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A cold is a mild viral infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and upper airways. It's very common and usually clears up on its own within a week or two.
The main symptoms of a cold include:
Read more about the symptoms of a cold.
What to do
There's no cure for a cold, but you can look after yourself at home by:
- resting, drinking plenty of fluids and eating healthily
- taking over-the-counter painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, to reduce any fever or discomfort
- using decongestant sprays or tablets to relieve a blocked nose
- trying remedies such as gargling salt water and sucking on menthol sweets
Many painkillers and decongestants are available from pharmacies without a prescription. They're generally safe for older children and adults to take, but might not be suitable for babies, young children, pregnant women, people with certain underlying health conditions, and those taking certain other medications. Speak to a pharmacist if you're unsure.
When to see your GP
If you or your child has a cold, there's usually no need to see your GP as it should clear within a week or two.
You only really need to contact your GP if:
- your symptoms persist for more than three weeks
- your symptoms get suddenly worse
- you have breathing difficulties
- you develop complications of a cold, such as chest pain or coughing up bloodstained mucus
It might also be a good idea to see your GP if you're concerned about your baby or an elderly person, or if you have a long-term illness such as a lung condition. You can also phone NHS 111 for advice.
How do colds spread?
In general, a person becomes contagious from a few days before their symptoms begin until all of their symptoms have gone. This means most people will be infectious for around two weeks.
You can catch the virus from an infectious person by:
- touching an object or surface contaminated by infected droplets and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes
- touching the skin of someone who has the infected droplets on their skin and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes
- inhaling tiny droplets of fluid that contain the cold virus – these are launched into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes
Colds spread most easily among groups of people in constant close contact, such as families and children in school or day care facilities. They're also more frequent during the winter, although it's not clear exactly why.
A number of different viruses can cause a cold, so it's possible to have several colds one after the other, as each one may be caused by a different virus.
How can I stop a cold spreading?
You can take some simple steps to help prevent the spread of a cold. For example:
- wash your hands regularly, particularly before touching your nose or mouth and before handling food
- always sneeze and cough into tissues – this will help prevent the virus-containing droplets from your nose and mouth entering the air, where they can infect others; you should throw away used tissues immediately and wash your hands
- clean surfaces regularly to keep them free of germs
- use your own cup, plates, cutlery and kitchen utensils
- don't share towels or toys with someone who has a cold
Read more about preventing colds and flu.
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Shirley Ann Jackson, Leader in Higher Education and Government, to Receive the Vannevar Bush Award
First African-American woman to receive prize is noted for leadership by example
Shirley Ann Jackson, who has led a national movement to respond to what she calls a "quiet crisis" in the science and engineering work force, will receive the Vannevar Bush Award for a lifetime of achievements in scientific research, education and senior statesman-like contributions to public policy.
Currently, Jackson is president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and the first African-American woman to receive the Bush award in its 27-year history.
Jackson also is being recognized for her advocacy on global energy security, and for innovations she implemented as chairwoman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (1995-1999), and for her role in leading an institutional transformation at the nation's oldest technology university.
The National Science Board (NSB) established the Vannevar Bush Award in 1980 to honor Bush's unique contributions to public service. The annual award recognizes an individual who, through public service activities in science and technology, has made an outstanding "contribution toward the welfare of mankind and the Nation."
"Shirley Ann Jackson has been a leader on many fronts, and she has incorporated scientific approaches into all of her work, especially on policy issues of international importance and in reforming one of the nation's important educational institutions," said NSB Chairman Steven C. Beering. "She's a national treasure deserving of the Vannevar Bush Award for her widely valued public service and contributions to the nation and the international community."
NSB will honor Jackson May 14 in a ceremony at the State Department in Washington, D.C., where she was born and raised.
Waking the Nation To A "Quiet Crisis"
Jackson has been stating her concern about impending retirements in fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in both academe and industry for almost a decade, saying there are not enough students in the pipeline to replace the record number of retirements on the horizon in these fields. She notes the country's economic and national security depends upon its capacity for innovation--scientists, engineers and mathematicians whose numbers will dwindle over the next decade unless the trend is reversed.
She believes that waking up to the "quiet crisis" requires engaging everyone, including women and minorities who have traditionally been underrepresented in STEM fields. The crisis is "quiet," Jackson says, because it takes decades to educate future scientists and engineers, so "the impact unfolds gradually."
She says science is in crisis because "without innovation we fail--as a nation and as a world." And, she reasons that the ebbs and flows in science funding across disciplines have a "deleterious impact on the creation of a new generation of scientists and engineers"--and, therefore, our innovative capacity against a backdrop of increasing capabilities abroad.
Jackson has lectured on this topic extensively around the world. In 2002, she authored the major report, The Quiet Crisis, then took her campaign to Washington, D.C., in 2004 when she became president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
She was actively involved in the Council on Competitiveness' National Innovation Initiative, was among the authors of the National Academies' Rising Above the Gathering Storm report, and is on the National Governors Association Innovation America Task Force.
Jackson says it is now "time to turn rhetoric into reality," and says the solution must come from government, business and academe.
Jackson believes global energy security is the greatest challenge of our time, and has suggested energy research as a national focal point to address it much like President Kennedy's post-Sputnik call to action brought an influx of resources into science and engineering at that time. "Energy security is the space race of this millennium," she says.Leading a Renaissance at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Jackson's impact at Rensselaer has grown swiftly and assuredly. In 7 years, she has revitalized and transformed the 183-year-old university into a financially solid, broad-based academic institution with a much greater diversity in the sciences and technology and a much-enhanced concentration of multidisciplinary academic programs--a true renaissance for the oldest technology university in the nation.
The transformation of Rensselaer under Jackson's Rensselaer Plan has been spectacular. Her $1.4 billion campaign has already received more than $1.2 billion in gifts and gift commitments, including one anonymous, unrestricted gift of $360 million. The work has helped Jackson deepen research activities through a tripling of awards, attracting a much broader array of faculty and intellectual leaders, and stimulating entrepreneurial educational activities. Jackson's managerial plan linking programs, plans, and resource budgeting and allocation has helped Rensselaer become a national model for the transformation of higher education. Meanwhile, the 2007 Kaplan-Newsweek How to Get into College Guide cites the institution as one of 25 schools on an elite "new Ivies" list. As of the end of February, Rensselaer received more than 10,100 enrollment applications for the 2007-2008 school year, 46 percent more than the previous year, and 81 percent greater than the pool for 2005-2006. Over the past 2 years, applications from women increased 96 percent, and 147 percent from historically underrepresented students.
In addition to honoring her work at Rensselaer, the award recognizes Jackson for a lifetime of achievements in science and technology (S&T), such as success in pioneering exploration; leadership and creativity that inspires others into S&T careers; notable public service; and contributions to the nation and mankind.
A theoretical physicist at Fermilab for two years, then at the former AT&T Bell Laboratories in New Jersey from 1976-91, Jackson distinguished herself in studies and papers published in the fields of solid state and quantum physics and optical physics. Her particular contributions on optical and electronic properties of layered materials.
In 1985, she was tapped by the first of three New Jersey governors who sought her service on various commissions and task forces in the state, beginning with her appointment to the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, on which she served for a decade.
In 1991, Jackson turned to education, joining Rutgers University as a physics professor. There, her reputation became known as a researcher, teacher, manager and policy advocate.
Leading Change at the NRC
Jackson's work at Rutgers got the attention of the White House, and in 1995, President Clinton appointed her to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Coming into an agency often criticized for being too closely linked to industry, Jackson toughened standards of safety and instituted an entirely new framework for managing the safety and security of U.S. nuclear power plants. The concept Jackson introduced, called "risk-informed, performance-based regulation," was a science-based policy that was implemented across NRC regulatory programs.
Jackson tenaciously and effectively managed the new system, which is credited with improving the safety and economy of nuclear power production nationwide and laying the groundwork for the recent re-emergence of nuclear power in the United States. As elements of this system were adopted by other nations, Jackson expanded the commission's international influence. She spearheaded formation of the International Nuclear Regulators Association, for which she served as its first chairman from 1997 until 1999.
Opening Doors for Others: A Lifetime of Firsts
Described by Time Magazine in 2005 as "perhaps the ultimate role model for women in science," Jackson achieved many firsts in her career. In 1973, she completed the doctoral degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), historically becoming the first African-American woman to receive a doctorate of any kind from MIT. Jackson was the first African American to sit on, and then chair, the NRC. She also was the first African-American woman to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering and to preside over a major national research university.
Although proud of her groundbreaking achievements, Jackson prefers to focus on her track record in public policy and as an advocate for science and education. She speaks publicly of the nation's need to invest more heavily in basic scientific research and for other scientists to become more actively engaged in public policy. She recently told a gathering at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government "the exponential rise in the volume and availability of information" influences the perception of science and scientists' roles, and the "acceptance of both." Her concerns focus on how this glut of information affects the public in "choos[ing] its truth and settl[ing] upon what it will accept as fact." Jackson says it is imperative that scientists exert consistent leadership to counter confusion over science and mistrust of their work.
In 1945, at President Franklin D. Roosevelt's urging, Vannevar Bush reported a series of recommendations for a post-war system of federal research and education to broaden the nation's scientific and technological expertise in many fields. His book, Science: The Endless Frontier, is often cited as the document spurring the eventual formation of the National Science Foundation in 1950.
The National Science Board is an independent 24-member body of policy advisors to the president and Congress on matters of science and engineering research, and is the policy making and oversight body for the National Science Foundation (NSF), an independent federal agency that supports almost all areas of fundamental research nationwide.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2017, its budget is $7.5 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 48,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards.
Useful NSF Web Sites:
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"Responsive Classroom is a widely used, research-backed approach to elementary education that increases academic achievement, decreases problem behaviors, improves social skills, and leads to more high-quality instruction."
Here are the seven basic tenets of Responsive Classroom:
- The social curriculum is as important as the academic curriculum.
- How children learn is as important as what children learn.
- The greatest cognitive growth occurs through social interaction.
- There is a set of social skills that children need to learn and practice in order to be succesful. They form the acronym CARES-cooperation, assertion, responsibility, empathy, self-control.
- We must know our children individually, culturally, and developmentally.
- Knowing the families of the children we teach is as important as knowing the children.
- Teachers and administrators must model the social and academic skills that they wish to teach their students.
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Littelfuse Ground Fault
Relays use an advanced filtering technology that allows for early detection of developing ground faults
, without the nuisance tripping common in many competing products.
are unintended conductive paths from a high potential line to ground, allowing electrical currents to pass through sensitive equipment components, or through personnel who touch the equipment housing.
6 Ground fault
current path for CSST with insulative jacket The electrical conductivity of CSST shall conform with one of the following: (a) have a DC resistance of 5 milliohms per foot or less; or (b) be shunted by a parallel copper conductor of #10 AWG or larger connected at both ends.
To determine if there was a single line to ground fault
(SLG) in the micro-grid, a 2 ohm fault was created at time t = 0.
95 and related articles for the inspection, testing and other connected system requirements of ground fault
system at the service entrance equipment.
Immune spells the end of system failure when a fault occurs on the ESP cable, giving operators the ability to maintain continuous surveillance.
The advantage is that the circuit breakers will not open if there is a ground fault
(equipment can continue to operate).
When a ground fault
on a collector cable causes the substation circuit breaker for that cable to open, the wind turbine string becomes isolated from the ground source.
Table-mounted ground fault
electrical outlets are also offered for users requiring electrical connections.
The comparison of the single line to ground fault
record form the relay and CAPE simulation are shown in numerical values in Table 2 and in graphical representation in figure 2.
Model UATC-20, suitable for hot runners, has electronic setpoint control, output power display, ground fault
indicator, and Standby and Boost keys.
It has a light and night-light feature, and can be used over showers with ground fault
circuit interrupter outlets.
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Antarctic air visits Paranal
This beautiful panorama of ESO's Paranal Observatory was taken on 5 July 2012, and marks one of the driest days ever recorded at the Very Large Telescope complex. Paranal sits like an island in the middle of the frame, with massive cloud banks floating below, over the distant Pacific Ocean.
The extremely low humidity at Paranal during this period was recorded by a water vapour radiometer known as LHATPRO, which monitors the atmosphere to support the observations carried out at the observatory . Meteorologists from two Chilean universities identified the cause for these unusually dry conditions: high-altitude Antarctic air moving far to the north, and descending over Paranal.
This cold front lingered around Paranal for over 12 hours, causing a record-low level of humidity in the air above the observatory . Florian Kerber (ESO) and colleagues analysed this unusual weather, publishing the results in a paper in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on 29 January 2014, available here.
So, a dry desert… what is so special about that? Well, dryness of this magnitude is normally experienced at much higher altitudes, for example at the ALMA Observatory on the Chajnantor Plateau, which is located at 5000 metres above sea level — at 2635 metres, the altitude of Paranal is around half of this. Given that infrared observations can be best taken when there is little water vapour in the air, this could mean that routine monitoring using the LHATPRO radiometer will give astronomers the opportunity to exploit future dry spells at Paranal, to obtain great infrared observations of the Universe around us.
The photo was taken by ESO photo ambassador Gabriel Brammer, who coincidentally experienced the sunset that immediately preceded this dry spell, and found it to be extraordinarily clear and beautiful. Gabriel works as an astronomer at the ESO La Silla-Paranal Observatory. When not supporting the operations of the observatory, he studies the formation and evolution of distant galaxies using the most sophisticated telescopes and instrumentation in the world, including the ESO Very Large Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope.
The Low Humidity and Temperature Profiling radiometer (LHATPRO), manufactured by Radiometer Physics GmbH in Germany, uses strong spectral lines from certain elements to measure the water content of the atmosphere.
The humidity is measured in the form of precipitable water vapour — a measure of atmospheric water content. It is the amount of water in a column of the atmosphere if it were all to fall as rain. In this case only 0.1 mm of precipitable water vapour was measured — much less than the usual (but already low) figure of 2 mm at Paranal.Credit:
Acknowledgement: F. Kerber (ESO)
About the Image
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|Field of View:||360° x 165°|
About the Object
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Tripura Vision Centre (Tele-ophthalmology) Project
Eye Care Challenge in India
As per the available statistics, India faces a dismal ratio of ophthalmologist to patient, which is 1:100000. The downside of the entire situation is that 70% of the available doctors practice in the urban areas and 70% population of India resides in rural areas. This leads to a very precarious situation of lack of access of eye care services to the vast majority of the population. Also those who access the services (concentrated in the urban pockets) by travelling to urban areas, incur huge travelling and allied costs and loss of wages. The state of Tripura has area of 10,491 sq. km and a population of 36,71,032, 74% are living in the rural areas. Most of these people are deprived of the primary as well as the preventive eye care service there by creating big difference between the service available in the urban & rural area.
