalist hopes of a counter-revolution were smashed with the defeat of their forces at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. Cromwell represented the most militant elements amongst the Puritan bourgeois gentry. While in favour of reform they feared social upheaval that could overturn their own exclusive right to private property.
The democratic movement born from the New Model Army, the Levellers, was crushed by Cromwell’s supporters and the most militant regiments sent to Ireland. Attempts to set up farming co-operatives by the Diggers, many of whom were also former soldiers, were also suppressed.
The republic Cromwell led included England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, the port of Dunkirk and colonies in New England and the Caribbean. During its brief life the Commonwealth became a force in Europe. Culturally it inspired the great poetry of Milton and Marvell and other radical and pacifist religious movements like the Quakers who are still with us today.
Oliver Cromwell was succeeded by his son, Richard. Richard was neither a politician nor a soldier. Unable to reconcile republican generals with the demands of the rich merchants and landowners to curb the influence of the New Model Army, Richard Cromwell resigned the following year. The government collapsed and the monarchy was restored in 1660. Oliver Cromwell’s death invoked genuine mourning. His funeral, modelled on that of the King of Spain, was the biggest London had ever witnessed.
Two years later his body was dug up and ritually hanged in public at Tyburn. All those still alive who had signed Charles Stuart’s death warrant, apart from a handful that managed to flee the country, were hanged, drawn and quartered. And the “good old cause” they had fought for was buried with them. It was clear that a great revolution had taken place. It is equally clear that it was incomplete.
For communists the English Revolution is a paramount importance. It influenced the thinking of the American revolutionaries. The Victorian utopian socialist and co-operator, Robert Owen, embodied some of the ideas of the Digger philosopher, Gerrard Winstanley, in his writings. And even today the question of the monarchy and the House of Lords is still unresolved.
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By Christie Bender, Ferris State University student
Editor’s note: This is the third in a series of blog posts for GRandJazzFest written by Ferris State University public relations students. Thank you, Ferris, for helping to build awareness of jazz, the great American music art form! Read about the author at the end of this post.
Dating back to the fourteenth century, the trumpet was first used to signal or make an announcement. With changes that its users made for convenience and sound, it soon was appreciated as a musical instrument.
It began with an appearance very different from today’s trumpets. The first trumpet was a long, straight tubular instrument, usually at least six feet long. It worked to amplify the buzzing sound made when lips, pressed together, forced air through it.
With time came adaptations to the trumpet. The sixteenth century has been credited for inventing a fold in the trumpet to reduce the long size. This made it a lot easier for trumpeters to hold or to play, which lead to an increase in the instrument’s popularity.
By the end of the seventeenth century the trumpet was folded into the shape that we know it as today. The innovations to the trumpet also changed the abilities it had for different sounds. It was common to have multiple shaped trumpets, due to the desire to find a newer, better sound.
The trumpet was given valves in the early 1800s which allowed for various combinations of notes. Valves open ports to more tubing, for the air to travel through. This altered the capability of various sounds immensely. The third valve opens the widest, allowing the most air to pass through. The first opens a little less than the third, and the second opens the least.
By the nineteenth century, the trumpet had slowed down in changes. It was during this time that jazz was created. The most typical jazz band will play a piano and multiple brass instruments, including the trumpet. The trumpet is found in almost every type of music but as the loudest solo instrument, it has always played a lead role in jazz. The trumpet has been a part of five different eras of jazz: Traditional, Swing, Bebop, Avant-Garde and Contemporary. Many famous jazz players have glorified the trumpet, such as Louis Armstrong and Miles Davis.
Christie is a senior in the public relations program at Ferris State University. She will be graduating with her bachelor’s degree in just three years instead of the usual four. She is the Vice President of Internal Relations and Secretary for the Ferris State chapter of Public Relations Student Society of America.
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Making your own secret code puzzle to have friends and family solve is one way to pass the time. There are various ways of going about creating a secret code puzzle, the easiest of which is by switching the order of the alphabet in order to create a secret code.
Write out the first 13 letters of the alphabet (A through M) on a sheet of paper.
Write out the second 13 letters of the alphabet (N through Z) directly below the first 13 but in reverse order. These two rows of letters will be your puzzle’s key. The way you read the key is that each letter on the first row now represents the letter on the second row, and each letter on the second row represents the letter on the first row. So A=Z and Z=A.
Write out a message which will be the secret code puzzle. For example, you can write a famous quote, the lyrics to a popular song, or whatever you want.
Write the same message using your new code on a separate piece of paper. For example, if you wrote “I think, therefore I am,” then the secret code version would read “R gsrmp, gsvivuliv R zn.”
Write a clue on the same sheet of paper on which you wrote the secret code puzzle. For example, you could write I=R and E=V. This is important because in order for the puzzle to be solvable, there has to be a clue. When you are done with this, give the puzzle to a friend or family member to solve.
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The nutrients available to your plants can affect the growth of your plants significantly. Nitrogen is responsible for making sure your plant has strong foliage growth. Phosphorus helps with blooming and seed formation, and potash helps with strong root growth. The pH level, or acidity and alkalinity levels, of your soil affects how much of these nutrients your plant can absorb. You can test all of these factors to see if your soil needs an adjustment.
Dig a 3-inch-deep hole with your shovel in one corner of your garden when the soil is dry. With a spoon, collect 1 cup of soil at that depth and put it in a clean container. Dig holes and collect soil sample from each corner of your garden. Put each sample in a separate container.
Label each of your soil sample containers so that your know from which section of your garden you got the sample. With the side of your spoon, crumble the soil in each container finely, and remove any rocks or pieces of wood.
Test the pH of your first soil sample by opening the cap on your pH soil test. Add soil up to the soil fill line. Open one of the capsules that came with your kit, and pour it over the soil. Use your dropper to add enough water to fill it to the water line.
Shake the pH tester well. Set it aside for one minute to let the soil settle. After one minute, compare the color change in the tester to the chart to determine your soil's pH level. Write down the results in your notepad, and make a note of the area of the garden from which the sample came.
Repeat the pH test for each soil sample to determine if the soil pH changes in different areas of your garden. Wash the tester under running water between each test.
Make a solution from each soil sample separately by mixing 1 cup of soil with 5 cups of water in a bowl. Keep each soil sample separate. Mix each solution well, and set it aside to settle for 30 minutes.
Put the solution from your first sample into the chamber of each test for nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, using the dropper.
Open the capsule that corresponds with the type of nutrient test into each solution. Shake each tester, then wait for 10 minutes for it to develop. Compare the color change to the chart that came with your tester. Jot down the results for the first soil sample in your notebook.
Test the NPK levels of each of your other soil samples, and write down the results. When you are done, you will have an accurate picture of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potash levels of each area of your garden. You will also know the pH level, and how well plants are able to receive these nutrients. Use the information that came with your soil tester to figure out the soil adjustments needed, if any, for the plants you will be growing.
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A mid-stage trial has shown that a type of gene therapy can reduce the symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease.
The 45-patient study is the first successful trial to compare gene therapy to a sham surgical procedure. A report is scheduled for publication online in Lancet Neurology, the trial was sponsored by Neurologix Inc, which is developing the treatment.
The idea behind the therapy is to replace faulty genes or augment the activity of beneficial genes, but safety and efficacy concerns have held back the field, which first emerged some 20 years ago. An Arizona teenager died in a 1999 gene therapy trial, while in another two people developed leukemia as a result of such treatment.
In the Parkinson's trial, the delivered gene controls production of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which controls the neurotransmitter GABA.
GABA calms overactive neurons, and its production is lost in Parkinson's, resulting in the debilitating movement problems that mark the disease.
After six months, the treated group showed a 23.1% improvement on a scale of Parkinson's symptoms, compared with a 12.7% improvement for patients who received sham surgery, according to the published research.
"We still don't know for how long the benefits of this treatment may last, or whether there may be long term problems due to introducing viruses into the brain," Dr Michelle Gardner, research development manager at Parkinson's UK, said in a statement. "In addition, any new treatment must be shown to be more effective than those currently available for Parkinson's –which this treatment has not yet been shown to do."
The trial results include only those patients with infusions delivered to the correct area of the brain. There were also a few cases where the pumps delivering the treatment malfunctioned and those cases were also taken out of the analysis.
The final analysis included 16 patients who received active treatment and 21 who received the sham surgery.
"The treatment was remarkably well tolerated, with mostly only mild adverse events in the AAV2-GAD treated group that were felt to be unrelated to the treatment, and completely resolved," Dr Andrew Feigin, the study's lead author and associate professor of neurology and molecular medicine at the Feinstein Institute for Medical research in Manhasset, New York, said in a statement.
The most common side effects were headache and nausea.
Neurologix said in a statement that it is in discussions with US regulators over the design for a phase III trial of the gene therapy, which it plans to submit later this year.
(Reuters Health, Deena Beasley, March 2011)
Ecstacy can cause Parkinson's disease
Depression, Parkinson's linked
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At first glance both cost control and cost reduction looks as if they refer to same thing, however there are many differences between cost control and cost reduction, let’s look at some of them –
1. While cost control refers to something which is decided in advance like maintaining the cost of a product to a certain level is called cost control, while cost reduction is something which is decided after wards so for example reducing the salary of employees when company decides to cut its cost can be defined as cost reduction.
2. Cost control is therefore a sort of preventive action because it is done in order to prevent the expenditure of the company and cost reduction is more of a corrective action because it is done after the company has realized that it has making more expenditure than required.
3. Cost control is different for different process of a product, so for one process there may cost control and for other there may no cost control while cost reduction is uniform throughout the company.
4. While the emphasis of cost control is on past and present while the emphasis of cost reduction is more on future rather than on past or present.
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|Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
|P. vitticeps – detail of head|
Eight species, see text.
Pogona is a genus of reptiles containing eight lizard species, which are often known by the common name bearded dragons. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the "beard" of the lizard, the underside of the throat which turns black if they are stressed or see a potential rival. They are adept climbers, spending time on branches and in bushes and near human habitation. Pogona species bask on rocks and exposed branches in the mornings and afternoons. They are found throughout much of Australia in a wide range of habitats such as deserts, shrublands and Eucalyptus woodlands.
Several species of this genus, especially the central bearded dragon, are often kept as pets or exhibited in zoos due to their hardy nature and easy care in comparison to other exotic reptiles.
The genus Pogona is in the subfamily Amphibolurinae of the lizard family Agamidae. Characteristics include broad, triangular heads and flattened bodies with spiny scales arranged in rows and clusters. These are found on the throat, which can be expanded when threatened, and at the back of the head. These scales are used to scare off predators, yet they are not very sharp. Bearded dragons display a hand-waving gesture to show submission, and a head-bobbing display to show dominance between dragons. They have the ability to change color during rivalry challenges between males, in response to ambient temperature changes such as turning black to absorb heat, and other stimuli. Males grow up to 60 cm (24 in) long, and females up to 51 cm (20 in). Bearded dragons also produce a mild venom originating from primitive venom glands. Although generally harmless towards humans, it is effective towards smaller-sized animals.
Bearded dragons originate from central Australia, where they live in the arid and subtropical woodlands, scrublands, savannas, shore areas, and into the great interior deserts. Their range extends throughout the interior of the eastern states to the eastern half of South Australia and southeastern Northern Territory. They spend most of their time in bushes and trees, and will often bask on rocks. When the climate is too hot they will often burrow underground.
Adult bearded dragons are very territorial. As they grow, they establish social hierarchies in which displays of aggression and appeasement form a normal part of their social interactions. The beard is used for both mating and aggression displays. Both sexes have a beard, but males display more frequently, especially in courtship rituals. Females will, however, display their beard as a sign of aggression also. The beard darkens, sometimes turning jet black and inflates during the display. The bearded dragon may also open its mouth and gape in addition to inflating its beard to appear more intimidating. Head bobbing is another behaviour and it can be seen in both females and males; they quickly move their head up and down, often darkening and flaring their beard. They do this to show dominance over smaller males, weaker males, if a male wants to mate with a female or other animals they feel threatened by. Another behaviour is arm waving, done by both males and females. Standing on 3 legs the bearded dragon would lift one of its front legs and move it in a circular motion. Arm waving functions as species recognition, and it is a sign of submission. Smaller males will often respond to larger males by arm waving. Females will also arm wave to avoid male aggression, often in response to a male's head bobbing.
The following eight species are recognized as being valid.
- Pogona barbata (Cuvier, 1829) – Eastern bearded dragon
- Pogona henrylawsoni Wells & Wellington, 1985 – Rankin's dragon, Black-soil bearded dragon, Dumpy dragon, Dwarf bearded dragon
- Pogona microlepidota (Glauert, 1952) – Kimberley bearded dragon
- Pogona minima (Loveridge, 1933) – Western bearded dragon
- Pogona minor (Sternfeld, 1919) – Western bearded dragon, Dwarf bearded dragon
- Pogona mitchelli (Badham, 1976) – North-west bearded dragon
- Pogona nullarbor (Badham, 1976) – Nullabor bearded dragon
- Pogona vitticeps (Ahl, 1926) – Central bearded dragon or inland bearded dragon
Bearded dragons—most commonly, the inland or central bearded dragon (sometimes Rankin's bearded dragon)—are kept as pets. Introduced as pets to the US during the 1990s, they are a popular exotic species pet even though Australia, from the 1960s onward, has banned the sale of its wildlife to the pet trade. They are a popular species among children because of their friendly and calm nature, and the relative ease of caring for them. Generally speaking, the bearded dragon is a solitary animal. Male bearded dragons are usually housed alone, as they will fight with other males and breed with females. Captive adults reach about 40 to 61 cm (16 to 24 in) from head to tail, weigh 350 to 600 g (10 to 20 oz) and live for about 8 to 12 years with good care. They can live up to a maximum of 14 years in captivity.
Juvenile and baby bearded dragon diets consist mainly of insects. A juvenile bearded dragon eats insects three times a day on average. The amount of insects they eat depends on the dragon itself and how much it can eat. Crickets and dubia roaches are the most popular insects fed to bearded dragons, but they can also be fed other insects such as black soldier fly larvae, locusts, superworms, waxworms, silkworms, butterworms, fruit flies[disambiguation needed], grasshoppers and hornworms. Bearded dragons also eat increasing amounts of plant based food as they grow; adults should have a diet consisting of more than 60% plant matter, the most important of which is leafy greens.
|This section does not cite any sources. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Color variations of the inland, or central, bearded dragon are often available from breeders. The different colors of bearded dragons display subtle differences between them and 'wild' type dragons. For example, the color of the beards may be orange or yellow, and golden brown to near black in 'wild' type dragons.
Common Health Issues
Although bearded dragons are fairly resilient to illness, improper care can potentially fatally hurt a bearded dragon. Some health issues that bearded dragons may have include: metabolic bone disease, atadenovirus, and paralysis.
Metabolic bone disease
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a common disease that can be fatal for bearded dragons. It occurs in bearded dragons due to malnutrition or the use of improper lighting. Typical foods that bearded dragons eat, including spinach, carrots, and collards, contain oxalates that bind to and attack the calcium in the bones of the bearded dragon. Bearded dragons require UVB lights to process calcium in their diet. Without processing this calcium, their bodies will use calcium from their bones, therefore weakening them. Multivitamin supplements, a proper diet, and a UVB light is necessary to keeping a bearded dragon safe from MBD. Symptoms seen in bearded dragons with MBD include bumps in the legs, twitches or tremors, bumps along the spine or tail, a swollen bottom jaw, and jerky movements.
Hypocalcemia occurs when there are low levels of calcium in the bearded dragon's blood. Hypocalcemia is most often tied to metabolic bone disease. Low levels of calcium can result in twitching muscles, or seizures. Hypocalcemia is most often seen in young bearded dragons, as they are slightly more fragile than adults. Maintaining a diet which consists of enough calcium is crucial to avoiding hypocalcemia as well as metabolic bone disease.
Paralysis occurs often in bearded dragons when they are fed food that is too big for them. Bearded dragons will try to eat worms or crickets that are too big for them, but this can be extremely harmful. Food should not be bigger than the space between their eyes. If a dragon eats food that is too big for them, there will be pressure put on their spinal cord during digestion. This pressure can lead to paralysis or death.
Atadenovirus (ADV), also referred to as adenovirus, is a viral disease that can be deadly. ADV can be spread between reptiles through contact alone. Most juvenile ADV-positive bearded dragons don't live past 90 days. While ADV-positive adults will live longer, they eventually contract liver diseases. Common symptoms of ADV-positive bearded dragons include stunted growth and slow weight gain. Because of their compromised immune systems, ADV-positive bearded dragons may be infected with intestinal parasites.
Bearded dragons require UVB to help enable D3 synthesis and to prevent metabolic bone disease. Bearded dragons also require UVA—this wavelength stimulates feeding, breeding, basking and overall health.
- Wells, Richard W.; Wellington, C. Ross. 1985. "A Classification of the Reptilia and Amphibia of Australia". Australian J. Herp. Suppl. Ser. (1): 1-61. (Genus Pogona, p. 19).
- Browne-Cooper, Robert; Brian Bush; Brad Maryan; David Robinson (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia. University of Western Australia Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-920694-74-6.
Pogona minor minor, Abrolhos Bearded Dragon
- Fry, Bryan G.; Vidal, Nicolas; Norman, Janette A.; Vonk, Freek J.; Scheib, Holger; Ramjan, S. F. Ryan; Kuruppu, Sanjaya; Fung, Kim; Blair Hedges, S.; Richardson, Michael K.; Hodgson, Wayne. C.; Ignjatovic, Vera; Summerhayes, Robyn; Kochva, Elazar (2005). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16292255. doi:10.1038/nature04328.
- Fry, Bryan G.; Roelants, Kim; Champagne, Donald E.; Scheib, Holger; Tyndall, Joel D.A.; King, Glenn F.; Nevalainen, Timo J.; Norman, Janette A.; Lewis, Richard J.; Norton, Raymond S.; Renjifo, Camila; de la Vega, Ricardo C. Rodríguez (2009). "The Toxicogenomic Multiverse: Convergent Recruitment of Proteins Into Animal Venoms". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 10 (1): 483–511. ISSN 1527-8204. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356.
- Reptiles and Amphibians. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Inlandbeardeddragon.cfm
- "Bearded Dragon (Pogona) Species Profile: Habitat, Diet, and Care". www.peteducation.com. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- "Why Do Bearded Dragons Burrow? - Online Bearded Dragon Care". Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- Pat J. Pogona vitticeps Central Bearded Dragon. 17 February 2000. Animal Diversity Web.
- "Pogona ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- Jaeger, Jeremiah. "Bearded Dragons Care Sheet". beardeddragon.org. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- "Hades Dragons". hadesdragons.co.uk. 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- "Fun Bearded Dragon Facts & Information". www.thebeardeddragon.org. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
- "Bearded Dragon Care". Big Al's Pets. December 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- Bearded Dragon Food Pyramid 15 April 2016. Complete Critter. http://www.completecritter.com/bearded-dragon.html
- "MBD". www.beautifuldragons.com. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
- "Bearded Dragon Health, Illness, & Disease Symptoms". www.thebeardeddragon.org. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
- Tricia Power (1995–2012). "Calcium Deficiency". Tricia's Chinese Water Dragon, Reptile and Amphibian Care Page. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- "Bearded Dragon Health, Illness, & Disease Symptoms". www.thebeardeddragon.org. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
- "Atadenovirus – This Disease Can Be Deadly To Your Bearded Dragon". www.reptilesmagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- Bjornebo, Heather (2016-08-11). "Atadenovirus in Bearded Dragons". azeah.com. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
- Storr GM. 1982. "Revision of the Bearded Dragons (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of Western Australia with Notes on the Dismemberment of the Genus Amphibolurus ". Rec. Western Australia Mus. 10 (2): 199-214. (Pogona, new genus, p. 201).
|Wikispecies has information related to: Pogona|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pogona.|
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at the vlsi symposium in kyoto, japan, toshiba announced that they have made an important advance in transistor technology. toshiba has described a cmos transistor with superior electrical effects. the transistor that toshiba described uses a high-k dielecric oxide for the transistor's gate. the problem with the dielectrics currently in use (primarily silicon dioxide) is that these materials permit leakage from the gate into the substrate. as the gate oxides grow thinner with each new process generation (to less than two nanometers) leakage increases exponentially. toshiba has discovered a new dielectric material, called nitrided halfnium silicate. this material, the company claims, only allows 1/1000th the leakage of silicon dioxide. the company further claims that this material is able to stand up to conventional fabrication processes, and allows for adequate drive current. according to motorola, the switch to high-k gate dielectrics will need to be accompanied by a switch to metal gates, since the currently used polysilicon gates may be incompatible with high-k materials such as halfnium oxides. these new-and-improved transistors will be needed for the 65 nanometer generation, since at that point leakage issues will become severe.
user comments 11 comment(s)
|this is all good (9:38am est wed jun 11 2003)
this is good news and it should help with the introduction of the fin-fets.
lower power, lower heat and faster. what more could anyone ask for? – by seth
|a new element? (9:38am est wed jun 11 2003)
is halfnium some new element? i guess a halfnium is better than a wholenium.
oh, yeah. 1st post. – by my 2 cents
|two things (12:29pm est wed jun 11 2003)
1) halfnium is not new, its been around for some time. periodic tables are your friend.
2) any idea when this will be finding its way into production? will it make it for the expected 65 release or will it delay the 65? – by 3 4 transistors
|release date (1:05pm est wed jun 11 2003)
i wonder whether the new transistors may have to race intel's tri-gate transistors to market…
still, its possible that the two technologies may be combined – a tri-gate transistor with a nitrided halfnium silicate gate…. – by who i am
|tri-gate hand in hand with new dielectric (5:32pm est wed jun 11 2003)
“i wonder wethere the new transistors may have to race intel's tri-gate transistors to market…”
they should actually go hand in hand. the tri-gate transistors have a significantly lager gate area which means that the leakage has the potential to also grow significantly. by introducing the new dielectric, gates can be made larger (multiple surfaces) without increasing the leakage current. – by seth
|thing (5:36am est thu jun 12 2003)
“halfnium is not new, its been around for some time”
ha! that's pretty funny alright. by 'some time', you mean since shortly after creation or since it was finally found? seems like most people call it nuclarium nowadays. – by nobody special
|tri-gate hand in hand with new dielectric (5:44am est thu jun 12 2003)
didn't i mention that that possibility as well?
>still, its possible that the two technologies may be combined – a tri-gate transistor with a nitrided halfnium silicate gate…. – by who i am
|uhh… (7:50pm est thu jun 12 2003)
maybe no one except this ol' goat caught it, but it is hafnium, with no l. chemistry, kids, chemistry.
tertiary chalcogenides (well, silicates in this example) are an excellent starting point: higher 'ordering' crystalization entropy function yields much more well organized layers of atoms in a near-molecular layer. hence, all routes for electrons are trapped by the lattice itself. silicon dioxide (or the nitrided version) is still largely glassy, so its oxygens and silicon atoms are pretty mixed up. even with annealing.
someday, i feel, they're gonna be using gates that are metal separated from silicon by air (or a vacuum), which reduces leakate to quantum tunneling levels.
– by goatguy
|what is the cost of halfnium (4:05am est thu nov 18 2004)
i would think that the cost of halfnum would have to be very low to compete in this market. does any one know what the cost is? – by abe
|hafnium market (11:35am est mon feb 20 2006)
costs range from $70usd to $120usd /# depending on source and purity. the largest challenge in purification is liberating halfnium from zirconium. natural sources tend to have both elements coinciding. as they both have similar physical properties, pure hf takes some investment in processing, making it more expensive and harder to come by, upping the price. us demands are in the order of 60k lbs/yr. – by battery
|periodic table (10:22am est sun aug 20 2006)
have you guys checked out the new periodic table at science-fusion.com i guess it cooresponds to some new chemistry game. pretty cool if you like chemistry. – by praseo
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Critical - Expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgments. I know the meaning of the word critical all too well. Always being the shortest person was my life story. I even received a nickname throughout my younger academic years, Simon Birch. You see, Simon Birch was a movie that hit theaters when I was in fourth grade. It was about an individual who had a birth defect of inadequate growth; he was literarily 2 foot tall. Being the shortest of my class was not that bad during this time though, so I embraced the identity. Even in middle school I was the shortest individual.
Still yet, I clung to athletic activities so that I could prove my worth to others. I was actually decent at sports. I was a part of the starting roster in every activity. However, in high school things changed. No longer was I physically able to start in athletic activities. This affected my view of my self and I began to become very critical towards my image.
As if it was not enough for me to be critical on my image, I also had upperclassmen bullying me. The constant threats of being shoved into lockers or into trash cans haunted me every time I walked into the doors of the school. I, however, was clever. Instead of constantly being made fun of by my peers, I began making fun of myself. In return, my peers began to laugh at me and eventually became my friend. I became quite popular. While these remarks seemed to be a joke to my peers, there were so much truth to each of the remarks. The critical remarks left scars, that still to this day, are not completely healed.
Being critical about your physical image literally tears you apart. In the end, you are left with the feelings of brokenness and being unwanted! Whenever we become critical of our appearance we also start to destroy ourselves. A great illustration for this is talked about in the Song of Solomon 2:15.
“Catch for us the foxes, the little foxes that ruin the vineyards, our vineyards that are in bloom.” I like to think of every critical thought towards ourselves as a little fox. Our image is the vineyard that is in full bloom, beautiful. Yet with every negative thought towards ourself we begin to destroy the vineyard that is our image. The fox is cunning. Sometimes we do not even realize we are tearing down our image. We must be mindful of our thoughts throughout the day. Are they building us up or tearing us down?
I believe that most of everyone is critical about their appearance. We have a mentality that if we could just change this one thing about us, then we would be beautiful. It is almost like an artist. Have you ever met an artist? When my artist friends show me some of their pieces that they have worked so exhaustively on, I often reply that the piece of art displayed to me is absolutely incredible. Despite my opinion, the artist usually says it is ok and maybe even reply, “I could have done this part of the piece better.” Artists are their own biggest critic. In the same respect, we are our own biggest critic.
We see ourselves as a painting. We labor on the piece of art, that which is us, thoroughly. Then we look at the painting and critique it, saying, “If only I could change this about me, then it would be better.” There is a huge problem with the mindset that we are painting the image we want for ourselves.
You see, we are not even the true artist. The true artist is the One who was knitting you together while you were in your mother's womb. The true artist is the One of which you were fearfully and wonderfully made. The true artist is the One who designed you to be a masterpiece, completely unique, an original design. The true artist is God.
The psalmist would agree. He says in Psalm 139:14, “I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well.” Hold on, time out. What does, ‘fearfully made’ mean? It simply means that God, the artist, used caution in making us. He used precision in forming us to His image. He did not use precision in creating us just so we could carelessly degrade us. That is not our purpose, the paint brush is not in our hand. The psalmist also says, “...all of God’s works are wonderful I know that full well.” Do we know that full well?
Please understand when we are critical about our appearance we are essentially saying that all of God’s works are not wonderful. If we say, “If I can just change this about me,” we are basically saying, “All of God’s works are wonderful, except for this.” Do we not understand that every single work from God is wonderful and not just most works? You are the work of the almighty God. You are wonderful.
So what can we take away from all this?
1. Every negative thought is like a fox that tears away at the garden, of which is our image. Be mindful of these thoughts, sometimes we do not even know we are doing it. I know for the longest time I would say negative things about my self. It was not until a close friend asked me why I did these things did I even realize that I was doing it. Be cautious of your thoughts throughout the day, especially when they regard yourself.
2. Build yourself up in the Lord. Instead of having negative thoughts towards yourself, find out your strengths and dwell on them. We do not do these things so that we can become prideful, but so that we can ultimately reach God’s creation with the love that he has shown us.
3. We are not the painter of our lives, God is. Allow him to have the paint, leave the critiquing of your appearance to Him. You are made in the image of a beautiful God, you are beautiful. By allowing him to have the paint brush, we also allow him to continue to work on his masterpiece. Allow God to form His painting to the image of his son, Jesus Christ. This is the overall goal when we hand the paint brush to God.
How can we be more like Jesus? How can we continue developing our relationship with Him? Allow some time for just you and Christ. I recommend spending time talking to Christ, but more than just you doing the talking, also listen to His voice.
4. All of God’s works are wonderful, not just most of them. You are the work of the almighty God. His works are wonderful, you are wonderful. I firmly believe that we do not serve a mediocre God. His works are not mediocre, You are wonderful.
Bradley is our newest His Side blogger. Welcome him to Insecurely! If you'd like to write for Insecurely Movement, email us at email@example.com.
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Did you know that the Moon is the only place in the universe where humans have stood, apart from Earth? Or that about 81 Moons could fit inside Earth? And did you know that scientists believe the Moon was once part of Earth--until another planet crashed into Earth, breaking off the giant piece of rock that became our Moon? These and dozens of other fascinating facts provide a perfect high-interest introduction to Earth's nearest space neighbor, The Moon. Filled with information perfectly suited to a second-grade audience, this accessible, high-impact book combines solid science, technology, and even math with up-to-the-minute information, odd and often quirky facts, and astounding space photography. It also provides plenty of surprises and teachable moments that will draw young children into a rewarding, kid-friendly reading experience.
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read online —-> http://bookkuku.com/
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When did we first serve meals at regular hours? Why did we begin using individual plates and utensils to eat? When did “cuisine” become a concept and how did we come to judge food by its method of preparation, manner of consumption, and gastronomic merit?
Food: A Culinary History explores culinary evolution and eating habits from prehistoric times to the present, offering surprising insights into our social and agricultural practices, religious beliefs, and most unreflected habits. The volume dispels myths such as the tale that Marco Polo brought pasta to Europe from China, that the original recipe for chocolate contained chili instead of sugar, and more. As it builds its history, the text also reveals the dietary rules of the ancient Hebrews, the contributions of Arabic cookery to European cuisine, the table etiquette of the Middle Ages, and the evolution of beverage styles in early America. It concludes with a discussion on the McDonaldization of food and growing popularity of foreign foods today.
read more: http://bookkuku.com/
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Essay writing at university level refers to the detailed description of a particular topic with reasoning such as literary rate and its impact on criminal activities. Instructor examines the custom essays of students for plagiarism, essay research topics, formatting of the essay, including spelling and grammar check with the most important consideration of relevancy of the content for the answer of the question provided.
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Information and opinions by George H: (firstname.lastname@example.org)
The chart data enclosed is taken from a mechanical engineering handbook along with opinions from thirty years field experience.
EXPLORING THE LEGITIMACY OF CLAIMS OF CHARACTERISTICS, TEST PROCEDURES AND “R” RATINGS FOR THERMAL INSULATIONS USING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HAND BOOK DATA AND FORMULA
Confusion about the performance of various insulation materials is not a recent phenomenon. Some of the confusion comes from the fact that various materials control heat energy transfer according to the specific physical properties of the materials and their assembly for use.
Another problem is that large manufacturers, with government sanction, literally control the methods used to test their product and competing products. This has been an ongoing fight for over fifty years in this country. Some products, commonly used here, are not allowed in other countries because of low performance and serious health issues.
The most common testing problems are:
(1) The tests do not reflect actual “installed summer / winter conditions”, which can reveal up to fifty percent difference in performance compared to “accepted tests”.
(2) Most tests favor conductivity resistance and limit the effects of radiant energy. Most homes have about 12-15% conductive surfaces, about 7% is convection and air spaces accounting for up to 80% radiant energy gain or loss.
(3) Some tests do not reveal the serious performance degradation from condensation, actually storing and increasing heat flow, and how it affects the interior humidity levels.
(4) Some tests do not reveal possible mold and other problems.