Aim at offering Primary and Preventive Eye Care Services to rural citizens of the country by adopting advances in medical sciences, bio-medical engineering and its convergence with Information and Communication Technology
Problem Statement of Tripura
Tripura has been facing acute shortage of Ophthalmologists. There is only one public sector civil hospital, 2nos of Medical College and 3nos Primary Eye Care Centre in the state that serves the need for all the primary & secondary eye care services. Seventy-four percent of the population that resides in the rural areas has to spend considerably on transportation & accommodation to avail the service. At present, a total of 22 Ophthalmologists & 52 Ophthalmic Assistants/Optometrists in public sector are catering the needs of 36lakhs residents. By 2017-18, the numbers of ophthalmologists are estimated to reduce further as out of the 22 Ophthalmologists, 10 will retire from the service & there are only 3 ophthalmologists in the pipeline, implying that only 15 or 18 Ophthalmologists will be available to provide eye care to a projected population of 40lakhs.
Tripura Vision Centre Project
In year 2007, the state of Tripura embarked upon a maiden journey to test the feasibility of using ICT as an enabler and delivery mechanism of eye care services. The proactive approach of Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Tripura led to a remarkable success and development of pioneering model of Tele-ophthalmology Project which not only got replicated across the state in next three years but also became immensely celebrated model of Tele-medicine in India.
Tripura Vision Centre Project is a pioneering initiative in delivering eye care services to the previously un-reached rural citizens in the state. The project is conceived and designed by the collaborative effort of the Ophthalmology Department at Indira Gandhi Memorial
(IGM) Hospital under the Department of Health, Government of Tripura, IL&FS ETS and Aravind
Eye Care System. The project aims at offering Primary and Preventive eye care services to rural citizens of Tripura adopting advances in medical sciences, bio-medical engineering and its convergence with Information and Communication Technology. Poised with the challenges of inadequate ophthalmic facilities and limited eye care specialists in the rural areas, this initiative has overcome all geographical, economic, social barriers earlier faced by the rural citizens and helped them in obtaining quality eye care services from Vision Centres located at their doorsteps.
The project currently serves a rural population size of 27.18 lakhs people in remote areas covering 44 blocks of 8 districts in the state of Tripura. The Tripura Vision Centre is a comprehensive model for providing primary and preventive eye care in a decentralized manner using the benefits of Information and communication technologies (ICT) integrated with the medical eye care solutions. The model empowered trained Ophthalmic Assistants/Optometrists to provide eye care services at the grass root level. A total of 44 Vision Centres have been deployed in three phases to render Tele-ophthalmology service across the State of Tripura.
The project was initiated on a public private partnership-PPP format where, The Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Tripura was the apex agency through central and state funding. The project was implemented on a phased manner as Phase I, II, III & IV.
In Phase-I, the first pilot Vision Centre was set up in Melaghar block on April '07 and is operational till date. Based on the progress made in Melaghar and significant insight learnt on the local demographics, the project was scaled in phase-II in the West district.
The Phase II comprised of scaling the vision centre network to 10 blocks in West Tripura district covering a population of approximately 15,32,982. The second phase also comprised of the enablement of digital patient medical records in the Vision Centres using database management solution, the “Vision Centre Management System (VCMS)”. It also included setting up of private wireless network with bandwidth of 384 Kbps expandable up to 2Mbps.
In phase III, 29 Blocks of the State were covered to bring a state wide network of Tele ophthalmology services. Apart from setting up Vision Centre infrastructure at 40 + 2 locations, IL&FS also set up a core mini data centre for maintaining electronic medical records and connectivity network operations centre (NOC) at IGM with an ICT enabled real time doctor consultation facility at the Ophthalmology OPD counter at IGM hospital.
Since the year 2010 the Tripura Vision centre project has been managed as an eye care service delivery program comprising of operations and management of 40+2 with a focus on project performance and service delivery
Phase-IV: The Fourth Phase or the present phase was commissioned in the year 2014 with the introduction of four new Vision centres.
So, at present there is 44 Vision Centres are functioning.
The basic aim is to meet the gap between the rural and urban areas with a huge consideration towards reducing the logistics cost. The program has led to:
- This initiative has overcome all geographical, economic, social barriers earlier faced by rural citizens
- The project serves a rural population size of approx 27.18Lakhs rural citizens in the remote areas
- Introduction of information & communication technology to extend the benefits
- Accountability for every single patient
- Cost effective & efficient way of delivering Eye care & Pro-Citizen with vibrant approach.
The Tripura Vision Centre Project is a pioneering initiative in delivering Primary & Preventive Eye Care services to the previously un-reached rural citizens of the State. This initiative has overcome geographical, economic, social barriers earlier faced by the rural citizens and helped them in obtaining quality eye care services from Vision Centres located almost at their doorsteps.
Till March 2016, the project has screened 4.72 lakh patients across all the 44 Vision Centres of this 55% were males and rest 45% were females. The number of women screened in the Vision Centres is more than 40%. The trend shows that higher number of women are accessing the services of the VCs as compared to earlier trends, as they are have access the services closer to their homes and does not involve long distance travelling. The daily routine and the earnings of the people are not affected much due to the proximity of these centres.
Only 5.84% of the total patients screened were referred to the IGM Hospital, Agartala. Majority of the eye problems are diagnosed and treated at the Vision Centres after tele-consultation and only a small number of patients are referred for further treatment. Had these vision centres not been established, much of these patients would have travelled to IGM Agartala or would have continued to stay with their eye problems leading to the needless Blindness at certain stage.
Spectacles have been prescribed for about 1, 28, 815 patients till date. Thus the presence of vision centres has played a major role in reducing the needless blindness due to refractive error in the State and in turn has contributed to the productive Human Capital of the State.
The inherent benefits of setting up the ICT enabled vision centres are:
- Affordable eye care option
- Early Diagnosis of eye ailment without having to visit the hospital
- Timely Management of the Ailments
- Health Education/Awareness creation at the village level
- Accountability and Maintenance of Eye Health Profile of the village.
- Escalation of secondary and tertiary care patients to the correct health care service providers enabling patients to take informed decisions based on their assessed eye ailments or requirements.
- Avoiding mislead decisions, loss of limited financial resources on wrong treatments and exploitation of commercially driven private medical facilities.
- These centres are boon to the people of Tripura as they have reduced their travel time and also the other associated costs; thus increasing the productivity and effectively contributing to the overall welfare of the State.
These centres over the years now have been able to screen significant proportion of eye conditions such as Refractive Error, Cataract, Glaucoma, Keratitis, Diabetic Retinopathy, Infections, fundus examination and some low vision care. The objective with which these centres were established has been achieved and in fact they have slowly adding value is secondary screenings and cross referrals.
Add On Services
Diabetes Check-up: The lifestyle diseases in India are on the rise and diabetes leads to diabetic retinopathy if the same is not diagnosed on time and necessary preventive care is not designed. DR is also coming up as a significant contributor to the preventable blindness with the increased focus of NPCB on early identification and treatment of DR. As a pilot initiative it has been proposed to undertake Glucose check of all patients who are more than 40 years of age. Those who will be identified with Diabetes will be asked to undergo DR test at Vision Centers where Fundus cameras are being installed.
Installation of Fundus cameras: Two Vision Centres are going to equipped with non-mydriatic fundus cameras so that these two locations could be developed as focal screening centers for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes screening of all patients above 40 years and all patients who will be identified with Diabetes will be asked to undergo DR screening as well. This will help in bundling comprehensive services under the project.
Awards and accolades
The Project has been awarded with different awards as follows :
The Tripura Vision Centre Project has awarded
- 1) National e-Governance “Gold” Award in 2008-09.
- 2) “e-INDIA Award” in 2009-10.
- 3) “Manthan Award South Asia 2010” in 2010-11
- 4) “e-North East Award” in 2011-12
- 5) “e-INDIA Award” in 2011-12
- 6) “Web Ratna Award” in 2012-13
From the above awards it means that the Project establish its national & international character to serve the rural people of the state. This is one of the flagship projects benefitting the rural people of the State and is functioning very well. We need to support this project considering the shortage of Eye Specialist in the State & in the interest of the rural population and also the State.As a feather in the cap, the Governance Knowledge centre promoted by Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances under the aegis of “Planning Commission” did an independent study of the TVC program and the recommendations of the same is being pursued for 12th -5 Year plan for India. The TVC program has been bench marked as one of the most successful model for health care services under the PPP format in the Country. Therefore the setting up of such centres is the only way to reach out the citizens with an approach of “Health care at their Doorsteps”.
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Technical studies can lead to careers from accounting to zoo keeping. Take a look at your options!
Careers in Technical Fields
Technical schools prepare you for the practical occupations–jobs like motorcycle repairman or chef, security guard, or computer programmer. They’ll give you education in the practical roles within wider disciplines–like childcare within child psychology, or bookkeeping within business administration.
So if you’re interested in working in a field such as office support or medical transcription, consider applying to a technical school. They offer many levels of accreditation, from diplomas to bachelor’s degrees.
Because technical studies cover such a range of subjects, it’s difficult to generalize about the demand for graduates. However, since tech studies focus on career preparation, you can expect your career prospects to be good with a tech degree. After all, tech school administrators consider the outlook for the occupations when they design the curricula.
Employers are confident that you’re prepared for a specific job if you have a technical education.
The Best Fields
According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook (published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics), the employment outlook is excellent many tech careers such sa small engine repairmen, shipping officers, animal care workers, and tool and die makers. Government agricultural inspectors, freight agents, and desk clerks should also be in demand. These are the types of occupations that a technical education can prepare you for.
For example, many tech schools offer programs that would prepare you for a health-related career such as occupational therapist assistant or nurse’s aide. According to the BLS, the job prospects in these fields vary from good to great. They’re better than average for message therapists, very good for OT aides and excellent for dental assistants.
The BLS expects that by 2018, demand for home care aids will increase by 50 percent from 2008 levels–and the demand for dental hygienists by about a third. One factor is the ageing American population; another is the development of new technologies.
Prospects in the transportation industry, as well, look good for future job seekers. Demand for workers in rail transportation, for truck and bus drivers, and for chauffeurs is expected to be good or very good.
In water transportation, the career outlook for pilots, sailors, and ship engineers should be excellent. Employment in this field is expected to grow by 18 percent from 2008 to 2018.
Technological developments are also a factor here. For example, remote control technology is revolutionizing rail transportation. Employers need workers who have the skills for the new tech.
Stiff Competition Expected in Some Fields
However, education in some other tech disciplines is expected to be less marketable. Graduates with tech degrees in the fields of electrical engineering and aerospace engineering will be faced with stiff competition for jobs, as will mechanical engineering technicians.
Likewise, newly-certified fashion designers can expect stiff competition for jobs; many people are attracted to the glamour of the field.
Some occupations, such as paralegal work, offer a conundrum. Employment in this field is expected to grow very quickly. However, since it’s a popular field, new paralegals cannot expect a glut of job offers.
There are tech degrees that have multiple applications, and employment opportunities may vary from on to another. Graphic designers prepared for work in web design, for example, will have an advantage over those in print publishing.
Choosing a Technical Program
Remember that the first step in choosing a tech course is to identify your interests and skills. Consider these, and then find the tech school that’s right for you!
Steve Greechie (MBA, MSLIS, MA) is a freelance business writer in New York City. He’s published extensively in a range of publications, including The Boston Business Journal, Information Outlook, Online, Architectural Record and The Journal of Business and Finance Librarianship. He contributed to The Core Business Web, which The American Library Association named The Best Business Reference Book of 2003. His internet copy appears widely.
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English Grammar Tenses
by Susan Oliver
I am trying to teach a gal, at my dentist's office the tenses we have in English. She gets confused about past, present and future tenses as to when to use them. Ex. go and gone, came and come.
I am a teacher on disability and can't afford books for her. I was looking for something that would give her samples that she could use to tell her the tense, like a cheat sheet with sentences that would work 85% of the time and then after she has confidence teach her why she is doing this and why it works sometimes and doesn't work because of the exceptions in our English language.
Can you assist with this? Thank you so much. Susan
What a great idea! A “tenses cheat sheet”. I am going to have put some thought and work into that. Creating examples for each tense and focusing on why you use the tense, rather than what tense it is. I'm going to work on it (but I am not sure if I can guarantee that it will be in the near future, as I have a lot on my plate right now.
I will keep you posted but I am sure you could get the ball rolling yourself. Just do exactly what you said. Create some universal examples for each tense and focus on why you use that structure (rather than the structure itself).
I'll let you know when I have had time to work on the cheat sheet. :)
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The gap in employment rates between America’s highest- and lowest-income families has stretched to its widest levels since officials began tracking the numbers a decade ago, according to an analysis of government data conducted for The Associated Press.
Rates of unemployment for the lowest-income families — those earning less than $20,000 — have topped 21 percent, nearly matching the rate for all workers during the 1930s Great Depression.
U.S. households with income of more than $150,000 a year have an unemployment rate of 3.2 percent, a level traditionally defined as full employment.
At the same time, middle-income workers are increasingly pushed into lower-wage jobs.
Many are displacing lower-skilled, low-income workers, who become unemployed or are forced to work fewer hours, the analysis shows.
“This was no ‘equal opportunity’ recession or an ‘equal opportunity’ recovery,” said Andrew Sum, director of the Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University. “One part of America is in depression, while another part is in full employment.”
The findings follow the government’s tepid jobs report this month that showed a steep decline in the share of Americans working or looking for work.
‘ODDS AND ENDS’ JOBS
While the link between income and joblessness may seem apparent, the data are the first to establish how this factor has contributed to the erosion of the middle class, a traditional strength of the U.S. economy.
Based on employment-to-population ratios, which are seen as a reliable gauge of the labor market, the employment disparity between rich and poor households remains at the highest levels in more than a decade, the period for which comparable data are available.
“It’s pretty frustrating,” says Annette Guerra, 33, of San Antonio, who has been looking for a full-time job since she finished nursing school more than a year ago. During her search, she found that employers had become increasingly picky about an applicant’s qualifications, often turning her away because she lacked nursing experience or wasn’t certified in more areas.
Guerra says she now gets by doing “odds and ends” jobs such as a pastry chef, bringing in $500 to $1,000 a month, but she says daily living can be challenging as she cares for her mother, who has end-stage kidney disease.
“For those trying to get ahead, there should be some help from government or companies to boost the economy and provide people with the necessary job training,” says Guerra, who hasn’t ruled out returning to college to get a business degree. “I’m optimistic that things will start to look up, but it’s hard.”
Last year the average length of unemployment for U.S. workers reached 39.5 weeks, the highest level since World War II. The duration of unemployment has since edged lower to 36.5 weeks based on data from January to July, still relatively high historically.
Economists call this a “bumping down” or “crowding out” in the labor market, a domino effect that pushes out lower-income workers, pushes median income downward and contributes to income inequality. Because many mid-skill jobs are being lost to globalization and automation, recent U.S. growth in low-wage jobs has not come fast enough to absorb displaced workers at the bottom.
Low-wage workers are now older and better educated than ever, with especially large jumps in those with at least some college-level training.
“The people at the bottom are going to be continually squeezed, and I don’t see this ending anytime soon,” said Harvard economist Richard Freeman. “If the economy were growing enough or unions were stronger, it would be possible for the less educated to do better and for the lower income to improve. But in our current world, where we are still adjusting to globalization, that is not very likely to happen.”
The figures are based on an analysis of the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey by Sum and Northeastern University economist Ishwar Khatiwada. They are supplemented with material from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s David Autor, an economics professor known for his research on the disappearance of mid-skill positions, as well as John Schmitt, a senior economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research. Mark Rank, a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, analyzed data on poverty.
The overall rise in both the unemployment rate and low-wage jobs due to the recent recession accounts for the record number of people who were stuck in poverty in 2011: 46.2 million, or 15 percent of the population. When the Census Bureau releases new 2012 poverty figures on Tuesday, most experts believe the numbers will show only slight improvement, if any, due to the slow pace of the recovery.
More than 16 percent of adults ages 16 and older are now “underutilized” in the labor market — unemployed, “underemployed” in part-time jobs when full-time work is desired or among the “hidden unemployed” who are not actively job hunting but express a desire for immediate work.
Among households making less than $20,000 a year, the share of underutilized workers jumps to about 40 percent. For those in the $20,000-to-$39,999 category, it’s just over 21 percent and about 15 percent for those earning $40,000 to $59,999. At the top of the scale, underutilization affects just 7.2 percent of those in households earning more than $150,000.
By race and ethnicity, black workers in households earning less than $20,000 were the most likely to be underutilized, at 48.4 percent. Low-income Hispanics and whites were almost equally as likely to be underutilized, at 38 percent and 36.8 percent, respectively, compared to 31.8 percent for low-income Asian-Americans.
Loss of jobs in the recent recession has hit younger, less-educated workers hard. Fewer teenagers are taking on low-wage jobs as older adults pushed out of disappearing mid-skill jobs, such as bank teller or administrative assistant, move down the ladder.
Recent analysis by the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research shows that whites and older workers are more pessimistic about their opportunities to advance compared to other groups in the lower-wage workforce.
Eric Reichert, 45, of West Milford, N.J., who holds a master’s degree in library science, is among the longer-term job seekers. He had hoped to find work as a legal librarian after he was laid off from a title insurance company in 2008. Reichert now works in a lower-wage administrative records position, also helping to care for his 8-year-old son while his wife works full-time at a pharmaceutical company.
“I’m still looking, and I wish I could say that I will find a better job, but I can no longer say that with confidence,” he said. “At this point, I’m reconsidering what I’m going do, but it’s not like I’m 24 years old anymore.”
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Nógrád, megye (county), northern Hungary. It is bounded by Slovakia to the north and by the counties of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén to the northeast, Heves to the east and southeast, and Pest to the southwest and west. Salgótarján is the county seat.
The Hungarian population of Nógrád is descended from the Palóc, a group of people from northeastern Hungary. Some towns (including Nógrád, Bánk, Felsopetény, and Alsópetény, among others) are inhabited by notable ethnic Slovak populations, while others (principally Szendehely and Berkenye) are home to significant ethnic German populations.
The second smallest county in Hungary, Nógrád is dominated by the North Hungarian Mountains (Északi-középhegység), a continuation of the Transdanubian Mountains that includes the Mátra Mountains in the east and the andesite volcanic mass of the Börzsöny Mountains in the west. The lower, diverse landscape of the Cserhát region stretches between the two mountain chains. The andesite formations of the Karancs and the basalt formations of the Medves stand out on the northern frontier. The rivers of Nógrád, with the intermediation of the Ipoly River—which marks the county border—flow into the Danube and through the Zagyva River into the Tisza. The once-abundant oak and beech forests have diminished considerably.
The majority of the area is used for farmland despite unfavourable soil conditions. Grain, sunflowers, potatoes, poppy seeds, and lentils are important, as is livestock. The industrialization of the county was set off by the start of the mining of brown coal in the Salgótarján region in 1848. The large majority of mines were operational until the 1960s. Salgótarján is a centre for heavy industry (metallurgy, machinery, glass industry, chemicals). There is light manufacturing in Balassagyarmat and Romhány.
The county was organized around the Nógrád fortress during the rule of Stephen I and extended from Kisoroszi, on Szentendre Island, to the headwaters of the Ipoly. One-third of the county’s northern territories were annexed to Czechoslovakia after World War I. Between 1938 and 1945 the stretch of land inhabited by Hungarians—situated on the opposite side of the border established by the Treaty of Trianon—was re-annexed to Hungary. A popular tourist destination is the old village of Hollóko; designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987, it is noted for traditional Palóc weaving and embroidery. Area 982 square miles (2,544 square km). Pop. (2004 est.) 218,000.
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Rusyn, Rusyn ruskyi, also called Ruthenian, Carpatho-Rusyn, Lemko, or Rusnak, any of several East Slavic peoples (modern-day Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages. The name Rusyn is derived from Rus (Ruthenia), the name of the territory that they inhabited. The name Ruthenian derives from the Latin Ruthenus (singular), a term found in medieval sources to describe the Slavic inhabitants of Eastern Christian religion (Orthodox and Greek Catholics) living in the grand duchy of Lithuania and, after 1569, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Rusyn-inhabited territories in those states had from the 10th to the 14th century belonged to several principalities referred to collectively as Kievan Rus. The Latin term Ruthenus (plural Rutheni) is the equivalent of the Slavic Rusyn (plural Rusyny), meaning “an inhabitant of the land of Rus.”
Rusyn (Ruthenian) language
Rusyn (Ruthenian) refers as well to language. Ruthenian was the term used to describe the written medium (initially based on spoken Belarusian) that functioned as the official or chancellery language of the grand duchy of Lithuania and to refer to the spoken, or simple (prosta), language of the duchy’s East Slavic inhabitants (present-day Belarusians and Ukrainians). Ruthenian (German: Ruthenisch; Hungarian: rutén) was also the official designation for the spoken and written language of the East Slavs (present-day Ukrainians and Carpatho-Rusyns) living in the Habsburg-ruled Austrian Empire. Today the name Rusyn refers to the spoken language and variants of a literary language codified in the 20th century for Carpatho-Rusyns living in Ukraine (Transcarpathia), Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Serbia (the Vojvodina).
Rusyns before World War II
Following the partitions of Poland-Lithuania in the late 18th century, Rusyn-inhabited lands were divided between the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus and much of Ukraine) and the Austrian, later Austro-Hungarian, Empire (present-day western Ukraine, southeastern Poland, and northeastern Slovakia). In the course of the “long” 19th century (1780s–1914), the name Ruthenian fell out of use in the Russian Empire and was replaced by either White Russian or Little Russian. The term Ruthenian continued to be used, however, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire as the official designation (German: Ruthenen; Hungarian: ruténok) for the East Slavic inhabitants living in that state’s provinces of Galicia and Bukovina and the northeastern counties of Hungary. A large-scale immigration from Austria-Hungary to North America during the half century before World War I saw the introduction of the term Ruthenian to describe those newcomers in American and Canadian census reports.
By the outset of the 20th century, the Rusyns in the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires (and in the North American diaspora) were gradually becoming differentiated into Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns. At the close of World War I, historic Rusyn-inhabited lands were divided between the Soviet Union (the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic [S.S.R.] and the Ukrainian S.S.R.), Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. In Czechoslovakia, Ruthenian-Rusyn survived as the official designation of a people, Carpatho-Rusyns (Czech: Karpatští Rusíni), who lived in the far eastern part of that country—that is, in what is now northeastern Slovakia and in a province called Subcarpathian Rus, or the Subcarpathian Rusyn Land (Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Země podkarpatoruská).
Subcarpathian Rus was endowed with autonomous status approved at the Paris Peace Conference and inscribed in two international treaties (St. Germain ; Trianon ) and in Czechoslovakia’s constitution (1921). Rusyn became alongside Czech an official language of the province. Yet, despite international treaties and constitutional guarantees, Subcarpathian Rus did not acquire full autonomous status until October 1938. Pressured by Nazi Germany and its ally Hungary, Czechoslovakia was forced to cede to those two countries parts of its territory until it ceased to exist entirely in March 1939. During Czechoslovakia’s last months, autonomous Subcarpathian Rus (also known at the time as Carpatho-Ukraine) acquired its own elected diet, which on the last day of Czechoslovakia’s existence (March 15, 1939) symbolically declared its independence as the “republic for a day.”
Hungary annexed Subcarpathian Rus in March 1939, while the Carpatho-Rusyn minority in Slovakia remained in that new state, which, like Hungary, was allied with Nazi Germany. Hungary never implemented the autonomy that it promised, but it did recognize what were called Hungarian Ruthenians (Uhro-Rusyns). At the same time, Rusyn (ruskyi) was declared the official language alongside Hungarian in the region.
Status since the end of World War II
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Following the arrival of Soviet armies in the fall of 1944, Hungarian rule was replaced by a transitional local government (National Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine), which rejected the return to Czechoslovak rule and instead fulfilled Joseph Stalin’s desire to see the region annexed to the Soviet Union. In June 1945 Subcarpathian Rus was ceded by Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union and became the Transcarpathian oblast (region) of the Ukrainian S.S.R. The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned, and the local East Slavic inhabitants and their language were declared to be Ukrainian. Soviet policy was followed in neighbouring communist Czechoslovakia and Poland, where the Carpatho-Rusyn inhabitants (Lemko Rusyns in the case of Poland) were henceforth officially designated Ukrainians. Hence, during the post-World War II communist era in central and eastern Europe (1945–89), the ethnonym Rusyn lived on only among the Carpathian diaspora in Serbia’s Vojvodina and Croatia’s Srem—regions of Yugoslavia where Rusyns (locally known as Rusnaks) were designated an official nationality—and among the large immigrant communities in the United States.
With the collapse of communist rule (1989) in central and eastern Europe, a Carpatho-Rusyn revival took place during which national activists called for the recognition of Rusyns as a distinct nationality with the right to use their language in schools, the media, cultural life, and civic affairs. An important goal of the revival was to codify a modern Rusyn literary language, something that occurred in Serbia as early as 1923 and was achieved in 1995 in Slovakia and has since happened in Poland (2000) and Ukraine (2014).
The status of Rusyns (Carpatho-Rusyns) varies from country to country. Since the 1990s, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and the Czech Republic have recognized Rusyns as a distinct national minority eligible for state support for educational and cultural activity. Ukraine has been reluctant to follow the lead of its western neighbours, although in March 2007 the regional assembly in the Transcarpathian oblast (Zakarpattya) recognized Rusyns as a distinct nationality, and the central government in Ukraine adopted a law (August 2012) that lists Rusyn (rusynska) as one of the country’s regional languages.
No country contains a distinct administrative entity called Ruthenia (Carpathian Rus). Two countries, however, do provide a form of autonomy. Since 1993 Hungary has allowed self-government for individual communities (villages as well as districts in cities) that have a certain percentage of inhabitants of a given nationality other than Hungarian. At present the Rusyn Minority Self-Government in Hungary consists of 72 communities, mostly in the northeastern part of the country and in the centrally located capital city of Budapest and surrounding county of Pest. Budapest is also the seat of the statewide Administration for Rusyn Self-Government. Since 2002 the province of Vojvodina in Serbia has provided for elected councils, among which is the National Council of the Rusyn National Minority. It determines policy and the distribution of state funds for cultural and civic activity among the Rusyns (Rusnaks) of that province.
It is generally difficult to determine the number of people who belong to a nationality other than the official one of the state in which they live. Rusyns (Carpatho-Rusyns) are no exception, since not all countries where they live record them accurately on census reports. Informed estimates suggest that there may be as many as one million Rusyns living in their Carpathian homeland and adjacent countries. Much smaller are the numbers found in official census data from the first decade of the 21st century that are based on answers to questions of national or ethnic identity (Rusyn, Rusnak, Lemko) or mother tongue or native language: Slovakia (55,500), Serbia (14,200), Poland (10,500), Ukraine (10,100), Hungary (3,900), Croatia (2,300), Czech Republic (1,100), and Romania (250).
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One of the least known…
Canada’s oil sands production have…
It is pretty much unilaterally agreed that renewable energy is vital for the future of energy production, and with that in mind many companies are researching new ways of creating cheap alternatives to traditional fossil fuels.
One idea that is becoming more popular is capture and recycling of carbon emissions to create ‘syngas’ which can then be converted into transportation fuel.
One company researching this technology is Carbon Sciences from California whose chief executive, Byron Elton, admitted that, “whilst you can achieve the goal of making ‘syngas,’ using carbon to do so is not now commercially viable because it is still too expensive.” Even so they are developing the technology and hoping that they can reduce the costs to be more competitive. As Elton says, “It would be a real game-changer.”
Elton has announced that his company are already in talks with all major oil companies about the installation of his technology, and believes that it could become a common process within five years.
Carbon Sciences would basically build a facility next to a coal or natural gas power plant, where they would take the carbon released when the fossil fuel is burned, and then eventually transform it into a petroleum product.
A syngas facility that would accompany a 500 megawatt coal power plant would cost about $250 million, and would take the 5,000 tons of carbon dioxide normally released into the air each day and turn it into 750,000 gallons of petroleum. At $250 million a bargain compared to an oil refinery which costs billions.
Another similar idea is using natural gas in a gas-to-liquids process to create petroleum, but sceptics say that it would be more efficient and less expensive to burn the gas to create energy directly. True, but not all systems that require energy can be fed by natural gas. Turning natural gas into liquid fuels means that vehicles don’t need to be converted to use compressed natural gas, and the abundance of shale gas in the US will mean that they will no longer rely on imported oil for producing their petrol.
Byron Elton said that, “the first big advantage of using natural gas as a feedstock in lieu of petroleum” is that “we have three times more natural gas than Saudi Arabia has oil. The ability to use domestic, clean, affordable natural gas combined with significant amounts of carbon to produce syngas for use in a gas-to-liquids plant offers extraordinary advantages over the current system.”
By. James Burgess of Oilprice.com
James Burgess studied Business Management at the University of Nottingham. He has worked in property development, chartered surveying, marketing, law, and accounts. He has also…
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Putting to Rest the Holocaust Blame Game
BY Mark Brumley
February 15-21, 1998 Issue | Posted 2/15/98 at 2:00 PM
The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis by William Rubinstein (New York: Routledge, 1997, 267 pp., $25)
Here's what should be an easy one: Whose fault was the Holocaust? Your choices are (a) the Nazis or (b) the Allies. Most people would choose the Nazis, right? But there is a whole school of revisionist history that—get ready—blames the Allies or at least holds them as unindicted co-conspirators to genocide. The Allies could have rescued the Jews, so the argument goes, but didn't. Therefore, they're responsible for the Holocaust.
The main problem with this scenario, declares Holocaust historian William Rubinstein, is that it isn't true. Hence his highly documented and well-argued book, The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved more Jews from the Nazis.
According to Rubinstein, the larger myth that more Jews could have been saved is composed of several lesser, component myths. There is, for example, the “Myth of Closed Doors,” the idea that restrictive and allegedly anti-Semitic immigration policies of the western democracies from 1933-39 led to the deaths of thousands of Jews who otherwise would have been saved. The trouble here, writes Rubinstein, is that “it is almost the precise opposite of the truth.”