(5) Some tests, or labeling, do not reveal the health problems due to toxic chemicals. This information is classified as proprietary information and given only to the government.
(6) The tests or labels do not reveal the ratio of material to air volume This ratio can be as low as 1% mass to 99% air volume allowing radiant energy to travel through like an open door, plus air infiltration. The exception to this is radiant barriers which rely on the air space to perform efficiently. If insulation tests were performed with the best interest of the consumer at heart, there would probably be only two insulations available to the consumer.
(7) The other subject ignored by the bulk insulation manufacturers is the approximate 80% heat gain/loss in buildings through radiant heat, infrared energy. This can be expected because most bulk insulations are only about 10 – 20% efficient in rejecting radiant energy, compared to about 97% for radiant barriers.
(8) The “R” factor for bulk insulations are based on the reciprocal of a “u” factor, a conductive test ( for a material that is about 99% air spaces?). The efficiency of radiant barriers are based on a “k” factor. You cannot obtain a “R” value from a “k” factor.
The independent, non competitive, method presented here is based on long established data of energy exchange between two surfaces, ceiling/floor, at a given Delta T” (temperature difference between two surfaces) and will tell you what amount of heat energy is radiated into and out of the home summer and winter.
This method depends on no tests and incorporates the characteristics of the insulation, building materials and the effects of any climate condition. It can be performed by anyone with a thermometer. Conventional “R” factor calculations cannot tell you this, due to the problems mentioned above and that the calculations are usually for material only. With “R” factors you can calculate for one set of condidtions and then find out the calculations had no reference to what is actually going on in the structure.
The common denominator for all insulations is; what is the temperature of the drywall and the floor it is radiating to? This “in situ” method incorporates all the variables because the drywall temperature determines your heating / cooling costs. You can use either Btu calculations or temperature calculations. You can see why the manufacturer of low efficiency insulation will not want to use this method.
The drywall emission rate, about 90%+, is used in the following chart because that is the most commonly used material. The source of this information, and the following chart, is from an emissivity chart and formula of a mechanical engineering handbook. You may not be familiar with this source of information. It is a manual of materials charts, characteristics, formulas and numerous other factors used by engineers to manufacture most every thing you use. For many professional engineers it is the engineer’s “bible”.
THE HUMAN FACTOR: The average person believes that the air temperature is the dominant factor in comfort. This might be true if it wasn’t for the energy radiating into and out of the building with its effects. It is this energy ratio between the interior surfaces and the surface of the body that ultimately determines the comfort factor and energy consumption.
For maximum energy savings you want the lowest rate of absorption and re-radiation of energy. Lower is better. The determining factors of any insulation’s performance are:
1) The rate of absorption and re-emittance ( radiating ) of energy. From the “bible” we see that wood (cellulose), and glass (fiberglass) is about 90%+ efficient in absorbing and re radiating energy. Base foam materials are about 20% efficient. Aluminum foil about .03%.
2) Other than the basic material and its construction features, moisture, either from humidity or condensations can cause substantial energy flow. Using the ratio or 5% increase per 1% of moisture by weight, data published by the National Bureau of Standards shows that fiberglass and cellulose can increase energy flow about 45 / 72% due to moisture in an uninhabited structure. Even the relative humidity can account for a dramatic increase in energy flow. Increased humidity levels in an inhabited structure can cause even more energy lose / gain along with the 1,000+ btu used to convert vapor to liquid. Since radiant barriers do not cause condensation and are superior vapor barriers, the interior humidity levels can be lower than with other insulations.
3) The low quality of installation can also be a detriment to the effectiveness of insulation.
The following chart shows Btu transfer for various ceiling temperatures. Calculations for infiltration, doors and windows are separate as they will be the same for any insulation installed. To increase the envelope efficiency even more, Insulation Specialists has developed a simple method of installing radiant barriers to reduce to about 1% the conductivity surfaces of studs and ceiling joists from the normal 12-15 % surface area.
In summer you can measure the drywall temperature which can reach up to 110 degs on a 95 deg day with the lower efficiency insulations and no roof shading. If the floor temperature is 75 degs the ceiling, using temperature figures, will radiate about 99 degs/sf/hr. The 110 deg ceiling temperature is about 25 degrees hotter than a winter radiant heat system, causing the air conditioner to run continuously to try to compensate. Without the air conditioner the interior temperature could exceed 100 degs.
If the radiant barrier is 110 degs it will radiate about 2-3 degs /sf/hr. In a properly designed ranch home the interior temperature, with radiant barrier, will be about 80-81 degs without air-conditioning. The humidity levels can also be lower as the radiant barrier does not cause condensation which can be forced into the home by the high temperatures in the structure as with some of the lower efficiency materials.
Question; if the indoor temperature can be hotter inside than outside without the air-conditioned, how can the manufacturer claim their material is insulation?
As you use the chart keep in mind these two questions;
1: If bulk insulations are about 99% airspaces and radiant energy travels through space at about the speed of light, and the base material absorbs and re-radiates the energy at about a 80-90 percent efficiency, how can a manufacturer claim their material is an insulator? More importantly how can an “R” value be assigned to them?
2: If the function of a radiant barrier is to reflect energy, how can an “R” factor be assigned to it? How can the government and the manufacturers of bulk insulations legitimately force the use of “R” factors in evaluating radiant barriers? More importantly, why?
3: Why has the US Senate interfered with, at least twice, the governments fair trade polices, including FTC regulations, when it comes to insulations? Regulations which would have provided for a fair playing field. Answer: Over $100,000,000,000.00 tax revenue per year due to the excessive use of energy.
Because of this and other reasons the American home owner is using up to two to three times the amount of energy to heat a cool a home than what should be used.
In summer you can determine the temperature of your ceiling drywall by taping a thermometer to the drywall surface.
This chart is based on a 75 deg floor temperature. The chart can be validated by using the emissivity data and formula from Mark’s Mechanical Engineering Handbook. FG values are for insulation between joists and include joist heat transfer. The radiant barrier value is for the joists surfaces covered with the radiant barrier and a furring strip to separate the radiant barrier from the drywall. “A” is the dry wall temperature. “B” represents the Btu’s radiated for the FG installation. “C” represents the Btu’s radiated for the radiant barrier installation. “D” the Btu difference between the fiberglass and radiant barrier. Although the mechanics for side walls will be slightly difference this method can be used for approximate comparisons.
The 110 deg is high lighted to represent a 95 deg day. The 30 line is highlighted to show the similarities of the summer winter conditions. Note the jump when the temperature gets down to zero degs. Because of the rapid drop off in FG efficiency as the material thickness is increased it is difficult to extrapolate the radiant barrier and FG data for “R” value comparison. Compared to the advertised “R” value for FG the RB “R” factor could exceed “R”100 value by a considerable amount, and it is impossible to have a “R” value of 100 much less 100 plus.
Myth: Dust adversely affects the radiant barrier performance. A: Dust has little or no effect on a horizontally installed radiant barrier with airspace both sides. The top surface could be painted black and the bottom surface might emit 1 or 2 extra Btus. Most ceiling installations have one or more layers, so any increase in heat flow is doubtful. There is little or no dust on vertical installations. Even with dust present the radiant barrier is superior to other materials. These comments never reveal the test material type or test method or actual performance differences.
Myth: Holes adversely affect the radiant barrier performance. A: Some radiant barriers are manufactured with vapor escape holes. I know of no laboratory tests showing an increase in heat flow, particularly in multi layer installations. Obviously you don’t want large holes, these should be repaired.
Myth: Radiant barriers are not as efficient on up heat (winter) as summer. A: The engineering handbook does not make such a distinction. The mechanics of up heat vs down conductive heat flow are different; therefore any given material may exhibit slight differences for winter. However these comments never note that the radiant barrier is still superior to other materials.
Myth: Aluminum corrodes. A: Pure aluminum, such as the 99.9% pure foil used in radiant barrier, does not corrode under normal atmospheric conditions.
A light, invisible, oxidation does occur preventing any further oxidation. You would not want to breathe the fumes that could cause severe corrosion. Corrosion can and does occur in some unfinished alloy aluminum because of the dissimilar metals used for alloying the metal.
Myth: Radiant barrier loses its insulation values over time. A: Since radiant barriers do not corrode, the answer is self evident. I know of installations over 30 years old that work just fine.
Myth: You can’t use radiant barriers in very cold climates: A: When Perry and other scientists went to the poles they use aluminum foil to insulate the structures. The Navy SEALS used multi-layer foil (mfg’d to mil spec HH I 1252) in 1964 in the Artic buildings where the mineral wool was failing. Radiant barriers are used quite extensively and exclusively, in severely cold conditions, such as, cryogenics and space platforms.
Myth: Radiant barriers are not very efficient in attic add-on application. If the application is not proper then this is a true statement. However, the retrofit tests so far conducted are not the most effect application method. I have found that a double layer installation directly over the existing material can reduce a/c run time 50% or more. Why test the most inefficient method?
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This is the fourth of our Grade One milestones
And is a progression of the third milestone: heel and sit.
We want the dog to learn to remain seated confidently whilst you leave him. And to remain sitting still for one full minute, with you a short distance away
All these exercises are done in a quiet training area free from any distractions. At home in your garden is fine.
Sit or stay?
Like ‘heel’, ’sit’ is a long duration behaviour.
When you tell your dog to sit, you don’t want him to bounce his bottom on the ground and get straight up again. The sit always has some duration.[wp_ad_camp_1]But rather than keep refering to ‘the long duration sit’ we usually call it a ‘stay’.
Some people use a command ‘stay’ but this really isn’t necessary.
Sit, means ‘sit until I tell you to do something else’, there is no need to complicate things by adding extra cues.
What your dog will learn
There are lots of ways to practice the long sit. In this series your dog will learn to remain seated whilst you walk all the way around him in a circle at a distance of 10 yards.
He will also learn to sit still whilst you walk ten yards directly away from him, wait one minute, and then return.
We’ll divide it into a series of steps
Eight steps to a 1 minute sit
- Sit means sit
- Adding duration to our sit
- The first step backwards
- Turning your back on the dog
- Removing the lead
- Adding distance
- Adding movement
- The one minute stay
What about rewards? How should you reward the dog for getting it right? This will depend on your dog.
Some dogs are thrilled to be praised and/or given a gentle stroke. Others would rather have a piece of cheese. Some will leap about and get excited if you praise too enthusiastically.
You need to experiment a little and find out what works for you and your dog. For more information on using rewards in training check out: The effective use of rewards in dog training
Whatever rewards you choose, be generous at this early stage in training. Your dog needs to know he is getting it right.
Step 1: Sit means sit
We’ll assume that up until now, you have asked your dog to ‘sit’ very briefly. You may even have asked him to sit, and then let him wander off when he got bored.
From now on, we’ll have a new standard. Sit means ‘sit right there until I tell you to move’.
If your dog gets up before he is told to, you can take two actions which will make this less likely to happen again in the future
- You can reseat the dog
- You can make the exercise easier
It is better if you do not repeat the sit command. So if the dog gets up again, you can gently manipulate him back into a sit, or lure him back with a treat.
There are two ways of releasing a dog from the sit. You can use a ‘release command’ or you can give another and different command. In this exercise, we are combining sit with some heelwork. So your dog must remain sitting until you ‘heel’ him away.
Step 2: adding duration
Leaving the dog on a ‘sit/stay’ brings two new aspects, or factors of difficulty, to the sit. These factors are ‘time’ and ‘distance’.
As with any new factor of difficulty these are best introduced separately and gradually. When you walk 20 yards from a seated dog not only is the distance you travel a factor but the time it takes you is a factor too.
So what we will do, is introduce the time factor with the dog at your side. Like so:
- With the dog on a lead at heel walk a few paces and ask him to ’sit’ as usual.
- Now pause, for three seconds. Reward the dog
- Heel the dog on a few steps, and repeat, four or five times.
- Now try a five second sit, praise, pause…and heel the dog on.
- Repeat, but don’t go to more than ten seconds in the first session. Mix in some short (two seconds or so) sits with the longer ones. Keep the session short (5 minutes or so) fit in lots of repetitions.
- Finish with an easy one.
This is deliberately very easy, to give you a starting point where the dog is unlikely to fail. Most dogs will manage a three second sit like this and progress to a five to ten second sit within a couple of sessions. Some dogs may need a little longer.
Dealing with mistakes
If the dog gets up before your ‘heel’ command, do not repeat the sit command. Reseat him and finish the lesson with a couple of very brief sits so that you end the session with success. Make a mental note to go more slowly next time.
Some dogs need a great many more repetitions than others. If you are getting more than one or two mistakes in any one session, this suggests that you are adding too much duration, too quickly.
Build up gradually
Over the course of a few sessions gradually work your way up to a 20 second sit at your side. Remember to vary the sits within the session.
It is tempting and a common mistake to keep making the lesson progressively harder until the dog makes a mistake. All this teaches him is that he is bound to mess up at some point.
Sandwich the hardest longest sit away in the middle of the session. (Checkout: using sandwiches in dog training) Then if he makes a mistake, he won’t remember it.
Build up his confidence.
And move on to Part Two when your dog can remain seated at heel, reliably for 20 seconds without any input from you, apart from you single sit command.
If you enjoy my articles, you might like my new book: The Happy Puppy Handbook – a definitive guide to early puppy care and training.
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Are you looking for children's story books but feeling overwhelmed by the huge number of books to choose from? It can help to think first in terms of the category or style of book which you are looking for.
Are you after a picture book or short novel to read aloud to a pre-reader? Or what about a chapter book for your new reader? Do you think your child would enjoy a traditional adventure story or were you thinking of introducing him to a new fairy tale?
You can find more details about all of the categories and styles of books below.
If you have chosen the category of book, but need help selecting just one amongst the thousands of children's story books on offer in that category, set out to buy children's books which excite and educate your child.
There are many different categories of children's story books. Which category is most appropriate for your child will depend on a number of factors. What is your child’s age and how long is his attention span? Are you intending to read the book aloud to your child or will your child read it himself? If the book is for your child to read himself, what is his reading level and how much can he read in one sitting?
Below you can find a description of the different categories of children's story books available. These categories are roughly organised in terms of age, with books appropriate for younger children being at the top of the list. However, don't take this age classification too literally. Some wordless books, traditionally the realm of babies, are very sophisticated and are meant for older readers. Similarly, children can be enthralled listening to novels which are too hard for them to read themselves.
Books for Infants Good books for infants are those which stimulate your child’s senses, for example books with colourful pictures to stimulate their sight, exciting noises and animal sounds to stimulate their hearing and touch and feel books to stimulate their sense of touch. Help make your reading sessions interactive by buying books with flaps for your child to lift.
Rhyming Stories Babies and children also enjoy listening to stories that rhyme. Furthermore, learning to find words that rhyme is an important skill for your child to learn and will help him later when he starts to learn to read. Children's poems are also a wonderful way of introducing your child to the magic of rhyme.
Wordless Books With wordless picture books the story is told entirely with pictures arranged in sequence. The reader supplies the words using the pictures for clues of the emerging plot. Adults can obviously provide the words, but so can pre-readers or beginner readers. No two readings are the same which can provide added intrigue to the listener.
Concept Books Concept books are designed to help young children learn to recognise classes of objects such as animals or food, or to become familiar with concepts such as opposites, shape, colour or the alphabet. Many concept books are multi-sensory with texture pages or sound.
Picture Books Picture books contain pictures and words which complement eachother. The amount of text on the page can vary. Choose preschool children's story books with only a few sentences on a page for younger children, leaving children's picture books with longer texts for children with better attention spans. People often think of picture books only in terms of reading aloud to pre-readers, but it would be a mistake to restrict them in this way. Once your child starts to read he will probably like nothing better than to go back and read some of his beloved picture books himself. Also, many picture books carry a wealth of possible meanings which are revealed through both words and pictures. Older children are better placed to appreciate the whole meaning of such books. Indeed, some picture books are written with older readers specifically in mind.
Beginner Readers As your child learns to read they start with the hesitant process of decoding, move to a seamless conversion of letters into words and finally achieve a fluent translation of words into meaning. Schools usually follow graded reading schemes to help lead the child to reading independence. You can also find children's story books specifically for beginner readers to read at home which progress from simple stories with lots of pictures to more complex stories with fewer pictures. There are two types of early reading books you can choose for your child. Easy reader phonics books help your child to practice specific phonics rules by containing words which can be sounded out using these rules. Authentic text early reader books contain short sentences written in simple language with some repeated phrases but are not written in order to practice specific phonics rules. Make sure you choose a book which is at a level appropriate for your child. Your child needs to have fun and excitement while gradually building his reading skills. These books can also be fun to read aloud to younger children.
Chapter Books As your child begins to read fluently, he will be ready to start reading children's chapter books. These are short novels of about 60 to 100 pages, usually read in more than one sitting. They are divided into short chapters to take account of the shorter attention spans of younger readers. However, don’t wait until your child can read before trying out this category of children's story books. Reading aloud chapter books to preschoolers is a great way to gradually build their attention spans and enrich their vocabulary.
Series Books Just as your young child wanted you to read the same picture books again and again, so young readers often like the security of familiar characters and settings in their books. Series fiction books were created with this in mind and are aimed at the pre-teen or teen reader. More commercial series books are often adventure- or family- oriented, written by a large syndicate of writers all using pseudonyms. There are also more sophisticated series books such as the Chronicles of Narnia and Harry Potter.
Novels Children's novels are usually longer in length than chapter books, being over around 100 pages. They will often have more description in them, requiring more imagination from the listener or reader. Preschoolers can follow some of them, although check the content first to make sure it is appropriate.
Once you have decided on the category of book, have a think about the genre or style of book you are looking for. Adventure? Mystery? Fantasy? Try to choose a variety so that your child gets used to different styles of literature. A couple of specific styles of children's story books are worth a mention - books about real life concerns and fairy tales. Try to expose your child to some books of these types too.
Real-life Concerns Read children's story books which touch on your child's concerns or recent experiences. Stories can provide an emotional framework against which children can compare their own experiences or prepare for the possibility of such events happening in the future. If a child has already confronted such issues in the safety of a book his reactions will be better informed should such situations arise. Try choosing books which:
Prepare children for big events in their lives, such as the first day at school or a trip to the emergency room of the hospital.
Explore difficult emotional areas such as death, divorce, disability or health issues.
Provide a framework to talk about other emotional problems your child might be having such as sibling rivalry, bullying, jealousy, fear or unhappiness.
Fairy Tales Many of today's fairy tales have their origins in centuries-old stories and are told, in various guises, across the countries of the world. Originally they were intended for adults as well as children, hence the rather gruesome nature of certain fairy tales. These stories are not afraid of painting the world as it is - a cold, cruel place full of dangers. But they also show children how you can overcome these dangers if you show courage and determination.
If your child is sensitive you may feel you want to leave some of the tales until they are older, for example, those with particularly scary characters or which feature horrible deaths. However, the very fact that these tales address some issues which parents try very hard to avoid is one of their great attractions. It is, in fact, a cruel world out there and your child might as well be prepared for it.
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Medieval Urbanism and Geography
The medieval city in all its multitude of forms and guises has been a staple in contemporary myths, storytelling, and fairy tales, and has profoundly influenced fantasy RPGs. The instantly recognizable civic styles of Tolkien, the Forgotten Realms, and even the Witcher do after all draw their inspirations from places like as San Gimignano, Prague, and Carcassone.
To actually design intriguing imaginary medieval-esque settlements for your fantasy setting or campaign, that is to craft cities, towns, and villages that feel believable and are thus immersive, you will need some basic knowledge regarding life during the Middle Ages. You’ll need to realize that research and physical relics are readily available for your perusal. Re-interpreting the urban history of the period between the 8th and 15th century for your world should not rely on tired clichés and two dimensional towns obliged to sport a graveyard, a blacksmith, and a tavern.
Besides, studying the history of medieval urbanism is a wondrous source of inspiration and can influence not only the physical form of cities, but also the often exotic life of the NPCs inhabiting them. Here’s a recently revealed example: people in medieval Yorkshire were so scared of their dead they chopped and burned their skeletons to ensure they stayed in their graves.
Those were dark times indeed, and the earlier we look back the more dangerous and superstitious, too. Ancient bridges were seen as the “devil’s bridges” while infrastructure was left to crumble and allow mythical beasts to inhabit its ruins. Famine, disease, piracy, robbery, slave trading, and barbaric invasions terrorized the same lands pilgrims and merchants had to cross. Admittedly, barbarians did occasionally transform old amphitheaters into fortified settlements, too, though their main contribution was the destruction of the old Roman world with its theatres, agoras, and arenas.
During the Dark Ages, the collapse was slow but steady, and only after Charlemagne became King of the Franks did western and northern European space begin organizing itself anew. Life, sadly, remained crude and chaotic, and the need for protection was paramount. The cities that had survived, from Rome to Marseilles, began thriving again by satisfying said need, whereas the younger fortified towns, the burgs, were picking up population and eventually grew to protect their suburbs with new, bolder walls.
It wasn’t fear alone that powered medieval urbanism and the enriching of Europe’s predominantly rural geography. Thousands of new settlements of all shapes and sizes were supported by increased production and surpluses mostly derived from technological breakthroughs such as the heavy plow, the horse petal, and the waterwheel.
An immensely varied system of urban environments and types of settlements arose while new regions such as Germany and Russia began their urbanization. Among the ten largest city populations of Europe around 1000, one would find Constantinople’s 500,000 inhabitants, Cordoba’s 450,000, and Rome’s 35,000. Four hundred years later cities with roughly 100,000 citizens were much more common and included Paris, Milan, and Prague. Furthermore, by the 12th century thousands of towns had been created as the complexity of medieval society kept rising.
A rich galaxy of urban places emerged. Craftsmen and salesmen gathered around castles and monasteries, and the cloth industry evolved. Former Roman settlements, major castles, fertile plains, river fords, natural ports, crossroads, and defensible positions all gave birth to unique towns and cities, though not exclusively so.
The rural medieval world, the era’s majority world, also got enriched. Europe was seeded with monasteries, donjons, castles, new bridges and their troll myths, palatinates, mottes, palaces, ports, and even wharfs. As for the average castle, it usually included its own donjon, dwellings, walls, and several outbuildings.
In the complex, hierarchical geography of the era cities were usually regional capitals, towns were the more common urban type, and the vast majority lived in villages and hamlets. Villages, as exemplified by Wharram Percy in England, were small settlements with mills and churches. Most of the houses, just like their urban counterparts, were based on wooden frames, though the use of brick, stone, and their combinations was common.
The contrast between the medieval rural and urban worlds was not merely a matter of size, but one of function. Cities, and to a lesser extent towns, were hugely different in economic and political organization when compared to their surrounding countryside.
They were walled, oriented around the consumption of rural supplies, based on trade and the production of specialized goods, and—though strongly linked to their hinterland and the feudal system—enjoyed partial and sometimes complete political autonomy. The great economic privilege of holding a regular market once a week, assembling for exchange neighboring peasants and craftsmen, depended upon both physical security and legal sanctuary; protection against theft and arbitrary tribute.
Their economic dynamism and self-defense capabilities also allowed cities to cater to the spiritual needs and increasingly refined tastes of the clergy and nobility. Yet, cities were not capitalist islands, and for the most part remained subordinate to agrarian regimes and the feudal economy. The church remained powerful within city walls, and strong traditions and a sense of common need guided urban life, even when the latter harbored secular thought, materialist ideas, literacy and combined such opposing forces into guilds and universities.
The lure of the city for the rural maverick—artist, freethinker, iconoclast, adventurer—was powerful, but so was the pull of rural values and modes of life. In medieval towns one could simultaneously find warriors, monks, merchants, bards, scholars, craftsmen, and priests. Possibly even alchemists or conjurers of demons.
Finally, and to bring this generalized approach to medieval urbanism to an end with some practical advice, do please keep in mind that each city was distinct, and that you should not be afraid to introduce civic variety in your fantasy world. Furthermore, researching urban history can reveal several gems, though some absolute basics have to be taken into account: Medieval cities were very small by today’s standards, they were dense settlements with narrow, unpaved streets—sometimes major streets and the market square were cobblestoned—and both cities and larger towns were always surrounded by walls.
TO BE CONTINUED…!
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Refractive shielding was a deflector shield stealth technology used by the Devore Imperium of the Delta Quadrant, which allowed a vessel to remain invisible to conventional sensors unless compensated for.
In 2375, Devore inspector Kashyk showed the crew of the USS Voyager how to penetrate their refractive shielding, in an apparent attempt to defect from the Imperium and assist a group of Brenari refugees in escaping from Devore territory. It was eventually discovered by Captain Janeway, however, that Kashyk's defection was simply a ruse to locate a wormhole being used by the refugees to escape. During Kashyk's attempt to destroy the wormhole, he found that he had been misled as to the wormhole's true location, while the refugees escaped in two of Voyager's shuttlecraft, which had been equipped with refractive shielding in order to escape detection of the Devore warships. (VOY: "Counterpoint")
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Koalas are under threat of being wiped out in parts of Queensland and New South Wales, conservation group WWF Australia has warned.
The group is calling on state governments to do more to protect the Australian icon, claiming land clearing was rapidly destroying the mammals' bush habitats.
Dr Martin Taylor, protected areas and conservation science manager at WWF Australia, estimated that nearly 180 koalas died as a result of bushland bulldozing in south east Queensland alone between 2013 and 2015.
"This is really the tip of the iceberg," he said.
"Because we're looking at hundreds of koalas more that are actually admitted to wildlife hospitals," he said.
"There's the immediate effect of destruction of their habitat by bulldozers, but there's also the legacy of that."
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The ability to form attachments is the first of six core strengths that are an essential part of healthy emotional development. These core strengths are the foundation of Scholastic's company-wide program, Keep the Cool in School: A Scholastic Campaign Against Violence and Verbal Abuse. In this article, Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D., explores attachment and how it contributes to preventing aggression and anti-social behaviors in children.
"My teacher!" The 5-year-old child blurted out in the grocery as she ran, smiling, to hug her kindergarten teacher. It made both their days.
Throughout life, each of us will form thousands of relationships. These bonds take many forms. Some are enduring and intimate-our dearest friend-while others are transient and superficial-the chatty store clerk. Together, relationships in all forms create the glue of a family, community, and society. This capacity to form and maintain relationships is the most important trait of humankind, for without it none of us would survive, learn, work, or procreate.
The first and most important of all relationships are attachment bonds. Initially, these are created through interactions with our primary caregivers, usually parents. First relationships help define our capacity for attachment and set the tone for all of our future relationships.
What Is Attachment?
Attachment is the capacity to form and maintain healthy emotional relationships. An attachment bond has unique properties. The capacity to create these special relationships begins in early childhood.
Unique Features of an Attachment Bond
- Enduring form of a bond with a "special" person
- Involves soothing, comfort, and pleasure
- Loss or threat of loss of the special person evokes intense distress
- There is security and safety in context of this relationship
At birth, a baby is essentially emotionally "unattached." Despite the obvious physical connection of the umbilical cord, the newborn does not yet have strong connections to another human. During infancy and early childhood, one form of attachment-socio-emotional-begins to replace the original physical attachment of the cord. As dependent as ever, a baby requires constant attention and care from another human being in order to survive. Calories and a "bath" of physical sensations-sight, sounds, smells, touch, and taste-help the infant survive and grow to meet her potential. This "somatosensory" bath from a loving caregiver-the rocking, hugs, coos, and smiles-is transformed by the infant's sensory systems into patterned neuronal activity that influences the development of the brain in positive ways. It is in this dependent relationship between the primary caregivers and the infant that the new form of attachment grows. This attachment-the emotional relationship-is not as easy to see or document, yet it is nonetheless as important for human development as the umbilical cord is in utero.
It is these experiences of infancy and early childhood that create the roots of attachment-the capacity to form and maintain healthy emotional relationships. Except in the most extreme cases we are all born with the genetic capability to form and maintain healthy emotional relationships. When the infant has attentive, responsive, and loving caregiving, this genetic potential is expressed. And as this infant becomes a toddler and more people-family, friends, peers-enter his life, he will continue to develop this capacity to have healthy and strong emotional relationships.
Attachment and Pleasure
Our brain is designed to promote relationships. Specific parts of the human brain respond to emotional cues (such as facial expressions, touch, scent) and, more important, allow us to get pleasure from positive human interactions. The systems in the brain that mediate pleasure appear to be closely connected to the systems that mediate emotional relationships. Indeed this inter-relationship-the capacity to get pleasure from other people-creates a major positive learning tool of infancy and childhood. Young children want to please their teachers. They model adults and children they admire.
When attachment capacity develops normally, the child gets pleasure from interacting with other people. The degree of pleasure is related to the degree of attachment-pleasing a parent brings more pleasure than pleasing a stranger. It is this very property that helps parents and teachers shape pro-social and social behaviors in a child. In the process of teaching children emotional, social, and cognitive tasks, the strongest rewards for a child are the attention, approval, and recognition of success that the parent or teacher can give. Conversely, when a child feels he have displeased a parent or teacher, he can be devastated.
Attachment Capacity Matures
In order to be capable of forming the wide array of healthy relationships required throughout life, a young child's attachment capacities must mature. While the roots of attachment are related to the primary caregiving experiences in early childhood, full expression of attachment potential requires social and emotional interactions with non-caregivers. As children become older, they spend less time with parents and more time with peers and other adults. This time with peers and other adults provides many opportunities for continued emotional growth. In early childhood, the relationships with peers start as acquaintanships. With more time together, however, young children create friendships and the opportunity for strong emotional bonds can develop. In a similar fashion, a young child may form a strong connection with an attentive and nurturing teacher. The acquaintance, the friend, and the teacher all provide different and complementing social and emotional opportunities that help a child's attachment capabilities mature.
When Attachment Goes Wrong
If a child has few positive relationships in early childhood or has had a bad start due to problems with the primary-caregiving experiences of infancy, this child is at risk for a host of problems. In a very real sense, the glue of normal human interactions is gone. A child with poor attachment capacity is much harder to "shape" and teach. This child will feel little pleasure from the teacher's smile or approving words. And he does not feel bad disappointing, angering, or upsetting a parent or teacher. Without the capacity to use human interactions to "reward" and "punish," the teacher and parent often are confused and frustrated in their attempts to promote appropriate social behavior. In extreme cases, the child with poor attachment capacity demonstrates no remorse when harming others and risk developing further anti-social or even aggressive and violent behaviors. This child needs help. Research and clinical experience show that attachment capacity is easiest to shape if early identification and intervention takes place.
What you can do to promote the development of healthy attachment:
- Smile and look children in the eyes as you greet them
- Spend time with the child. Quantity matters. During this time, get on the floor, listen and establish eye contact.
- Use touch to comfort-even as a pre-school teacher, it is appropriate to hug, gently touch a shoulder, or hold hands.
- Help children learn appropriate social-emotional language (how close to stand, how to use eye contact, when to touch, how to touch).
- Remember that there are many styles of forming and maintaining relationships-a shy child is not an unattached child. If you sense a child is having a hard time engaging others, help facilitate this by actively including her or pairing her with another child who has a matching temperament.
By Bruce Duncan Perry, M.D., Ph.D.
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* This is the Professional Version. *
Cocaine is a sympathomimetic drug with CNS stimulant and euphoriant properties. High doses can cause panic, schizophrenic-like symptoms, seizures, hyperthermia, hypertension, arrhythmias, stroke, aortic dissection, intestinal ischemia, and MI. Toxicity is managed with supportive care, including IV benzodiazepines (for agitation, hypertension, and seizures) and cooling techniques (for hyperthermia). Withdrawal manifests primarily as depression, difficulty concentrating, and somnolence (cocaine washout syndrome).