Many German Jews remained in Nazi Germany, not due to Western emigration policies, but because they wrongly assumed Nazi anti-Semitism would eventually dissipate or that Hitler wouldn't last. Others couldn't bring themselves to leave their homeland or to emigrate to what a mere decade and a half earlier were “enemy” countries. By the time such stalwarts were prepared to flee, they couldn't. Moreover, those who did emigrate weren't necessarily exempted from the Holocaust. Tragically, many wound up in countries subsequently conquered by Nazi Germany and were deported to death camps—something no one could have anticipated in the early 1930s.
Rubinstein's careful analysis reveals that western democracies didn't block Jewish emigration and that they generally lowered barriers to German Jews pari passu with heightened Nazi attacks. He also claims that nearly three-quarters of German Jews emigrated prior to the war. It was the outbreak of war, rather than the democracies, that trapped the remaining Jews in Nazi Germany.
Rubinstein also debunks what he calls the “Myth of Plans for Rescue.” This is the claim that various feasible plans for saving Jews were ignored due to anti-Semitism or indifference. His argument is simple and straightforward: “No scheme which could possibly or realistically have rescued any of the Jews of Nazi-occupied Europe was actually proposed by anyone or by any group in the democracies during the war.” Of course, in hindsight, one might concoct seemingly workable plans. But these schemes are all armchair operations conceived after the fact by people who know how it all came out. Even so, there is no guarantee they would, in fact, have succeeded, had anyone thought of them at the time.
Virtually all proposed rescue plans, then and now, are rigorously examined by Rubinstein, who conclusively demonstrates their practical futility. Critics often forget, the author insists, that Jews in Nazi-occupied lands in 1939-45 were prisoners, not mere refugees. Thus, the Allies were powerless to prevent the wholesale slaughter, regardless of how they might have tinkered with immigration policies or how many strongly worded denunciations the United Nations might have issued. The only relevant “rescue operation” was to defeat the Axis powers—which, of course, the Allies made every effort to do.
It is sometimes claimed that toward the war's end certain Nazi leaders such as Himmler wanted to ransom Jews in exchange for money or wartime supplies (e.g., the so-called “blood-for-trucks” proposal). Failure of the Allies and mainstream Jewish leadership to take these proposals seriously is frequently used as evidence of their moral indifference to the plight of European Jewry. But Rubinstein contends that such “ransom” offers were largely disingenuous or, in any event, irrelevant since Hitler would never have agreed to them. His non-negotiable objective was the extermination of all Jews.
Another widely made charge: the Allies could have (and therefore should have) bombed Auschwitz, thus ending that death camp's activities and possibly freeing prisoners fortunate to escape in the confusion. Ignoring the fact that, had the Allies done so, critics would now likely denounce them for the deaths of innocent Jews that such an assault would surely have caused, there are other insurmountable problems with the argument. For one thing, before December 1943 it was logistically impossible for the Allies to bomb Auschwitz, which was too far to reach with an air strike some 1,000 miles away. Even afterward, when the Allies had captured Foggia air base in Italy, the mission would have been risky. Rubinstein maintains that the air force “lacked the intelligence base necessary to plan and execute a bombing raid” against Auschwitz. Nor did Allied bombing raids possess the pinpoint accuracy required to avoid killing prisoners and not leave the Nazi extermination apparatus operational.
(Critics have also argued that at least the rail lines carrying prisoners to the death camp could have been destroyed. But there is no evidence that so perilous and improbable an enterprise, even if successful, would have stopped or significantly slowed the death camps, given the Nazis’ effectiveness at rerouting.)
What about the allegation that more Jews could have been saved had Pope Pius XII spoken out?
“In all likelihood—a likelihood probably amounting to a near-certainty,” Rubinstein writes, “Hitler would have paid no heed whatever to any pronouncement on the Jews made by the Vatican (which had denounced Nazi anti-Semitism before the war began). Theoretically, and in hindsight, the Pope might have excommunicated all Catholic members of the SS (or of the Nazi Party) although the only likely effect of such a pronouncement would have been that the Nazis denounce the Pope as an agent of “Judeo-Bolshevism, and an impostor.”
Other charges against the Allies are cogently refuted by Rubinstein, leaving the impression that only hardline ideologues out to malign the democracies at all costs would continue to press them. To be sure, making sense of a vast diabolical wickedness such as the Holocaust is always difficult; that millions of Jews were methodically exterminated remains unimaginable even a half century later. Understandably, one is tempted to embrace some explanation—any explanation—that seemingly accounts for such an all-encompassing blackness, even a counter-intuitive one.
Yet our coming to terms with this dark truth of the 20th century is not well served by scapegoating the innocent, nor by concocting accusations against the very democratic nations that sought to liberate the afflicted from that obsessed mass-murderer hell-bent on their obliteration. From start to finish, responsibility for the Holocaust, as William Rubinstein ably demonstrates, rests with Hitler and his Nazi accomplices, not the Allies.
Mark Brumley writes from Napa, Calif.
Copyright © 2013 EWTN News, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Visualization of the vasculature is becoming increasingly important for understanding many different disease states. While several techniques exist for imaging vasculature, few are able to visualize the vascular network as a whole while extending to a resolution that includes the smaller vessels1,2. Additionally, many vascular casting techniques destroy the surrounding tissue, preventing further analysis of the sample3-5. One method which circumvents these issues is micro-Computed Tomography (μCT). μCT imaging can scan at resolutions <10 microns, is capable of producing 3D reconstructions of the vascular network, and leaves the tissue intact for subsequent analysis (e.g., histology and morphometry)6-11. However, imaging vessels by ex vivo μCT methods requires that the vessels be filled with a radiopaque compound. As such, the accurate representation of vasculature produced by μCT imaging is contingent upon reliable and complete filling of the vessels. In this protocol, we describe a technique for filling mouse coronary vessels in preparation for μCT imaging.
Two predominate techniques exist for filling the coronary vasculature: in vivo via cannulation and retrograde perfusion of the aorta (or a branch off the aortic arch) 12-14, or ex vivo via a Langendorff perfusion system 15-17. Here we describe an in vivo aortic cannulation method which has been specifically designed to ensure filling of all vessels. We use a low viscosity radiopaque compound called Microfil which can perfuse through the smallest vessels to fill all the capillaries, as well as both the arterial and venous sides of the vascular network. Vessels are perfused with buffer using a pressurized perfusion system, and then filled with Microfil. To ensure that Microfil fills the small higher resistance vessels, we ligate the large branches emanating from the aorta, which diverts the Microfil into the coronaries. Once filling is complete, to prevent the elastic nature of cardiac tissue from squeezing Microfil out of some vessels, we ligate accessible major vascular exit points immediately after filling. Therefore, our technique is optimized for complete filling and maximum retention of the filling agent, enabling visualization of the complete coronary vascular network – arteries, capillaries, and veins alike.
22 Related JoVE Articles!
Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia
Institutions: Technische Universität München, University Hospital of Basel, University of Saarland, University Hospital Zurich.
Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al.
have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.
Medicine, Issue 93, flap, ischemia, microcirculation, angiogenesis, skin, necrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, preconditioning, persistent ischemia, in vivo model, muscle.
Intramyocardial Cell Delivery: Observations in Murine Hearts
Institutions: Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Monash University.
Previous studies showed that cell delivery promotes cardiac function amelioration by release of cytokines and factors that increase cardiac tissue revascularization and cell survival. In addition, further observations revealed that specific stem cells, such as cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and cardiospheres have the ability to integrate within the surrounding myocardium by differentiating into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells.
Here, we present the materials and methods to reliably deliver noncontractile cells into the left ventricular wall of immunodepleted mice. The salient steps of this microsurgical procedure involve anesthesia and analgesia injection, intratracheal intubation, incision to open the chest and expose the heart and delivery of cells by a sterile 30-gauge needle and a precision microliter syringe.
Tissue processing consisting of heart harvesting, embedding, sectioning and histological staining showed that intramyocardial cell injection produced a small damage in the epicardial area, as well as in the ventricular wall. Noncontractile cells were retained into the myocardial wall of immunocompromised mice and were surrounded by a layer of fibrotic tissue, likely to protect from cardiac pressure and mechanical load.
Medicine, Issue 83, intramyocardial cell injection, heart, grafting, cell therapy, stem cells, fibrotic tissue
Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye
Institutions: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University Medical Center.
The presence of placental vascular anastomoses is a conditio sine qua non
for the development of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS)1,2
. Injection studies of twin placentas have shown that such anastomoses are almost invariably present in monochorionic twins and extremely rare in dichorionic twins1
. Three types of anastomoses have been documented: from artery to artery, from vein to vein and from artery to vein. Arterio-venous (AV) anastomoses are unidirectional and are referred to as "deep" anastomoses since they proceed through a shared placental cotyledon, whereas arterio-arterial (AA) and veno-venous (VV) anastomoses are bi-directional and are referred to as "superficial" since they lie on the chorionic plate. Both TTTS and TAPS are caused by net imbalance of blood flow between the twins due to AV anastomoses. Blood from one twin (the donor) is pumped through an artery into the shared placental cotyledon and then drained through a vein into the circulation of the other twin (the recipient). Unless blood is pumped back from the recipient to the donor through oppositely directed deep AV anastomoses or through superficial anastomoses, an imbalance of blood volumes occurs, gradually leading to the development of TTTS or TAPS. The presence of an AA anastomosis has been shown to protect against the development of TTTS and TAPS by compensating for the circulatory imbalance caused by the uni-directional AV anastomoses1,2
Injection of monochorionic placentas soon after birth is a useful mean to understand the etiology of various (hematological) complications in monochorionic twins and is a required test to reach the diagnosis of TAPS2
. In addition, injection of TTTS placentas treated with fetoscopic laser surgery allows identification of possible residual anastomoses3-5
. This additional information is of paramount importance for all perinatologists involved in the management and care of monochorionic twins with TTTS or TAPS. Several placental injection techniques are currently being used. We provide a simple protocol to accurately evaluate the presence of (residual) vascular anastomoses using colored dye injection.
Medicine, Issue 55, monochorionic twin placenta, vascular anastomoses, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, twin anemia polycythemia sequence, colored dye injection, fetoscopic laser surgery
An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability
Institutions: Fox Chase Cancer Center .
This method is based on the intravenous injection of Evans Blue in mice as the test animal model. Evans blue is a dye that binds albumin. Under physiologic conditions the endothelium is impermeable to albumin, so Evans blue bound albumin remains restricted within blood vessels. In pathologic conditions that promote increased vascular permeability endothelial cells partially lose their close contacts and the endothelium becomes permeable to small proteins such as albumin. This condition allows for extravasation of Evans Blue in tissues. A healthy endothelium prevents extravasation of the dye in the neighboring vascularized tissues. Organs with increased permeability will show significantly increased blue coloration compared to organs with intact endothelium. The level of vascular permeability can be assessed by simple visualization or by quantitative measurement of the dye incorporated per milligram of tissue of control versus experimental animal/tissue. Two powerful aspects of this assay are its simplicity and quantitative characteristics. Evans Blue dye can be extracted from tissues by incubating a specific amount of tissue in formamide. Evans Blue absorbance maximum is at 620 nm and absorbance minimum is at 740 nm. By using a standard curve for Evans Blue, optical density measurements can be converted into milligram dye captured per milligram of tissue. Statistical analysis should be used to assess significant differences in vascular permeability.
Medicine, Issue 73, Immunology, Physiology, Anatomy, Surgery, Hematology, Blood Vessels, Endothelium, Vascular, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, permeability, in vivo, Evans Blue, Miles assay, assay, intravenous injection, mouse, animal model
Dual-phase Cone-beam Computed Tomography to See, Reach, and Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma during Drug-eluting Beads Transarterial Chemo-embolization
Institutions: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Philips Research North America, National Institutes of Health, Philips Healthcare.
The advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the angiography suite has been revolutionary in interventional radiology. CBCT offers 3 dimensional (3D) diagnostic imaging in the interventional suite and can enhance minimally-invasive therapy beyond the limitations of 2D angiography alone. The role of CBCT has been recognized in transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE) treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The recent introduction of a CBCT technique: dual-phase CBCT (DP-CBCT) improves intra-arterial HCC treatment with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE). DP-CBCT can be used to localize liver tumors with the diagnostic accuracy of multi-phasic multidetector computed tomography (M-MDCT) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) (See the tumor), to guide intra-arterially guidewire and microcatheter to the desired location for selective therapy (Reach the tumor), and to evaluate treatment success during the procedure (Treat the tumor). The purpose of this manuscript is to illustrate how DP-CBCT is used in DEB-TACE to see, reach, and treat HCC.
Medicine, Issue 82, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive, Digestive System Diseases, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Equipment and Supplies, Transarterial chemo-embolization, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Dual-phase cone-beam computed tomography, 3D roadmap, Drug-Eluting Beads
Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation
Institutions: Piedmont Heart Institute, Medtronic Inc..
Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral contact and PV isolation and is typically assessed by contrast injection. We present a novel method of direct pressure monitoring for assessment of PV occlusion.
Transcatheter pressure is monitored during balloon advancement to the PV antrum. Pressure is recorded via a single pressure transducer connected to the inner lumen of the cryoballoon. Pressure curve characteristics are used to assess occlusion in conjunction with fluoroscopic or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance. PV occlusion is confirmed when loss of typical left atrial (LA) pressure waveform is observed with recordings of PA pressure characteristics (no A wave and rapid V wave upstroke). Complete pulmonary vein occlusion as assessed with this technique has been confirmed with concurrent contrast utilization during the initial testing of the technique and has been shown to be highly accurate and readily reproducible.
We evaluated the efficacy of this novel technique in 35 patients. A total of 128 veins were assessed for occlusion with the cryoballoon utilizing the pressure monitoring technique; occlusive pressure was demonstrated in 113 veins with resultant successful pulmonary vein isolation in 111 veins (98.2%). Occlusion was confirmed with subsequent contrast injection during the initial ten procedures, after which contrast utilization was rapidly reduced or eliminated given the highly accurate identification of occlusive pressure waveform with limited initial training.
Verification of PV occlusive pressure during CBA is a novel approach to assessing effective PV occlusion and it accurately predicts electrical isolation. Utilization of this method results in significant decrease in fluoroscopy time and volume of contrast.
Medicine, Issue 72, Anatomy, Physiology, Cardiology, Biomedical Engineering, Surgery, Cardiovascular System, Cardiovascular Diseases, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Investigative Techniques, Atrial fibrillation, Cryoballoon Ablation, Pulmonary Vein Occlusion, Pulmonary Vein Isolation, electrophysiology, catheterizatoin, heart, vein, clinical, surgical device, surgical techniques
Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer
Institutions: Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital.
The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo
in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro
settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.
Cancer Biology, Issue 73, Medicine, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Genetics, Oncology, Pharmacology, Surgery, Tumor Microenvironment, Intravital imaging, chemotherapy, Breast cancer, time-lapse, mouse models, cancer cell death, stromal cell migration, cancer, imaging, transgenic, animal model
Dual-mode Imaging of Cutaneous Tissue Oxygenation and Vascular Function
Institutions: The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University.
Accurate assessment of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function is important for appropriate detection, staging, and treatment of many health disorders such as chronic wounds. We report the development of a dual-mode imaging system for non-invasive and non-contact imaging of cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function. The imaging system integrated an infrared camera, a CCD camera, a liquid crystal tunable filter and a high intensity fiber light source. A Labview interface was programmed for equipment control, synchronization, image acquisition, processing, and visualization. Multispectral images captured by the CCD camera were used to reconstruct the tissue oxygenation map. Dynamic thermographic images captured by the infrared camera were used to reconstruct the vascular function map. Cutaneous tissue oxygenation and vascular function images were co-registered through fiduciary markers. The performance characteristics of the dual-mode image system were tested in humans.
Medicine, Issue 46, Dual-mode, multispectral imaging, infrared imaging, cutaneous tissue oxygenation, vascular function, co-registration, wound healing
A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics
Institutions: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital.
We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4
with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 μm from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7
. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.
Cancer Biology, Issue 76, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Biophysics, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Intracranial Window, In vivo imaging, Stereotactic radiation, Bone Marrow Derived Cells, confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, drug-cell interactions, drug kinetics, brain, imaging, tumors, animal model
In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
Institutions: Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center.
Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo
complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio
) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo,
and can be genetically manipulated.1
These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.
Molecular Biology, Issue 78, Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Developmental Biology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Physiology, Bioengineering, Genomics, Medical, zebrafish, in vivo, morpholino, human disease modeling, transcription, PCR, mRNA, DNA, Danio rerio, animal model
Intravascular Perfusion of Carbon Black Ink Allows Reliable Visualization of Cerebral Vessels
Institutions: University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School.
The anatomical structure of cerebral vessels is a key determinant for brain hemodynamics as well as the severity of injury following ischemic insults. The cerebral vasculature dynamically responds to various pathophysiological states and it exhibits considerable differences between strains and under conditions of genetic manipulations. Essentially, a reliable technique for intracranial vessel staining is essential in order to study the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Until recently, a set of different techniques has been employed to visualize the cerebral vasculature including injection of low viscosity resin, araldite F, gelatin mixed with various dyes1
carmine red, India ink) or latex with2
carbon black. Perfusion of white latex compound through the ascending aorta has been first reported by Coyle and Jokelainen3
. Maeda et al.2
have modified the protocol by adding carbon black ink to the latex compound for improved contrast visualization of the vessels after saline perfusion of the brain. However, inefficient perfusion and inadequate filling of the vessels are frequently experienced due to high viscosity of the latex compound4
. Therefore, we have described a simple and cost-effective technique using a mixture of two commercially available carbon black inks (CB1 and CB2) to visualize the cerebral vasculature in a reproducible manner5
. We have shown that perfusion with CB1+CB2 in mice results in staining of significantly smaller cerebral vessels at a higher density in comparison to latex perfusion5
. Here, we describe our protocol to identify the anastomotic points between the anterior (ACA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCA) to study vessel variations in mice with different genetic backgrounds. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of our technique in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in mice by combining CB1+CB2-mediated vessel staining with TTC staining in various degrees of ischemic injuries.
Neuroscience, Issue 71, Neurobiology, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Cellular Biology, Immunology, Neurology, Cerebral vascular anatomy, colored latex, carbon black, ink, stroke, vascular territories, brain, vessels, imaging, animal model
Evaluation of a Novel Laser-assisted Coronary Anastomotic Connector - the Trinity Clip - in a Porcine Off-pump Bypass Model
Institutions: University Medical Center Utrecht, Vascular Connect b.v., University Medical Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht.
To simplify and facilitate beating heart (i.e.,
off-pump), minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery, a new coronary anastomotic connector, the Trinity Clip, is developed based on the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis technique. The Trinity Clip connector enables simplified, sutureless, and nonocclusive connection of the graft to the coronary artery, and an excimer laser catheter laser-punches the opening of the anastomosis. Consequently, owing to the complete nonocclusive anastomosis construction, coronary conditioning (i.e.,
occluding or shunting) is not necessary, in contrast to the conventional anastomotic technique, hence simplifying the off-pump bypass procedure. Prior to clinical application in coronary artery bypass grafting, the safety and quality of this novel connector will be evaluated in a long-term experimental porcine off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) study. In this paper, we describe how to evaluate the coronary anastomosis in the porcine OPCAB model using various techniques to assess its quality. Representative results are summarized and visually demonstrated.
Medicine, Issue 93, Anastomosis, coronary, anastomotic connector, anastomotic coupler, excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis (ELANA), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB), beating heart surgery, excimer laser, porcine model, experimental, medical device
Guide Wire Assisted Catheterization and Colored Dye Injection for Vascular Mapping of Monochorionic Twin Placentas
Institutions: University of California, San Francisco, University of Alberta, University of California, San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco.
Monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies are associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates than dichorionic twins. Approximately 50% of MC twin pregnancies develop complications arising from the shared placenta and associated vascular connections1
. Severe twin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS) is reported to account for approximately 20% of these complications2,3
. Inter-twin vascular connections occur in almost all MC placentas and are related to the prognosis and outcome of these high-risk twin pregnancies. The number, size and type of connections have been implicated in the development of TTTS and other MC twin conditions. Three types of inter-twin vascular connections occur: 1) artery to vein connections (AVs) in which a branch artery carrying deoxygenated blood from one twin courses along the fetal surface of the placenta and dives into a placental cotyledon. Blood flows via a deep intraparenchymal capillary network into a draining vein that emerges at the fetal surface of the placenta and brings oxygenated blood toward the other twin. There is unidirectional flow from the twin supplying the afferent artery toward the twin receiving the efferent vein; 2) artery to artery connections (AAs) in which a branch artery from each twin meets directly on the superficial placental surface resulting in a vessel with pulsatile bidirectional flow, and 3) vein to vein connections (VVs) in which a branch vein from each twin meets directly on the superficial placental surface allowing low pressure bidirectional flow. In utero
obstetric sonography with targeted Doppler interrogation has been used to identify the presence of AV and AA connections4
. Prenatally detected AAs that have been confirmed by postnatal placental injection studies have been shown to be associated with an improved prognosis for both twins5
. Furthermore, fetoscopic laser ablation of inter-twin vascular connections on the fetal surface of the shared placenta is now the preferred treatment for early, severe TTTS.
Postnatal placental injection studies provide a valuable method to confirm the accuracy of prenatal Doppler ultrasound findings and the efficacy of fetal laser therapy6
. Using colored dyes separately hand-injected into the arterial and venous circulations of each twin, the technique highlights and delineates AVs, AAs, and VVs. This definitive demonstration of MC placental vascular anatomy may then be correlated with Doppler ultrasound findings and neonatal outcome to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of MC twinning and its sequelae. Here we demonstrate our placental injection technique.
Medicine, Issue 55, placenta, monochorionic twins, vascular mapping, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), obstetrics, fetal surgery
Cerebrovascular Casting of the Adult Mouse for 3D Imaging and Morphological Analysis
Institutions: University of California, San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco.
Vascular imaging is crucial in the clinical diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular diseases, such as brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Animal models are necessary for studying the etiopathology and potential therapies of cerebrovascular diseases. Imaging the vasculature in large animals is relatively easy. However, developing vessel imaging methods of murine brain disease models is desirable due to the cost and availability of genetically-modified mouse lines. Imaging the murine cerebral vascular tree is a challenge. In humans and larger animals, the gold standard for assessing the angioarchitecture at the macrovascular (conductance) level is x-ray catheter contrast-based angiography, a method not suited for small rodents.
In this article, we present a method of cerebrovascular casting that produces a durable skeleton of the entire vascular bed, including arteries, veins, and capillaries that may be analyzed using many different modalities. Complete casting of the microvessels of the mouse cerebrovasculature can be difficult; however, these challenges are addressed in this step-by-step protocol. Through intracardial perfusion of the vascular casting material, all vessels of the body are casted. The brain can then be removed and clarified using the organic solvent methyl salicylate. Three dimensional imaging of the brain blood vessels can be visualized simply and inexpensively with any conventional brightfield microscope or dissecting microscope. The casted cerebrovasculature can also be imaged and quantified using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)1
. In addition, after being imaged, the casted brain can be embedded in paraffin for histological analysis.
The benefit of this vascular casting method as compared to other techniques is its broad adaptation to various analytic tools, including brightfield microscopic analysis, CT scanning due to the radiopaque characteristic of the material, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analysis. This efficient use of tissue can save animal usage and reduce costs. We have recently demonstrated application of this method to visualize the irregular blood vessels in a mouse model of adult BAVM at a microscopic level2
, and provide additional images of the malformed vessels imaged by micro-CT scan. Although this method has drawbacks and may not be ideal for all types of analyses, it is a simple, practical technique that can be easily learned and widely applied to vascular casting of blood vessels throughout the body.
Neuroscience, Issue 57, vessel, vascular cast, capillary, cerebrovasculature, brain, blood, AVM, fistula
Osmotic Drug Delivery to Ischemic Hindlimbs and Perfusion of Vasculature with Microfil for Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging
Institutions: The Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to stimulate microcirculation. The choice of delivery method for these agents is important because the route of administration profoundly affects the bioactivity and efficacy of these agents1,2
. In this article, we demonstrate how to locally administer a substance in ischemic hindlimbs by using a catheterized osmotic pump. This pump can deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution continuously for an allotted period of time. We also present our mouse model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of the common femoral artery proximal to the origin of profunda femoris and epigastrica arteries in the left hindlimb. Lastly, we describe the in vivo
cannulation and ligation of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and perfusion of the hindlimb vasculature with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque casting agent. Microfil can perfuse and fill the entire vascular bed (arterial and venous), and because we have ligated the major vascular conduit for exit, the agent can be retained in the vasculature for future ex vivo
imaging with the use of small specimen micro-CT3
Medicine, Issue 76, Immunology, Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Therapeutics, Hindlimb ischemia, ischemia, osmotic pump, drug delivery, Microfil, micro-computed tomography, 3D vessel imaging, vascular medicine, vasculature, CT, tomography, imaging, animal model
Nonhuman Primate Lung Decellularization and Recellularization Using a Specialized Large-organ Bioreactor
Institutions: Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine.
There are an insufficient number of lungs available to meet current and future organ transplantation needs. Bioartificial tissue regeneration is an attractive alternative to classic organ transplantation. This technology utilizes an organ's natural biological extracellular matrix (ECM) as a scaffold onto which autologous or stem/progenitor cells may be seeded and cultured in such a way that facilitates regeneration of the original tissue. The natural ECM is isolated by a process called decellularization. Decellularization is accomplished by treating tissues with a series of detergents, salts, and enzymes to achieve effective removal of cellular material while leaving the ECM intact. Studies conducted utilizing decellularization and subsequent recellularization of rodent lungs demonstrated marginal success in generating pulmonary-like tissue which is capable of gas exchange in vivo
. While offering essential proof-of-concept, rodent models are not directly translatable to human use. Nonhuman primates (NHP) offer a more suitable model in which to investigate the use of bioartificial organ production for eventual clinical use.
The protocols for achieving complete decellularization of lungs acquired from the NHP rhesus macaque are presented. The resulting acellular lungs can be seeded with a variety of cells including mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. The manuscript also describes the development of a bioreactor system in which cell-seeded macaque lungs can be cultured under conditions of mechanical stretch and strain provided by negative pressure ventilation as well as pulsatile perfusion through the vasculature; these forces are known to direct differentiation along pulmonary and endothelial lineages, respectively. Representative results of decellularization and cell seeding are provided.
Bioengineering, Issue 82, rhesus macaque, decellularization, recellularization, detergent, matrix, scaffold, large-organ bioreactor, mesenchymal stem cells
Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish model has emerged as a relevant system to study kidney development, regeneration and disease. Both the embryonic and adult zebrafish kidneys are composed of functional units known as nephrons, which are highly conserved with other vertebrates, including mammals. Research in zebrafish has recently demonstrated that two distinctive phenomena transpire after adult nephrons incur damage: first, there is robust regeneration within existing nephrons that replaces the destroyed tubule epithelial cells; second, entirely new nephrons are produced from renal progenitors in a process known as neonephrogenesis. In contrast, humans and other mammals seem to have only a limited ability for nephron epithelial regeneration. To date, the mechanisms responsible for these kidney regeneration phenomena remain poorly understood. Since adult zebrafish kidneys undergo both nephron epithelial regeneration and neonephrogenesis, they provide an outstanding experimental paradigm to study these events. Further, there is a wide range of genetic and pharmacological tools available in the zebrafish model that can be used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate renal regeneration. One essential aspect of such research is the evaluation of nephron structure and function. This protocol describes a set of labeling techniques that can be used to gauge renal composition and test nephron functionality in the adult zebrafish kidney. Thus, these methods are widely applicable to the future phenotypic characterization of adult zebrafish kidney injury paradigms, which include but are not limited to, nephrotoxicant exposure regimes or genetic methods of targeted cell death such as the nitroreductase mediated cell ablation technique. Further, these methods could be used to study genetic perturbations in adult kidney formation and could also be applied to assess renal status during chronic disease modeling.
Cellular Biology, Issue 90,
zebrafish; kidney; nephron; nephrology; renal; regeneration; proximal tubule; distal tubule; segment; mesonephros; physiology; acute kidney injury (AKI)
Murine Spinotrapezius Model to Assess the Impact of Arteriolar Ligation on Microvascular Function and Remodeling
Institutions: University of Virginia, California Polytechnic State University, University of Virginia, Johns Hopkins University.
The murine spinotrapezius is a thin, superficial skeletal support muscle that extends from T3 to L4, and is easily accessible via dorsal skin incision. Its unique anatomy makes the spinotrapezius useful for investigation of ischemic injury and subsequent microvascular remodeling. Here, we demonstrate an arteriolar ligation model in the murine spinotrapezius muscle that was developed by our research team and previously published1-3
. For certain vulnerable mouse strains, such as the Balb/c mouse, this ligation surgery reliably creates skeletal muscle ischemia and serves as a platform for investigating therapies that stimulate revascularization. Methods of assessment are also demonstrated, including the use of intravital and confocal microscopy. The spinotrapezius is well suited to such imaging studies due to its accessibility (superficial dorsal anatomy) and relative thinness (60-200 μm). The spinotrapezius muscle can be mounted en face, facilitating imaging of whole-muscle microvascular networks without histological sectioning. We describe the use of intravital microscopy to acquire metrics following a functional vasodilation procedure; specifically, the increase in arterilar diameter as a result of muscle contraction. We also demonstrate the procedures for harvesting and fixing the tissues, a necessary precursor to immunostaining studies and the use of confocal microscopy.