Most cocaine users are episodic recreational users. However, about 25% (or more) of users meet criteria for abuse or dependence. Use among adolescents has declined recently. Availability of highly biologically active forms, such as crack cocaine, has worsened the problem of cocaine dependence. Most cocaine in the US is about 45 to 60% pure; it may contain a wide array of fillers, adulterants, and contaminants.
Most cocaine in the US is volatilized and inhaled, but it may be snorted, or injected IV. For inhalation, the powdered hydrochloride salt is converted into a more volatile form, usually by adding NaHCO3, water, and heat. The resultant precipitate (crack cocaine) is volatilized by heating (it is not burned) and inhaled. Onset of effect is quick, and intensity of the high rivals that associated with IV injection. Tolerance to cocaine occurs, and withdrawal from heavy use is characterized by somnolence, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and depression. The tendency to continue taking the drug is strong after a period of withdrawal.
Cocaine, an alkaloid present in the leaves of the coca plant, enhances norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin activity in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Enhancement of dopamine activity is the likely cause of the drug’s intended effects and thus of the reinforcement that contributes to developing abuse and dependence.
Norepinephrine activity accounts for the sympathomimetic effects: tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, diaphoresis, and hyperthermia.
Cocaine also blocks sodium channels, accounting for its action as a local anesthetic. Cocaine causes vasoconstriction and thus can affect almost any organ. MI, cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage, aortic dissection, intestinal ischemia, and renal ischemia are possible sequelae.
Onset of cocaine’s effects depends on mode of use:
IV injection and smoking: Immediate onset, peak effect after about 3 to 5 min, and duration of about 15 to 20 min
Intranasal use: Onset after about 3 to 5 min, peak effect at 20 to 30 min, and duration of about 45 to 90 min
Oral use: Onset after about 10 min, peak effect at about 60 min, and duration of about 90 min
Because cocaine is such a short-acting drug, heavy users may inject it or smoke it repeatedly every 10 to 15 min.
Effects may differ depending on mode of use. When injected or smoked, cocaine causes hyperstimulation, alertness, euphoria, a sense of increased energy, and feelings of competence and power. The excitation and high are similar to those produced by injecting amphetamines. These feelings are less intense and disruptive in users who snort cocaine powder.
Users who smoke the drug may develop pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum, causing chest pain, dyspnea, or both. Myocardial ischemia due to cocaine use may also cause chest pain (“cocaine chest pain”), but cocaine can also cause chest pain in the absence of myocardial ischemia; the mechanism is unclear. Arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities may occur. Cardiac effects may result in sudden death. Binges, often over several days, lead to an exhaustion syndrome or "washed out" syndrome, involving intense fatigue and need for sleep.
An overdose may cause severe anxiety, panic, agitation, aggression, sleeplessness, hallucinations, paranoid delusions, impaired judgment, tremors, seizures, and delirium. Mydriasis and diaphoresis are apparent, and heart rate and BP are increased. Death may result from MI or arrhythmias.
Severe overdose causes a syndrome of acute psychosis (eg, schizophrenic-like symptoms), hypertension, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, renal failure, and seizures. Patients with extreme clinical toxicity may, on a genetic basis, have decreased (atypical) serum cholinesterase, an enzyme needed for clearance of cocaine.
Patients who inhale cocaine may develop an acute pulmonary syndrome (crack lung) with fever, hemoptysis, and hypoxia, that may progress to respiratory failure.
The concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol produces a condensation product, cocaethylene, which has stimulant properties and may contribute to toxicity.
Severe toxic effects occur in compulsive heavy users. Myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathy can develop. Rarely, repeated snorting causes nasal septal perforation due to local ischemia. Cognitive impairment, including impaired attention and verbal memory, occurs in some heavy users. Users who inject cocaine are subject to the typical infectious complications.
Diagnosis is usually made clinically. Drug levels are not measured. The cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine, is part of most routine urine drug screens.
Treatment of mild cocaine intoxication is generally unnecessary because the drug is extremely short-acting. Benzodiazepines are the preferred initial treatment for most toxic effects, including CNS excitation and seizures, tachycardia, and hypertension. Lorazepam 2 to 3 mg IV q 5 min titrated to effect may be used. High doses and a continuous infusion may be required. Propofol infusion, with mechanical ventilation, may be used for resistant cases.
Hypertension that does not respond to benzodiazepines is treated with IV nitrates (eg, nitroprusside) or phentolamine; beta-blockers are not recommended because they allow continued alpha-adrenergic stimulation.
Hyperthermia can be life threatening and should be managed aggressively with sedation plus evaporative cooling, ice packs, and maintenance of intravascular volume and urine flow with IV normal saline solution.
Phenothiazines lower seizure threshold, and their anticholinergic effects can interfere with cooling; thus, they are not preferred for sedation.
Occasionally, severely agitated patients must be pharmacologically paralyzed and mechanically ventilated to ameliorate acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, or multisystem dysfunction.
Cocaine-related chest pain is evaluated as for any other patient with potential myocardial ischemia or aortic dissection, with chest x-ray, serial ECG, and serum cardiac markers. As discussed, beta-blockers are contraindicated, and benzodiazepines are a first-line drug. If coronary vasodilation is required after benzodiazepines are given, nitrates are used, or phentolamine 1 to 5 mg IV given slowly can be considered.
Heavy users and people who inject the drug IV or smoke it are most likely to become dependent. Light users and people who take the drug nasally or orally are at lower risk of becoming dependent. Stopping sustained use requires considerable assistance, and the depression that may result requires close supervision and treatment.
Many outpatient therapies, including support and self-help groups and cocaine hotlines, exist. Inpatient therapy is used primarily when it is required by physical or mental comorbidity or when outpatient therapy has repeatedly been unsuccessful.
For treatment of infants born to cocaine-addicted mothers, see Prenatal Drug Exposure.
Drug NameSelect Trade
phentolamineNo US brand name
* This is the Professional Version. *
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He had a voice that could inspire crowds with great diversity. His message of equality and civil rights rang loud as the bell tolled changing the face of American social life, political life, and main street life. His "I have a Dream Speech" is galvanized into the historical annals of American Pop Culture. But has Martin Luther King Jr. become the savior so many people long for?
I hear from 20 somethings all the time, "Dr King said…" or "Gandhi said…." or "Buddha said…." But rarely do I hear the source behind the good words or movements of great historical figures.
Let me make evidently CLEAR right from the get go of this article, you need to know I stand in awe of what Dr. King accomplished. His brevity in the face of adversity will never be equaled, as he stared in the soul of America at her worst historical moments and demanded better. I believe in the movement He began, and I am participating as a co-laborer in equality of all people. But I believe what started as a reaction to faith, many have turned into the source of their belief systems; and that's a bit disturbing to this faith traveler.
You see, as we teach students how to take up the banner Dr. King began over 30 years ago, it's important to study his speeches, watch the videos we can grab off YouTube, or even discuss in settings large and small the impact one man can have on a civilization.
But let us not forget the source of Dr. King's passion. Dr. Lewis Baldwin of Vanderbilt University has said, "Dr. King's personal devotional life was very, very important in giving him the courage and the determination to fight for justice."
In 1957 at a sermon at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. King prayed, ""Help me, O God, to see that I'm just a symbol of a movement."
It's just that…Dr. King is a symbol. He's a great symbol of a movement and a message started long ago. You see, It was the work of a Nazarene carpenter that fueled Dr. King's Visions. His love for the gospel of Jesus to come and rescue all people, drove his movement forward. It won't take long for even the casual Jesus reader to see His purpose in coming to earth was to free mankind from the sin and bondage they endured while living here on earth.
Much like Luke's story of Zaccheas found in Chapter 19, when Jesus saw the young Tax Collector sitting up in the tree, and invited Himself over for dinner. (the tax collector was one of the most hated people in the early Jewish community.)
Jesus went to eat at Zaccheas' house and found a fragile man pleading, “Look, Lord! Here and now I give half of my possessions to the poor, and if I have cheated anybody out of anything, I will pay back four times the amount.”
Jesus said to him, “Today salvation has come to this house, because this man, too, is a son of Abraham. For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost.” (Luke 19:8-10)
You see Jesus message was to help rescue the minority demographic and invite them into the Kingdom. His work was often with the poor and out-cast of the society. He came to the world to help invite humanity back into a relationship with God, which He proved needed to come from a relationship with each other. "The second is like it To Love your Neighbor As Yourself." (Matthew 22:37-40)
I stand in admiration of Dr. King's movement, but let's not forget the source that helped push US as a nation to a place where all God's Children might stand in light of their purposeful creation and ultimately have equal right to sit at the banquet table of His provision.
Thank you Dr. King for helping us focus more clearly on Jesus.
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PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that can develop after an individual has experienced a traumatic event. It can be triggered by a number of siutations, including sexual abuse, assault, rape, accidents, military combat, and natural disasters, among others. The nervous system appears to go into overdrive attempting to deal with the physical and psychological reactions to the event, and the person may continue to experience flashbacks and nightmares for some time after the initial trauma. If left untreated, the symptoms of PTSD can begin to heavily impact the individual’s daily life, and he or she may turn to alcohol or drugs to manage them.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse notes that both addiction and mental health problems may have causes based in brain chemistry deficits, genetic vulnerabilities and exposure to stress and trauma. When these factors present a mental illness, it increases the likelihood of developing a substance abuse problem. In addition, addiction itself can trigger mental health symptoms that did not previously exist, and these problems can increase the severity of the addiction.
As if addiction is not a large enough issue on its own, it is often complicated by the presence of mental health problems. In these circumstances, specialized treatment is vital to increase the odds for success in recovery. These specialized programs are known as dual diagnosis treatment. The term “dual diagnosis” is used to describe the co-occurrence of mental illness and a substance abuse disorder.
Someone suffering from PTSD and addiction can find lasting benefits in dual diagnosis programming at a qualified, professional addiction treatment facility.
Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder experience a number of problems that make them vulnerable to substance abuse. They may feel profoundly depressed as a result of the traumatic experience. They often feel socially isolated and may withdraw completely from normal social contacts. Individuals with PTSD may also experience hyper-alertness, paranoia and sleep issues. The severity of these symptoms often causes them to turn to alcohol and drugs to manage flashbacks or help these individuals function normally. Unfortunately, these individuals may be at risk for addiction. This can negatively affect their careers, their relationships, and their overall well-being. Professional treatment is then necessary to restore those suffering from PTSD and addiction to normal function. Any underlying mental illness symptoms must be treated in conjunction with substance abuse in order for treatment to be successful.
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Treating Co-Occurring Conditions
Dual diagnosis treatment was developed as addiction specialists began to take notice of the high rate of substance abuse in correspondence with mental illness. Once addicts underwent detox, symptoms of emotional trauma were often uncovered. Some patients deal with these symptoms on a daily basis and are completely unaware of what it means for their mental health.
In order to provide effective treatment for the addiction, addicts must be treated for the mental health problem and drug or alcohol dependence simultaneously. This way, the patient can make full use of the therapies provided in dual diagnosis rehab programs.
Patients with post-traumatic stress syndrome may require carefully managed medications to deal with depression, anxiety or sleep problems. These are all commonly associated with this condition. Other types of therapy can also be effective for managing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, including desensitization therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing technique (EMDR). These therapies are critical to maintaining emotional and functional stability, so that patients can continue their addiction recovery efforts.
Addiction treatment programs must encourage patients to work toward a number of goals to help them function effectively when they return to their normal lives. These goals include:
- Helping patients understand how post-traumatic stress disorder affects their behavior and their reactions
- Motivate the patient to accept that both PTSD and addiction can be managed effectively
- Encourage patients to make the changes in their lives that will support recovery from addiction
- Provide practical skills for managing the negative thoughts that occur
- Instill tools for changing behavior to manage both PTSD and addiction to achieve success in recovery
Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder generally require ongoing counseling and medications to manage their symptoms. These patients also benefit from specialized support groups for individuals with both PTSD and addiction. This allows them to share practical advice for dealing with the everyday problems that occur in rebuilding one’s life after addiction.
If you or a loved one suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and addiction, contact a professional treatment center to discuss dual diagnosis treatment options and how it can help you take your life back.
Comorbidity: Addiction and Other Mental Illnesses [PDF]. (2008, December). National Institute on Drug Abuse .
Abuse, N. I. (2014, January 03). Severe mental illness tied to higher rates of substance use. Retrieved August 30, 2016, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2014/01/severe-mental-illness-tied-to-higher-rates-substance-use
Abuse, N. I. (n.d.). Why do drug use disorders often co-occur with other mental illnesses? Retrieved August 30, 2016, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/comorbidity-addiction-other-mental-illnesses/why-do-drug-use-disorders-often-co-occur-other-men
Last updated on April 6th, 2017 at 07:50 pm
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UnNews:Phoenix Lander discovers dirt on Mars
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
Phoenix Lander discovers dirt on Mars
Where man always bites dog
Thursday, June 22, 2017, 12:19:UTC)(
26 May 2008
While spacecraft previously sent to the Red Planet have discovered hints of dirt in the Martian crust, astronomers had no direct evidence of the dust present on the planet until the Phoenix Lander completed its 422-million mile journey on Sunday evening.
"Not only do we have evidence that there was dirt on the surface of Mars billions of years ago, but these images clearly show that dirt can still be found there in abundance," he said. "Other missions have only hinted at the sheer volume of rocks and soil on Mars."
"Follow the dirt" has been NASA's motto for Mars exploration since the 1970s, and missions to the planet have radically challenged prior understandings of the planet. The agency's Viking landers stunned astronomers by finding what Carl Sagan described as a "awhole goddamn lot of rocks" in 1976. Subsequent missions, including the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, have yielded even more suggestions of the existence of dirt on Mars.
After a diagnostic check, Phoenix will deploy a robotic arm to analyze the composition of dirt, and whether it is wet, damp or dusty.
Of the $420 million spent on the dirt-confirming mission, $37 million contributed to a built-in weather station, which will soon reveal whether the climate of Mars is typically sunny or windy, or possibly even both.
The next major NASA mission will be the Jupiter Zeus Flyer, a $798 million mission to confirm that there is gas on Jupiter.
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Castle in the air: Japan moves 400yo fort by picking it up 2 feet off ground
That's exactly what the Japanese city of Hirosaki decided to do to repair the stone walls underneath the city's castle.
The walls have reportedly been leaning since an earthquake hit the area in 1983. To fix the problem, the castle needed to be moved somewhere else.
And although that move is only taking the castle 230 feet away, it's a process that will take a total of three months, due to the castle's weight and size. The move began in August and will finish in October.
Using hydraulic jacks that lift the castle 2 feet (60 centimeters) in the air, the structure is being put on a dolly system which rolls it to its temporary location.
Once the castle is settled in its new spot, the city will dismantle and rebuild the stone walls. That process will begin next year, and will take about 10 years to complete.
The castle is expected to return to its original location in autumn 2021. Work will continue on the stone walls for an additional five years once the castle is back in place.
The city decided to relocate the castle in its complete form since the building is recognized by the government as part of the nation's cultural heritage, an official told The Wall Street Journal.
Hirosaki Castle was built by the Tsugaru clan in 1611. It is one of only 12 surviving Edo-era (1603-1867) castles in the country.
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This week we have been reading How A House Is Built By Gail Gibbons. We have been reading a few pages at a time, the story is well written but I would lose the childrens' attention quickly due to some concepts that need to be talked about like the word Architect if we would read the book at one sitting. Of course the children have questions along the way so we are pacing ourselves I am still learning how to use amazon to get the picture of the book. So I took a photo of the book.
This dollhouse and the paper house is some of our work for our studies on houses. The paper house holds the parts of the house cards.
The children label the house with the cards. The cards have the parts of the house colored, so the child knows to match the part of the house to the part that is colored. I have attached velcro so they can do this. Also the tape on the dollhouse is a control of error.
Here is a close up of the parts of the house cards.
This is a language work on the shelf. The child matches the tools.
This is how the work looks when it is completed.
Please visit Children Grow,Children Explore,Children Learn to see how other children are studying Geography and History.
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Kendo (ages 15+)
Kendo, literally “the way of the sword,” is the martial art of Japanese fencing. Kendo is practiced with a flexible bamboo sword called a shinai. The shinai and protective equipment allow the Kendoist to practice realistic sword techniques with full contact but without fear of injury. All levels are welcome in this class.
Summer Session: May 7 – August 20
$90 / Member or Tulane Student
$160 / Non-Member
Complete your form ahead of visiting Member Services:
Martial Arts Form
For more information about martial arts classes please contact Assistant Director of Fitness and Wellness, Hannah Stiller, at (504) 314-2864 or email@example.com.
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I have experimented with the Rosetta Code website as a way to learn more about computer technology. I have mentioned my exploration of the edX and OCW web sites in earlier posts so I thought I would mention Rosetta Code or RC as another way to learn.
The RC site displays code in a variety of programming languages so that you can compare the languages. They define certain tasks and people post code that performs the tasks. For example, the task could be to write a simple Hello World program that writes Hello World to the screen. The site shows how to do this in Java, Python, C, and others. At this moment there are 354 implementations of Hello World on the site. I added this simple one for Oracle’s version of SQL: My Hello World
But, I can’t help wondering if this is just a fun game or is it really educational? I just finished a task this morning that was interesting to me. It is a draft task which means that people have not yet written enough example programs for the site managers to publish it as an official task. But anyone can see it. I’ve written the Python and PL/SQL examples. This 4 squares problem is just a puzzle or game but it was interesting to think about solving it in a declarative way with SQL and not a procedural way with Python or any other regular language. Maybe there is value in looking at these tasks and thinking about how SQL and relational database thinking could be applied?
Anyway, I just thought I would document what I have done with the RC site. Be careful because once you start working up example code for the site it can become addictive! I am still thinking about what the real value of the site is but it has helped me exercise my programming muscles and think a bit about SQL. Check it out if you think it has value.
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All our day to day life objects have three dimensions. Materials are formed of length width and depth.
Truly the traditional textile arena are also dealing with materials having depth but as those depths are negligible in compared to their length and width, the traditional textile manufacturing engineers are almost considering everything as 2D material. All calculations and research and development approach are almost of 2D, most of us are just ignoring the z-axis! Particularly in Bangladesh, general dealing approach among the textile professionals are still two dimensional only.
To simplify the working process, ‘weight per unit area’ of the material has been used by the textile engineers and professionals to define and communicate their materials. But in an ever compelling reality and developments of technologies coupled with shifts in consumer choice, the importance of z-axis is increasing every day. The textile manufacturer can never ignore this.
Transforming 3D materials into 2D things to simplify communication and research process is not worthy anymore. This is like taking a difficult route and remaining incapable still. In deed the professionals only requires a change in mindset. Perceiving 3D technologies are not difficult at all. The companies and the educational institutes just require understanding the importance of it properly and incorporate it in their priority.
3D textile is not a new thing. Traditional textile making processes i.e weaving, knitting and non-woven technologies are being used in different formats to develop 3D materials. Those technologies are being used to make human organs to aircraft engines. Emergence of 3D printing has lifted it to another level. Today human can make any object he/she want using 3D technologies particularly 3D printing.
When technology has evolved so far, traditional textile materials like fabric, accessories and trimmings are being changed as well. Use of warp knitting technology to make fully fashioned ready to wear clothing and use of non-woven felting for developing mattress are pretty old now. Multi-layer fabric being used in sports and other functional purposes are using the engineering in a different approach. High tech 3D sophisticated manufacturing ideas are being used in making many accessories which are being used in fashion garments. Many weaving, knitting and printing technologies and their produced products which are being used in fashion garments are no more only made of traditional 2D systems.
Basic concepts of composite material development are being applied in making, developing and modifying traditional textile fabric and accessories. When the engineering sector requires lightweight materials but high tensile and other strength materials, the fashion industry requires function, comfort, aesthetics and look. Designers nowadays just can pick anything. And to make it unique and new many manufacturers globally are using sophisticated high-tech 3D approaches in producing materials for fashion products as well. Many dresses in fashion weeks held in fashion capitals (i.e Paris, Milan, London) has used 3D textile materials.
So, if textile professionals be smart enough in taking effort to perceive 3D technologies, they will be able to explore opportunities both in fashion industry and also in all other technical textiles and engineering areas. Companies and educational institutes must move forward building their infrastructure for 3D textiles. Weaving looms, knitting machinery, non-woven technologies and 3D printing technologies should be researched and followed up to find out business opportunities for Bangladeshi manufacturers. And educational institutes must emphasize this as demand for 3D materials are increasing very fast. And certainly there remain huge future for 3D textile materials.
Any unauthorized use or reproduction of Textile Today content for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited and constitutes copyright infringement liable to legal action.
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http://www.textiletoday.com.bd/untapped-opportunities-3d-textiles/
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Nutrient enrichment has led to excessive algal growth in Kabetogama Lake, Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota. Water- and sediment-quality data were collected during 2008-09 to assess internal and external nutrient loading. Data collection was focused in Kabetogama Lake and its inflows, the area of greatest concern for eutrophication among the lakes of Voyageurs National Park. Nutrient and algal data were used to determine trophic status and were evaluated in relation to changes in Kabetogama Lake water levels following changes to dam operation starting in 2000. Analyses were used to estimate external nutrient loading at inflows and assess the potential contribution of internal phosphorus loading. Kabetogama Lake often was mixed vertically, except for a few occasionally stratified areas, including Lost Bay in the northeastern part of Kabetogama Lake. Stratification, combined with larger bottom-water nutrient concentrations, larger sediment phosphorus concentrations, and estimated phosphorus release rates from sediment cores indicate that Lost Bay may be one of several areas that may be contributing substantially to internal loading. Internal loading is a concern because nutrients may cause excessive algal growth including potentially toxic cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin, was detected in 7 of 14 cyanobacterial bloom samples, with total concentrations exceeding 1.0 microgram per liter, the World Health Organization's guideline for finished drinking water for the congener, microcystin-LR. Comparisons of the results of this study to previous studies indicate that chlorophyll-a concentrations and trophic state indices have improved since 2000, when the rules governing dam operation changed. However, total-phosphorus concentrations have not changed significantly since 2000.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Relation of nutrient concentrations, nutrient loading, and algal production to changes in water levels in Kabetogama Lake, Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, 2008-09
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S: Five Senses
BC: Photos in this project are from Flickr.com and used under Creative Commons licenses.THe owners retain all rights but allow the use of these images with attribution, no derivatives, and are to be shared-alike. My many thanks to the photographers: Kevin Dooley, Joseph Kwon, sanctumsolitude, Nicholas_T., David Salafia,National Archives, Gabriele, Caitlin Reagan, Jim Hammer, and Clinton Robertson.
FC: The Five Senses | by Jim Holland
1: Our eyes observe colors, motion, and shapes. | I see a double rainbow. | The colors of fall are beautiful. | Seeing...
2: Smelling | The skunk smells awful to keep predators away. | Mom's pies smell delicious. | Our noses pick up scents- both pleasant and awful.
3: Construction zones are very loud! | Hearing | The sound of the cello is smooth and pleasant. | Sound waves vibrate our eardrums to allow us to "hear."
4: Lemons taste sour and bitter. Cheesecake tastes sweet! | Tasting | Taste buds on our tongue allow us to distinguish among five distinct tastes.
5: Receptors on our skin, hair, and other places allow us to sense changes in pressure, itching, temperature, and more. | Touch | The water soothes my aching feet. The cactus hurts to touch.
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Let’s Tell the Truth: High-Stakes Tests Damage Reading Instruction
Without a doubt, and in the main, testing has done more good than harm in America’s schools. My Fordham colleague Andy Smarick is absolutely correct to argue that annual testing “makes clear that every student matters.” The sunshine created by testing every child, every year has been a splendid disinfectant. There can be no reasonable doubt that testing has created momentum for positive change—particularly in schools that serve our neediest and most neglected children.
But it’s long past time to acknowledge that reading tests—especially tests with stakes for individual teachers attached to them—do more harm than good. A good test or accountability scheme encourages good instructional practice. Reading tests do the opposite. They encourage poor practice, waste instructional time, and materially damage reading achievement, especially for our most vulnerable children. Here’s why:
A test can tell you whether a student has learned to add unlike fractions, can determine the hypotenuse of a triangle, or understands the causes of the Civil War—and, by reasonable extension, whether I did a good or poor job as a teacher imparting those skills and content. But reading comprehension is not a skill or a body of content that can be taught. The annual reading tests we administer to children through eighth grade are de facto tests of background knowledge and vocabulary. Moreover, they are not “instructionally sensitive.” Success or failure can have little to do with what is taught.
A substantial body of research has consistently shown that reading comprehension relies on the reader knowing at least something about the topic he or she is reading about (and sometimes quite a lot). The effects of prior knowledge can be profound: Students who are ostensibly “poor” readers can suddenly comprehend quite well when reading about a subject they know a lot about—even outperforming “good” readers who lack background knowledge the “poor” readers possess.
Reading tests, however, treat reading comprehension as a broad, generalized skill. To be clear: Decoding, the knowledge of letter-sound relationships that enables you to pronounce correctly written words, is a skill. This is why early instruction in phonics is important. But reading comprehension, the ability to make meaning from decoded words, is far more complex. It’s not a skill at all, yet we test it like one, and in doing so we compel teachers to teach it like one. Doing so means students lose.
Even our best schools serving low-income children—public, parochial, and charter alike—have a much harder time raising ELA (English language arts) scores than math. This is unsurprising. Math is school-based and hierarchical (there’s a logical progression of content to be taught). But reading comprehension is cumulative. The sum of your experiences, interests, and knowledge, both in and out school, contribute to your ability to read with understanding. This is why affluent children who enjoy the benefit of educated parents, language-rich homes, and ample opportunities for growth and enrichment come to school primed to do well on reading tests—and why reading scores are hard to move.
Teacher quality plays a role, but note how fourth-grade NAEP math scores have risen over the years while reading has remained flat, even though the same teacher usually handles both subjects. This suggests that our teachers, when they know what to teach, are stronger than we think. In math, standards, curriculum and assessments are closely aligned (there’s no surprising content on math tests). By treating reading as a collection of content-neutral skills, we make reading tests a minefield for both kids and teachers.
The text passages on reading-comprehension tests are randomly chosen, usually divorced from any particular body of knowledge taught in school. New York State’s Common Core-aligned fifth-grade reading test earlier this year, for example, featured passages about BMX bike racing and sailing. The sixth-grade test featured a poem about “pit ponies,” horse and donkeys used in mines to pull carts of ore. Another passage described how loggerhead sea turtles navigate based on Earth’s magnetic field. That sounds more “school-based,” but in the absence of a common curriculum, there’s no guarantee that New York sixth-graders learned about sea turtles or Earth’s magnetic field from their sixth-grade teacher, by watching Magic School Bus, or (alas) ever. Students who had prior knowledge, whether from home, school, a weekend museum trip with their parents, or personal interest, had an advantage. This means the test was not “instructionally sensitive”—teacher input mattered little.
Certainly, test questions are “standards-based.” One question on the sea turtles passage measured students’ ability to determine the “central idea” of the text; another focused on their ability to “cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text” (Standard RI.6.1). Should students fail at this task, here’s the guidance the New York State Education Department offers teachers:
To help students succeed with questions measuring RI.6.1, instruction can focus on building students’ ability to comprehend grade-level complex texts and identifying specific, relevant evidence that supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
This is not bad advice, per se, but it’s unlikely to build reading ability. There’s simply no guarantee that practice in identifying specific, relevant evidence that supports inferences drawn from one text or topic will be helpful in another setting. Testing, especially with value-added measures attached, functionally requires teachers to waste precious time on low-yield activities (practicing inferring; finding the main idea, etc.) that would be better spent building knowledge across subjects. We then hold teachers accountable when they follow that advice and fail, as they inevitably must. This is Kafkaesque.
Students who score well on reading tests are those who have a lot of prior knowledge about a wide range of subjects. This is precisely why Common Core calls for (but cannot impose) a curriculum that builds knowledge coherently and sequentially within and across grades. That’s the wellspring of mature reading comprehension—not “skills” like making inferences and finding the main idea that do not transfer from one knowledge domain to another.
As a practical matter, standards don’t drive classroom practice. Tests do. The first—and perhaps only—litmus test for any accountability scheme is, “Does this encourage the classroom practices we seek?” In the case of annual reading tests, with high stakes for kids and teachers, the answer is clearly “no.” Nothing in reading tests—both as currently conceived or anticipated under Common Core—encourages schools or teachers to make urgently needed, long-term investments in coherent knowledge building from grade to grade that will drive language proficiency.
What could replace them? Options might include testing reading annually, but eliminating stakes; testing decoding up to grade four; or substituting subject-matter tests to encourage teaching across content areas. The best and most obvious solution would be curriculum-based tests with reading passages based on topics taught in school. But that would require a common curriculum—surely a nonstarter when mere standards in language arts are politically upsetting.
Annual testing “makes clear that the standards associated with every tested grade and subject matter,” Andy writes. Again, I agree wholeheartedly. But reading is not a subject. It’s a verb. It’s long past time to recognize that reading tests don’t measure what we think they do.
Accountability is essential and non-negotiable, and testing works. Just not in reading.
– Robert Pondiscio
This first appeared on the Fordham Institute’s Flypaper blog,
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24 January 2012.GENEVA (ILO News). The world faces the “urgent challenge” of creating 600 million productive jobs over the next decade in order to generate sustainable growth and maintain social cohesion, according to the annual report on global employment by the International Labour Organization (ILO).
“After three years of continuous crisis conditions in global labour markets and against the prospect of a further deterioration of economic activity, there is a backlog of global unemployment of 200 million,” says the ILO in its annual report titled “Global Employment Trends 2012: Preventing a deeper jobs crisis”. Moreover, the report says more than 400 million new jobs will be needed over the next decade to absorb the estimated 40 million growth of the labour force each year.
The Global Employment Trends Report also said the world faces the additional challenge of creating decent jobs for the estimated 900 million workers living with their families below the US$ 2 a day poverty line, mostly in developing countries.
“Despite strenuous government efforts, the jobs crisis continues unabated, with one in three workers worldwide – or an estimated 1.1 billion people – either unemployed or living in poverty”, said ILO Director-General Juan Somavia. “What is needed is that job creation in the real economy must become our number one priority”.
The report says the recovery that started in 2009 has been short-lived and that there are still 27 million more unemployed workers than at the start of the crisis. The fact that economies are not generating enough employment is reflected in the employment-to-population ratio (the proportion of the working-age population in employment), which suffered the largest decline on record between 2007 (61.2 per cent) and 2010 (60.2 per cent).
At the same time, there are nearly 29 million fewer people in the labour force now than would be expected based on pre-crisis trends. If these discouraged workers1 were counted as unemployed, then global unemployment would swell from the current 197 million to 225 million, and the unemployment rate would rise from 6 per cent to 6.9 per cent.
The report paints three scenarios for the employment situation in the future. The baseline projection shows an additional 3 million unemployed for 2012, rising to 206 million by 2016. If global growth rates fall below 2 per cent, then unemployment would rise to 204 million in 2012. In a more benign scenario, assuming a quick resolution of the euro debt crisis, global unemployment would be around 1 million lower in 2012.
Young people continue to be among the hardest hit by the jobs crisis. Judging by the present course, the report says, there is little hope for a substantial improvement in their near-term employment prospects.
Global Employment Trends 2012 says 74.8 million youth aged 15-24 were unemployed in 2011, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. It adds that globally, young people are nearly three times as likely as adults to be unemployed. The global youth unemployment rate, at 12.7 per cent, remains a full percentage point above the pre-crisis level.
The report’s main findings also include:
- There has been a marked slowdown in the rate of progress in reducing the number of working poor. Nearly 30 per cent of all workers in the world – more than 900 million – were living with their families below the US$2 poverty line in 2011, or about 55 million more than expected on the basis of pre-crisis trends. Of these 900 million working poor, about half were living below the US$1.25 extreme poverty line.