Biomedical Engineering, Issue 73, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Immunology, Hematology, Microvessels, Capillaries, Arterioles, Venules, Vascular Diseases, Ischemia, spinotrapezius, peripheral vascular disease, functional vasodilation, arteriolar ligation, vessels, circulation, confocal microscopy, animal model
Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina
Institutions: McGill University, University of Montréal, University of Montréal.
The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.
Neuroscience, Issue 88, vascular regeneration, angiogenesis, vessels, retina, neurons, oxygen-induced retinopathy, neovascularization, CNS
Injection of dsRNA into Female A. aegypti Mosquitos
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI), University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes. This video protocol illustrates a method used by the James lab to inject dsRNA into female A. aegypti mosquitoes, which harbor the dengue virus. The technique for calibrating injection needles, manipulating the injection setup, and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.
Cellular Biology, Issue 5, mosquito, malaria, genetics, injection
A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window
Institutions: University of California, Los Angeles.
The ability to image the cerebral vasculature (from large vessels to capillaries) and record blood flow dynamics in the intact brain of living rodents is a powerful technique. Using in vivo 2-photon microscopy through a cranial window it is possible to image fluorescent dyes injected intravenously. This permits one to image the cortical vasculature and also to obtain measurements of blood flow. This technique was originally developed by David Kleinfeld and Winfried Denk. The method can be used to study blood flow dynamics during or after cerebral ischemia, in neurodegenerative disorders, in brain tumors, or in normal brain physiology. For example, it has been used to study how stroke causes shifts in blood flow direction and changes in red blood cell velocity or flux in and around the infarct. Here we demonstrate how to use 2-photon microscopy to image blood flow dynamics in the neocortex of living mice using fluorescent dyes injected into the tail vein.
Neuroscience, Issue 12, red blood cell, cortex, fluorescein, rhodamine, dextran, two-photon, 2-photon, capillary
Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT
Institutions: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio .
Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between different soft tissues and body fluids is inherently poor in micro-CT images 1
. Under these circumstances, visualization of blood vessels becomes a nearly impossible task. To overcome this and to improve the visualization of blood vessels exogenous contrast agents can be used. Herein, we present a methodology for visualizing the vascular network in a rodent model. By using a long-acting aqueous colloidal polydisperse iodinated blood-pool contrast agent, eXIA 160XL, we optimized image acquisition parameters and volume-rendering techniques for finding blood vessels in live animals. Our findings suggest that, to achieve a superior contrast between bone and soft tissue from vessel, multiple-frames (at least 5-8/ frames per view), and 360-720 views (for a full 360° rotation) acquisitions were mandatory. We have also demonstrated the use of a two-dimensional transfer function (where voxel color and opacity was assigned in proportion to CT value and gradient magnitude), in visualizing the anatomy and highlighting the structure of interest, the blood vessel network. This promising work lays a foundation for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of anti-angiogenesis preclinical studies using transgenic or xenograft tumor-bearing mice.
Medicine, Issue 47, vessel imaging, eXIA 160XL, microCT, advanced visualization, 2DTF
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The field of computer sciences unfortunately does not yet have a culture that requires new discoveries to be backed by rigorous experimentation, as is the norm in physics and the biological sciences. It is very common to see CS papers with biased comparisons, incomplete scientific evidence, unreproducible results or simply incorrect statistical analysis of experimental data. I believe that most of these errors are not due to malice, but to the lack of teaching computer scientists the merits of rigorous experimental methodologies.
In this course we will review the concept of experimentation, and what is its role in Computer Science research. We will discuss how to properly plan and setup a scientific experiment, and how to correctly analyze the data generated by it. Topics include statistical techniques, experiment design procedures and the reasoning behind them.
Friday, 15:15 to 18:00
UPDATED 2016-04-14: The course repository has been changed. Please check the new link!
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The nectar-rich flowers of the butterfly bush (Buddleias) will attract butterflies to your garden. It will also lure in hummingbirds and "good" insects. There are more than 100 varieties of butterfly bush to choose from. The bottle brush-shaped blooms can be found in many different shades of purple, pink, white and red. This perennial plant can withstand temperatures of minus 20 degrees Fahrenheit, making it a viable choice for many locations.
Pick a planting location that allows for full sun all or most of the day. If more than one bush is planted, space them 5 to 10 feet apart.
Evaluate the soil and amend it as needed. The butterfly bush does best in a well-drained soil. This means it should be a sandy loam, if possible. If you have a clay-based soil, amend it with compost before you plant. To do this, dig up the ground soil to a depth of 1 to 1 1/2 feet. Remove all debris and break up dirt clods. Pour 2 inches of compost over the top and work it into the soil. Rake the ground even.
Dig a hole that is two times the width of the original container. The depth should be the height of the soil in the original pot. Remove the butterfly bush and set it in the hole.
Pour the prepared soil around the plant root soil, pressing down with your fingers as you go. This will compact the soil and give the plant structure. Water immediately after planting.
Water your planted butterfly bush only about twice a month during the summer months or at other times when it is very warm and dry. If there is rain during the summer, do not water. Do not over-water. If given a choice, let the soil remain on the dryer side.
Prune your bush nearly to the ground in early spring, before any growth appears. This plant is a quick grower and will give you new and healthy growth and blooms
Sprinkle a small amount of compost under the butterfly bush each spring. This is all the fertilizer required by this plant.
Place a 2-inch layer of mulch under the butterfly bush in spring to retain moisture to the roots. This will also deter weeds and protect the roots during cold spells.
Clip off the spent blooms to keep the plant tidy. The blooms will not fall from the plant otherwise.
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Integer equation - examples
- Nice prism
Calculate the surface of the cuboid if the sum of its edges is a + b + c = 19 cm and the body diagonal size u = 13 cm.
Cherries in the bowl can be divided equally among 11 or 16 or 4 children. How many is the minimum cherries in the bowl?
- Diofant 2
Is equation ? solvable on the set of integers Z?
Seedcake costs 50 cents. How many minimum seedcakes we must buy that we can pay in cash only whole euros?
Kate thought a five-digit integer. She wrote the sum of this number and its half at the first line to the workbook. On the second line wrote a total of this number and its one fifth. On the third row she wrote a sum of this number and its one nines. Fi
How many times a day hands on a clock overlap?
Group of kids wanted to ride. When the children were divided into groups of 3 children 1 remain. When divided into groups of 4 children 1 remain. When divided into groups of 6 children 1 missed. After divided to groups of 5 children its OK. How many are t
- Cakes Z8-I-5
Mom brought 10 cakes of three types: kokosek was less than laskonek and most were caramel cubes. John chose two different kinds of cakes, Stephan did the same and for Margerith leave only the cakes of the same type. How many kokosek, laskonek and caramel c
- Salary raise
Monthly salary was 2167 Eur. During the year it was raised to 2364 Eur. Calculate the month from salary was increased that employee earned 27186 Eur during whole year.
- Sugar - cuboid
Pejko received from his master cuboid composed of identical sugar cubes with count between 1000 and 2000. The Pejko eat sugar cubes in layers. The first day eat one layer from the front, second day one layer from right, the third day one layer above. Yet i
In the first basement is more flies than the spiders, the second vice versa. Each basement had spiders and flies together 100 feet. Determine how many could be flies and spiders in the first and second basement. PS. We only need, when you write how many.
The package has no more than 47 m of cloth. If we just cut it all on the blouses or all on dresses, no cloth left remain. On the one blouse consumes 4.2 m of cloth and on one dress 1.1 m. Determine the amount of the cloth in the package.
Four cooks cleaned 5 kg of potatoes for 10 minutes. How many cook would have to work clean 9 kg of potatoes for 12 minutes?
- Diofant equation
In the set of integers (Z) solve the equation: ? Write result with integer parameter ? (parameter t = ...-2,-1,0,1,2,3... if equation has infinitely many solutions)
Straight line passing through points A [-3; 22] and B [33; -2]. Determine the total number of points of the line which both coordinates are positive integers.
- Real estate
Residential house has three entrances numbered by odd numbers arithmetic progression. The sum of the two numbers on the corner entrances is 50. Calculate the highest of this three numbers.
- Mushrooms from the forest
Magda and Tereza goes to pick mushrooms. Total found 70 mushrooms. Magda found that between fungi found 5/9 bedel. Tereza discovered that she found among fungi are 2/17 champignons. How many mushrooms found Magda?
The perimeter of the rectangle is 22 cm and content area 30 cm2. Determine its dimensions, if the length of the sides of the rectangle in centimeters is expressed by integers.
- Two friends
Two friends met as a good man perish together for a beer. After recovery the most important topics (politics, women, football ...), one asks: - And how many do you have children? - I have 3 children. - And how many years have? Friend already not want to an
The summer camp is 41 cottages. Rooms are for three and for four in them. How many of the 140 campers lives of three?
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Guide to Using This Book
is divided into four parts that cover the various phases of a wiring
job—from understanding basic vocabulary and principles, to planning,
installation, and finishing. Each part provides the necessary foundation
for the parts that follow.
CIRCUITS, AND GROUNDING
SERVICE EQUIPMENT AND WIRING
special wiring situations and projects
The best way to use this book is to read it through from start to finish
to gain an overall grasp of what is involved in electrical wiring. This step is vital to fully grasp the elements of a complicated trade. Many questions from readers turn out to address topics that are fully covered in the book, but the reader had neglected to read through the book first. The
table of contents at the front of the book provides an overview of the
wide range of material covered. This and the index at the back are your
keys to locating topics quickly and easily.
getting started—the basics
provides basic background necessary to understand the safety, practical,
and legal considerations involved in wiring decisions and practices.
This is essential reading before undertaking any electrical work. The
standards and codes that help ensure safety are explained, and important
safety precautions are offered. Practical goals to consider in the planning
of any wiring job are described in plain language. A bare-bones outline
of how electrical power is measured and delivered to the home provides
basic vocabulary for understanding issues of usage, cost, and conservation
of electrical power.
wires, circuits, and grounding
explains how to choose the right wire types and sizes, electrical devices,
and tools you’ll need for a particular job. Proper overcurrent protection
and the importance and specifics of grounding are emphasized here and
throughout the book. New developments on arc-fault circuit interrupters
are covered. Regulations are given for feeders and the panels they supply.
A simple way is described for using wiring diagrams to design installations
of any size.
installing service equipment and wiring
When you’re ready to start your installation, Wiring Simplified
fits in your toolbox so you can take it right to where you’re working
for ready reference. All commonly encountered wiring methods are covered. The service entrance chapter describes required workspace
around panels and explains how to establish the connection point between
the power supplier’s wires and your electrical installation. Detailed
instructions are provided for selecting and installing boxes and switches
in your circuits; for making the wiring connections at the boxes, switches,
and receptacles; for running cable or raceways; and for testing the
completed installation. You will also find information on how to wire
detached garages and outbuildings. Modernizing an outdated wiring
system is covered in a separate chapter, with many expert hints for
making the job easier. Wiring requirements for a variety of specific
household appliances are listed. The details of finishing an electrical
installation wrap up this professional approach to getting the job done.
special wiring situations and projects
begins with a discussion of the types and wiring requirements of stand-alone
motors commonly used in residences and on farms, with special coverage
of new regulations for motor disconnects. The chapter
on farm wiring covers specialized topics such as constructing the meter
pole, wiring animal buildings, and rural safety issues. In addition
to telephone and doorbell wiring, the chapter on low-voltage wiring
now includes general material on computer network wiring. The last chapter,
on troubleshooting and repairs, is a guide to diagnosing and remedying
common problems such as blown fuses or tripped breakers, broken switches
and receptacles, and lamps and doorbells that don’t work—information
that can be used by people who never intend to undertake an electrical
installation but want to be able to maintain the electrical equipment
they depend on each day.
Park Publishing, Inc.
Softcover, 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 inches, 256 pages, 228 illustrations
44th edition, July 15, 2014
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The thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in the body. It produces the hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism. There are two primary hormones that this gland produces, T3 and T4. These hormones are important because they affect the conduct of every single cell in the human body; therefore, it is not difficult to see why thyroid function must be in proper working order.
Thyroid Function – What Does This Gland Do?
The thyroid is part of the endocrine system, which is made up of glands that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream so the hormones can reach the body’s cells. It is common knowledge that the human body utilises carbohydrates and fats to supply itself with the energy it needs. The amount of and manner in which the body utilises energy affects everything from one’s heart rate to its production of proteins. T3 and T4 travel in your bloodstream to reach almost every cell in the body. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism. An additional thyroid function that this gland is responsible for is the production of calcitonin. This particular hormone is the one that monitors and controls the amount of calcium a person has in their bloodstream. The rates at which T3 and T4 are released into the bloodstream are controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland when it needs to make more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The particular amount that is needed is dependent upon exactly how much T3 and T4 are in the bloodstream. If there aren’t enough of the two hormones in the bloodstream, then TSH levels will be too high. If there’s too much of the two, then TSH levels will be low. The thyroid gland determines how many hormones it should make based upon how high/low the TSH levels are.
If the TSH levels in the bloodstream are off, then it is going to negatively affect the hormone production of the thyroid gland and thyroid function will not be operating at peak capacity. When the thyroid is not functioning properly, it upsets the entire chemical balance of the human body. If the thyroid produces an excess of hormones, the condition is referred to as hyperthyroidism. If it is not producing enough hormones, the condition is called hypothyroidism.
While both conditions can affect a person’s quality of life, the good news is that they are both readily treatable. In most instances, their effects can be controlled through daily medication. A doctor will know what tests to conduct. They will discuss the results with their patient and decide on an appropriate course of treatment. Within a few weeks, it is guaranteed that a patient will be feeling better.
If you have questions or concerns about thyroid problems see your local doctor who will arrange for you to see a thyroid surgeon.
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Web-based resources, and the relevant commentary from them, copied and pasted here for you to see:
Sheltered instruction observation protocol: SIOP
This page details all of the stages in SIOP.
The SIOP Model includes teacher preparation, instructional indicators such as comprehensible input and the building of background knowledge. It comprises strategies for classroom organization and delivery of instruction.
1. Teachers write clearly defined content objectives on the board for students. These objectives are reviewed at the beginning of a lesson and students should state at the end of the lesson whether the objectives have been met.
2. Teachers should write clearly defined language objectives on the board for students at the beginning of a lesson. Students state at the end of the lesson whether the objectives have been met.
3. Concepts taught should be appropriate for the age and educational background of students; teachers must consider the students' L1 literacy, second language proficiency, and the reading level of the materials.
4. Supplementary materials are used to promote comprehension. These include charts, graphs, pictures, illustrations, realia, math manipulatives, multimedia, and demonstrations by teacher and other students.
5.Content must be adapted to ELL's needs through use of graphic organizers, outlines, labeling of pictures, study guides, ...
A brief, informal analysis of a teacher's current use of the SIOP learning model for ELL learners, with an informal self-assessment plan, goals and timeline for improving areas of identified need. Web-based resources.
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If the ball had landed outside the boundary without bouncing first, the batsman would have scored the maximum possible runs from a single shot - 6. If the fielder catches the ball, he's out. However, if the fielder catches the ball but then steps outside the boundary, the batsman scores 6 runs again.
What you see here is the fielder attempt to catch the ball, but realise that he can't do that without stepping the boundary. His teammate has read the situation and is supporting him within the boundary. When the initial catcher pushes the ball to his teammate (while still in mid-air) the catch is made and the batsman is out.
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ABOUT THE ATCHAFALAYA national heritage area
Established in 2006, the Atchafalaya National Heritage Area stretches across 14 parishes in south-central Louisiana. It is among the most culturally rich and ecologically varied regions in the United States, home to the widely recognized Cajun culture as well as a diverse population of European, African, Caribbean and Native-American descent.
Water is the distinctive influence on life in the ANHA. Through the ages it has created ever-changing landscapes, contributed to subtle and catastrophic natural events and has been subjected to a long history of human manipulation. This relationship continues to evolve today through increased recreation and conservation efforts.
The Atchafalaya Water Heritage Trail will be a driving trail that explains the ANHA’s water story by guiding visitors through a variety of significant natural, cultural and historical sites in each parish of the region. Input from the surrounding community, on-site analysis and research will form the basis for trail site selection. The result will be a compelling interactive and interpretive experience that explains how the water, land and people here connect. This project will raise awareness of the ANHA among the people of Louisiana and across the globe.
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September is Childhood Cancer Awareness month, and we have been sharing awareness facts on our Facebook page daily. Today, to help spread awareness further, we feature a guest blog post from a member of Wade's Army in Cairns, Queensland, Australia! Natalie of CrossFit Coral Sea has put together an informative call to arms for her community, and we thought it would be great to share with everyone.
Thank you, Natalie!
WHY ARE WE PART OF WADE'S ARMY?
8 September 2015
I thought we would provide some info as to why we are part of Wade's Army. In a nutshell, neuroblastoma is a an awful disesase that does not get a lot attention. Many people have never even heard of it.
Neuroblastoma represents approximately 7% of paediatric malignancies but it is responsible for 10-15% of childhood cancer-related mortality. Neuroblastoma is a tumour derived from immature nerve cells (originating from the neural crest). The average patient age is approximately 23 months but the disease can affect children under 6 months or rarely children over 5 years of age. Even unborn infants can be diagnosed with Neuroblastoma.
Neuroblastoma belongs to a group of cancers called ‘small round blue cell tumours’. It means that under the microscope the tumour has the appearance of small primitive cells exhibiting minimal differentiation. The tumour often forms structures that look like early foetal neural/nerve tissue rather than any mature adult tissue. A pathologist will see something like the attached picture when diagnosing this tumour - sheets of blue cells.
Neuroblastoma is often centred on the adrenal gland but can be located in the chest cavity or pelvis. It has a markedly variable biology. Some tumours are well behaved and can actually spontaneously regress without any treatment at all. Unfortunately this is not the case for the majority of tumour types. ‘High-risk’ tumours grow very quickly and are often very advanced by the time the diagnosis is made. These more aggressive types have usually spread to other parts of the body - lymph nodes, liver and even the skin. Survival rates for these high-risk types can fall below 50% at 5 years.
There have been major advancements in the treatment of aggressive childhood tumours. A few decades or so ago Neuroblastoma was a death sentence. Now cure is possible. Surgery, chemotherapy, stem cell rescue/transplants, radiotherapy and immunotherapy can be all be part of the treatment regime.
We have also entered the golden age of “molecular” or “targeted” therapy. These new treatments attempt to target only the Neuroblastoma cancer cells that contain unique tumour proteins, rather than chemotherapy, which essentially damages all fast growing cells (including normal healthy tissue). The antibody drugs bind to molecules on the tumour cell surface and help the body’s natural immune system recognise the malignant cells and destroy them. An example of the newer treatments includes anti-disialoganglioside (GD2) antibodies that incite immune-mediated cytotoxicity toward neuroblastoma cells.
Although these targeted treatments offer new hope, they are only in early trial phases and further clinical development is required. The current treatment regime for most tumours remains intensive - aggressive treatment for an aggressive cancer. Please remember these are 2 year olds doing the fighting.
So we have made progress. Some kids do exceptionally well and are thankfully cured of this terrible disease. But it is unwise to underestimate the biology of this tumour. If the patient is older, has advanced unresectable disease, if the tumour has spread to other sites, if it is undifferentiated under the microscope, if the tumour cells are dividing rapidly (high mitosis-karyorrhexis index), if the tumour has certain types of genetic mutations (MYCN or ALK gene amplifications) - then the future is very uncertain for that child and the worst can happen despite the fight. Tumour progression can be relentless and unresponsive to all modern medicine.
So we need your help. Donate to Wade’s army to support patients and their families through this battle and also help researchers undertake early phase medical trials to explore new targeted treatments (MATCH-NB trials) to destroy these small round blue cells.
Follow the link and donate now: www.classy.org/MuzzandNat
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Former collegiate lacrosse defensive midfielder, 4-year letter winner and 3-year team captain. Coached strength and conditioning collegiately with Georgetown University football, Men's and Women's lacrosse and Women's Crew, as well with the University of Texas at Austin's football program. Apprenticed under Raphael Ruiz of 1-FortyFour-1 studying proper implementation of science based, performance driven training systems. Head coached CrossFit Dupont's program for two years in Washington D.C. Received a Master's in Health Promotion Management from Marymount University in 2010, and has been a coach for Power Athlete since October, 2012.
Latest posts by Tex McQuilkin (see all)
- Action Days on Capitol Hill - May 12, 2017
- INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL TRIAL PROVIDES TARGETED THERAPY TOCHILDREN WITH NEUROBLASTOMA - March 31, 2017
- What your donations have accomplished - September 16, 2016
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There are many theories concerning the origins of Freemasonry. Some scholars claim to have traced the lineage of the Fraternity as far back as the original builders of the Egyptian pyramids, while others believe that Freemasonry was a development of the Knights Templar formed after their demise at the hands of King Phillip IV of France in 1307.
While there may or may not be some truth to these assertions, there does not seem to be any cast-iron historical evidence to support such theories. What we do know with reasonable certainty is as follows.
During the Middle Ages, many European monarchs embarked on ambitious building programs, resulting in the beautiful Gothic churches and cathedrals which still stand today. Many of these larger structures took decades to build and employed thousands of stonemasons. In those days, most common people lived under a feudal system whereby their work and their very lives were the property of their lord. The craft of Masonry, on the other hand, was so specialized and valuable that Masons enjoyed the rare privilege of being ‘free’ – in other words, they could travel, live and ply their trade wherever they wished. This is the origin of the term ‘Freemason’.
Masons were highly paid workers so it became essential to distinguish genuine Masons from those who would attempt to obtain work without being qualified. Local communities of Freemasons therefore organized themselves into ‘Lodges’ consisting of a Master (the chief architect), his two Wardens (who helped him run the bureaucracy of the Lodge) and a body of skilled workers. Those workers consisted of apprentices who were learning the art of masonry and ‘fellows of the craft’ who were fully-qualified Masons performing the actual construction work. The Lodges developed certain means of recognition consisting of secret passwords and signs. In this way a Freemason could ply his trade wherever he wished and the local Lodge could be sure that they were only hiring genuine Freemasons.
As these vast building programs wound down, work became more scarce for Freemasons, but the local Lodges survived since they had developed into central hubs for social activity and fraternity. In time, these Lodges began to admit ‘Speculative’ Masons – men who were not Masons by trade, but who wished to share in the Brotherhood and knowledge of the organization with like-minded men whom they might otherwise never meet due to religious, political or economic restrictions. Eventually the Speculative Masons grew to outnumber the Operative Masons, and the customs and rituals of Masonry were adapted to serve the purpose of building spiritual buildings instead of physical edifices. Freemasonry was thus born – an organization that takes good men and makes them better by applying a system of moral education founded in the symbolism and allegories of operative stonemasons.
In 1717, four London Lodges came together to form the first Grand Lodge, which began to charter other Lodges around the country. Naturally the Grand Lodge also chartered Lodges in the American Colonies so that Freemasons abroad could continue to enjoy the benefits of the Craft in their new homeland. After the War of Independence, each State formed their own Grand Lodge to oversee Freemasonry in their own jurisdictions. Since that time, the Grand Lodge of the State of New York has been the sole body empowered to issue the Charters or Warrants under which regular Lodges operate in New York State.
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Unformatted text preview: EXAM 3
Andrew M Kolchin
1. Definition of Momentum (For an object or for a group of
objects): Momentum = mass * velocity; p = mv
2. Definition of an Impulse
Impulse = Force * Time interval; I = F ∆t
3. Impulse-Momentum Theorem:
Impulse applied to an object = The change in momentum
of the object; F ∆t = m ∆v
4. Momentum Conservation: A system’s momentum does not
change if there are no external forces on the system.
5. Work done on an object = the force on the object in the
direction of its motion * the distance the object moves;
W =F ∗d
6. Power is the rate at which work is done: P = W/∆t.
7. Gravitational Potential Energy = weight * height
8. Kinetic Energy (K.E.) = 1
2 m v2 9. Conservation of Energy: Energy can’t be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another or tranferred from one place to another.
10. For a machine: Work Input = Work Output; Win = Wout .
11. For a machine: Mechanical Advantage = (Output Force)/(Input
12. Newton’s Second Law: F = ma
13. Definition of Acceleration: Time rate of change of velocity;
a = ∆v/∆t
View Full Document
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Water fleas use specialized appendages to filter algae, bacteria and small organic particles.
Cladocerans are common and abundant in large variety of still water habitats. They often live in temporary ponds and survive dry periods as very resistant and long-lasting eggs.
Cladocerans use large branched antennae to push them through the water. Common name water flea comes from this jerky movement.
Some species can grow up to sizes around 5 mm, although most cladocerans rarely exceed 3 mm.
The life cycle of cladocerans is dominated by asexual reproduction, occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction (resulting in dormant eggs). Hatched young are barely visible dots moving in the water. They undergo several molts to reach an adult capable of reproduction. Most of the adulthood, females produce brood of eggs every time they molt.
Water fleas (Cladocera):
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What's better, running for 60 minutes at an easy-going pace or running for 30 minutes broken up into alternating chunks of sprints and jogging?
Of course, it all depends upon what your goal is. But if you want to burn fat, work your muscles harder and increase your cardiorespiratory fitness, three recent studies show interval training may be the way to go.
Unlike endurance workouts, which are comprised of moderate exercise conducted over a longer period of time, interval training, or High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) as it's sometimes called, is short and sweet, with high-intensity exercise mixed in with lower-intensity cool down periods.
For a new study published in the journal Cell Metabolism, scientists studied three groups of people doing high-intensity aerobic interval training, resistance training or a combination of the two for 12 weeks. All of the exercise routines improved the participants' body mass, but they also found that the HIIT group saw improvements in their muscle's mitochondria.
Why is this noteworthy? Because our mitochondria, which are responsible for producing energy for cells, become less efficient as we age. HIIT "reversed many age-related differences," the study says, in older participants' mitochondria.
An April 2016 study published in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness studied 39 adults for eight weeks. The volunteers were split into two groups. One group did HIIT twice a week and regular gym workouts twice a week. The other group did only regular gym workouts four times a week. While participants in both groups reduced their body fat and improved their flexibility, researchers found only the group that did HIIT improved their cardiorespiratory fitness.
A 2015 study conducted by researchers at Sweden's Karolinska Institute also looked at the health benefits of HIIT. They evaluated a group of male volunteers who alternated between pedaling a stationary bike for 30 seconds at top intensity and resting for three minutes. They completed this workout six times.
Researchers say what they found in the muscle cells of the participants reveals why HIIT workouts are so effective.
Tissues samples from the thigh muscles of the volunteers showed even after just one exercise session, the muscle cells had broken down in a way that promoted energy production to improve efficiency. Essentially, they found their muscles were reacting to the stress of the interval workout by becoming faster and stronger than before.
"During any physical training, the cell senses, ‘I have a problem here,’” Hakan Westerblad, a professor of physiology and pharmacology from the Karolinska Institute told Time magazine. “So to be better safe than sorry, they adapt so the next time they experience the intense exercise, the problem is lessened.”
And Westerblad and his colleagues found these adaptations were greater and more effective after interval training than after longer workouts. Even after just one workout, the volunteers had changes in their muscle cells that could be detected 24 hours later.
So if you're crunched for time, don't skip the workout, just dial up the intensity. You'll still get in some quality exercise and a major boost to your heart and muscle health.
Editor's note: This story was originally published in November 2015 and has been updated with more recent information.
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BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950by
Robert A. Gibson
The United States has a brutal history of domestic violence. It is an ugly episode in our national history that has long been neglected. Of the several varieties of American violence, one type stands out as one of the most inhuman chapters in the history of the world�the violence committed against Negro citizens in America by white people. This unit of post Reconstruction Afro-American history will examine anti-Black violence from the 1880s to the 1950s. The phenomenon of lynching and the major race riots of this period, called the American Dark Ages by historian Rayford W. Logan, will be covered.
Immediately following the end of Reconstruction, the Federal Government of the United States restored white supremacist control to the South and adopted a �laissez-faire� policy in regard to the Negro. The Negro was betrayed by his country. This policy resulted in Negro disfranchisement, social, educational and employment discrimination, and peonage. Deprived of their civil and human rights, Blacks were reduced to a status of quasislavery or �second-class� citizenship. A tense atmosphere of racial hatred, ignorance and fear bred lawless mass violence, murder and lynching.
This unit is divided into three sections: 1) lynchings, 2) the most significant race riots between 1898 and 1943 and 3) the Black response to these acts of violence.
LYNCHINGIn the last decades of the nineteenth century, the lynching of Black people in the Southern and border states became an institutionalized method used by whites to terrorize Blacks and maintain white supremacy. In the South, during the period 1880 to 1940, there was deep-seated and all-pervading hatred and fear of the Negro which led white mobs to turn to �lynch law� as a means of social control. Lynchings�open public murders of individuals suspected of crime conceived and carried out more or less spontaneously by a mob�seem to have been an American invention. In Lynch-Law, the first scholarly investigation of lynching, written in 1905, author James E. Cutler stated that �lynching is a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.�1
Most of the lynchings were by hanging or shooting, or both. However, many were of a more hideous nature�burning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical torture. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white people believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control.
There are three major sources of lynching statistics. None cover the complete history of lynching in America. Prior to 1882, no reliable statistics of lynchings were recorded. In that year, the Chicago Tribunefirst began to take systematic account of lynchings. Shortly thereafter, in 1892, Tuskegee Institute began to make a systematic collection and tabulation of lynching statistics. Beginning in 1912, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People kept an independent record of lynchings.
These statistics were based primarily on newspaper reports. Because the South is so large and the rural districts had not always been in close contact with the city newspapers, it is certain that many lynchings escaped publicity in the press. Undoubtedly, therefore, there are errors and inaccuracies in the available lynching statistics.