- The number of workers in vulnerable employment2 globally in 2011 is estimated at 1.52 billion, an increase of 136 million since 2000 and of nearly 23 million since 2009.
- Among women, 50.5 per cent are in vulnerable employment, a rate that exceeds the corresponding share for men (48.2).
- Favourable economic conditions pushed job creation rates above labour force growth, thereby supporting domestic demand, in particular in larger emerging economies in Latin America and East Asia.
- The labour productivity gap between the developed and the developing world – an important indicator measuring the convergence of income levels across countries – has narrowed over the past two decades, but remains substantial: Output per worker in the Developed Economies and European Union region was US$ 72,900 in 2011 versus an average of US$ 13,600 in developing regions.
“These latest figures reflect the increasing inequality and continuous exclusion that millions of workers and their families are facing”, said Mr. Somavia. “Whether we recover or not from this crisis will depend on how effective government policies ultimately are. And policies will only be effective as long as they have a positive impact on peoples’ lives”.
The report calls for targeted measures to support job growth in the real economy, and warns that additional public support measures alone will not be enough to foster a sustainable recovery.
“Policy-makers must act decisively and in a coordinated fashion to reduce the fear and uncertainty that is hindering private investment so that the private sector can restart the main engine of global job creation”, says the report.
It also warns that in times of faltering demand further stimulus is important and this can be done in a way that does not put the sustainability of public finances at risk. The report calls for fiscal consolidation efforts to be carried out in a socially responsible manner, with growth and employment prospects as guiding principles.
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David McNab, Ute Lischke, eds. The Long Journey of a Forgotten People: Métis Identities and Family Histories. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007. viii + 386 pp. $34.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-88920-523-9.
Reviewed by Camie Augustus (University of Saskatchewan)
Published on H-Canada (October, 2009)
Commissioned by Stephanie Bangarth
Telling “Forgotten” Métis Histories through Family, Community, and Individuals
“We are still here.” This opening line from The Long Journey of a Forgotten People is fitting for a collection of essays on Métis identity. Although they are, as the editors tell us, “no longer Canada’s forgotten people,” a pre-1980s historiographical tradition in Canada had, indeed, forgotten them by confining them to a secondary role in Canada’s national story. If we were to take our cue from this historiography, the Métis did not survive very long into the twentieth century, and had no history outside the political and economic contributions they made to Canada’s founding--particularly through their involvement in the fur trade and in the creation of Manitoba. The Riel-centrism which subsequently dominated in the literature, at least up to the 1980s, only confirmed the illusion that Métis history was one-dimensional and event-based. Consequently, so many of the stories, histories, and cultural practices of the Métis remained (and still remain) relatively unknown in academic literature. However, more recent changes in both focus and methodology have resulted in a new approach to Métis history. The Long Journey of a Forgotten People, edited by Ute Lischke and David T. McNab, contributes to this growing field with a volume of essays that shifts the perspective from the national and political to the local and cultural by creating history through kinship, genealogy, and biography.
These essays, presented at a 2003 Métis Symposium by Carleton University’s School of Canadian Studies, bring these individual and community histories into the academic stream through a Métis perspective. The collection opens with an introductory essay by the editors, who lay out the challenges and complexities of Métis identity. They examine the implications of the crucial Powley decision handed down by the Supreme Court that same year, particularly how it has paved the way for the inclusion of family histories and genealogy in discovering a more multifaceted identity than has been previously contemplated. Indeed, it is by drawing out this particular aspect of the judgment that the editors use court-sanctioned recognition as a springboard for discussing cultural identity. Their discussion of how federal Indian policy has shaped Métis history and identity, and the challenges faced by contemporary communities and individuals as a result of that history, defines the major themes of this collection and suggests new topics for future exploration.
From there, the collection is organized into three sections: "Reflections on Métis Identities," "Historical Perspectives," and "Métis Families and Communities." The essays in each section explore much of what those headings suggest, but other themes and methodologies also unite them across these divisions. Biography is one such leitmotif. A number of these essays include some aspect of individual profile--through the use of autobiographies, biographies of contemporary or historical figures, or personal anecdotes that connect the author’s experience with historical narratives. For example, in “Out of the Bush,” Olive Dickason explores how her own personal experience as a Métis scholar demonstrates the historical trajectory of Métis peoples in academia, while David T. McNab’s contribution relays a personal and community history, as told to him by former chief William Tooshkenig from Walpole Island. Nicole St. Onge's quantitative examination of multiple biographical profiles of individual North West Company fur traders and other employees constructs a fuller understanding of the origins of the Athabasca Métis than we have previously enjoyed. This proves to be a constructive approach to Métis history, offering a kind of revival of the biographical genre--but from the "bottom up" and without the typical "great man" biographies of political and narrative history Canadianists might be used to. What makes it particularly useful in this context is that it reveals how individual experiences reflect some of the larger social and economic challenges faced by many Métis groups and communities--challenges that still await better inclusion and fuller discussion in academic discourse. All demonstrate, even within their diversity, that biography still has relevance in contemporary academic historiography, not only at local levels or among popular audiences, but also as they connect to the larger narratives of Métis history in Canada.
The intersection and disjuncture between internally created and externally imposed identities comprise another major theme in this collection. Jean Teillet’s “The Winds of Change” discusses the implications of three pivotal court decisions--Powley, Taku, and Haida--for Métis rights in general and especially for defining the concept of community. Karl S. Hele’s article, “Manipulating Identity: The Sault Borderlands Métis and Colonial Intervention,” introduces concepts of state formation and citizenship with respect to Métis identity--an important but overlooked framework that has the potential to open Métis historiography to a wealth of new perspectives and topics. Both suggest that there are tensions between political and cultural identities among the Métis--tensions which present a number of legal and social challenges for future consideration.
In addition, a number of the historical articles provide new topics that modify our understanding of Métis history. For instance, Sandy Campbell’s article examines relations between British military and First Nations in the eighteenth century, contesting the dominant view, according to the author, that such interactions never occurred. Others essays, such as those by Karen J. Travers and Patsy Lou Wilson McArthur, continue to uncover the understudied Great Lakes Métis histories and challenge the dominance of Red River in the historiography. All make unique contributions to a diverse collection that reveals a more nuanced Métis history.
As the authors state in their opening essay, “the old worn categories and academic debate on who are the Métis people must be challenged and transformed by the Métis voices themselves” (p. 1). This is a goal they achieve on two fronts. First, the essays are written by Métis academics and scholars. In this way, the book allows for a diversity of Métis voices and represents a unique contribution of Métis history by Métis people in one volume. And because many include personal histories and genealogies, they demonstrate a historical continuity that challenges the impression sometimes left by the current store of historiography.
Second, the essays examine Métis identity beyond the legal or political realms, which have been a focus in recent years. Personal, community, and family history has taken priority over national, legal, and political history--a welcome addition to the rich but lopsided store of Métis literature. The underlying theme of identity in this collection moves beyond asking “who are the Métis?”--a question which has overshadowed academic and political discussions in past years--and instead considers how individual and community conceptions of identity often trump attempts to homogenize and simplify Métis identity for legal and political purposes.
What is missing from this collection is a fuller discussion of the connection between local experiences and broader national implications, particularly in some of the essays that use biographical elements. How, for instance, do these individual experiences relate to or challenge our previous understandings of Métis history? Do these community histories change our perception of how scrip or Indian policy played out in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A number of essays in this collection all suggest how local history reflects and contests larger narratives through personal, individual, or community experiences; yet, little analysis is offered in this regard.
Another area that remains to be explored more fully is how silence about or denial of Métis identity throughout the early part of the twentieth century among some families occurred and what impact it had on the course of Métis history and the development of a collective Métis identity. A number of the authors in this collection raise this issue in describing their own journeys to uncover their family histories and cultural identities (see articles by Dickason, Barter, Sutherland, and Wilson McArthur, for instance). This is, in fact, part of the "long journey" to which the editors refer, but a synthesis and analysis of these experiences remains to be undertaken.
Despite these criticisms, the volume succeeds in making history personal and relevant, bringing Métis voices to bear on Métis issues, and expanding on new methodologies. Following the seminal works of Jennifer Brown, Jacqueline Peterson, and Sylvia Van Kirk in the 1980s, it carries on a tradition of social history with an emphasis on family and kinship as essential principles of Métis culture. Consequently, many of these essays fit nicely into the recent historiography which has reinstituted this trend outside of fur trade history, thus inspiring a geographical, thematic, and methodological expansion of Métis history. The Long Journey of a Forgotten People contributes to this genre by incorporating personal narrative into articles that will meet a wide range of interests, provide broader perspectives on ethnogenesis, and offer potential examples of larger trends. This makes the collection as relevant to social historians of any interest as to those engaged in Métis studies.
. Jennifer Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980); Jacqueline Peterson, The People in Between: Indian-White Marriage and the Genesis of a Métis Society and Culture in the Great Lakes Region, 1680-1830 (PhD diss., University of Illinois, 1981); and Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670-1870 (Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer Publications, 1980).
. See for instance Heather Devine, The People Who Own Themselves: Aboriginal Ethnogenesis in a Canadian Family, 1660-1900 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2004); Brenda Macdougall, Socio-Cultural Development and Identity Formation of Métis Communities in Northwestern Saskatchewan, 1776-1907 (PhD diss., University of Saskatchewan, 2005); and Martha Harroun Foster, We Know Who We Are: Métis Identity in a Montana Community (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006).
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-canada.
Camie Augustus. Review of McNab, David; Lischke, Ute, eds., The Long Journey of a Forgotten People: Métis Identities and Family Histories.
H-Canada, H-Net Reviews.
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.|
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A Slave's Place, A Master's World, based on original field research, evaluates the transition from slave to free labour in rural Brazil, highlighting the ways in which slaves, free farmers, freedmen and planters shaped the labour markets of an agrarian economy. Documentation from two areas in the Rio de Janeiro hinterland provides the foundation for comparisons between slavery in Vassouras, a highland town where coffee was produced for the export market, and Rio Bonito, a lowland town where coffee and foodstuffs were marketed regionally.
The book examines the settlement processes in both towns, the marginalization of indigenous tribes, the onset of slave labour, and the de facto and de jure claims to land, as planters, small producers and slaves forged the bases of rural society. A feature of the book is the detailed study of the link with the African past during the transition process, when African languages, customs and religion, and social and work-related networks were increasingly juxtaposed with 'master class' practices on the fazendas.
To view this DRM protected ebook on your desktop or laptop you will need to have Adobe Digital Editions installed. It is a free software. We also strongly recommend that you sign up for an AdobeID at the Adobe website. For more details please see FAQ 1&2. To view this ebook on an iPhone, iPad or Android mobile device you will need the Adobe Digital Editions app, or BlueFire Reader or Txtr app. These are free, too. For more details see this article.
|Size: ||54.6 MB|
|Publisher: ||Bloomsbury Academic|
|Date published: || 2016|
|ISBN: ||9781474287456 (DRM-PDF)|
|Read Aloud: ||not allowed|
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Media reports poured in this week about a new study from researchers at the University of Toronto touting the benefits of cow milk—and the potential harms of non-cow milk, such as soy, rice, and almond milk.
Based on diet surveys and physical measurements of 5,034 children aged two to six, researchers found that that the 643 kids who drank cow milk alternatives tended to be shorter than their cow milk-drinking counterparts. The study even went so far as to suggest a dose-dependent response: the more non-cow milk, the shorter the child. Every daily cup of non-cow milk linked to a 0.4 cm drop in height, the researchers reported in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. At age 3, kids who drank three cups of non-cow milk a day were 1.5 cm shorter than those who drank 3 cups of cow milk per day.
The study has several weaknesses. Most notably, it doesn’t account for the children’s overall diet or the height of both parents. (Height is determined not just by nutrition, but environmental factors and genetics.) It’s also simply a correlative study, not able to determine causation even in the best of cases. Further, even if there is a link between various milks and height, the significance is questionable. The study makes no claim that such slight differences in stature at a young age have any bearings on current or future health or adult height. None of the kids were malnourished or suffering from stunted growth.
But perhaps most concerning detail are the study's ties to the dairy industry, which the lead researcher was less than forthcoming about in an interview with Ars.
The lead author, pediatrician Jonathon Maguire, noted to Ars that the study was not funded by the dairy industry—it was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the St. Michael’s Hospital Foundation. But past studies he has coauthored have been industry-backed. And several of those studies, like this one, were rather favorable to the dairy industry. For instance, a 2014 study he co-authored concluded that milk alternatives could lead to reduced vitamin D in kids and that drinking full fat milk could promote a healthy weight.
Though kids do need fat, protein, and vitamin D—all components of milk—those nutrients are not exclusive to milk. Many other foods contain them, including green vegetables, nuts, beans, and fortified foods—including fortified milk alternatives, such as soy milk. Cow milk is not an essential food. Many children, particularly those who are lactose intolerant, can get all the nutrients they need from a diet without cow milk.
Yet, when Ars asked Maguire if a child’s nutritional needs could be met regardless of how much non-cow milk was added or how much cow milk was removed, he oddly responded: “I don’t actually know the answer to that question. And I don’ t think—we don’t have enough data to answer that.”
When Ars asked about his past ties with the dairy industry, he was not truthful. In regards to funding, he stated that he only had a small grant “about $10,000 from the dairy farmers about ten years ago—and that’s it.” However, some rather light Internet digging found that this was not true. In 2011, he and colleagues were awarded a three-year, $90,000 grant from the Dairy Farmers of Canada. A study he co-authored in 2015 that included the same cohort of children that were involved in the new study, listed the Dairy Farmers of Ontario as funders. Another study he co-authored in 2016 listed the Dairy Farmers of Canada as funders. In a public presentation, one of his graduate students clearly listed both industry groups among lab funders.
When asked about this funding, Maguire backtracked his statement on the earlier grant funding, but he reiterated that the current study was not funded by the dairy industry.
Ars also asked Maguire about his affiliation with the industry and whether he was on any advisory committees. He replied simply that he wasn’t but failed to note that he was a member of Dairy Farmers of Canada Expert Scientific Advisory Committee as recently as 2016. On follow-up, Maguire simply stated that he was no longer a member.
Though the ties to industry and the study limitations are of concern, Maguire did offer this helpful tip: when making nutrition decisions, make sure to read the fine print on food labels. The same can be said of nutrition research.
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Friday, February 11, 2011
As we age, our risk of falling increases. Our feet may catch on a well-worn rug or we may miss a step going downstairs to the kitchen at night. We lose balance, strength and agility; medications may make us drowsy; or we may become dizzy after getting up from a chair as our blood pressure plummets.
No one has done more to highlight the medical significance of this issue than Dr. Mary Tinetti of Yale University. The recipient of a 2009 MacArthur Foundation "genius" grant, Tinetti has spent almost two decades exploring why seniors fall. Most recently, she co-chaired a committee of American and British experts that helped prepare new guidelines for preventing falls.
Tinetti spoke at length about the guidelines, which were published in January in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. An edited version of our discussion follows.
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Beyond the Stars
FTL Travel and Trade Routes
Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Travel is possible due to the discovery of “Hyperspace”, a dimension that can be reached by starships through specialized drives. In this dimension, faster-than-light travel does not violate laws of physics. It is only through this discovery that the Galactic Federation can exist; traveling from star-to-star without it would take years at a time even at the speed of light, and generations at the more normal sublight travel speeds found on craft throughout the galaxy. Instead, travel time between stars in measured in days and weeks and galactic commerce and trade can function.
The problem with hyperspace is that objects that exist in reality also exist in hyperspace. Objects that try to fly through space already inhabited by another object would wreck in hyperspace, dropping out of FTL travel immediately in an unimaginable wreck. Gravitational effects also are stronger in hyperspace. As such, ships must drop out of hyperspace a significant distance from their target and must put a signficant amount of distance between their launch point before going into hyperspace. Even the most basic hyperspace drives have sensors that prevent a ship from going into hyperspace in a dangerous scenario and drop a ship out of hyperspace if they are approaching a gravitational disturbance as would be expected due to a cestial body or phenomenon.
In well-mapped areas of space, FTL travel from any one given point to another given point is possible with micro-adjustments while in hyperspace. However, most ships stick to known clear “routes” beween inhabited planets. These routes are constantly monitored for debris and some even have FTL comm buoys nearby to let rescue teams know if a crew experiences mechanical problems. These routes allow navigators to set course at maximum speed; an unmapped route requires a navigator to fly at less than the maximum speed in order to make adjustments in time. Also, if a ship comes out of hyperspace on an unmapped route due to unexpected gravitational anomalies, there is an added cost in terms of drive power and fuel as well as requiring extremely complex recalculations on the part of the navigator.
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Date: 00:59 UTC 03/10/1952
Type: Seasurface @-3m
The first British nuclear test, Hurricane was detonated in a lagoon on Trimouille Island. The bomb was exploded inside the frigate HMS Plym which was anchored in 12 m of water. The device was a plutonium implosion bomb similar to the Fat Man using plutonium produced at Windscale (now Sellafield).The test was devised to investigate the effects of a ship-smuggled bomb. The ship was mostly vaporized by the explosion, except for pieces of hot metal that set fires to the spinifex scrub covering Trimouille. The explosion left a crater on the seabed 6m deep and 304m wide.The cloud rose only to 4572m due to the very dry air which allowed evaporation of water to cool the ascending cloud, and a strong inversion at that altitude.
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Extinct Giant Stork May Have Eaten 'Hobbit' People
While storks have generally been fictionalized as being the winged bearers of young baby humans, an extinct relative may have actually eaten them.
Researchers recently discovered the fossilized remains of a giant marabou stork on the island of Flores, a place previously put on the map for the discovery of Homo floresiensis, a small hominin species closely related to modern humans. Not only did this bird tower over 6ft, but this meat eater may have also been capable of hunting and eating young “hobbits”.
Scientists estimate that the giant stork existed some 50,000 years ago — sharing the island with a bizarre menagerie of dwarf elephants, giant komodo dragons, and even mega rats.
You see, Middle Earth really did exist. [Read More]
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Gold cyanidation is also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur-Forrest Process, and is a method used for extracting gold from poor grade ore ("tailings") by converting it to soluble complex aurocyanide anions. Although the procedure is that most commonly used for gold extraction it is attended with controversy on account of the toxicity of cyanide and the perceived potential for contamination by it, since there have been a number of environmental catastophes involving cyanide, e.g. in Romania where fish stocks in rivers were devastated some years ago. The process was originally invented in 1783 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wihelm Scheele, who was also the discoverer of chlorine, a gas used on a large scale in industry, e.g. to make bleach, but which was also used as the world's first chemical gas-weapon in the trenches of WW1. The underlying chemical reaction is called the Elsner reaction, and can be written as:
4Au + 8NaCN + O2 + 2H2O --> 4NaAu(CN)2 + 4 NaOH.
The ore is finely ground (comminuted) and is often further concentrated using froth floatation or centifugal concentration, and the resulting alkaline ore slurry is then mixed with a solution of cyanide anions (obtained by dissolving 250 - 500 parts per million of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide in water). The negatively charged cyanide anions extract the gold from the ore in the form of positively charged gold cations to form the soluble aurocyanide complex, NaAu(CN)2 as shown above. In general, the finer the gold particles, the more quickly they will dissolve. For instance, a 45 micron gold particle might dissolve in 10 - 13 hours, while a 45 micron particle might take from 20 to 44 hours to dissolve in the same solution. It has been found that the addition of lead nitrate can increase the rate at which the gold is leached from rocks and the quantity recovered, particularly in processing partially oxidized ores. Indeed, oxygen (since it is consumed in the reaction shown above) is a critical factor in the gold cyanidation process. Air or pure oxygen gas can be bubbled through the mineral pulp to increase the dissolved oxygen concentration. Oxygen can also be "added" by adding hydrogen peroxide solution to the pulp.
The gold is then recovered from the "pregnant" solution (as it is called) using a number of different processes, but passage through highly porous carbon is most commonly used. So high is the internal surface area of the material that around six grams of it would equal the area of the Melbourne cricket ground! The carbon contains micropores (pores of molecular dimensions, similar in size or smaller than those in zeolites) to filter out the gold, and somewhere around 8 kilograms of gold can be extracted by a tonne of carbon. The gold can be removed from the carbon by using a strong solution of caustic soda and cyanide. This is known as elution. The gold is then plated out onto steel wool through electrowinning. Resins that are specific for gold can also be used in place of activated carbon, or where selective separation of gold from copper or other dissolved metals is required.
However, cyanide is a highly toxic material, which is why the process is controversial. For example, one teasponful of 2 per cent cyanide solution can kill a human adult (although it would take probably several hours to die. It is hydrogen cyanide, "Prussic Acid" of Nuremberg Trials and James Bond movies who's lethal effects are "instantaneous"). The toxic effects on fish occur at far smaller concentrations that this. Indeed, the worst environmental catastrophe caused by mining in the history of the U.S. was at the Summitville mine, where 27 miles of a Colorado river were left "dead" by cyanide poisoning. There have also been disasters in Kyrgyzstan, French Guiana and Romania, where spillage of cyanide in Baia Mare resulted in widescale contamination of the river Tisza. In the United States, the state of Montana along with several other countries have banned gold mining using cyanide. Although cyanide is toxic, it is readily broken down when exposed to sunlight in the presence of oxygen (air), although this is little comfort when contaminated waters have leaked into groundwater, or other underground sources of freshwater that are protected from the sun, on dank cloudy days, or in winter especially in Eastern Europe (Romania) when rivers are largely covered by ice and snow.
In fairness, most of the operations have been conducted without obvious incident, but clearly there is leakage of cyanide, for example from plastic-lined ponds, and the areas surrounding some mines in the U.S. have been found to have elevated levels of cyanide, even decades after they were first processed. The following examples, however, show there is no call for complacency.
A History of Accidents
Ten miners were killed when a disused slime dam at the Harmony mine in South Africa, operated by Randgold, burst its banks and buried a housing complex in cyanide contaminated mud in Feburary 1994.
Cyanide and heavy metal leaks from the Summitville gold mine killed all aquatic life along a 27 kilometer stretch of the Alamosa river in the San Juan mountains of southwestern Colorado by the time the mine was shut down in December 1992. The total clean-up costs have exceeded US$150 million.
Failure of a leach pad structure at the Gold Quarry mine in Nevada released about a million liters of cyanide-laden wastes into two creeks in 1997.
Over 11,000 fish were killed along an 80
kilometer stretch of the Lynches River by a cyanide spill from the Brewer gold mine in South Carolina in 1992.
On May 20,1998, a truck transporting cyanide to the Kumtor mine in Kyrgyzstan plunged off a bridge spilling 1762 kilograms of sodium cyanide into local surface waters. Local people have reported at least four deaths that they claim resulted from the spill. Hundreds of people also checked into local hospitals complaining of health problems following the spill.
More than 3.2 billion litres of cyanide-laden tailings were released into the Essequibo river in Guyana when a dam collapsed at the Omai gold mine in August 1995. Studies by the Pan American Health Organization have shown that all aquatic life in the four kilometer long creek that runs from the mine to the Essequibo has been killed.
On May 29, 1998 six to seven tons of cyanide-laden tailings spilled into Whitewood Creek in the Black Hills of South Dakota from the Homestake Mine, killing a substantial number of fish.
On the night of January 30th, 2000, spillage of 120 tonnes of cyanide at a gold reprocessing facility near the town of Baia Mare in Romania, resulted in widescale contamination of the rivers Tisza and Danube. 150 tonnes of dead fish were recovered, and the drinking water supplies of around 3 million people were threatened. Claims for compensation in Romania, Hungary and Slovakia remain outstanding.
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MINISTERY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Belarus State Economic University
Understanding of the organization and its structure
Organizations being part of environment is learnt by biology, economics, sociology, philosophy and other subjects. The problem of the organization was studied before, but the independent role of the organizing start was not taken into account. Only in late XIX – early XX century theorists discovered that objects with different compositions may possess similar properties due to the ways of their organization.
A broad diversity of forms and processes of the organization lead to building various concepts. One of them was tectology, worked out by the Russian scientist A. Bogdanov who gave a general description of various processes of emerging, existence and collapse of organizations in his work published in 1913.
The term “organization” is polysemantic so it may be considered as a system, state and process. Our interest is in the organization as a system. A social organization is set up by individuals so that they can obtain a certain goal. That’s why a Russian researcher A.I. Prigozhin determines an organization as a formal group of people with one or more shared goals.
As an organization is set up to achieve a certain goal, it is considered as a means of its achieving. From this point of view, in the foreground there is an organizational goal and functions, effieciency of reserves, staff motivation etc. A social organization has its name, charter (a programme of activities), area of activities, work procedures, personnel. Its personnel may vary from a few people (an estate agency) to hundreds of thousands (transnational companies). Examples of organization as legal entity are government, corporation, non-governmental organization, armed forces, partnership, charity, cooperative, university.
There is a distinct field of academic study known as Organizational studies (or Organizational behaviour) which takes organizations as its subject, examining them with the methods of economics, sociology, political science, anthropology, and psychology. It should not be confused with the study of Industrial organization, which analyses market stuctures and natural monopolies, and is much more like microeconomics.
Organizational studies studies individual and group dynamics in the organizational setting, as well as nature of organizations themselves. Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Organizational studies attempts to understand and model these factors.
There are two mechanisms to form organizations. More often they emerge when achieving common or shared goals is considered possible only through achieving individual goals; then labour organizations such as enterprises and establishments are set up. When achieving individual goals is possible through achieving shared goals, various public organizations, or associations emerge. In turn, achieving a shared goal entails a necessity in hierarchy and governing.
A social organization is characterized by a number of social qualities, or features:
· a purpose-driven nature of the organization: any organization is set up to achieve a certain purpose, to unite its members’ activities and regulate them in the name of the given purpose. In its turn, organization’s activities suggest its performing of definite functions;
· hierarchical structure of the organization: its members are ranked on the hierarchical ladder according to their social statuses and roles, for instance, as leaders and subordinates. It means that a person who interacts with other members of the organization can realize his needs or interests within the limits established by his social status and norms and values of this very organization;
· governance: activities of any organization must be governed. Governance is caused by division of labour, i. e. its specialization due to the function. Organizations have a vertical and horizontal structure. In the vertical structure there are two subsystems: the one governs, the other is governed. The governing system coordinates functioning of the horizontal structures through the mechanisms of regulation and control of their activities. Vertical structuring of the organization ensures achieving of the shared goals, gives efficiency and stability to its functioning.
Such approach is largely predetermined by the fact that a social organization is one of the most developed types of the social system, the elements of which are individuals and relations emerging among them, and its system-forming qualities are the goal, interaction and management.
Any organization has its structure. Organizational structure is the way in which the interrelated groups of the organization are constructed. The main concerns are effective communication and coordination.
The dominant mode of the organization in the world today is hierarchy. Hierarchy originally means “rule by priests”, and it was borrowed from the organization of hierarchical churches such as the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Hierarchy is any system of relations among entities wherein the direction of activity issues from the first party to the second party, but not the other way around. In other words, it is based on the principle of collateral subordination when the upper levels are “superior” to the lower ones and control them.
An example might be a company organizational structure: the CEO is superior to the divisional managers, who are superior to their team leaders who are superior to their ordinary workers. The family, the state are other examples of hierarchy.
A hierarchical organization is a common way to structure a group of people, wherein members chiefly communicate with their immediate superior and with their immediate subordinates. Structuring organizations in this way is useful partly because it can reduce the communication overhead.
Hierarchy may have the configuration of a pyramid if the number of those who are superior is smaller than the number of those who are supervised. The Belarus State Economic University is a good example of a pyramid hierarchy: the rector supervises seven prorectors who supervise twelve deans of schools who in turn supervise one thousand two hundred and thirty teachers and twenty seven thousands students.
Not all organizations have this structure. The opposite extreme to the pyramid is described as “flat” or “single-level” hierarchy. Flat hierarchy is most common in smaller organizations which lack standardization of tasks, so it is best used to solve simple tasks. In smaller organizations most communication is done by face-to-face conversations. A sole proprietorship that can employ few people (for instance, in Belarus it is three employees) is an example of a company with flat hierarchy.
The opposite mode of the organization is a system of relations wherein the direction of activity is not fixed in one way, but flows back and forth between the entities involved. In other words, the parties must consent to each other’s direction of activity. An example of this is a partnership or a commune.
Hierarchy of social organization determines the most essential elements of its structure such as organizational area, organizational culture and relations of power.
Organizational area includes:
· definite physical area: distribution of the members of the organization to structural units such as sections, departments, workshops etc. which are located on a certain territory;
· functional area: division according to performed duties, professions, qualifications or jobs;
· status area: division of employees into independent groups occupying different social positions in the organization such as leaders, subordinates, blue - and white collars etc.;
· hierarchical area: a formal system of relations among members of the organization such as ways of solving production problems, applying to top managers with private issues etc.
Another element of the organizational structure is organizational culture which comprises attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and customs of an organization. It’s a non-written code of the organization as it affects its members’ behaviour. Whereas organizational structure is relatively easy to draw and describe, it is less tangible and difficult to measure. It does not mean, however, that employees do not realize this phenomenon. Instead, they do and it’s seen whether they are proud of the organization they work for or describe their jobs with negative characteristics. In both cases definite elements of culture are meant which become obvious if changes or innovations are taking place or when compared with cultures of other organizations. As a rule, organizational culture is shared by all or most members of the organization.
Researchers still argue about the nature of the phenomenon. Some consider that culture is what the organization manifests itself, others – what it has. Despite lack of a shared opinion they identify a number of its elements:
· the paradigm: what the organization is about; what it does; its mission; its values;
· control systems: processes in place to monitor what is going on;
· organizational structures: reporting lines, hierarchies, and the way that work flows through the business;
· power structures: who makes the decisions, how widely power is spread, and what power is based on?
· symbols: logos and designs;
· rituals and routines: management meetings, board reports etc. which may become more habitual than necessary;
· stories and myths: build up about people and events, and convey a message about what is valued within the organization.
These elements may overlap. Power structures may depend on control systems which may exploit the very rituals that generate stories.
The third element of the organizational structure is power. Sociologists usually define power as an ability to impose one’s will on others, even if those others resist in some way. The imposition does not involve coercion (force or threat of force), in some ways it more closely resembles what is called “influence”.
As hierarchy is also viewed as power, it may be useful to visualize a pyramidal power structure, where those nearest the top have more power than those nearest the bottom, and there being fewer people at the top than at the bottom.
The phenomenon is traditionally observed in religion:
· there is one god who commands, but cannot be commanded;
· in government: the federal section controls the state section;
· at work: your boss tells you what to do, and his boss tells him what to do, but you don’t tell anyone what to do until you get promoted.
Power is classified in different ways: as primary and secondary; formal and informal; delegated authority, charisma, expertise etc. Traditionally power in the organization is differentiated as formal and informal. The first one is the superior’s power as part of his official position in the organization. The second type is the leader’s informal power whereas the leader is a person who has the greatest influence on the members of the organization. He personifies the group norms, values, patterns of behaviour and supports them. An informal leader is a member of the social organization regarded by a group of people as an expert, authority or supporter of the questions the group is interested in. That’s why informal power is based on the personal qualities of the individual, his authority as a personal characteristic of the personality. Authority means people’s voluntary abeyance to one of them due to his peculiar individual qualities. At appointing a superior, the top management tries to take into account the possibility of combining both formal and informal leaders in one person.
Of interest here is authority as a type of power. In politics, authority generally refers to the ability to make laws, independent of the power to enforce them, or the ability to permit something. People obey authority out of respect, while they obey power out of fear. For example, “the congress has the authority to pass laws” versus “the police have the power to arrest law-breakers”. Authority needn’t be consistent or rational, it only needs to be accepted as a source of permission or truth.
Authority is sub-divided into three types as suggested by M. Weber:
· traditional authority which simply derives from long-established habits and social structures, for instance, the right of hereditary monarchs to rule;
· charismatic authority: from time to time, people make claims of heading a revolution of some kind (which is always against an established social system). When followers take such claims seriously, this is charismatic authority because religious or political authority that does not flow from tradition or law, but instead thrives on the short-lived desire of social change. The careers of Lenin, Martin Luther, Hitler, and Lech Wałęsa provide examples. Charismatic authority never lasts long even when it is successful and it inevitably gives way to either traditional or to legal-rational authority;
· legal-rational authority depends for its legitimacy on formal rules which are usually written down, and often very complex. Modern societies depend on legal-rational authority.
Classifications of organizations
All social organizations can be classified by various criteria. According to their purpose they can be as economic, political, educational, medical etc. Each of them prioritizes its own purpose, for example, economic organizations strive for maximum profits, cultural ones – for achieving aesthetic goals, whereas getting maximum profits is their secondary goal, educational ones – for a contemporary level of knowledge whereas striving for profits is a secondary goal for them, too.
The given principle is also used to classify organizations into for-profit and nonprofit ones. Generally nonprofits differ from for-profits in the following areas:
· nonprofits focus more on fund-raising from donors, for instance, contributions, grants etc. while for-profits – on fund-raising from investors;
· although they both have boards of directors, in for-profits the board members are more highly trained and experienced than in nonprofits, where board members are often volunteers who bring strong passion for the nonprofit mission;
· nonprofits focus more on volunteer management but volunteers are managed much like employees, for instance, with job descriptions, policies etc.;
· as for finances, nonprofits focus on human capital whereas for-profits focus on monetary capital. Nonprofits have certain unique accounts (usually grants) that can only be spent on certain activities. However, both types of organizations carry out very similar basic bookkeeping activities;
· they are different in taxes.
Social organizations can also be differentiated on the basis of a branch of their activities (industrial, financial, agricultural, transport, trading etc), level of independence in making decisions (holding, affiliated or subsidiary etc). According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into four types: pyramids or hierarchies; committees or juries; matrix organizations and ecologies.
Another important classification with the focus on the character of interactions and relations existing in the organization identifies formal and informal organizations. Formal organizations are large secondary groups that are legally registered and rationally designed to achieve specific objectives. Informal organizations are secondary groups which for their minority or any other reason are not legally registered. They comprise groups of people who are cohered by personal interests in culture, sports, recreation etc., headed by a leader and not involved in activities designed to get material profits.
Formal organizations are so dominant that they are created to supervise and coordinate other organizations. They fulfill a variety of personal and social needs and vary in size. As they are designed for efficiency they have a carefully designed structure based on formal division of labour represented in the system of statuses, or jobs. Each job has a number of specific functions so that all tasks are distributed among members of the organization. Due to their similarity, job functions are grouped into a hierarchical structure on the principle of “superior and supervised” or a ladder of dependences of the lower ones (subordinates) to the upper ones (authorities).
Formal organizations regulate their activities by various means such as programs, patterns of official behaviour, principles and norms of reward etc. They have boards of directors and the management. Formal organizations are rational by nature as they are designed to achieve specific objectives and impersonal as their members are designed to enter into exceptionally official relations.
However, formal organizations tend to turn to bureaucracy. M. Weber considered the formation of bureaucracy, or the management as the major aspect of rationalization. Bureaucracy refers to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules is socially organized. Examples of everyday bureaucracies include governments, armed forces, corporations, hospitals, courts, ministries, or schools.
The German sociologist believed that bureaucracy in its ideal type should be governed by the following 7 principles:
1. Formal division of labour determined by regularized procedures: each enterprise or company has a full description of duties performed by its director, personnel manager, line managers or empoyees.
2. Hierarchy of authority: every official’s responsibilities and authority are part of a vertical hierarchy of authority, with respective rights of supervision and appeal. In any company, the vertical hierarchy includes top management, middle management and first-line managers executing control over workers.
3. The public office (bureau) as the basis of bureaucracy because it is the place where all written documents (electronic papers in modern companies) about the organization’s activities are collected.
4. The formal procedure of the officials’ training. The requirements to training a secretary are relatively simple while the programs of training top or middle managers are rather long and complex.
5. Permanent staff as employees who are working for the organization on a continous basis (for as long period of time as possible) and devoted themselves to it, i. e. work for this very organization is their main occupation.
6. Established rules and regulations: they may regulate the beginning and end of work, dinner and coffee breaks, leaves etc. In some organizations, for instance, at university such rules are described in detail: the beginning and end of the academic year, timetable of each shift, each pair, winter and summer sessions, holidays etc.
7. The member’s commitment to the organization as his strive to share and demonstrate the organizational rules and procedures. It needn’t be commitment or loyalty to the top manager or any other member of the organization.
Governing the formal organization by these principles makes its members’ behaviour predictable and helps the management to coordinate their activities. In turn, predictability and coordination are the main factors enabling to increase the organization’s efficiency and labour productivity. M. Weber considered high economic efficiency as the main advantage of bureaucracy. He described the ideal type of bureaucracy in positive terms, emphaizing continious character of the managerial process, undivided authority, subordination, expertise, exactness, quickness, official secrecy (know-how) and minimum conflicts.
At the same time some sociologists such as T. Parsons, A. Gouldner etc. identified a number of disadvantages of bureaucracy. For instance, division of labour may lead to trained incapacity; hierarchy of authority – to authoritarianism, communication disruption, and oligarchy. Another unintended consequence is a contradiction between a bureaucratic organization of management and creative activities of its members, capability to introduce innovations. Written rules and regulations may be inefficient in unusual or creative cases, when employees are demanded to work to the rule (the famous red tape), because knowledge and creativity cannot be transferred under order.
Management in the organization
Social organizations are also characterized by a number of objective and subjective processes in place. The first ones are cyclic processes of rise and fall, synergy etc., the second ones are those related to making various managerial decisions.
Management as a process can be executed only in the organization because any organization – from industrial enterprises, small businesses and supermarkets to coffee shops, schools and hospitals – are in need of being managed. Management focuses on the entire organization from both short - and long-term perspectives, so it is a process of forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategy and then implementing and executing the strategy. If management goes beyond the organization’s internal operations to include the branch and general environment, this is management of the organization.
The sociological approach focuses on management in the organization which it is identified as comprising three components. The first one is purpose-driven managing impact, the second one is self-organization. They both make up the third component – organizational regulation. When coordinated, the given components suggest integration based on making use of possibilities and limits of each and taking away potential contradictions. For instance, any official would like to transform a greater volume of decisions (orders, tasks) from impacts for one occasion to those of long-term perspective.
Any impact is impossible without applying methods of social governance that fall into those applied to a separate individual, group and social organization.
An individual’s behaviour can be regulated by direct order, stimulation (through needs and stimuli), system of values (bringing up, education) and social milieu (changing work conditions, a status etc).
A group as part of an enterprise can be governed by such methods as a purposeful formation of its structure (in number, location of jobs, qualifications, demographic qualities etc) and formation of unity (perfecting the leadership styles, arranging competition, applying psychological factors etc).
The level of social organization, for instance of an enterprise, requires such methods as coordination of formal and informal structures (taking away contradictions between planned and existing relations and norms), democratization of management (through increasing the role of public organizations, employees’ wide involvement in decision making, election of some middle and top managers etc) and social planning (qualification upgrading, perfection of the entity’s social structure, bettering of the social security system etc).
The uppermost product of management is managerial decisions. A managerial decision is a formally registered project of some change in the organization. Managerial decisions fall into:
strictly fixed ones when the authorities do not influence on the process of their making because their content is predetermined by the organizational terms such as law, instructions, directions of a higher establishment etc. Strictly fixed decisions are subdivided into:
· standardized, routine ones such as paying regular wages or allowances, sacking an employee after his taking a notice in etc.;
· derived, secondary ones such as those to implement decisions made before;
· “initiative” decisions are not strictly fixed, they suggest individual contribution of the decision-maker. They are subdivided into:
a) situational ones which mainly have episodic or local character (rewards, sanctions, irregular appointments etc);
b) reorganizing ones aimed at changing some element of the organization (redistribution of resources, developing new assignments, etc).
The second component is self-organization as a process of evolution where the effect of the environment is minimal, i. e. where the development of new, complex structures takes place primarily in and through the system itself. Self-organization is normally triggered by internal variation processes. It is part of self-governance which is typical for any organization and which has two meanings – wide and narrow. Its wide meaning suggests autonomous functioning of any organizational system and the organization’s right to make decisions on its internal problems. The narrow meaning suggests collective governance, or all members’ participation in the activities of the governing body through involvement of executors into the processes of making common decisions.
The third component is social regulation that consists of rules identifying permissible and impermissible activity on the part of individuals, firms, or governing agencies along with accompanying sanctions and/or rewards. Social regulation is aimed at restricting behaviours that directly threaten public health, safety, welfare, or well-being. As a tool of governance, it is used to accomplish a number of public purposes such as preventing harms or providing public benefits. Regulatory programs vary considerably in what they require and/or prohibit, timing of their intervention etc. They entail:
· rules that govern expected behaviours or outcomes;
· standards that serve as benchmarks for compliance;
· sanctions for non-compliance with the rules (or rewards for compliance);
· an administrative apparatus enforcing rules and administering sanctions.
Social regulations are typically developed to prevent harm to a society. While there is much conceivable harm that could be addressed, it is up to governmental officials to determine the particular harms that deserve attention.
Development of management on the post-Soviet area
Development of modern societies on the post-Soviet area is characterized by deep dynamic changes of systemic nature. State, political and economic forms have changed; new social and production technologies have been introduced. All these processes considerably increased the significance of governance in orderly organized social systems.
All over the world the quality of labour force and the structure of aggregated labour have undergone changes. Now managers encounter not with non-qualified obedient executors but mainly with specialists who are able to assess and creatively affect the implementation of managerial decisions. The structure of employees has also changed: if earlier peasants, blue-collars and service workers dominated in number, in modern economy managers and specialists are now becoming the main professional groups, the contradictions between which determine the dynamics of practically any organization.
It means that radical changes in the social object of governance suggested a necessity of changing the character of modern industrial management which gained a particular significance in a transitional period when market reforms were carried out. The changes undertaken in the production structure and character of economic relations, as well as the macro-economic dysfunctions, the total financial imbalance, a revolution in property and the system of consumption produced a great deal of uncertainty and disorganization in the development of modern enterprises. In turn, radical transformation of the social-economic system required special scientific and managerial maintenance of the reforms, deep theoretical working out of the problems of maneuverability of the reformation process, formation of quality of management itself etc.
Considerable peculiarities of the development of modern production entailed changing the whole philosophy of management and its practical re-orientation. In the organization of production the utmost importance is now paid to introducing the results of information science, socializing the system of industrial management on the basis of the principles of corporatism, ecologization of managing the production etc.
In other words, the processes of modern management development are of a special interest not only for sociologists: administration and governance transforming into a genuine process of managing people as human capital, not as human recourses, must be comprehended from the viewpoints of compliance with group values, needs and possibility to realize cooperation. In this connection quality of social governance of human capital as the main national resource may become the most significant factor so that on the post-Soviet area successful market changes and guarantee of effectiveness (compatibility) of the present-day production can be achieved.
In recent years various innovations of crisis management in the national production have been applied to settle stagnation and degradation processes: the statuses of regular professional groups within the labour collective and the share of qualified labour started increasing, the labour force redistribution from the main production to a non-productive sphere was ceased, hidden unemployment stopped from developing, etc. The given problems may have the possibility to be solved as non-standard social and governmental strategies were applied in the area.
Authority – people’s voluntary abeyance to one of them due to his peculiar individual qualities; in politics, it generally refers to the ability to make laws, independent of the power to enforce them, or the ability to permit something.
Bureaucracy – the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules is socially organized; the formation of bureaucracy, or the management, is the major aspect of rationalization (by M. Weber).
Flat (single-level) hierarchy – the opposite extreme to the pyramid hierarchy which is most common in smaller organizations which lack standardization of tasks.
Formal organizations – large secondary groups that are legally registered and rationally designed to achieve specific objectives.
Hierarchy – any system of relations among entities wherein the direction of activity issues from the first party to the second party, but not the other way around; it is based on the principle of collateral subordination when the upper levels are “superior” to the lower ones and control them.
Informal organizations – secondary groups which for their minority or any other reason are not legally registered, their members are cohered by personal interests in culture, sports, recreation etc., headed by a leader and not involved in activities designed to get material profits.
Managerial decision – a formally registered project of some change in the organization.
Organization – a formal group of people with one or more shared goals.
Organizational area – element of the organizational structure that includes definite physical, functional, status and hierarchical areas of the organization.
Organizational culture – a less tangible element of the organizational structure which comprises attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and customs of an organization that affects its members’ behaviour.
Organizational structure – the way in which the interrelated groups of the organization are constructed.
Power – the ability to impose one’s will on others, even if those others resist in some way.
Pyramid hierarchy – the configuration of the hierarchy if the number of those who are superior is smaller than the number of those who are supervised.
Self-organization – a process of evolution where the effect of the environment is minimal, i. e. where the development of new, complex structures takes place primarily in and through the system itself.
Social regulation – third component of management that consists of rules identifying permissible and impermissible activity on the part of individuals, firms, or governing agencies along with accompanying sanctions and/or rewards, it is aimed at restricting behaviours that directly threaten public health, safety, welfare, or well-being.
1. Blau P. Exchange and Power in Social Life. (3rd edition). – New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1992. – 354 p.
2. Bourdeiu P. Logic of Practice. – Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. – 382 p.
3. Coser L. The Functions of Social Conflict. – Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1956. – 188 p.
4. Durkheim E. The Division of Labour in Society. – New York, NY: Free Press; 1997. – 272 p.
5. Durkheim E. Suicide. – New York, NY: Free Press; 1951. – 345 p.
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Welcome to Animal Magic – a series of fortnightly columns where we take an in-depth look at some of Tilgate Nature Centre’s popular, and less well-known animal residents.
This week we take a look at a lizard with a spiky way of protecting themselves and a love of sunbathing.
North Africa to Tilgate
There are around 13 species of Uromastyx lizard which inhabit rocky, arid areas from North Africa to the Middle East.
Our spiny-tailed lizards descend from North Africa and can be found in our Discovery Room with other species including the pancake tortoises and plated lizards.
The group will soon move into a new home as part of our new African themed section.
Colourful males and spiky tails
As their name suggests their tails are adorned with rings of spikes and are used like a club to protect themselves from attackers.
The species we keep can grow to a length of about 30cm and weigh almost 500g.
These lizards are predominately grey but adults, especially males, can have a range of colourings. Our male has yellow and orange markings covering his head and back.
Mothers will bury their eggs which hatch after about 70 days; the hatchling lizards must then dig their way out and will immediately start fending for themselves.
For spiny-tailed lizards, plants are almost always the only thing on the menu.
While in the wild they will sometimes eat insects, greens are important as this is where they get most of their water from. To get rid of excess salts this species can blow them out of their nostrils.
We feed our group a range of plants including watercress, Chinese leaf and dandelion leaves. To keep them all healthy we dust their food with calcium supplements as well as alfalfa and specially formulated pellets.
Soaking up the sun
Many of us enjoy a bit of sunbathing but for spiny-tailed lizards it’s vital for their health. As desert animals they require high daytime temperatures as sunlight allows them to absorb calcium – a mineral needed for healthy bones, nerve function and eggs.
They spend their nights in burrows but when the sun emerges so do they, spending their time basking in the sun.
As they warm up their colourings actually become more vivid.
We provide our lizards with a special UVB light for them to bask under.
Stay up-to-date with animal news, events and stories by visiting www.tilgatenaturecentre.co.uk
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Summer Literacy and Math Professional Learning
June 5-9, 2017
Day 3 – Empower Learners
Jill Gough and Becky Holden
I can empower learners to reach for the next independent level in their learning.
It is not easy, but we need to shift from being the givers of knowledge to becoming the facilitators of knowledge development. (Flynn, 8 pag.)
UED: 8:45 – 11:15 / EED: 12:15 – 2:45
- Andreae, Giles, and Guy Parker-Rees. Giraffes Can’t Dance. New York: Scholastic, 2016. Print.
- Carpenter, Thomas P., Elizabeth Fennema, Megan Loef. Franke, Linda Levi, and Susan B. Empson. Children’s Mathematics: Cognitively Guided Instruction. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2015. Print.
- Flynn, Michael. Beyond Answers: Exploring Mathematical Practices with Young Children. Portland, Maine.: Stenhouse, 2017. Print.
- Fosnot, Catherine Twomey. Conferring with Young Mathematicians at Work: Making Moments Matter. New London, CT: New Perspectives on Learning, LLC, 2016. Print.
- McCallum, William. “Number & Operations in Base Ten.” Number & Operations in Base Ten | Common Core State Standards Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2017.
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If you’re concerned about proper health, then you know how important proper dental care is. There are many people who ignore how important it can be and choose to go to the dentist, lancasterfamilysmiles.com, as rarely as possible. But the simple truth is that when something in the mouth is wrong, it quickly spreads through the entire body.
As with so many things involving health and maintenance, the best cure is proper prevention. In terms of dental health, this means doing things such as brushing at least twice a day, using mouthwash after meals if you can and flossing when possible. These things are all well known, and people who have even the barest minimum of desire to maintain their teeth already do them.
For many people, that’s not enough. They want to find foods that cause as few dental cavities as possible. This is an admirable goal, but it’s not as easy as it first sounds.
Cavity Causing Foods
The first thing to keep in mind is that cavities tend to be more a problem of improper care rather than specific foods. That is to say, any type of food will cause cavities if you go long enough without brushing or otherwise cleaning out your mouth and teeth.
However, that doesn’t mean all foods are equal. There are some foods which carry more of a risk than others, and it would be a good idea to avoid or limit these foods if you want to maintain proper dental health.
Sugars and bread products, especially sweet bread products like cakes, can stick to the teeth especially well. They’re also a bit deceptive, in that it would seem as though your teeth are clean after eating something but the sugar lingers on. That sugar can cause some problems down the road, especially if it manages to stick to the area where your teeth meet your gums.
Avoid Hard Candies
Hard candies are a huge problem if you’re trying to avoid cavities. They are essentially large lumps of hardened sugar that you let dissolve in your mouth over time. That’s a sure sign that something is going to break.
Not that you have to stop eating hard candies altogether. Many hard candies are quite tasty, so a desire to continue eating them is understandable! However, you would do well to limit your intake of hard candies as much as possible. If you do eat hard candy, try using mouthwash immediately after so you can wash off the sugar.
Ultimately, proper dental hygiene involves brushing, flossing, and rinsing regularly. If you don’t do that, then it hardly matters what you eat. In addition, genetics play a fairly large part of dental health. Some people are genetically predisposed to having bad teeth. And that’s not to mention how pregnancy can suck the calcium from a pregnant person’s teeth, causing them to become thin and weak.
So if you’re looking for proper dental health, don’t worry so much about the exact foods. Worry instead about properly maintaining the teeth you have.
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Printed histories of Portugal (Part 1)
In 1600 an English edition of The Historie of the Uniting of the Kingdom of Portugall to the Crowne of Castill was printed in London for Edward Blount. A sizeable volume of over 300 pages, it opens with Blount’s dedication to the Earl of Southampton. Blount declares that this work – first written in Italian, then translated into French, and finally into English – is worthy of merit and dissemination at this present juncture. After this comes the author’s ‘apologie to the reader’ in which he emphasizes the importance of impartiality when writing history: ‘a Historiographer doth not wrong any nation’ but rather relates ‘with truth the misfortunes and calamities’ of a nation along with its successes’.
The Historie describes at length the physical and religious landscape of Portugal. The country described has three archbishoprics: Braga, Lisbon and Evora, ‘whereof the first is Lord both spiritual and temporal’. It has many ‘most assured and capable ports’, such as Lisbon and Setúbal, and The Historie also acknowledges that ‘the seat of the country is commodious for all partes of the world’. In Lisbon the ‘air is very wholesome and temperate… there bloweth always a temperate wind, which doth refresh it.’ But the reader is also reminded throughout that the country’s many advantages have made it a popular target for invasion. It has ‘many times received men base and unworthy’, which have cost her dearly. Portugal’s battles with the moors are described at length but it is Spain that is described as her persistent foe. For example, after the Portuguese had ‘subdued the moors’ they:
began… to make war with the Kings of Castill, although their Dominions were always greater then the Portugals; the which they did so often and with such obstinacie, that these nations all of one continent, issued from one stocke, & of one language, were enflamed one against the other with so mortall a hatred, that it remaineth even until this daie, but more with the Portugals then the Spaniards.
Portugal’s turbulent history is persistently linked throughout with that of its neighbour and ‘enemy’, Spain. Editions of this text were printed and sold in Lisbon, as the English edition notes. However, the English audience is also informed that many ‘private personages of the realme’ of Portugal had ‘abhorred’ the dissemination of this text, which detailed Portugal’s recent, difficult past. The Union, bemoaned these Portuguese ‘private personages’, had resulted in ‘the increase of power to so mightie a king’, an increase of which they hardly needed reminding.
The Portuguese were likewise pointing out that this text, being sold in England and Portugal, also reminded both parties of that key Anglo-Portuguese failure: the failed attempt of Francis Drake, John Norreys and Don António, in 1589, to provoke an uprising against King Philip, to remove him from the Portuguese throne. As this text reminded its English readers, the action ended badly for both England and Portugal, resulting in huge financial losses for the English, and sounding the death-knell for António’s claim to the Portuguese throne.
Blount’s allegedly impartial text states that Philip’s continuation as king was due to ‘diverse accidents [which] happened in so short a time, contrary to common hope’. To the Portuguese, it acted as a reminder of the consequences of a failed Anglo-Portuguese attempt to remove a monarch. Portugal is therefore presented to the English as a nation dominated by their mutual enemy, and one whom they had failed. This was not the only work presented to an English audience, which emphasized Spain’s constant pursuit of more territories, by using England’s old ally as its central example.
In 1612, the first English edition of The General History of Spain appeared in London’s bookstores. The text was translated by Edward Grimeston, who expanded the work beyond its original scope, adding a new section covering the years 1583-1612. The original, pre-1583 translated text details the firm hand Philip II had used in thwarting any attempts to stop the Union happening, whilst noting that ‘there was a great joy, as also in Portugal, and thanks given to God for so happy a victory, which put King Philip in a peaceable possession of the Realme of Portugal’. Post-1583, in Grimestone’s additions, the tone is decidedly different.
Book 31, for example, lays heavy emphasis on the belief that Dom Sebastian had not perished in battle on 4 August 1578. (Disputing the Spanish accession, a number of different pretenders would emerge in the aftermath, the last of whom, proven to be Italian, would be hanged in 1619.) The witness testimonies of those claiming to have met with O Desejado (‘the desired one’) are described at length, challenging the previous assertions within the earlier part of the same text that Philip was the legitimate king, welcomed by the Portuguese.
In The General History Portugal exemplifies an intriguing hybrid space through which both pro- and anti-Spanish sentiments can be explored. The earlier text, which is in no way anti-Spanish, is printed alongside its anti-Spanish, English conclusion. The former could potentially appeal to recusant, pro-Spanish readers; the latter would obviously appeal to English Protestants, fiercely opposed to Spain. This juxtaposition therefore presents both an exemplum of amicable and beneficial union and a warning about Spanish domination within the same text.
Both Protestants and Catholics could potentially view Portugal through to their own lens. The continual references to lineage and friendship therefore depict Portugal as potentially attractive to both sides of the confessional landscape. The printer is able to produce the text without censorship because it is a merely a translation, but one whose paratext is decidedly English. This presentation of Portugal as appealing was not just in an academic, literary sense either. Given this long history of alliance, Portugal was also a viable option to some as a place of residence.
Conestaggio, Gerolamo Franchi di., The historie of the vniting of the kingdom of Portugall to the crowne of Castill containing the last warres of the Portugals against the Moores of Africke, the end of the house of Portugall, and change of that gouernment. The description of Portugall, their principall townes, castles, places … Of the East Indies, the isles of Terceres, and other dependences (London: A. Hatfield for Edward Blount, 1600) STC 5624.
Conestaggio, The historie…, sig.A2r.
Conestaggio, The historie…, sig.A3r.
Conestaggio, The historie…, pp.2-3.
Conestaggio, The historie…, p.4.
(My emphasis.) Conestaggio, The historie…, p.5.
Conestaggio, The historie…, sig.A3r.
Conestaggio, The historie…, sig.B1r.
Mayerne, Louis Turquet de, The generall historie of Spaine containing all the memorable things that haue past in the realmes of Castille, Leon, Nauarre, Arragon, Portugall, Granado, &c. and by what meanes they were vnited, and so continue vnder Philip the third, King of Spaine, now raigning; written in French by Levvis de Mayerne Turquet, vnto the yeare 1583: translated into English, and continued vnto these times by Edvvard Grimeston, Esquire (London: A. Islip and G. Eld, 1612) STC 17747.
Mayerne, The generall historie of Spaine, Book 30, p.1128.
Mayerne/Grimeston, The generall historie of Spaine, Book 31, pp.1229-1337.
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Terminate a thread
#include <pthread.h> void pthread_exit( void* value_ptr );
- A pointer to a value that you want to be made available to any thread joining the thread that you're terminating.
Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically.
The pthread_exit() function terminates the calling thread. If the thread is joinable, the value value_ptr is made available to any thread joining the terminating thread (only one thread can get the return status). If the thread is detached, all system resources allocated to the thread are immediately reclaimed.
Before the thread is terminated, any cancellation cleanup handlers that have been pushed are popped and executed, and any thread-specific-data destructor functions are executed. Thread termination doesn't implicitly release any process resources such as mutexes or file descriptors, or perform any process-cleanup actions such as calling atexit() handlers.
An implicit call to pthread_exit() is made when a thread other than the thread in which main() was first invoked returns from the start routine that was used to create it. The return value of the start routine is used as the thread's exit status.
Don't call pthread_exit() from cancellation-cleanup handlers or thread-specific-data destructor functions.
For the last process thread, pthread_exit() behaves as if you called exit(0).
Last modified: 2014-06-24
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ENERGY STAR (DOE) qualified roof coating products reduce the amount of air conditioning needed in buildings, and can reduce energy bills by up to 50%. The Cool Roof Program defines certain standards for solar reflectance, 3-year aged maintenance of reflectivity, and emmisivity in roof coating systems. Reflectivity is the percentage of the sun’s heat a roof keeps off a building, and emissivity is the percentage of heat a roof lets out of a building.
Lighter colored (white) roof coatings reflect the suns heat and UV rays and often lower the temperature of the roof by up to 100° degrees F.
The most common cool roof coatings used over sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF) and other roof deck surfaces are light/white colored.
The most common types are:
During warmer summer months, temperatures can reach 170° degrees F on a low-slope black asphalt roof, and they can drop to -20° degrees F during the winter in northern and higher elevated regions. Much of the heat generated by absorbing the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation transfers to the building interior, and can have significant adverse effects on energy consumption.
Urban Heat Zones / Islands
Installing Cool Roofs in cities can have significant positive impact on the environment as well. Urban Heat Zones are caused in part by a significant number of large dark colored roofs in urban areas that can reach extremely high temperatures. This macro heat effect from hot buildings and pavement causes smog, increased energy consumption and discomfort to building occupants . A cool roof can help save the environment and save money. Many states offer utility discounts and rebates to building owners who install cool roofs.
Approvals & Specifications
It is virtually impossible to simply look into two pails of roof coating and predict whether one product is going to perform better than another does. For this reason, specific guidelines have been established for testing and approval of liquid-applied roof coatings that provide a yardstick that can measure all products. Products that meet specific standards display that information on the label. Facility owners and managers should look for such markings when evaluating a product to meet a specific need. Some markings indicate whether a coating meets specific standards or has the approval of certifying testing organizations.
Among the important standards is American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 6083. That standard measures the coating tested against specific physical performance and physical characteristics for viscosity, elongation, tensile strength, accelerated weathering after exposure to 1,000 hours of testing, permeance, water swelling, adhesion, tear strength, and low-temperature flexibility. If met, this comprehensive set of standards should lead managers to an excellent product.?
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While turkey is a well-known bird (due to Thanksgiving dinner), few folks raise them and even fewer understand the difference between broad-breasted and heritage breeds. There is a difference!
The broads are a human-dependent species. Toms are unable to mate on their own. Hens will prove themselves poor (and useless) mothers. An incubator is necessary to propagate these birds! Broad-breasted turkeys were created for meat production and (frankly put) have had brains and natural instincts bred out of them!
The heritage turkey is rare; some breeds are even on the endangered list. Fortunately, farming folks are re-discovering the benefits of raising these birds! With natural instincts intact, they are well-suited to a low-maintenance poultry yard.
If interested to learn about specific breeds, you can read about them at the livestock conservancy website. An then, let’s talk about why folks are returning to this beautiful backyard bird!
A Self-Sufficient Meat Bird
While many of our modern meat birds are unable to reproduce without human intervention, the heritage turkey stands out like a shining light. Similar to their wild relatives, toms will mate as a bird should, without help! Not only does he do his job well, but he’s a gentle and discreet. Though you’ll see plenty of strutting and puffing, it’s rare to catch him in the act.
Hens faithfully go broody every spring and reproduce well, taking up to 21 eggs per clutch. Not only will they set in early spring, but will patiently wait the full 28 days, then proceed to care for their young. If predators appear, hens will defend their brood with a rush of outspread wings, accompanied by a warning hiss.
Poults are hatched with long legs and tiny flight feathers. Like the wild game bird, they are prepared to survive! Though they prefer to run, poults can fly at a very young age. In warm weather, some attempt to roost early as 2-3 weeks after hatching.
Long Producing Lifespan
A heritage tom will remain ‘intact’ until 3-5 years of age, a time during which he will grow heavier and heavier. After 5 years of age, he should be butchered and replaced by a young, fresh tom. Heritage hens will continue producing eggs for at least 5 years. Often, it’s the older ones who make the best mothers.
Free Ranging Abilities
Heritage turkeys were meant to live on the land. Not only are they capable of 100% free ranging, but they thrive on it. These birds are not scavengers (like the chicken). In fact, they won’t eat table scraps! For this reason they are not recommended for those who can’t offer them foraging.
Much like the goose, they prefer to graze on living greens and bugs. A wild turkey’s diet is made up of only 10% protein. The heritage turkey follows closely behind.
If allowed to free range, the heritage turkey will canvass your property in search of worms, bugs and grasshoppers. If concerned about tick control, consider these birds (instead of the noisy guinea). Not only will they help control the pest population, but will also feed themselves for free!
Heritage turkeys do produce eggs. From early spring-early fall hens lay approximately every 2-3rd day. While this isn’t regular enough to justify raising turkeys for eggs, its a nice side bonus while raising them for meat! Eggs are large, richer than that of a chicken and milder in flavor. Folks who have issues digesting the chicken’s egg can sometimes consume these large alternatives without complications.
Natural Growth, Natural Meat
If you are concerned with the quality (or healthiness) of abnormally fast growing meat birds, the heritage turkey may meet your standard! Not only do they mature at a natural rate, but are active, busy birds. If you’ve ever been alarmed by the strange-colored organs of the meat chicken, consider raising heritage turkeys! Butcher these free-ranging birds at 16-20 weeks of age. Hens will weight 4-6 lbs while toms range anywhere from 8-12 lbs.
Rich Flavor & Bone Broth
Heritage turkey meat is unlike any you’ve ever tasted before! Due to slow and natural maturation, these birds develop incredible flavor. Not only is the meat delicious, but broth made from bones is incredibly packed with nutrients. Want a good ‘gel’ in your broth? It’s impossible to avoid when using a young heritage turkey/s!
Unusually Relational Bird
Shy but inquisitive, the heritage turkey is capable of bonding with humans in a dog-like manner and often, to the point of annoyance. Don’t tame your birds too well, or the flock will be waiting at the back door in the morning, follow you about the property or tag along while you attend to morning chores.
While you should tame your breeding stock for ease of handling, it may be wise to hold back on the meat birds! They just might win your heart…or drive you crazy by constantly being underfoot!
How does one go about finding these birds? What does a suitable setup look like? What is included in natural mothering? And propagating a flock on the land? How does one care for a heritage turkey? All these questions and more are answered in my e-book, “Nurturing the Natural Bird, A Guide to Raising Heritage Turkeys.” Within the pages you’ll also find 12 links that direct you to real life videos of our system and how we practice bird care!
Want to learn more? Be sure to check out my newly released e-book “Nurturing the Natural Bird,” now available on Amazon!
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Explain Tableau Trend Analysis ?
Explain Tableau Forecasting ?
What are the Models in Trend Analysis ?
Explain models Linear, Exponential, Logarithmic, Polynomial ?
Explain models Additive, Multiplicative, seasonal impact ?
Trend Analysis :
It is about finding the behaviour of historic activity based on detailed historic information. The more detailed and accurate information we provide in Trend models the results will be that much accurate.
The following are available models in Tableau for Trend Analysis.
It is about predicting future trends based on historic trend. Indirectly Forecast uses Trend Analysis. The more detailed and accurate historic information we provide in Forecast models the results will be that much accurate.
The following are available models in Tableau for Forecast.
In Tableau Forecast, the Automatic option includes seasonal impact, the Custom option allows to opt for Additive and Multiplicative options in Trend and Season.
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"All right, Cheetah, give it here!"―Indiana Jones[src]
Cheetah was a nickname given to a golden furred monkey in Kenya. In 1931, while searching the jungles outside of Mombasa for Ali Bey's Palace, Indiana Jones had his fedora stolen by one of the forest's monkeys. Climbing down from a tree, Jones referred to the monkey as "Cheetah" when trying to get his hat back. The monkey screeched at Jones and bared his teeth, and Jones screeched back louder, scaring away the monkey, and retrieving his beloved hat.
Behind the scenesEdit
The name Cheetah is a reference to a fictional chimpanzee in the Tarzan movie series of the 1930's through 1960's. While sometimes billed as "Cheetah", the usual name for the character was "Cheeta". As a character in the Tarzan franchise, Cheeta was not in the original Edgar Rice Burroughs stories, but was first introduced in the 1932 film "Tarzan the Ape Man", starring Johnny Weismuller, thus making Jones' knowledge of the character in 1931 a potential historical contradiction.
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Blood is one of the most important fluids in the human body that delivers necessary substances and takes away waste products from body cells.
You have rather an exciting but a bit vague assignment – to write an essay on blood. If your teacher has not given any additional instructions, it is pretty clear why you are so puzzled right now.
In this article, we want to offer you several perspectives for writing papers on blood. You can choose one depending on the subject you are writing on.
Perspective #1 for writing essays on blood
The first idea for your paper that comes to mind is to view the topic from a pure biological perspective. Besides, this is exactly what you will have to do if you write this essay on blood for your Biology class.
You should explain the following:
To conclude, an essay on blood donation is not only interesting for the sake of teaching others how blood is used, and explaining the process blood donors go through when giving blood, but it also is interesting to learn for yourself about the process. If you are capable, you should donate blood. According to , someone needs blood every two seconds. Also one out of every seven people entering a hospital is in need of blood. So hopefully the experience of writing an essay on blood donation will be a learning experience not only for those reading your essay but also for yourself.
Free Papers and Essays on Blood Analysis
Did you know that blood makes up more than 7% of the body’s weight? Our body gets oxygen and nutrients through blood. Blood fights against infections and heals wounds.
These and many other interesting facts can be introduced and discussed in papers on blood.
Actually, you can be assigned to write different types of papers on blood: essays, term papers, and so on.
What can you cover in essays on blood?
You can consider the issue of blood donation or write about blood poisoning. Each of these issues is worth considering in essays on blood. Finding necessary information will not be a problem. Either search for it online or visit the library of your university/school/college.
If you are not interested in investigating and disclosing these particular issues, pay attention to the following ideas:
Papers on blood infections
Write about blood infections. Discuss whether blood infections can kill a person. How fast? What causes blood infections? Intravenous use of drugs, co-injections, out-of-doors dangers, and so on – all this can be the reason for blood infection and can be described in essays on blood infections. For example, investigate such life-threatening blood infection as sepsis in your essay on blood infections.
Papers on blood groups
Investigate different blood groups and write about blood compatibility. Why is it important to pass blood-compatibility tests? Tell the reader about its significance in essays on blood groups.
Besides, you can be assigned to complete the following tasks for other courses:
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What is media research? This is a hard question to answer. Media scholars and researchers who specialise in this field conduct media research on many different topics from a large pool of areas. Some of these areas can be:
- Literary fiction
- Genres of music
- Art film
- Reality TV
The topics that media scholars and researchers examine are also broad and can include topics such as: Katie Ellis’s study into how Australian broadband-based TV is moving to the internet and how people with disabilities are having trouble accessing it; and Alan McKee, Anthony Walsh, and Anne-Frances Watson’s research into how young men can be informed about healthy sexual development through the use of vulgar comedy. The vast difference between the topics mentioned above indicate that media research can be about nearly anything.
Arthur Berger (Berger 2014) looks at what research is in his book Media and Communication Research Methods: An Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and says that media and communication research can be split into either ‘qualitative’ or ‘quantitative’ research (pg. 26). Berger (2014) compares both research types and says qualitative research is theoretical which looks at and interprets the aesthetics of media texts which then leads to an evaluation (pg. 27). Berger (2014) says quantitative research is more about collecting data that can be counted and measured, it is more statistical, and it leads to the formation of a theory or hypothesis (pp. 26-27).
There are criticism that come with each method. Qualitative researchers are “…accused of ‘reading into’ texts things that are not there…” (Berger 2014, pg. 26) and that some opinions or interpretations can be “…excessive or even idiosyncratic” (pg. 27). Quantitative researchers are criticised for “…being too narrow, basing their research on what they can count, measure, and observe and neglecting other matters” (Berger 2014, pg. 26).
Katie Ellis’s Television’s Transition to the Internet: Disability Accessibility and Broadband-Based TV in Australia and Alan McKee, Anthony Walsh, and Anne-Frances Watson’s Using Digitally Distributed Vulgar Comedy to Reach Young Men with Information about Healthy Sexual Development are both hybrid examples of qualitative and quantitative research. These types of reports are more effective because they take their data and interpret it or make interpretations and use data to back up their positions.
For example, Ellis (2014) looks at how television accessibility is covered by the Broadcasting Services Act and the Disability Discrimination Act which says “…people with disability must have access to goods and services unless provision of this access causes an unjustifiable hardship” (pg. 56). Ellis looks at how TV services are applying for exemptions for providing captioning to those who are disabled and backs this up with a list of services and channels that are exempt from doing so. This research is more qualitative but uses some quantitative research to make it stronger.
McKee et al in comparison are more quantitative than qualitative. Mckee’s et al (2014) “…conducted 20 focus groups with 89 young people between the ages of fourteen and sixteen from five Brisbane schools…” (pg. 129) to collect data. This data was then analysed to draw conclusions about how vulgar comedy can be used as a form of entertainment education to teach teenage boys about healthy sexual development. This is a strong text because the data they have allows them to draw informed conclusions that are more credible than just purely qualitative research articles.
Overall, media research can be split into two categories, qualitative, and quantitative. Each category has its pros and cons but together can create research that is informed, strong, and credible.
Berger, A.A. 2014, ‘What is research?’, in Media and communication research methods : an introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches, 3rd ed., SAGE, Los Angeles, pp. 13-32
Bonnybbx 2014, Mystic Library, image, Pixabay, viewed 13 March 2015, http://pixabay.com/p-425730/?no_redirect
Ellis, K 2014, ‘Television’s transition to the internet: disability accessibility and broadband-based TV in Australia’, Media international Australia, Vol. 153, No. November, pp. 53-63
McKee, A, Walsh, A & Watson, A.F. 2014, ‘Using digitally distributed vulgar comedy to reach young men with information about healthy sexual development’, Media International Australia, Vol. 153, No. November, pp. 128-137
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Images taken by the Rosetta spacecraft’s OSIRIS imaging system show the portions of the journey its Philae comet lander undertook on Nov. 12, as it approached and then rebounded off the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
The mosaic comprises a series of images captured by OSIRIS’s narrow-angle camera over a 30-minute period spanning the first touchdown. The images were taken with Rosetta’s OSIRIS narrow-angle camera when the Rosetta spacecraft was orbiting the comet at about 9.6 miles (15.5 kilometers) from the surface. The images have a resolution of 11 inches (28 centimeters) per pixel, and the enlarged insets are 56 x 56 feet (17 x 17 meters). The time of each of image is in spacecraft event time and marked on the corresponding insets in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT/UTC).
From lower left to upper right, the inset images show Philae descending toward, and across, the comet before touchdown. The image taken at 15:43 GMT (7:43 a.m. PST / 9 minutes after Philae first contacted the surface) confirms that the lander was moving east, as first suggested by the data returned by the CONSERT experiment, and at a speed of about 1.1 mph (0.5 meters per second).
The final location of Philae is still not known, but the imaging team is confident that combining the CONSERT ranging data with OSIRIS and navigation camera images from the orbiter and images from near and on the surface from Philae’s ROLIS and CIVA cameras will soon reveal the lander’s whereabouts.
Rosetta is an ESA mission with contributions from its member states and NASA. Rosetta's Philae lander is provided by a consortium led by the German Aerospace Center, Cologne; Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Gottingen; French National Space Agency, Paris; and the Italian Space Agency, Rome. JPL, a Division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the U.S. contribution of the Rosetta mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL also built the MIRO instrument and hosts its principal investigator, Samuel Gulkis. The Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio and Boulder), developed the Rosetta orbiter's IES and Alice instruments, and hosts their principal investigators, James Burch (IES) and Alan Stern (Alice).
For more information on the U.S. instruments aboard Rosetta, visit:
More information about Rosetta is available at:
For more information on the DSN, visit:
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From here I can see so clearly!
by Charlie Leck
The United States of America is, and was founded as, a conglomerate (union) of governments that rule over their individual states in manners that conform to the overall constitution and subsequent laws of the federal government. All of the people of this nation, though citizens of individual states, are one people under a common flag and are each promised the same guardianship of our rights by the constitution. And each of us is granted the same basic rights to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness;" and, I might add, we are also guaranteed "justice for all!"
Citizens of this extraordinary government like to think that it is the greatest nation on earth. But, is it?
We have the bad habit, in this country, of thinking that anyone who questions this is unpatriotic; when, in fact, our founding fathers established the union in a manner that encourages such regular examination.
From here – from this lovely, rural place – from this loft up near the tops of the trees – I can see the blue of the sky that goes on forever, arching above us all – arching above the 50 extraordinary and distinctive states of the nation.
An occasional bird flutters by and a squirrel bounds from limb to limb of a gigantic basswood tree. The birds – so many dozens of them – are singing their varied songs to me, managing, somehow, to make a symphony out of their strangely different offerings.
This is an extraordinary place to think and write.
This is a Minnesota morning. The air is cool and clear. I have the doors at each end of my study, which lead out on to separate decks, thrown wide open so I can feel the gentle and cooling breezes and hear the sounds of the forest that surrounds me.
I feel refreshed and invigorated.
Mississippi is yesterday. The little hovels are only a memory. The wee, poor ones are far from sight. The horror of unpunished murder recedes from memory. I am home and home is good and dear.
I think we have justice here. We are not pure. Our history is as tainted as that of many states. We pushed the Sioux unfairly and illegally from the land that was his – land that had been given to him by the Great Spirit centuries and centuries before we arrived in our covered wagons and carrying our weapons.
Yet, we've become a good and just state and we are alert to miscarriages of justice and the basic unfairnesses of the law.
A human can not kill another human here, as he might an animal, and not pay for the brutal act. The courts are strong here; yet also fair. Fairness is a good and noble word in Minnesota – a concept and sentiment held in near reverence by almost all of us.
It is good to be home; yet a part of me remains behind in Mississippi. Dear, lovely people – people I would like to know better and with whom I would like to be friends – are seeking and fighting for the kind of justice that is common and taken for granted here.
Yesterday, on a little hillock in Longdale (northeast of Philadelphia, Mississippi), I sat in the shade of some huge river oaks and listened to the "roll call of the martyrs of the Mississippi civil rights movement." It was an astonishing list of 50 people who had been slaughtered in Mississippi and whose murderers have gone unpunished.
Did you hear me? Are you an American? Do you brag that this is the greatest nation on the face of the earth? Do you say, as I have said, that this can not happen here?
It would not happen in Minnesota. It, according to the Constitution of our Federal Government, is not supposed to happen in Mississippi. It is not supposed to happen in any state. Tell that to James Chaney. Tell that to Emmett Till. Tell that to any of the dozens who died there while the justice system of Mississippi utterly failed them!
The good people there seek justice still. Their voices ring from Mississippi to Minnesota – from Mississippi to Washington, D.C.; yet, there is no swelling answer to their pleas for simple, rightful and deserved justice.
In cannot happen in America!
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Eve was an amazing woman. We tend to think less of her because of she is associated with the Fall, but I think if we look at her a little more closely, we will see some of her attributes. I remember a question from a kid in Sunday school, “Are Adam and Eve in hell?” They always ask those kinds of questions, don’t they?
Well, I think we’ll have our answer by the end of the study.
God first created the world in six days, by the Word of His power. It was the perfect environment for people to thrive in, prepared especially for them. Adam and Eve were created by the direct action of God. Adam from the ground, and Eve from Adam. The rest of us are born into the world. Humans are the crowning glory of His creation, made in His image.
What it Means to be Made in the Image of God
Humans are like God in a way no other creatures are. We are personal, rational (having intelligence and will), creative, righteous (although this was lost in the fall), ruling over the world He has made. We have the ability to communicate and have a relationship with God. We have a soul; as opposed to the animals. (Ecc. 3:21, Gen. 2:7). We have the capacity for eternal life. (Ecc.12:7). Being made in the image of God gives humans dignity. (Gen.9:6) The value of human life is the basis of capital punishment.
Humans were given a mandate to be fruitful, multiply, and subdue the earth. They were, together, to be stewards of creation. (Gen.1:28) We can control plants and animals, but not the heavenly realm. Only God can do that. Many animal rights people don’t like the idea of man being over creation, but it was God’s idea, not man’s idea. We are put here as stewards. A steward is responsible for taking care of something that belongs to someone else. There is also the idea of being accountable for our actions. We need to care for the planet, but not worship it. We need balance.
Hints of Trinity
The repetition of the plurals, “Us”, “Our”, “Our” in Gen. 1:26 has been suggested to be a hint of the Trinity. This was plurality in divine unity. This is also seen in Gen. 1:1-3 where we see God the Father creating by the Word (Jesus) and the Spirit hovering over the waters. Who is God addressing in verse 26? Some think it is merely majestic language, like the royal “we”. But the contrast to “and God said” when He created everything else, with the plan in the council chambers of Heaven before Man was created shows that this was something different. He planned his creation deliberately. “Let us make man...” He can’t be talking to angels, because angels are not co-creators, nor are they made in the image of God.
There was no rain until the flood (Gen.2:4-6). People lived longer in the antediluvian (Pre-flood, or pre-deluge) world. The waters above the firmament (heavens) referred to in (Gen. 1:6-8) could have been a water canopy above the earth, which made everything lush. The pre-flood world was tropical, as evidenced by dinosaur bones found in Western Canada. This canopy would have protected people from U.V. damage. Adam lived to be 930 years old. (Gen.5:5). We can assume close to the same age for Eve. This canopy was also the source of a large part of the water for the flood. (Show diagram of water canopy).
Side point: before the flood, people were vegetarians (Gen. 1:30), but were told meat was permissible to eat after the flood. (Gen. 9:3)
Creation of Adam and Eve
Adam and Eve were created on the sixth day, after the animals. God saved the best for last. Adam was made from the dust of the earth. (Gen. 3:19 verse about dust to dust at funerals). Isaiah 64:8 shows creation as the image of making pottery. Adam and Eve were both created on the same day. (Gen. 1:27, Gen. 5:1,2) “...on the day they were created”. Woman was not an afterthought, created, as some say, months or even years after Adam. God’s work of creation was completed on the sixth day. (Gen. 2:1-3). Adam wasn’t alive until God gave him the breath of life, as the Spirit of God gives us spiritual life. Life and death are in God’s hands. We will not live one second longer than God has planned for us to live, and yet, “we are immortal until our work is done” as George Whitefield said. They were unlike any people after them, since they had no infancy, no childhood, and no youth. Yet, they were created already able to speak and understand. They were not grunting cavemen or “mud with consciousness.”
Adam was put to work before the fall. Work itself is not bad. We feel a sense of accomplishment in it. But the fall has made work harder. In heaven, we won’t be idle. “...and His servants will serve Him.” (Rev.22:3b ) The oldest profession? Gardener. (Gen.28:15)
Eve was created from Adam’s rib. “The woman was made of a rib out of the side of Adam; not made out of his head, to rule over him; nor out of his feet, to be trampled upon by him; but out of his side to be equal with him; under his arm to be protected, and near his heart, to be beloved.” (Matthew Henry)
Eve was created for fellowship/companionship with Adam. Both man and woman were made in the image of God. Together they reveal aspects of God’s character; strength, protection, care, and nurturing. There is a complementary nature in the relationship. What he lacked, she supplied, and vice versa. “It is not good that man should be alone; I will make a helper comparable to him.” Gen.2:18 After creation on each day, God said, “...and it was good.” This is the first time when God said something was not good. Adam names the creatures. His loneliness and lack of companionship makes him realize he doesn’t have a counterpart. His need for a helper demonstrates his inadequacy rather than her inferiority. (Gen. 2:20). The first surgery was performed: deep sleep, rib removed, flesh closed up. Sounds like surgery to me. (Gen. 2:21-22).
Does this mean all men have one less rib than women? I remember a teacher in nursing school Biology class mocking this. She said, “No, men have the same number of ribs as women do.” But the Bible doesn’t say all men have one less rib; just Adam. If you have your appendix removed surgically, then you have children, are your children born without an appendix? Of course not! The reason is that his rib was removed surgically, by the Great Physician. There was not a genetic factor involved.
Marriage was God’s idea. It was instituted before the fall, like work. Marriage is not an evil idea, but something for our protection and our good. This was the ultimate arranged marriage. There were no other options, yet they were both pleased with God’s choice for them. Adam sees Eve for the first time, and bursts out in poetry. (Gen. 2:23). Plato said, “At the touch of love, everyone becomes a poet.” This is Adam’s only recorded statement before the fall, celebrating his wife. God, as the Father of the Bride, presents her to the groom (Gen. 2:22), then, as the Pastor, He performs the ceremony. His words are quoted at wedding ceremonies. I’ve seen weddings where the father of the bride is also a Pastor, so he walks her up the aisle, then performs the ceremony as well.
Marriage is established between one man and one woman. They must “leave” and “cleave”. You must leave your parents, emotionally and financially, at least, physically as well, if possible. It is necessary to start a new family. They have new loyalties. Two become one. This is intimacy. Marriage is meant to be exclusive; commitment to each other with no room for anyone else. Marriage pictures the covenant relationship between God and His people. Eph. 5:25-33, esp. Verse 32 “This is a great mystery, but I speak concerning Christ and the church.” They were to leave father and mother. Adam and Eve did not have parents to leave, but God gives the instruction for our benefit. They were naked, but not ashamed. This doesn’t idealize nudity, but shows the contrast before and after the fall. The fall caused loss of innocence and feelings of shame. In Scripture, nakedness is always a symbol of weakness, need and humiliation. (Also remember, it’s easier to be naked in a tropical setting, than in Canada in December).
Questions of God
I've long been intrigued by the idea of God asking a question. When we ask a question, it's often to get information. What's the temperature today? What time will you be home? Who's going with you? Where do you think you're going, dressed like that? Okay, that last one was more of a statement, but you get the idea.
But when God asks a question, it's never to get information. The reason is obvious: He knows all things. So why does He ask anything? Let's take a look at the questions of God in the first few chapters of Genesis.
“Then the LORD God called to the man and said to him, 'Where are you?'" Genesis 3:9
"And He said, 'Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you not to eat? Genesis3:11
"Then the LORD God said to the woman, 'What is this you have done?'" Genesis 3:13a
Why did He ask this? Didn't He know where Adam was hiding, and why? Of course. He asks to see if Adam will admit his wrongdoing, much as a parent does when they catch their child doing something wrong. We see what they've done, i.e. broken a vase or hurt their sibling, and yet we ask, "What have you done?"
That's the idea behind His questions. They are all asked to see if Adam and Eve will confess. I also think there's some sadness and disappointment behind the question, like when you see your child do something they shouldn't have done, especially after you've warned them of the consequences if they did it. "Didn't I tell you not to bounce on the bed or you'd hurt yourself?"
A similar idea is found in Genesis chapter four, when God confronts Cain. He gives him a chance to make things right. He has not yet killed his brother. God asks him why he's sad and angry. He can still do the right thing and come to God with a pleasing sacrifice in the way God prescribed, instead of trying to come with his own best efforts. He gives Cain both a second chance and a warning, as parents often do.
“Then the LORD said to Cain, 'Why are you angry? And why has your countenance fallen?" If you do well, will not your countenance be lifted up? And if you do not do well, sin is crouching at the door; and its desire is for you, but you must master it.'" Genesis 4:6, 7
God tells him sin wants to control him, but he must control it. The next time God talks to Cain, he has already killed his brother. God comes to him and asks a question He already knows the answer to.
Where is Abel, your brother?" Genesis 4:9
"He said, 'What have you done? The voice of your brother's blood is crying to Me from the ground." Genesis 4:10
So from even these few examples, we see that God is asking questions, not to obtain information from us, His creatures, but to interact with us, to fix our relationship with Him, or to judge us and remind us that we are indeed the creature and He the Creator.
The Two Trees
God provided a paradise for Adam and Eve, with trees laden with fruit for food, but in the middle of the garden there were two unique trees: the Tree of Life, and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Read Gen. 2:15-17 God gives the command regarding the two trees to Adam, before the creation of Eve. Yet she knew about it, even though she misquoted it and added to the restrictions “...nor shall you touch it.”Gen. 3:3
The Forbidden Fruit
The forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden, spoken of in the Scriptures, was not an apple. Sorry to burst your bubble. You may have seen artist's pictures of red fruit, learned about Adam's apple, (supposedly stuck in every man's throat) and heard lyrics like, "Eve tempted Adam with an apple", and may even have heard it from Sunday school teachers, but it's not true. How do we know? Go to the Scriptures.
First of all, Adam and Eve could eat of every tree in the Garden, except one. It wasn't the apple tree. It was the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. It was one of two unique trees in the Garden of Eden. It was the only one of its kind, and located only in Eden, which is now hidden from us. Further, once they ate of it, were judged by God and banished from Eden forever, its fruit was never eaten again, unlike the apple tree. Also, the fruit is not described for us, except to say that it was good for food, pleasant to the eyes, and desirable to make one wise.
Notice that the Tree of Life, also another unique tree in the midst of the garden, was not forbidden to Adam and Eve. Ever wonder why they didn't eat from that one, instead? We'll never know. But at least we know that in the New Jerusalem we will have access to the Tree of Life, forbidden to our first parents because of their disobedience. (Rev. 22:2)
Above all else in Eve’s life, she is known for her part in the Fall. Let’s look at that now.
Read Gen. 3.
As a gardener, Adam would have been in constant contact with the trees. He would see them and wonder. He had been given freedom to eat of any tree except the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. God gave the command with the assumption that man could chose. He was morally capable and responsible. He was a free moral agent.
This one exclusion was a simple, true test. Would they submit to God’s authority over them as Creator, or would they rebel? Time passes. We don’t know how much time they had a happy marriage and uninterrupted fellowship with God.
Many believe Satan tempted Eve while she was alone, thus making her more vulnerable. This was not the case. The conversation recorded in chapter three, records only two speakers, Eve and the Serpent (or Satan), but they were not alone. Adam was standing right there beside her, yet he said nothing. “She also gave to her husband with her...” Gen.3:6 Eve didn’t say, “Adam, what do you think we should do?” Nor did Adam stop her or argue with Satan. That’s why it’s forever referred to as Adam’s sin, even though Eve was the one who ate first. Eve was deceived, whereas Adam made a conscious decision to defy God’s command.
The first question ever asked in the Bible was asked by His enemy, questioning God’s word. Gen.3:1 Satan plants doubt in their minds that God didn’t have their best interests at heart, but was keeping something good from them. He emphasizes God’s prohibition rather than His provision. He questioned the extent of the command: “every tree?” He then calls God a liar and states the opposite of what God said: “You will not surely die,” as a truth (Gen. 3:4) and implies that God is hoarding power to Himself. Yet God said, “In the day that you eat of it, you shall surely die.” (Gen.2:17b) Eve toned this down by saying, “Lest you die.”
The concept of death was not something Adam would’ve understood. He would not have witnessed death, since there was no death before sin entered the world. The theory of evolution is all about death.
But Adam would have understood death was not desirable. So why didn’t they drop dead the moment they ate the fruit? Because it wasn’t poisoned fruit. But the process of death began that day; much like a tree branch does not die immediately when cut off a tree. Since it is cut off from the source of life, it will inevitably die.
Death means separation. By their sin, they were 1) Separated from God. There was a change in their relationship with Him. 2) They would now have bodies that would die physically. Their soul would be separated from their body. Diseases are also part of the curse. 3) If not for a way to restore this relationship, they would also be separated from God forever, in a place called Hell.
So the issue at stake was not whether a certain fruit was good or bad to eat, but whether Adam would let God determine what was good or bad, or if he’d decide himself, in defiance of what God had said. Also notice that Eve was deceived, but she didn’t tempt Adam. Throughout history, people refer to her as a temptress, and by extension, all women. Though women can be that, Eve is not portrayed that way. She is not recorded as saying anything at all to Adam, one way or another. She merely gave him the fruit and he ate it. (Gen.3:6). No convincing required.
He heard the whole exchange between Eve and the Serpent, but did not intervene. He didn’t take a leadership role, whereas Eve usurped his authority by making the decision. The factors in her decision were that the fruit was 1) good for food (it seemed edible), 2) pleasant to the eyes (so she desired it), and 3) desirable to make one wise (the most appealing benefit to her). This is similar to the temptation of Christ in Matthew 4. She may have been curious about it for a long time. It may have smelled delicious.Effects of the Fall
Immediately after they ate the fruit, the lights went on, or should I say, out. (Gen.3:7) The loss of innocence led to a feeling of shame. Their guilt is expressed in the awareness of nakedness. This is in contrast to before the fall when they were naked and unashamed.
Redemption is linked to God providing a covering, or Atonement for sin. Gen.3:21 Even the mercy seat is a covering of the ark, which contained the law, which we broke. It was the place where estranged parties were reconciled. Ex. 25:7
They were also now afraid of God. Whereas before, they had fellowship with God, now they saw Him as their Judge. “I was afraid,” Adam admits in Gen. 3:10
There was a change in their relationship with each other; blame and lack of trust; Gen.3:12
They realized they were naked, and went about trying to make themselves presentable, covering themselves with fig leaves. We often do this, too. Many people won’t come to God until they feel they’ve cleaned up their act. They try to cover themselves with the fig leaves of good works, hoping God won’t see that they’re spiritually naked.
The Blame Game
As the head of the family, Adam must give an account of what has been done. He is questioned first, even though God knew Eve ate first. As I said, it’s forever referred to as Adam’s sin, not Eve’s, although they are equally guilty, and equally fallen. He was the representative for all mankind yet to be born.
“They show their allegiance to Satan by distorting the truth, accusing one another, and accusing God. Their efforts to conceal their sin only expose it.” Geneva Study Bible notes.
Imagine Eve’s shock when he blames her, as if he wasn’t responsible for his own actions. I can imagine her standing there staring at him with her mouth hanging open. Notice he doesn’t try to say he was deceived; that much at least is true. She handed it to him and he ate it. He also subtly blames God, “the woman You gave me.” Gen. 3:12 He implies it was God’s fault for giving Eve to him in the first place.
The Supreme Court of the Universe is now in session. The Judge has heard the testimonies (i.e. excuses), and He is ready to pass sentence. There is no question as to whether He can do this; it is His right as Creator.
For Satan, God doesn’t even ask for his side of the story, but just assigns judgment on him. God knows his motives and what he has done. The first part of the sentence is on the serpent itself, which is a symbol of Satan (Gen. 3:14). The second part is on the Devil, himself.
“Humanity is now divided into two camps: the redeemed who love God, and the reprobate, who love self. This is seen as soon as the next generation in the hostility of Cain against Abel.” Geneva Study Bible notes.
But see the grace of God. Even as He is passing judgment, He is giving us the first promise of a Redeemer. He does not leave them without hope. The woman’s Seed will gain the victory. As sin entered the world through the agency of a woman, so the Saviour of sinners enters the world by way of a woman. Jesus is Mary’s son. He had no human father. The reference to “her Seed” is a clue, as biology teaches us that men have seed, women; an egg. Yet this future Redeemer is “her Seed”, which is contrary to nature. This hints at the Virgin Birth, or rather, the Virginal Conception. It was a normal birth, but a unique conception.
The Woman’s Punishment
As our first representatives, the punishment was not just on Eve as an individual, but on all women to come. She would experience pain in childbirth (vs. 16). Can you imagine how scary it would have been to be the first woman to give birth, with no midwife, except her husband, no medical care, no Mom to tell her what to expect? She has my respect.
Her relationship with her husband would change. Just as she usurped his authority when she ate the fruit, she would now be under his authority, although she would fight against it. “Your desire will be for your husband”, does not refer to physical desire, because that isn’t a curse. The word translated, desire, is the same as that used in Gen. 4:7 meaning the desire to control. It's talking about her desire to control in the marriage relationship, as she just did by making the decision to take the fruit without consulting her husband.
Now he will rule over her, and the battle of the sexes, which began in the garden, has been in effect in every relationship since, with power struggles within marriage. Their marriage relationship became strained. Trust is replaced by mistrust. The curse on the woman becomes part of the man’s curse as well, since their relationship is affected.
He would try to dominate her; she would try to control him. She now has enforced submission as her punishment. In Christ, these relationships are redeemed, although our role is still to submit to our husband’s leadership in the home.
There is a wrong view of submission today; it is seen as inferiority. In the first century, submission to husbands was represented by wearing of head coverings. Now head coverings don’t have the same meaning. But could it perhaps be demonstrated by something different, like taking his name when you marry?
The idea of headship and submission always existed in the eternal nature of God Himself, yet we would not say that Christ is inferior to God the Father, even though they have different roles.“But I want you to understand that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God.” 1 Cor. 11:3
“Older women likewise are to be reverent in behavior, not slanderers or slaves to much wine. They are to teach what is good, and so train the young women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled, pure, working at home, kind, and submissive to their own husbands, that the word of God may not be reviled.” Titus 2:3-5Just a side note, but, I like that phrase, “submissive to their own husbands.” We are not to be submissive to all men, just because we are women, but only to our own husbands. That’s enough of a challenge. J
The Man’s Punishment/The Earth’s Punishment
Likewise, Adam’s punishment was not just on him, but all men to come.
“Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned.” Rom. 5:12
Now man’s natural relationship to the earth and his mandate to subdue it are reversed, and he is frustrated in his work. The earth fights against him, too. Work would be difficult because God cursed the earth because of Adam (Gen. 3:17), “cursed is the ground for your sake”. The punishment on the earth is included with Adam’s punishment because he is linked to it because of creation.
Thorns get in the way. (Gen. 3:18). Notice that Christ wore a crown of thorns on his head, bearing the curse that was on the earth as well, so that it could also be redeemed one day. “...because the creation itself will also be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God.” (Rom.8:23)
In Gal. 3:18 we see Jesus “became a curse for us.” But in glory, there will be “no more curse.” Rev. 22:3
Adam would work hard his whole life and then die. The process of death includes illnesses and suffering. ”Dust to dust.” (Gen. 3:19).
I think at this point Adam and Eve are beginning to understand what God meant by “death”, and they see it is not good.
Adam names her Eve; the mother of all living. She was not named before the fall. Gen.3:20 “This shows his faith in God’s promise that the woman would bear children, including the Seed who would defeat Satan.” Geneva Study Bible notes.
God provides a covering for sin. Gen. 3:21 They thought they could do it themselves, with fig leaves. But God Himself determines the remedy for the problem. He provides animal skins as a covering. Skins are not merely zipped off. This required the death of an animal. This was the first picture of blood sacrifice and substitutionary atonement. One dying for another. Also, atonement gives the image of covering sin. God provided the covering for their sin and nakedness.
Gen. 3:22 is another reference to a council meeting of the Godhead, “like one of Us.” By barring them from the tree of life in their sinful state, God graciously protects them from eternal bondage to sin and misery. He also cleanses His temple/garden and exiles Adam and Eve from it. (Gen. 3:23, 24). “The LORD God sent him out,” and “So He drove out the man.”
The first part of their death sentence is realized; separation from God. He also placed cherubim at the entrance, so man could never return and eat of the Tree of Life. Cherubim are angelic beings that protect God’s holiness. They are also seen on the Mercy seat in the Holy of Holies in the temple and on the curtain, barring the way into the Presence of God. (Exodus 26)
Cain and Abel
“Woman originally came from man, now man comes from the woman.” Geneva Study Bible notes. The hostility between the godly line and the ungodly line begins. Abel means breath, reminding us of the brevity of life. Now Adam and Eve had learned a few things. They now knew you had to approach God with blood, because only blood could cover sin. They passed on this information to their sons.
Abel brought a blood sacrifice; the firstborn of the flock. He brought the best, and God was pleased with it. God alone can prescribe how He is to be approached. He is the Creator, we are the creatures. Cain decided he would approach his own way, with some of what he had; his crops. “Cain brought an offering.” Gen.4:3
“Abel brought the first and best, Cain brought neither.” Geneva Study Bible notes. He brought the work of his hands; he did not approach with blood. He thought his efforts were good enough and was angry when God wouldn’t accept it. God respected Abel’s offering over Cain’s, because God sees the heart. He knows our motives. “The worshipper and his offering were inseparable.” Geneva Study Bible notes.
God shows grace to Cain and gives him a second chance to do what`s right. He also warns him that sin wants to control him but he must control it. (Gen. 4:6,7). Cain ignores the warning, finds an opportunity, and kills his brother. The first murder shows Cain usurping God`s control over life and death.
`Where is Abel, your brother?” Also interesting that God adds, “your brother” to clarify, as if there was any other Abel in town. He does it to stress their relationship, which accentuates the heinousness of his crime. Cain’s sarcastic answer in Gen 4:9 reveals his heart. He has no remorse. He lies and doesn’t take responsibility.
“What have you done?” Gen. 4:10 The question shows God’s outrage. Abel’s blood cries for vengeance; Christ’s blood cries for forgiveness. God assigns his punishment. He is to be a fugitive, with no secure place, and banishment from any godly influences.
He complains about his punishment. He still isn’t sorry for his sin; only sorry he got caught. (Gen. 4:13). Cain anticipates violent behaviour and vengeance (vs. 14). God gives a conditional life sentence, even though he doesn’t deserve it. That’s mercy (vs.15).
Cain leaves with his wife, who is...? (a sister). See Gen. 5:4. Women are not mentioned in genealogies unless they were significant to the story. They may have had many other children as well, but are not mentioned because they are not significant to the story, or were much younger.
There is no evidence in Scripture to suggest Adam and Eve saw Cain or his family ever again.
Now Adam and Eve finally understood what their sin had cost; one son dead, the other exiled, and this was only the beginning. We don’t always see how horrible sin is because that’s all we know. But you don’t ask a skunk if a skunk smells.
A new son is born; Seth, a replacement for Adam. He is the godly line. God will not be frustrated in His promise to bring the Deliverer into the world, God “appointed another seed.” His plan will not be thwarted, despite Satan’s schemes against Him. (Gen. 4:25) God’s grace preserved the Messianic line. “Then men began to call on the name of the Lord.” (Gen. 4:26)
Contrast with Cain’s family who have no mention of God in their lives, just ‘progress’; building cities, advancing in arts and sciences, making things. (Gen. 4:19-22). Polygamy is also commenced in the ungodly line, rebelling against God’s plan that marriage be monogamous. (Gen. 5:1-5). Adam was 130 years old when Seth was born, and then he lived another 800 years. Adam and Eve had many sons and daughters, but we know who did most of the suffering for that. I can’t imagine all those pregnancies.
Finally, he died. His soul and body were separated. This was the next aspect of death, another separation. Remember, death is not annihilation, but separation.
We can assume Eve lived about as long as Adam, maybe longer, as women do. They didn’t record that information about women in Biblical genealogies. Death comes to all, regardless of how long we live. How much shorter do our lives seem, we who live ‘three score and ten’, or seventy years on average? Our lives are a vapour. Life is short and eternity is long.
Eve was a woman unlike any other, knowing a time before sin, a time of perfect fellowship with God and unity with her husband.
Consider all her losses; her innocence, her relationship with God; her marriage relationship changed; loss of her home; one son murdered; one son exiled.
So, are Adam and Eve in hell? What do you think? I would say no, because of:
1) God’s promised redeemer (Seed of the woman)
2) His provision of a covering for them
3) His mercy towards them in sending them away and barring them from Eden.
Yes, it was a punishment, but it was to save them from a worse predicament, being in a sinful nature and never dying, (if they would have eaten from the Tree of Life).
4) I also think He taught them about sacrifice, and what was an acceptable way to approach God, which is what they taught their sons, although Cain refused to do what he knew was right.
5) I also see God’s mercy in giving them Seth, and giving them hope that the Redeemer would come who would make it all right.
6) Also, Adam is mentioned in the redemptive line of Christ in Luke 3:21-38. In it he is called, Adam, the son of God.
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What’s the problem with boredom?
It’s important to get bored at times to guide us to do something more meaningful. How many of us have left a job because it’s got boring?
In normal life we find ways to relieve boredom but for those particularly in hospitals and care homes this can be really challenging and many can get profoundly bored.
Boredom is a negative emotional state associated with a lack of energy, lack of focus, time slowing, frustration, lack of hope and is even correlated with higher mortality rates. The Anti-boredom Campaign aims to raise awareness and acknowledge that prolonged boredom is a suffering. We want to encourage research into the cost of boredom, together with ideas and resources to spark the imagination of those in hospital and homes. Reports suggest over half of adults struggle with boredom in hospital, and for many this can be last experiences of life. By providing opportunities for combating boredom you can bring joy!
Interacting with the world…
We are born curious and wanting to interact with the world. Our lives are normally busy and full of variety. Given the shock and upheaval of illness in this situation you could find yourself sitting in bed, and waiting with time on your mind to worry about an uncertain future. Boredom urges us onto more meaningful activity but hospitals lack options for what to do. In these circumstances many find it hard to focus on reading and TV in hospital can be costly and uninspiring during the day especially. Despite smartphones many of us need more, and can still feel bored in hospital. As adults we are so very aware of our situation and particularly when in hospital this brings understandable worry. Wouldn’t it be a kindness to offer some ‘food for the mind’ to relieve boredom and anxiety, and find focus elsewhere? In a hospital while care is excellent for the body, what about the mind?
Challenging boredom as a taboo for adults…
Children tell us when they are bored but as adults we are expected to be silent and get on with it. For children there are toys, colourful surroundings, schools, play specialists, parents and charities, and already have the ability to play. For adults options are limited in hospital. We may all need a helping hand to acknowledge boredom and find ways to overcome. It takes courage to admit boredom, and something as simple as a pencil and paper, and encouragement and inspiration to overcome. A seed of an idea or maybe a beautiful piece to colour-in can be enough to bring someone during difficult times on a ‘holiday for the mind‘.
We are currently seeking funding for the Anti-boredom Campaign. This new idea has been inspired by Lizzie’s long-term interest in engagement, creativity and the brain, as well as experience through projects in hospitals with adults, as well as with children and adults with dementia.
With great thanks to the following for funding ongoing projects which continue to inspire this work, and for the immense interest and care of so many people involved in these projects:
More to come…
Ideas from the past
“boredom has probably been the biggest problem and enemy”
- The British Medical Journal – ‘Pass me an anti-boredom pill doctor‘ – Dr Lizzie Burns
- The Hippocratic Post – ‘Medicine for the Mind‘ – Dr Lizzie Burns
- BBC R4 – ‘Being Bored: the Importance of Doing Nothing‘ – Phill Jupitus
- The School of Life – ‘How to be Bored‘ – Eva Hoffman
- BBC R4 – ‘The Anatomy of Rest: Does the brain rest?‘ – Claudia Hammond
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Subtraction worksheets ( regrouping), The printable activities below were designed to help you teach simple subtraction without borrowing. (regrouping is sometimes known as borrowing or renaming.) most. Word problems worksheets | addition subtraction 2, Word problems worksheets addition and subtraction 2 digits with no regrouping. this addition and subtraction word problems worksheet will produce 2 digit problems. Free grade math worksheets:addition, subtraction, Print free second grade math worksheets to practice addition, subtraction, number sense, and more!.
Addition worksheets, Addition worksheets. addition worksheets page introduce addition math facts, multiple digit addition regrouping, regrouping, decimals . http://www.dadsworksheets.com/worksheets/addition.html Addition subtraction worksheets - helpingwithmath., A list worksheets helpingwithmath. combine addition subtraction questions. typically suited kindergarten 1st 2nd. http://www.helpingwithmath.com/resources/addition-subtraction-worksheets.htm Subtraction, subtraction worksheets, subtraction puzzles, Subtraction subtraction facts: numbers 0 9 subtraction facts: numbers 0 9 large fonts ( problems) small fonts ( problems). http://edhelper.com/subtraction.htm
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On this day in 1916, on Easter Monday in Dublin, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a secret organization of Irish nationalists led by Patrick Pearse, launches the so-called Easter Rebellion, an armed uprising against British rule. Assisted by militant Irish socialists under James Connolly, Pearse and his fellow Republicans rioted and attacked British provincial government headquarters across Dublin and seized the Irish capital’s General Post Office. Following these successes, they proclaimed the independence of Ireland, which had been under the repressive thumb of the United Kingdom for centuries, and by the next morning were in control of much of the city. Later that day, however, British authorities launched a counteroffensive, and by April 29 the uprising had been crushed. Nevertheless, the Easter Rebellion is considered a significant marker on the road to establishing an independent Irish republic.
Following the uprising, Pearse and 14 other nationalist leaders were executed for their participation and held up as martyrs by many in Ireland. There was little love lost among most Irish people for the British, who had enacted a series of harsh anti-Catholic restrictions, the Penal Laws, in the 18th century, and then let 1.5 million Irish starve during the Potato Famine of 1845-1848. Armed protest continued after the Easter Rebellion and in 1921, 26 of Ireland’s 32 counties won independence with the declaration of the Irish Free State. The Free State became an independent republic in 1949. However, six northeastern counties of the Emerald Isle remained part of the United Kingdom, prompting some nationalists to reorganize themselves into the Irish Republican Army (IRA) to continue their struggle for full Irish independence.
In the late 1960s, influenced in part by the U.S. civil rights movement, Catholics in Northern Ireland, long discriminated against by British policies that favored Irish Protestants, advocated for justice. Civil unrest broke out between Catholics and Protestants in the region and the violence escalated as the pro-Catholic IRA battled British troops. An ongoing series of terrorist bombings and attacks ensued in a drawn-out conflict that came to be known as “The Troubles.” Peace talks eventually took place throughout the mid- to late 1990s, but a permanent end to the violence remained elusive. Finally, in July 2005, the IRA announced its members would give up all their weapons and pursue the group’s objectives solely through peaceful means. By the fall of 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission reported that the IRA’s military campaign to end British rule was over.
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The New Great Game is a strife among many powers, regional and global, as well as, big and small. Russia, China and the US are the key players. The Central Asia is a large and resourceful area as compared to barren, mountainous Afghanistan.
By Zahra Zafar Chohan
1. Introduction. The terminology of Great Game was initially coined by Rudyard Kipling. He brought world’s attention towards the rivalry for a region between two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom. The region for which they were competing holds its importance even today. Much has altered since that traditional rivalry and competition has thwarted. The Soviet empire dismembered and the United Kingdom had to abandon its colossal empire following WWII. While both Czars and British feared each other and desired to keep Afghan territory under their influence, the nature of current context is far more complicated.
The New Great Game is a strife among many powers, regional and global, as well as, big and small. Russia, China and the US are the key players. The Central Asia is a large and resourceful area as compared to barren, mountainous Afghanistan. The economic disposition of conflict makes it remarkable. The region comprises the Central Asian Muslim dominant states, bordering the Caspian basin. What makes the Caspian basin and adjoining territories so attractive is the presence of oil. The oil in general has become a source of political tussle among the states.
The West has huge dependency on Middle East. Desperate to wean its dependence on the powerful OPEC Cartel, the United States is pitted in this struggle against Russia, China and Iran, all competing to dominate the Caspian region, its resources and pipeline routes. Complicating the playing field are transnational energy corporations with their own agendas and the brash new Wild West style entrepreneurs who have taken control after the collapse of Soviet Union.
Dossym Satpayev, a political analyst, believes that within next ten years China will dominate the Central Asia’s political, economic and military spheres, mainly through the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Its main rival will be less affluent Russia, whose historic dominance has left it with the habit of trying to boss former Soviet republics. The Chinese leaders have managed to advance far beyond the largely ceremonial co-operation of “friendship treaties”, without resorting to Russian tactics. According to Mr. Satpayev, “China does not only buy loyalty with documents, but with money given at a low percentage”.
Then there comes intense US involvement in the region, which according to some analysts have disturbed the traditional balance of the region. Its global war on terror (GWOT) has come under intense criticism due to fake accusations of WMD in Iraq. Afghanistan on hunt for Al Qaeda is a drab drag.
2. US vs. China. When it is asserted that America and China are rivals and partners simultaneously, it is here argued that this phrase has a paradoxical impact. An emerging power has to establish cordial relations with an established one. They are rivals at various fronts, however they do avoid any direct clash and act as partners on various matters and forums e.g. the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The Central Asia presents an altogether distinct and multifaceted battleground. China can neither out rightly oppose a hegemonic presence, nor can it ascertain friendly gestures and proclaim policy statements favoring a “sole superpower’s” huge presence in its backyard. This article will focus on United States (US) and China’s individual interests in the region as well as the competition to outdo each other.
China’s surging demand for reserves is now a fact of life. “Welcome to the oil business of the 21st century”, says a senior executive at a major US oil producer, “this is the new world”. But the history of oil industry teaches that money is sometimes the only part of the plot. Power and geopolitical influence are oil’s handmaidens. Daniel Yergin; Chairman of Cambridge Energy Research Associates, says that as Chinese companies “try to get in on new deals, occasionally commercial rivalry will get caught up in larger foreign policy issues”.
3. The New Great Game. The New Great Game seems more like a haunted version of the previous game. It’s much more multifaceted and complex. China’s involvement is due to region’s reserves, nevertheless at the same time there also lies a big concern for kinship ties of its restless Xinjiang. If China’s geographical position is analyzed, China shares borders with turbulent Tajikistan, Kyrgyz and the Kazakhstan states. During the cold war, the Central Asia, being part of Former Soviet Union (FSU), was solely used by the Soviets. However the Chinese stance under went no apparent change during the initial years of the region’s independence in 1990’s. The Chinese apprehensions revolved around the theme that these states were part of Russian sphere of influence. Later subsequent events revealed an altering scenario and the Chinese were compelled to carve out their policy goals regarding the region. Hence China was now ready to establish bilateral ties with the nascent states. Analyzing no apparent danger could emanate from the Central Asian republics (CARs), which could threaten China, the latter embarked on an economic policy, investment and trade, every single feature being an ingredient of its soft power image.
4. China. China could offer major trade opportunities as well as modest amounts of capital and technology to the economically weak Central Asian republics. By doing this, Chinese leaders could justifiably assure themselves that they were strengthening republic’s economies and responding to what Central Asian leaders consider their most basic need. The Chinese clearly agree that economic development offers the region the only possibility of limiting future ethnic and religious conflict.[i] Hence economic prosperity can be used as a tool to fuel not only its rapidly growing economy but also can bring subsequent potential stability to the region. China has its own versions of a “new silk route” These Chinese policies may be cause of concern for its old communist boss, the Russian federation. As these policies may diminish latter’s notable grab over the volatile states. Despite harboring deep suspicions for each other’s motives, China and the Russia, have adopted accommodation, and rapprochement policy visibly culminating in Shanghai cooperation organization. One can infer that China’s slow and consistent ascendancy in world politics will help it in exhibiting tremendous influence over its bordering countries.
Having viewed China’s success, the Central Asian leaders always had economic interests in mind. Official invitations were issued and Central Asia’s presidents and foreign ministers went to the Chinese capital eager to satisfy their curiosity about the nature of economic miracle that the Chinese were experiencing.[ii] The Chinese engagements with the Central Asian states characterize border agreements with Kyrgyz and Kazakh republics. In 1998 there was considerable progress in delineating both the Kazakh and Kyrgyz borders with China. A joint statement by President Akayev and President Zhiang Zemin made during Akayev April 1998 trip to Beijing kicked off a period of intensive negotiation. In June 1998 Kazakhstan and China also signed an agreement dividing 944 square kilometers of disputed border territories with nearly 6O percent of the land remaining in Kazakh hands. The critics of the agreement however see that China got the most valuable bits.[iii] Some of the significant economic maneuvers by Chinese also included in 1997, the Chinese national Petroleum Company (CNPC) won a tender and a 60 pc stake – in the Zhana Zhol and kenkiyak fields in Aktobe, Kazakhstan. The Chinese were committed to build a $9.6 billion pipeline, but then scaled down the project by late 2001, to less than $200 million. The Chinese government is also interested in the development of transit links that would allow the Central Asian states to better use the Chinese highway, railroad system and ports to shift transit trade away from Russia, an interest they share with the Central Asian states.[iv] Nazarbayev paid a visit to Beijing in May 2004, he and Chinese president Hu Jin Tao signed an agreement for joint exploration and development of oil and gas resources in the Caspian sea.
China’s role in Central Asian energy sector has steadily increased. This is so because Middle East has been a precarious region due to its unsettled disputes and warring and aggressive policies of the turbulent parties involved. Also the resources which symbolize the famed region are undergoing depletion. Hence the New Great Game is a diversion from the volatile Middle East and China intends to secure alternative oil and gas supplies.
Besides the economic interests, the long enduring separatist movement in the Xinjiang, the Chinese Muslim dominated province, has been a key factor driving Chinese policies. A lasting peace for her internal security is pivotal. The Xinjiang is inhabited by Muslims, many of Turk origin, who have well-established ties with their kins in CARs. The ties between the populations of Xinjiang and the Central Asian states are strong and there has traditionally not been a clear border between the people in Central Asia and Xingjian, aside from the theoretical border given on maps.[v] The Muslims in Xinjiang desire for an independent state “East-Turkestan”. Although none of the governments in Central Asian republics support such a standpoint of Xinjiang people. There has been constant effort by people, and their aspirations have often culminated into military activity. For this reason China mounted military effort in the province. The neighboring Afghanistan has been a fomenting force behind as the following paragraph better illustrates.
During the year 2000 the Chinese armed forces in Xinjiang claim to have confiscated 4100 kg of dynamite, 2723 kg of other explosives, 604 illegal small arms and 31,000rounds of ammunition in comparison to much lower confiscations in 1990’s.[vi]
5. Pakistan and Afghanistan. The South Asian region comprising Afghanistan and Pakistan’s tribal belt (referred to as Federally Administered Tribal Areas or FATA) had been in war since the late 1970s. The drug trafficking, the weaponry, the recruitment bases, the training centers and other contrabands characterized the region. The atmosphere was productive and a beneficent facilitator to wage a guerrilla war. Then there was a direct spillover effect of the war on the Central Asian region, especially those adjoining directly to chaotic Afghanistan.
6. Following 9/11. The long American presence in the war weary Afghanistan has been distasteful for Russia and China (regional powers) as it is diminishing their role in the region. However the American presence has stipulated inducement to both Russians and Chinese, in their response to Chechens and Uighurs respectively, hence legitimizing their forceful actions. Entering into the tenth year of the bloody struggle in Afghanistan, the North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO) forces and Taliban scramble for control continues and it gives the impression in 2011 that a stalemate is evolving. The domino effect of the situation is sensed all around the region especially in China’s Muslim dominated province and the Central Asian Muslim republics.
The Chinese expansion in Central Asia slowed down somewhat after Sep 11, 2001. Yet after 2002 the economic interaction, between Central Asia and China has increased immensely. America has a great deal to offer and that most of the states in the region would prefer to cooperate with America rather than Russia or China. Many states, in contrast, are also aware of the fact that Americans will probably leave, while neighbors will stay. This makes China a crucial actor in the region and a long-term counter-balance against Russia.[vii].
7. China and Africa. China has been the world’s largest and rapidly growing economy with its growth rate stable and sustainable for the past few decades. China is also investing heavily in Africa. This Chinese policy comes under criticism from major powers due to poor human rights record of certain African regimes. The Chinese have bought oil fields in neighbors e.g. the Chinese national petroleum company (CNPC), bought in Kazakhstan oil fields for USD 5 billion. Also China has finalized several construction agreements with Kazakhstan to build pipelines to an estimated cost of USD 9 billion. The China petroleum corporation (Sinopec) agreed on March 12, 2003 to pay British gas USD 615 million for a stake in an oil and gas field in Kazakhstan which came four days after China’s third largest oil company (CNOOC) bought 8.33% of the British gas north Caspian Sea project for the same sum. To this a pledge from China Petroleum Corporation to invest USD 4 billion in Kazakhstan’s oil industry should be added.[viii]
8. China and Iran. China is also developing close commercial relations with Iran, an oil rich state of the region and a close neighbor of the Central Asian republics, to gain from its precious reserves. China’s cooperation with the stern Iranian regime has been aching factor in the US policy circles. A Sino Iranian network of oil pipelines, which has already been initiated, would be a substitute to the current Russian and American networks and give the Central Asian states an alternative route for oil trade which would decrease their dependence on Russia. The Chinese engagements with the Central Asian regimes vary from political to military and trade to investment.
9. CARS. The Central Asian regimes are structurally, militarily, and financially disadvantaged. The regimes are autocratic, dictatorial and their political systems not framed according to true liberal democratic norms. The resource-rich and strategically important region of Central Asia has some of the world’s worst dictatorships.
- The Uzbekistan is widely regarded as having one of the most brutal dictatorships on the planet with corruption, religious and political persecution and state-sanctioned torture including boiling alive of prisoners.
- The Turkmenistan is seen as a little better.
- The regimes in Tajikistan and Kazakhstan are less cruel but remain in the complete control of powerful dictator presidencies. Secondly their militaries are neither trained nor equipped appropriately as following lines better illustrate. The three of the Central Asian states (Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan) have no military forces worth the name. All five states have sufficiently good relations with Russia. The only potential threat to Russia from Central Asia comes from the possibility of a mass radical Islamist uprising in the Ferghana Valley, especially in the event of a NATO failure in Afghanistan that may perhaps result in the Taliban’s return to power there. In that case, Khramchikhin argues for joining forces with Kazakhstan to keep the radicals in the south while leaving the governments of the other Central Asian to survive as best they can on their own.
10. Economic disposition of region. The economic position of Central Asian states presents a status quo situation owing to scramble being played out in its south.
The Central Asia is continuously recognized as
- An important stakeholder in the Caspian energy game
- A conduit to Chinese energy security,
- A playground of Russian power politics,
- A transit area for criminal activity and religious fervor that is played out to its extreme in Afghanistan.
Central Asia is part of several struggles that intermittently see external actors competing for their attention. This competition is often exemplified in bilateral or multilateral economic as well as military agreements which are negotiated with the Central Asian states. However these external actors also dictate the terms of engagement. Access to resources and infrastructure has become prioritized as soft power tools of Russia, China and US through which they increase their regional influence.
On the other hand regional elites are also powerful. They know that they can leverage competing interests to their (often personal) advantage. As a result rule of law, corporate governance and transparency in commercial operations are often considered to be nonessential in the national interest.
Also these regimes strive to extract maximum aid and armaments from Russia, China and US.. In nutshell Beijing with its interests primarily secured from Muslim Central Asia, Muslim Middle East and Iranian Muslim regimes cannot alienate them by turning hard on to Uighur in Xinjiang. The Uighurs are Sunni Muslims. Many analysts believe that America and China are probably the only two key players in the region since Russia is embroiled in its domestic problems
11. The Source of Attraction/ the wealth distribution. The natural resource that has attracted the attention of American, Japanese and other foreign investors to Central Asia is energy – oil and natural gas. It is worth mentioning here that cross country differences vis-à-vis the ultimate distribution of immense wealth is striking. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are the unlucky neighbors of energy rich Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan’s principal underground wealth is oil. By contrast Turkmenistan, rich in oil deposits, is also proud possessor of the word’s third largest reserves of natural gas. Uzbekistan’s known oil and gas reserves are modest in comparison. Even with greater exploration Uzbekistan, at best, can expect to become a modest net energy exporter. The gold is another resource, Central Asia has plenty of. If oil, gas and gold are what make foreign investors salivate over this region then Central Asia, which most experts write about, excludes Tajikistan and perhaps even Kyrgyzstan.
12. Independent Evaluation and Assessment. Ariel Cohen, in a detailed study of old politics in the Caspian region, has opined that after the Soviet disintegration, the Russian military and security services intended to restore Moscow’s control over the region and its pipeline routes. In his view the US should not allow Russia to play a dominant role in Caspian, otherwise Moscow will have almost monopolistic control over these vital energy resources, thus increasing western dependence upon Russia.
Another analyst Federico Pena also observed the Russian role in the Caspian. He opined that US seems anxious for collaboration in the Caspian region through partnership with Russian companies, asserting that Caspian was strategically important for the US and that the US companies were playing a leading role in the region. This is evident from the multiple pipeline strategy that the US has been promoting in Caspian, which in effect, has reduced the role of Russia’s northern route in exporting oil from this region.
America wants to secure supply not only for itself, but also want western firms to equally invest in Central Asian projects. This would reduce Europe’s acute oil and gas dependence on Moscow. Washington champions two pipelines that would circumvent both Russia and Iran. One would run from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan to the Indian Ocean. The construction has already begun for a $3.8 billion pipeline from Azerbaijan’s capital, Baku, via neighboring Georgia to Turkey’s Mediterranean port of Ceyhan (BTC) project. The BP, its main operator, has invested billions in oil rich Azerbaijan and can count on support from the Bush administration, which stationed about 500 elite troops in war torn Georgia.
Ariel Cohen, in his article titled “The New Great Game: Oil Politics in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” has mentioned certain steps and diplomatic maneuvers to be undertaken by US to ensure unrestricted supply.
- Firstly US should strengthen its ties with Caucasus and Central Asian states, assuring that these states get fair share of revenue in exploration projects and transit fees.
- Secondly US should not adopt policy of ruling out Moscow’s gas companies from exploring rights.
- Thirdly the conflicts arising in the region must be resolved with determination. Also instead of derogating these Muslim republics US must assist to create free market economies, give them access to European market, and support governments that respect democracy and political pluralism. Various international projects especially the US sponsored (BTC) project, decreases the potential dangers associated with former pathways i.e. the Bosporus straits which are also the busiest in world shipping.
- The strategic goal of the West should be the creation of a level playing field, allowing Russian and western corporations to participate in the development of Eurasian energy resources on an equal footing. If cooperation from Russia is not forth coming, the US should oppose attempts by the Russian security establishment to impose a single direction for the pipelines i.e. north via Russian territory. If Russian preponderance and geopolitical diktat continues it would give Moscow an unacceptable level of control over the flow of oil to western markets and could make the west vulnerable to Russia’s political whims.
- Nevertheless the US cooperation in region comes with doubts as various International Non Governmental Organizations (INGOS), NGOs and think tanks that effect US policy makers look down upon these regimes due to their poor human rights record, shameful practices of treating prisoners, poverty and a heavy handed approach of regimes towards their indigenous people. The region, in actual fact, is in dire need of economic development, as many sinister and evil deeds are a result of poverty. The primary source of instability throughout the region is neither religious extremism nor ethnic conflict but lack of economic opportunity.
13. US and China as Rivals. The key rival challenging US supremacy in the region is China. In 2009 for the first time China’s net trade with Central Asia exceeded that of Russia and the trend is likely to persist in future, says Alexander Cooley, a political scientist at Columbia University. He says China is stealing a march on the two cold war era superpowers. In December, a consortium, led by the China national petroleum company won the rights to develop Turkmenistan’s south Yolotan field, one of the world’s most prized gas fields. China is also active in uranium and oil projects in Kazakhstan (the region’s largest economy) and has been building modern roads that will transport Chinese goods to impoverished Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and beyond.
China has renewed its traditional vassal relations with the region and the Chinese relations with the people in region have traditionally been the relationship of peace, war, trade, deception and marriages, all the ingredients for a good story. It is only in the last 100 years during the Russian and Soviet occupation that China has been excluded from the region. China has traditionally viewed Central Asia as its personal trading area and a region heavily influenced by Chinese cultures. The trade between China and Central Asia has always been crucial and favored by both sides, as it is today. The only change today is that the traders have replaced jade, tea, silk and rhubarb with oil, weapons and infrastructure. Oil and gas have emerged as the most important financial reasons for China to engage with the Central Asian states to the degree that it has done.
The Chinese leaders have been anti US hegemonic displays and its unilateralist stance. Whether it is China’s alliance with Iran or a platform of SCO, the main policy imperative is to restrain US growing influence in region. The Iranian Shiite regime has not been a threat to the Sunni dominated Central Asian states. Washington may be reluctant to admit it, but in the new Great Game in Eurasia, the Tehran-Beijing axis spells out the future: Multi polarity.
14. Conclusion. One may consider this conception of “new great game” to be bogus or sham, as remonstrated by some thinkers, yet one cannot reckon the very notion of a renounced Realist thought “National self interest”. This is the chief driver behind this game directly or indirectly as the case may be. The illustrious “new great game is a perilous quest. It may be hazardous because the path pursued by some states is treacherous, producing adverse consequences for the people, henceforth oblivious.
A glance at a map and a little knowledge of the region suggests that real reasons for Western military involvement may be largely hidden. Afghanistan is adjacent to Middle East. And though Afghanistan may have little petroleum itself, it borders both Iran and Turkmenistan; the countries with the second and third largest natural gas reserves in the world (Russia being first). Turkmenistan is the country nobody talks about. Its huge reserves of natural gas can only get to market through pipelines. Until 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union and its gas flowed only north through Soviet pipelines. Now Russians are planning a new pipeline, north. Chinese are building a new pipeline, east. The U.S. is pushing for "multiple oil and gas export routes." High-level Russian, Chinese and American delegations visit Turkmenistan frequently to discuss energy. The U.S. even has a special envoy for Eurasian energy diplomacy. Rivalry for pipeline routes and energy resources reflects competition for power and control in the region. Pipelines are important today in the same way that railway building was important in the 19th century.
Ever since the economic reforms, in China, by Deng Xiao ping in late 1970’s the demand for oil has increased. The dependence on the Middle East had reached 50 percent of crude imports in 1996, and the decision was made to diversify away from the Middle East rather than assume that the Gulf region will become peaceful. The Chinese energy security would be better assured by access to Russian and Central Asian sources as well as to new sources of crude oil imports from Angola and Vietnam.
China is operating equally along side Russia in devouring energy deals. This provides an equal clientele to the Muslim Central Asian republics. This Chinese policy is far more attractive than facing Russian monopoly as previously. China offers a useful counterweight to Russia. A network of pipelines between Central Asia and China is gradually taking shape, and Russia appears to be realizing that China is not just a useful partner for keeping west out of Central Asia – it is also a competitor. However, as European energy growth slows, Russia too needs alternative markets for its oil and gas, and China has managed to secure preferential treatment there as well.
Many analysts who write on Central Asian energy wealth, often focus their concentration on plight of Afghanistan solely, which has made CARs vulnerable, due to the insecurity prevailing in Afghanistan more like a domino effect. At the critical juncture of their independence the Central Asians were fearful as they lost Soviet backing, their security provider. These weak and fragile states were the onlooker of Taliban civil strife in the decade of 1990’s dreading the spillover effect and that seems the same today. In 2011, the consequential effect of US war in Afghanistan is haunting the Central Asian regimes. The drug trafficking, smuggling, narcotics, human trafficking and arms trade etc is delaying their economic well being and becoming cause of derailment and frustration for many opportunists.
[i] Michael Mandelbaum, Central Asia and the world. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. Council on Foreign Relations, USA, 1994, pp.228-229.
[ii] Martha Brill Olcott, Central Asia’s second chance, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington D.C, 2005, p.62.
[iii] ibid, p.63.
[iv] ibid, p.65.
[v] Niklas Swanstrom, China and Central Asia: a New Great Game or traditional vassal relations/ Journal of Contemporary China (2005), 14(45), November, pp.569-584, p.571, 28/3/2010.
[vi] ibid, pp.571-572.
[vii] ibid, p.576.
[viii] ibid, pp.577-578.
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What is natural phenomenon? Natural phenomenon is an observable event which is not man-made.There are several natural phenomenon in our world. Some of them are very awesome and some of them are very deadly and horrendous. Examples of the awesome natural phenomenon are aurora borealis also known as the northern lights and bioluminescence. Hurricanes,earthquakes and tornadoes might seem like the most dangerous natural phenomenon on Earth, but floods and droughts actually killed more Americans compared to other natural disasters.
Some of the rarest and miraculous natural phenomenon are fire whirls. The fire whirls, fire devil or fire tornado, is a rare natural phenomenon that occurs when a fire, combined by certain air temperature, forms a whirl that rises into the air like a tornadoe. The fire whirl usually occurs during bush fires. Besides that,a phenomenon known as ‘light poles’ and it can be seen at nights over the large cities with different coloured lights. They can only be seen during very cold weather.
Not to forget the horrendous and deadly natural phenomenon, for example, the most common one in Malaysia is floods. Floods occurs most commonly from heavy rainfall when natural watercourses do not have the capacity to convey excess water. However, floods are not always caused by heavy rainfall.They can also be caused from dam failure. Do you remember the flooding in Kelantan last year? That particular flood affected 200,000 people and killed 21 people.
The tsunami and earthquake in Japan was also one of the most horrendous and historical natural disaster. But,it was neither the largest nor the deadliest earthquake and tsunami to strike this century. That record goes to the 2004 Banda Aceh earthquake and tsunami in Sumatra,which killed more than 200,000 people.
Let’s not forget the rarest but quite deadly phenomenon that occur on Earth. One of them being the Rogue Waves. Once thought to be mythical, rogue waves are somehow larger than most waves that occur out of nowhere. Also known as “freak” or “monster” waves, reports of rogue waves have continued for years. The Rogue Waves, once recorded to be over 84-feet tall. Rogue waves have swept victims on land in early July 2012, a rogue wave hit a group of teens who are kayaking as they took a break,supposedly took one boy along.
Millions of people are affected by natural disasters every year, and their results can be can be quite disastrous. From the destruction of buildings to the spread of disease, natural disasters can destroy an entire countries overnight. Tsunamis, earthquakes and tornadoes do not just cause havoc on land,they can also people's lives in both densely populated cities and remote villages. In the past 20 years, 90% of major disasters have been caused by 6,457 recorded floods, storms, heat waves, droughts and other weather events. Indonesia, India and the Philippines are among the five countries that have the highest number of disasters, besides the United States and China.
Everyday,there are thousands of millions people around the world who are victims from natural disasters. Most commonly, floods,earthquakes and drought.We can help them by donating money. There are several websites and charity programs out there. But,what if you can’t afford to donate money? Helping doesn't necessarily means we need to spend money, we can also help the victims by organising a school fundraiser. We can donate things like clothes,food,daily needs such as mattresses and quilts.
Another thing is, we don't need to start big. In fact, start small. You don't need a big group of people to help the victims. Every donation, regardless the size can make a big difference.
So, start donating today.
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||This article needs attention from an expert in Film. The specific problem is: 4 years without sourcing, the article is an accrued hodgepodge of poor quality one-off bits of material, making the article both dated and poor in scope. (April 2015)|
|This article needs additional or better citations for verification. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
A stunt is an unusual and difficult physical feat or an act requiring a special skill, performed for artistic purposes usually on television, theatre, or cinema. Stunts are a feature of many action films. Before computer generated imagery special effects, these effects were limited to the use of models, false perspective and other in-camera effects, unless the creator could find someone willing to jump from car to car or hang from the edge of a skyscraper: the stunt performer or stunt double.
Types of stunt effectsEdit
One of the most-frequently used practical stunts is stage combat. Although contact is normally avoided, many elements of stage combat, such as sword fighting, martial arts, and acrobatics required contact between performers in order to facilitate the creation of a particular effect, such as noise or physical interaction. Stunt performances are highly choreographed and may be rigorously rehearsed for hours, days and sometimes weeks before a performance. Seasoned professionals will commonly treat a performance as if they have never done it before, since the risks in stunt work are high, every move and position must be correct to reduce risk of injury from accidents. Examples of practical effects include tripping and falling down, high jumps, extreme sporting moves, acrobatics and high diving, spins, gainer falls, "suicide backflips," and other martial arts stunts.
A physical stunt is usually performed with help of mechanics. For example, if the plot requires the hero to jump to a high place, the film crew could put the actor in a special harness, and use aircraft high tension wire to pull him up. Piano wire is sometimes used to fly objects, but an actor is never suspended from it as it is brittle and can break under shock impacts. Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) is a kung-fu film that was heavily reliant on wire stunts.
Performers of vehicular stunts require extensive training and may employ specially adapted vehicles. Stunts can be as simple as a handbrake turn, also known as the bootleg turn, or as advanced as car chases, jumps and crashes involving dozens of vehicles. Rémy Julienne is a well known pioneering automotive stunt performer and coordinator. Another well known vehicular stunt specialist is Englishman Ian Walton, who was the helicopter stunt pilot and stunt designer for many 1980s films, notably the Bond film Never Say Never Again. A Guinness Book of World Records holder stunt driver, Bobby Ore, performed in numerous movies and events and holds a World Record for longest distance driven on two wheels in a London double decker bus (810 feet). Streetbike stunts, also known as "stunting" gained widespread popularity in the early 2000s and continues to grow. It is based on wheelies but now goes much further than that.
In the late 20th century stunt men were placed in dangerous situations less and less as filmmakers turned to relatively inexpensive (and much safer) computer graphics effects using harnesses, fans, blue- or green screens, and a huge array of other devices and digital effects. The Matrix (1999) is an example for a film that extensively "enhanced" real stunts through CGI post production. The Lord of the Rings film series and the Star Wars prequel films often display stunts that are entirely computer generated. Examples of computer-generated effects include face replacement and wire removal.
Stunts that have gone wrongEdit
Stunt-based television showsEdit
Recognition of stunt performersEdit
Films such as Hooper and The Stunt Man and the 1980s television show The Fall Guy sought to raise the profile of the stunt performer and debunk the myth that film stars perform all their own stunts. Noted stunt coordinators Hal Needham, Craig R. Baxley, and Vic Armstrong went on to direct the action films The Cannonball Run, Action Jackson, and Joshua Tree. Vic Armstrong became the first stuntman to win both an Academy Award (for developing a descender rig as a safe alternative to airbags) and a BAFTA award (for lifetime achievement in film). But the status of stuntmen in Hollywood is still low;[according to whom?] despite the fact that few films of any genre or type could be made without them, stunt performers are still seen as working mainly in action films. Repeated campaigns for a "Best Stunts" Academy Award have been rejected.
In 2001, the first "World Stunt Awards" were presented in Los Angeles by actor Alec Baldwin. The event had A-list stars presenting the statues to Hollywood's unsung heroes. Arnold Schwarzenegger was presented with the first "Lifetime Achievement" award. He presented the awards in 2001. The awards show hands out eight awards: Best Fight, Best Fire Stunt, Best High Work, Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Man, Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Woman, Best Speciality Stunt, Best Work with a Vehicle and Best Stunt Coordinator and/or 2nd Unit Director.
Equality in stuntsEdit
In past Hollywood films it was common for men to double for women and White American stunt performers to double for African-American performers. Veteran stunt man Dave Sharpe, a man of shorter than average height, often doubled for women in film serials of the 1930s and '40s. It is now against union rules for stunt performers to double an actor of a different gender or race unless the stunt is so dangerous that there are no other volunteers, for example when B.J. Worth doubled for the black Jamaican actress Grace Jones who parachuted off the Eiffel Tower in A View to a Kill. The rise of action heroines like Angelina Jolie and African-American stars like Will Smith has offered wider opportunities for stunt performers from diverse backgrounds.
The future of stuntworkEdit
A backlash against dangerous stunts following the fatal 42 foot backward fall of Sonya Davis off a building on the set of Vampire in Brooklyn, coinciding with developments in computer-generated imagery (CGI) that make such stunts unnecessary threatens to reduce stunt performers to the status of body doubles. And yet a backlash against films that resemble video games could lead to a resurrection in pure stuntwork. Films such as The Matrix and Mission: Impossible 2 have shown how CGI and stunts can be integrated for maximum effect. But—if for no other reason than safety—it is doubtful that the records established by Hooper and Sharky's Machine will be broken anytime soon. A new subgenre of eastern martial arts films exists which emphasize the actors performing their own stunts, deliberately using wide angles and unbroken shots to show each stunt in its entirety. Examples of actors doing their own stunts include Jackie Chan and Tony Jaa.
- "Stunt driving is pay-to-play | www.thecamarilloacorn.com | Camarillo Acorn". Retrieved 2017-01-31.
- Lisa Respers, 1995, "Stuntwoman's Family Sues Over Fatal 42-Foot Fall on Set: Courts: Mother seeks $10 million, saying studio did not provide proper safety equipment. Defendants have made no comment," The Los Angeles Times (online), February 12, 1995, see , accessed 16 April 2015.
- Respers states in the L.A. TImes article that the "air bag that was to cushion Davis' fall instead reacted like a huge balloon, causing the young woman to bounce, slam into the building and hit the ground.
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Developing Disease Resistant Rootstock Integrating Conventional & Genomic Approaches
Most commercially cultivated walnut trees, grown for nut production, are grafted on rootstocks susceptible to root diseases that cause an estimated 18% annual yield loss. Availability of pathogen-resistant rootstocks is a critical need ranked by the walnut industry as its top research priority.
- We will use an integrated approach encompassing plant propagation, disease resistance screening, genomics, and conventional breeding strategies to develop walnut rootstocks with resistance to four major soil-borne diseases of walnut caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Phytophthora spp., Pratylenchus vulnus, and Armillaria mellea.
- To accomplish this goal, we will exploit Juglandaceae germplasm collections in the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Davis and the Missouri Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Center. These collections will be used to identify genes conferring disease resistance. We then will develop molecular markers associated with these genes which will be used to identify resistant individuals in segregating populations. This will facilitate introgression of resistance traits into commercial rootstocks.
- Emerging walnut rootstock diseases, such as Thousand Cankers disease and Lethal Paradox Canker disease will be monitored using an integrated research and outreach program.
- Finally, a comprehensive economic analysis will optimize nursery propagation strategies and quantify the value to the industry of adopting pathogen-resistant clonal rootstocks developed here.
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Public Consultation on the LDN Fund Environmental and Social Standards (ESS)
2 billion hectares of productive land are degraded worldwide while a further 12 million hectares are degraded every year. This has severe consequences for the livelihoods of land users, both at social and environmental levels. Stopping land degradation is critical in mitigating climate change: soil is the second largest carbon sink after the ocean, but degraded land stores much less carbon. Sustainably managed land plays a crucial role in helping the world address other global sustainability issues, e.g. food security, poverty, gender equality, water availability, and biodiversity.
Not enough capital is currently channeled into land-based projects that contribute to sustainable land management (SLM) and/or land restoration, particularly in developing countries. The private sector has a big role to play: public and philanthropic financing is not sufficient to support the amount of SLM and restoration investments required.
For this reason, Decision 3/COP12 mandated the Global Mechanism to assist in the creation of an independent Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) fund to be made available for the full realization of LDN initiatives. The LDN Fund is being designed as a public private partnership (PPP) for blended finance to be invested in sustainable land management (SLM) and land restoration projects worldwide, within a strict environmental and social safeguard framework.
The LDN Fund Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) define the framework upon which all projects that will be financed by the Fund must adhere to. Once finalized, the ESS will be integrated into all aspects of the LDN Fund’s project investment cycle, and become part of the LDN Fund’s overall risk management and due diligence approach to ensure the responsible handling of social and environmental risk. In particular, the ESS will be integrated into the investment policy of the LDN, and the Fund Manager will have responsibility for conducting a detailed E&S assessment of each project before investment. Other Fund governance bodies will support and regulate the Fund Manager’s work on E&S issues. Committees will be established to have a consultative role on E&S, providing advice and expertise when required. Other Fund governance bodies, responsible for the establishment of the investment guideline (e.g. Board of Directors), will be responsible for the supervision of the Fund Manager to ensure compliance with the ESS, and has the authority to request an investigation from a third party consultant to verify that the Fund is in compliance.
The document has been drafted by Mirova, the Responsible Investment division of Natixis Asset Management on the basis of expert advice commissioned by the UNCCD Global Mechanism, and has been reviewed by the LDN Fund Advisory Group.
The consultation process on this document has started on Monday 17 October 2016 and closed on Monday 7 November 2016.
We would like to sincerely thank everyone who has submitted their input and feedback.
LDN Fund Project Team
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Hepatocerebral degeneration is a brain disorder that occurs in people with liver damage.
This condition may occur in any case of acquired liver failure, including severe hepatitis.
Liver damage can lead to the buildup of ammonia and other toxic materials in the body. This happens when the liver doesn't work properly. It does not break down and eliminate these chemicals. The toxic materials can damage brain tissue.
Specific areas of the brain, such as the basal ganglia, are more likely to be injured from liver failure. The basal ganglia help control movement. This condition is the "non-Wilsonian" type. This means that the liver damage is not caused by copper deposits in the liver. This is a key feature of Wilson disease.
Exams and Tests
- Fluid in the abdomen that causes swelling (ascites)
- Gastrointestinal bleeding from enlarged veins in the food pipe (esophageal varices)
A nervous system (neurological) exam may show signs of:
- Involuntary movements
- Walking instability
Laboratory tests may show a high ammonia level in the bloodstream and abnormal liver function.
Other tests may include:
Treatment helps reduce the toxic chemicals that build up from liver failure. It may include antibiotics or a medicine such as lactulose, which lowers the level of ammonia in the blood.
A treatment called branched-chain amino acid therapy may also:
- Improve symptoms
- Reverse brain damage
There is no specific treatment for the neurologic syndrome, because it is caused by irreversible liver damage. A liver transplant may cure the liver disease. However, this operation may not reverse the symptoms of brain damage.
This is a long-term (chronic) condition that may lead to irreversible nervous system (neurological) symptoms.
The person may continue to get worse and die without a liver transplant. If a transplant is done early, the neurological syndrome may be reversible.
- Hepatic coma
- Severe brain damage
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you have any symptoms of liver disease.
It is not possible to prevent all forms of liver disease. However, alcoholic and viral hepatitis may be prevented.
To reduce your risk of getting alcoholic or viral hepatitis:
- Avoid risky behaviors, such as IV drug use or unprotected sex.
- Don't drink, or drink only in moderation.
Chronic acquired (Non-Wilsonian) hepatocerebral degeneration
Garcia-Tiso G. Cirrhosis and its sequelae. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 153.
Haq IU, Tate JA, Siddiqui MS, Okun MS. Clinical overview of movement disorders. In: Winn HR, ed. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 84.
Review Date 12/1/2016
Updated by: Subodh K. Lal, MD, gastroenterologist with Gastrointestinal Specialists of Georgia, Austell, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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Organized for easy reference and crucial practice, coverage of all the essential topics presented as 500 AP-style questions with detailed answer explanations
500 AP Biology Questions to Know by Test Day is tailored to meet your study needs—whether you have left it to the last minute to prepare or have been studying for months.
You will will benefit from going over the questions written to parallel the topic, format, and degree of difficulty of the questions contained in the AP exam, accompanied by answers with comprehensive explanations.
500 AP-style questions and answers referenced to core AP materials
Review explanations for right and wrong answers
Additional online practice
Close simulations of the real AP exams
Updated material reflects the latest tests
Online practice exercises
- Publication Date:
- 18 / 05 / 2015
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Making Better Production Everybody's Business
December 01, 2014
This publication relates to:
Today, we use the natural resources of 1.5 planets, depleting ecological goods and services faster than nature can replenish them. This is having a huge impact on nature and people, and threatening our very future. Better production will be vital if 9 billion people are to share this planet and its resources, equitably and sustainably, in the coming decades.
This report summarizes WWF's work on commodities with the biggest impact on areas of global conservation priority.
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The deciduous forest is a common type of ecosystem, found throughout the temperate regions of the earth. Characterized by annual rainfall in excess of 30 inches, a change of seasons and trees that loose their leaves, these biological areas are found in both the temperate regions of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. The bodies of water found within the forest include freshwater tributaries along with an occasional pond or swamp.
Many freshwater tributaries begin as small springs seeping from the ground. Not only are these tiny water outlets dependent on the ground water table for their annual flow, but also the cover of the forest canopy aids the process by repelling the intense heat of the summer sun and thus decreasing the evaporation rate. In general, freshwater springs occur when ground water stored in underground aquifers finds it way to the earth's surface. First as a stream, then as a small river the water flows down hill. The flow rate of the springs is dependent on the type of underground rock, the amount of water in the aquifer and seasonal rainfall.
Forest streams and small rivers form their own habitat that support and nourish many different types of plants and animals. Some of these organisms, like fish and a few invertebrates, spend their entire life cycle in the water, while others, such as the raccoon and kingfisher, might only be casual visitors. In drier regions of the forest some streams may be intermediate, flowing only during the wet season.
Freshwater ponds and lakes occur frequently within the forest, but as these watery areas increase in size, their exposure to sunlight also increases. Small ponds may have a shaded area, but anything larger will feature mostly open water. Lake and pond bottoms are determined by the geology of the area, the pond depth and terrain of the area. Just about all ponds and lakes have an inlet and outlet, as over time, these bodies of water may fill with sediment until they form a marsh.
Where the Forest Meets the Water
Swamps may be one of the most fascinating of all forms of woodland bodies of water. Essentially these areas are flooded wetlands, where trees that are tolerant of very wet conditions flourish. Many swamps harbor deciduous species of conifers, such as the bald cypress or American larch. The bald cypress is of particular interest because it forms special knees, which aid in aeration and stability of the roots, when the plant grows in standing water.
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The sensationalized images of serial killers presented in the news and entertainment media suggest that they either have a debilitating mental illness such as psychosis or they are brilliant but demented geniuses like Dr. Hannibal “The Cannibal” Lecter in the iconic film The Silence of the Lambs.
Neither of these two stereotypes is quite accurate. Instead, serial killers are much more likely to exhibit antisocial personality disorders such as sociopathy or more likely psychopathy, which are not considered to be mental illnesses by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), released by the APA in 2013, lists both sociopathy and psychopathy under the heading of Antisocial Personality Disorders (ASPD). These disorders share many common behavioral traits which lead to the confusion between them. Key traits that sociopaths and psychopaths share include:
An examination of psychopathy and sociopathy, and a discussion of the powerful connection between antisocial personality disorders, particularly psychopathy, and serial homicide is presented in a separate article here: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wicked-deeds/201401/how-tell-sociopath-psychopath
Very few serial killers suffer from any mental illness to such a debilitating extent that they are considered to be insane by the criminal justice system (1). To be classified as legally insane, an individual must be unable to comprehend that an action is against the law at the exact moment the action is undertaken.
In other words, a serial killer must be unaware that murder is legally wrong while committing the act of murder in order to be legally insane. This legal categorization of insanity is so stringent and narrow that very few serial killers are actually included in it.
Psychopathic serial killers such as Ted Bundy, John Wayne Gacy and Dennis Rader (BTK) are entirely aware of the illegality of murder while they are in the process of killing their victims. Their understanding of right and wrong does nothing to impede their crimes, however, because psychopaths such as Bundy, Gacy and Rader have an overwhelming desire and compulsion to kill that causes them to ignore the criminal law with impunity.
When they are apprehended, serial killers rarely are determined to be mentally incompetent to stand trial and their lawyers rarely utilize an insanity defense on their behalf. Once again, this is due to the extremely narrow legal definition of insanity which simply does not apply to most psychopathic killers.
Even David Berkowitz, the infamous “Son of Sam,” who told his captors tales of satanic rituals and demonic possession was found to be competent to stand trial for his murders following his arrest in 1977.
Considerable mythology also surrounds the intelligence of serial killers (2). There is a popular culture stereotype that serial killers are cunning, criminal geniuses. This stereotype is heavily promoted by the entertainment media in television, books and films.
In particular, Hollywood has established a number of brilliant homicidal maniacs like John Doe in the acclaimed 1995 film Se7en. John Doe personifies the stereotype of the evil genius serial killer who outsmarts law enforcement authorities, avoids justice and succeeds in his diabolical plan.
The image of the evil genius serial killer is mostly a Hollywood invention. Real serial killers generally do not possess unique or exceptional intellectual skills. The reality is that most serial killers who have had their IQ tested score between borderline and above average intelligence (3). This is very consistent with the general population.
Contrary to mythology, it is not high intelligence that makes serial killers successful. Instead, it is obsession, meticulous planning and a cold-blooded, often psychopathic personality that enable serial killers to operate over long periods of time without detection.
I offer many other shocking insights into the minds and actions of deranged serial predators such as BTK, who I corresponded with, in my new book Why We Love Serial Killers: The Curious Appeal of the World's Most Savage Murderers by Skyhorse Press. To read the reviews and order it NOW, click: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1629144320/ref=cm_sw_r_fa_dp_B-2Stb0D57SDB
(1) Morton, R.J. 2005. Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.
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An ideal gas or perfect gas is a hypothetical gas consisting of identical particles of zero volume, with no intermolecular forces, where the constituent atoms or molecules undergo perfectly elastic collisions with the walls of the container and each other and are in constant random motion. Real gases do not behave according to these exact properties, although the approximation is often good enough to describe real gases.
These four properties that constitute an ideal gas can be easily remembered by the acronym PRIE, which stands for;
- Point masses (molecules occupy no volume)
- Random Motion (molecules are in constant random motion)
- Intermolecular forces (there are NO intermolecular forces between the particles)
- Elastic collisions (the collisions involving the gas molecules are totally elastic)
The concept of ideal gas is useful in technology because one mole (6.02214 ×1023 particles) of an ideal gas has a volume of 22.4 liters at the standard conditions for temperature and pressure and many common real gases approach this behaviour in these conditions.
The conditions in which a real gas will behave more and more like an ideal gas is either at very high temperatures (as the molecules of the gas have so much energy that the intermolecular forces and energy lost in collisions is negligable) and at very low pressures (as the molecules of the gas rarely collide or come into close enough proximity for intermolecular forces to be significant).
Types of ideal gases
There are three basic classes of ideal gas:
- the classical or Maxwell-Boltzmann ideal gas,
- the ideal quantum Bose gas, composed of bosons, and
- the ideal quantum Fermi gas, composed of fermions.
The classical ideal gas can be separated into two types: The classical thermodynamic ideal gas and the ideal quantum Boltzmann gas. Both are essentially the same, except that the classical thermodynamic ideal gas is based on classical thermodynamics alone, and certain thermodynamic parameters such as the entropy are only specified to within an undetermined additive constant. The ideal quantum Boltzmann gas overcomes this limitation by taking the limit of the quantum Bose gas and quantum Fermi gas in the limit of high temperature to specify these additive constants. The behavior of a quantum Boltzmann gas is the same as that of a classical ideal gas except for the specification of these constants. The results of the quantum Boltzmann gas are used in a number of cases including the Sackur-Tetrode equation for the entropy of an ideal gas and the Saha ionization equation for a weakly ionized plasma.
Classical thermodynamic ideal gas
The internal energy of an ideal gas is given by:
- is a constant dependent on temperature (e.g. equal to 3/2 for a monatomic gas for moderate temperatures)
- U is the internal energy
- p is the pressure
- V is the volume
- n is the amount of gas (moles)
- R is the gas constant, 8.314 J·K−1mol-1
- T is the absolute temperature
- N is the number of particles
- k is the Boltzmann constant, 1.381×10−23J·K−1
The probability distribution of particles by velocity or energy is given by the Boltzmann distribution.
The ideal gas law is an extension of experimentally discovered gas laws. Real fluids at low density and high temperature approximate the behavior of a classical ideal gas. However, at lower temperatures or a higher density, a real fluid deviates strongly from the behavior of an ideal gas, particularly as it condenses from a gas into a liquid or solid.
The heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas is:
It is seen that the constant is just the dimensionless heat capacity at constant volume. It is equal to half the number of degrees of freedom per particle. For moderate temperatures, the constant for a monatomic gas is while for a diatomic gas it is . It is seen that macroscopic measurements on heat capacity provide information on the microscopic structure of the molecules.
The heat capacity at constant pressure of an ideal gas is:
where is the enthalpy of the gas. It is seen that is also a constant and that the dimensionless heat capacities are related by:
Using the results of thermodynamics only, we can go a long way in determining the expression for the entropy of an ideal gas. This is an important step since, according to the theory of thermodynamic potentials, of which the internal energy U is one, if we can express the entropy as a function of U and the volume V, then we will have a complete statement of the thermodynamic behavior of the ideal gas. We will be able to derive both the ideal gas law and the expression for internal energy from it.
where the reference variables may be functions of the number of particles N. Using the definition of the heat capacity at constant volume for the first differential and the appropriate Maxwell relation for the second we have:
Expressing in terms of as developed in the above section, differentiating the ideal gas equation of state, and integrating yields:
where all constants have been incorporated into the logarithm as f(N) which is some function of the particle number N having the same dimensions as in order that the argument of the logarithm be dimensionless. We now impose the constraint that the entropy be extensive. This will mean that when the extensive parameters (V and N) are multiplied by a constant, the entropy will be multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically:
From this we find an equation for the function f(N)
Differentiating this with respect to a, setting a equal to unity, and then solving the differential equation yields f(N):
where φ is some constant with the dimensions of . Substituting into the equation for the change in entropy:
This is about as far as we can go using thermodynamics alone. Note that the above equation is flawed — as the temperature approaches zero, the entropy approaches negative infinity, in contradiction to the third law of thermodynamics. In the above "ideal" development, there is a critical point, not at absolute zero, at which the argument of the logarithm becomes unity, and the entropy becomes zero. This is unphysical. The above equation is a good approximation only when the argument of the logarithm is much larger than unity — the concept of an ideal gas breaks down at low values of V/N. Nevertheless, there will be a "best" value of the constant in the sense that the predicted entropy is as close as possible to the actual entropy, given the flawed assumption of ideality. It remained for quantum mechanics to introduce a reasonable value for the value of φ which yields the Sackur-Tetrode equation for the entropy of an ideal gas. It too suffers from a divergent entropy at absolute zero, but is a good approximation to an ideal gas over a large range of densities.
Since the dimensionless heat capacity at constant pressure is a constant we can express the entropy in what will prove to be a more convenient form:
where G is the Gibbs free energy and is equal to so that:
The thermodynamic potentials for an ideal gas can now be written as functions of T, V, and N as:
The most informative way of writing the potentials is in terms of their natural variables, since each of these equations can be used to derive all of the other thermodynamic variables of the system. In terms of their natural variables, the thermodynamic potentials of a single-specie ideal gas are:
In statistical mechanics, the relationship between the Helmholtz free energy and the partition function is fundamental, and is used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of matters; see configuration integral for more details.
By Gibbs theorem, the entropy of a multicomponent system is equal to the sum of the entropies of each chemical species (assuming no surface effects). The entropy of a multicomponent system will be:
where the sum is over all species. Likewise, the free energies are equal to the sums of the free energies of each species so that if Φ is a thermodynamic potential then
where Φj is expressed in terms of its natural variables. For example, the internal energy will be:
where N is defined as
Speed of sound
The speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by
- is the adiabatic index
- is the universal gas constant
- is the temperature
- is the molar mass for the gas (in kg/mol)
Equation Table for an Ideal Gas
The following table gives the values for the change in the value of some thermodynamic variables under the specified transformation.
|Variable|| Constant Pressure (Isobaric)
|| Constant Volume (Isochoric)
|| Adiabatic |
| Internal Energy,
Ideal quantum gases
In the above mentioned Sackur-Tetrode equation, the best choice of the entropy constant was found to be proportional to the quantum thermal wavelength of a particle, and the point at which the argument of the logarithm becomes zero is roughly equal to the point at which the average distance between particles becomes equal to the thermal wavelength. In fact, quantum theory itself predicts the same thing. Any gas behaves as an ideal gas at high enough temperature and low enough density, but at the point where the Sackur-Tetrode equation begins to break down, the gas will begin to behave as a quantum gas, composed of either bosons or fermions. (See the gas in a box article for a derivation of the ideal quantum gases, including the ideal Boltzmann gas.)
Ideal Boltzmann gas
The ideal Boltzmann gas yields the same results as the classical thermodynamic gas, but makes the following identification for the undetermined constant Φ:
Ideal Bose and Fermi gases
An ideal gas of bosons (e.g. a photon gas) will be governed by Bose-Einstein statistics and the distribution of energy will be in the form of a Bose-Einstein distribution. An ideal gas of fermions will be governed by Fermi-Dirac statistics and the distribution of energy will be in the form of a Fermi-Dirac distribution.
- Ideal gas law
- Kinetic theory
- Compressibility factor
- Dynamical billiards - billiard balls as a model of an ideal gasbg:Идеален газ
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