The numbers of lynchings listed in each source varies slightly. The NAACP lynching statistics tend to be slightly higher than the Tuskegee Institute figures, which some historians consider �conservative.� For example, in 1914, Tuskegee Institute reported fifty-two lynchings for the year, the �Chicago Tribune� reported fifty-four, and The Crisis, the official organ of the NAACP,gave the number as seventy-four.2 The reason for the discrepancies in these figures is due in part to different conceptions of what actually constituted a lynching, and errors in the figures. According to the Tuskegee Institute figures, between the years 1882 and 1951, 4,730 people were lynched in the United States: 3,437 Negro and 1,293 white.3 The largest number of lynchings occurred in 1892. Of the 230 persons lynched that year, 161 were Negroes and sixty-nine whites.
Contrary to present-day popular conception, lynching was not a crime committed exclusively against Black people. During the nineteenth century a significant minority of the lynching victims were white. Between the 1830s and the 1850s the majority of those lynched in the United States were whites. Although a substantial number of white people were victims of this crime, the vast majority of those lynched, by the 1890s and after the turn of the century, were Black people. Actually, the pattern of almost exclusive lynching of Negroes was set during the Reconstruction period. According to the Tuskegee Institute statistics for the period covered in this study, the total number of Black lynching victims was more than two and one-half times as many as the number of whites put to death by lynching.
Lynchings occurred throughout the United States; it was not a sectional crime. However, the great majority of lynchings in the United States took place in the Southern and border states. According to social economist Gunnar Myrdal: �The Southern states account for nine-tenths of the lynchings. More than two-thirds of the remaining one-tenth occurred in the six states which immediately border the South: Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kansas.�4 Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama were the leading lynching states. These five states furnished nearly half the total victims. Mississippi had the highest incidence of lynchings in the South as well as the highest for the nation, with Georgia and Texas taking second and third places, respectively. However, there were lynchings in the North and West. In fact, every state in the continental United States with the exception of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont has had lynching casualties.
The causes assigned by whites in justification or explanation of lynching Black people include everything from major crimes to minor offenses. In many cases, Blacks were lynched for no reason at all other than race prejudice. Southern folk tradition has held that Negroes were lynched only for the crimes of raping white women��the nameless crime��and murder. However, the statistics do not sustain this impression.
The accusations against persons lynched, according to the Tuskegee Institute records for the years 1882 to 1951, were: in 41 per cent for felonious assault, 19.2 per cent for rape, 6.1 per cent for attempted rape, 4.9 per cent for robbery and theft, 1.8 per cent for insult to white persons, and 22.7 per cent for miscellaneous offenses or no offense at a 11.5 In the last category are all sorts of trivial �offenses� such as �disputing with a white man,� attempting to register to vote, �unpopularity�, self-defense, testifying against a white man, �asking a white woman in marriage�, and �peeping in a window.�
Being charged with a crime did not necessarily mean that the person charged was guilty of the crime. Mob victims ware often known to have been innocent of misdeeds. A special study by Arthur Raper of nearly one hundred lynchings convinced him that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.6 Occasionally mobs were mistaken in the identity of their victims.
The racist myth of Negroes� uncontrollable desire to rape white women acquired a strategic position in the defense of the lynching practice. However, homicides and felonious assault, not rape, were most frequently cited in explanation of mob action. Next in importance, from the viewpoint of number of cases, is rape and attempted rape�25.3 per cent of the victims. Concerning this figure, Myrdal states: �There is much reason to believe that this figure has been inflated by the fact that a mob which makes the accusation of rape is secure from any further investigation; by the broad Southern definition of rape to include all sexual relations between Negro men and white women; and by the psychopathic fears of white women in their contacts with Negro men.�7 Another fact which refutes the fallacy of rape as being the primary cause of Negro lynchings is that between 1882 and 1927, 92 women were victims of lynch mobs: 76 Negro and 16 white.8 Certainly they could not have been rapists.
The lynching of Negroes, Cutler states, �can only be justified on no other ground than that the law as formulated and administered has proved inadequate to deal with the situation�that there has been governmental inefficiency...�9
Lynchings occurred most commonly in the smaller towns and isolated rural communities of the South where people were poor, mostly illiterate, and where there was a noticeable lack of wholesome community recreation. The people who composed mobs in such neighborhoods were usually small land holders, tenant farmers and common laborers, whose economic status was very similar to that of the Negro. They frequently found Black men economic competitors and bitterly resented any Negro progress. Their starved emotions made the raising of a mob a quick and simple process, and racial antagonism made the killing of Negroes a type of local amusement which broke the monotony of rural life. Although most participants in the lynching mobs were from the lower strata of Southern white society, occasionally middle and upper class whites took part, and generally condoned the illegal activity. Many Southern politicians and officials supported �lynch-law�, and came to power on a platform of race prejudice.
Lynching was a local community affair. When the sentiment of a community favored lynching the laws were difficult or impossible to enforce. State authorities often attempted to prevent lynchings, but seldom punished the mob participants. Because of the tight hold on the courts by local public opinion, lynchers were rarely ever indicted by a grand jury or sentenced. The judge, prosecutor, jurors and witnesses�all white�were usually in sympathy with the lynchers. If sentenced, the participants in the lynch mobs were usually pardoned. Local police and sheriffs rarely did anything to defend Negro citizens and often supported lynchings. Arthur Raper estimated, from his study of one hundred lynchings, that �at least one-half of the lynchings are carried out with police officers participating, and that in nine-tenths of the others the officers either condone or wink at the mob action.�10
Myrdal suggests several background factors and underlying causes for the prevalence of lynching in rural areas by lower class whites: poverty, economic and social fear of the Negro, low level of education, and the �isolation, the dullness of every day life and the general boredom of rural and small town life.�11 However, the fundamental cause of lynching was fear of the Negro�the basis of racism and discrimination. Many whites, after Reconstruction and during the first four decades of the twentieth century, feared that the Negro was �getting out of his place� and that the white man�s social status was threatened and was in need of protection. Lynching was seen as the method to defend white domination and keep the Negroes from becoming �uppity�. Therefore, lynching was more the expression of white American fear of Black social and economic advancement than of Negro crime. W. E. B. DuBois was correct when he stated: �...the white South feared more than Negro dishonesty, ignorance and incompetency, Negro honesty, knowledge, and efficiency.�12
After 1892, lynchings declined quite steadily until about 1905, when there were sixty-two. No material change occurred for nearly twenty years. There was an annual average of sixty-two lynchings for the years 1910 to 1919. However, beginning in 1923 lynchings began to grow markedly fewer, and in the late 1930s and 1940s trailed off and became rarer. During these two decades, the annual rate of lynchings dropped to about ten and three respectively. Although the actual number of lynchings declined after 1892, the percentage of Black victims increased.
This decline has never been fully explained. There has been much speculation about this matter, but several logical reasons have been considered responsible for this steady decline in lynchings. Some have suggested the growing distaste of Southern elites for anti-Negro violence, particularly Southern women and businessmen. Others mention the increasing urbanization of the South during the 1930s and 1940s. Moreover, statewide police systems were developed which were willing to oppose local mobs, and the National Guard was increasingly called to stop lynchings. Also, Southern newspapers began frequently to denounce lynchings.
The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was tremendously effective in awakening the nation to the urgency of stopping lynching. The NAACP, an interracial civil rights protest organization founded in 1909, made thorough investigations of lynchings and other crimes committed against Negroes, and informed the public concerning them. In 1919 the NAACP published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918, which was a revelation of the causes of lynching and the circumstances under which the crimes occurred. Beginning in 1921, the NAACP sponsored antilynching legislation such as the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill and numerous other proposals to make lynching a federal crime.
The sharp decline in lynchings since 1922 undoubtedly had something to do with the fact that early in that year the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was passed in the House of Representatives. The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill provided fines and imprisonment for persons convicted of lynching in federal courts, and fines and penalties against states, counties, and towns which failed to use reasonable efforts to protect citizens from mob violence. It was killed in the Senate by the filibuster of the Southern senators who claimed that anti-lynching legislation would be unconstitutional and an infringement upon states� rights. However, the long discussion of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was of great importance to the decline.
Southern white organizations also began to condemn lynchings during the two decades before World War II. Among them were the Commission for Interracial Cooperation, which did research and issued publications which provided additional facts on lynchings, and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, which was founded in Atlanta in 1930. Various other women�s organizations in the South were also active in the struggle against lynching.
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Zarathushtra (also spelt Zarathustra), or Zoroaster as he is known in the west, is the founder of the religion that came to be known as Zoroastrianism. Zarathushtra lived and preached in the ancient land of Airyana Vaeja, or Aryan land.
|A portrait of Zarathushtra|
- an artist's impression
There are no written records from Zarathushtra's time. The earliest surviving written references to Zarathushtra are those of Greek writers from about 2,500 years ago (see below). They in turn quote earlier sources now lost to us. Zarathushtra in the estimation of the Greeks, lived some 6,000 years before their time, or 8,200 to 8,500 years ago.
There are no related images or rock carvings from Zarathushtra's time. The portraits of Zarathushtra shown here are artists' impressions.
What we know of Zarathushtra's life comes mainly from his teachings and contemporary references to him, both of which are part of Zoroastrian scripture. These were originally oral traditions.
We are fortunate that Zarathushtra composed his message in the form of hymns - hymns that they could be memorized and transmitted from one person to another, and from one generation to another. [Zarathushtra's hymns are called the Gathas. The Gathas are a part of the Yasna, a book of the Zoroastrian scriptures, the Avesta.] His followers copied his style and added to the body of verses that were memorized and passed down through the ages. When a Zoroastrian priesthood developed, part of their training was the memorization of these verses. The priests became living books and guardians of Zoroastrian history. They maintained this duty faithfully even when subsequent generations lost the meaning of the words they were memorizing. Not only did the priests religiously memorize and transmit the verses in a forgotten language, they did so with correct pronunciation. The laity also participated in this process by memorizing selected verses as part of their daily prayers.
This memory bank of preserved verses has been critical to the survival of early Zoroastrian history and tradition. It is only in the last two hundred years or so that modern methods have allowed us to start the process of deciphering the information locked within these mysterious verses. Their survival today as some of the oldest literature known to humankind, is a testament to the perseverance, foresight and wisdom of early Zoroastrians.
Some of the information that was preserved as verse by Zarathushtra and his contemporaries, were the names of Zarathushtra's family and the first "hearers and teachers" of his ideas. These names are preserved in Zarathushtra's own hymns, the Gathas, and in the Farvardin Yasht, now a chapter of the Zoroastrian scriptures, the Avesta.
From the preserved verses we learn that Zarathushtra's parents home was located on the upper banks of the river Daraja (Darejya), the river that ran through Airyana Vaeja. Zarathushtra was the third of five sons born to the Spitama family of
Pourushasp and Dughdhova, the latter being the daughter of Frahimrava, a person of repute.
Zarathushtra and his wife Hvovi had six children. Their daughters were Freni, Thriti and Pouruchista. Their sons were Isat-Vastar, Urvatat-Nara and Hvare-Chithra.
The Lament of Life's Soul
The picture that emerges from Zarathushtra's hymns is that Zarathushtra was born at a time when the once proud and noble land of Airyana Vaeja had fallen on evil times. Truth was no longer a virtue and religion was used to control and delude the people.
The hymns of Zarathushtra, the Gathas, open with Zarathushtra giving voice to the lament of life's soul - geush urvan: What was the purpose of life, if brought into this world only to suffer violence, torment and destruction?
Zarathushtra was deeply disturbed with what he witnessed around him: a degradation of the human spirit, harm to animals, and a destruction of the environment. The degradation of the human spirit was manifest as unprincipled living, greed and violence.
What he saw drove him to action. He spoke out and led by example. He worked to inspire a fundamental change in the way people thought, spoke and acted, striving to build a community based on righteous order and reverence for all of creation.
The approach that Zarathushtra used to bring about this change was unique for his times. Rather than seeking to bring about this change with the use of power, authority and coercion, Zarathushtra sought to bring about change through reason, wisdom, and empowerment of the downtrodden.
Zarathushtra undertook his mission, knowing that he would incur the wrath of those who profited from disorder, deception and delusion. He knew full well that the established powers would seek to kill him and stop his mission - a mission to empower people to think and reason for themselves, to take charge of their lives and become sovereign.
The first among Zarathushtra's "hearers and teachers" was Maidhyo-maungha, the son of Arasti.
Zarathushtra carried his message beyond the borders of his native Airyana Vaeja. Among the early hearers and communicators of his message were individuals from the neighbouring lands of Tuirya (Turan), Sairima, Saini and Dahi - individuals memorialized by name and residence in the Farvardin Yasht. [For a further discussion on the lands of Zarathushtra's ministry see our page on Airyana Vaeja]
When Zarathushtra began his mission, he appealed to the inherent goodness, dignity and reason within each person. He asked those who would listen not to blindly follow him or anyone else. He suggested instead, that every individual seek knowledge, understanding and an enlightened mind.
An enlightened mind would allow a person to make a fundamental choice in the nature of their spirit: between a bright, positive, constructive, beneficent spirit that seeks wisdom called spenta mainyu, and a dark, negative, destructive, harmful spirit that wishes to remain ignorant called angra mainyu.
This fundamental choice in spirit would lead to a person choosing the path of asha (principled, honest, beneficent, ordered, lawful living), or druj (unprincipled, dishonest, harmful, chaotic, unlawful living and living by the lie - deceiving and deluding others).
A collective choosing of the path of asha would lead to a better life for all and a realization of the best existence possible for all of creation.
In addition, a person's fundamental choice of spirit would ignite a spiritual fire, the mainyu athra - an undying spiritual fire that would live on it their souls, transcending their mortality, and one that would live on in the hearts and minds of subsequent generations.
Light and fire became the defining symbols of Zarathushtra's teachings. They symbolized the primordial fire of creation, the spiritual fire, wisdom, goodness and the energy of action. As he sought to go about his mission, Zarathushtra carried with him a censer of burning embers.
Soon Zarathushtra's wisdom and fame spread to the court of King Vishtasp the Kayanian king of
Bakhdhi/Balkh (the fourth nation listed in the Zoroastrian scriptures', the Avesta's, book of Vendidad, known to the West as Bactria).
The poet Ferdowsi, tells us in his epic, the Shahnameh or Book of Kings, that during an audience with the king, Zarathushtra said to Vishtasp: "Look upon the heavens and the earth. God, Ahura Mazda, created them not with dust and water. Look upon the fire and behold therein how they were created. If you acknowledge God's work, then acknowledge God to be Lord and Creator."
The Cypress of Kashmar
|4,500 year old Cypress, Abarkuh, Yazd, Iran|
Vishtasp became Zarathushtra's royal patron and is credited with the installation of the first ever-burning fire, the Burzin Meher, as well as the planting of a noble cypress tree, the cypress of Kashmar, or sarv-e Kashmar. As King Vishtasp's reputation as a wise leader grew, the growing cypress became a symbol of wisdom and justice. The cypress grew to be so tall that its upper branches seemed to brush against the heavens. It survived for thousands of years and outlasted so many generations that it seemed to defy death.
Until, that is, the tree was cut down on the orders of the Abbasid caliph Mutawakkil. The caliph ignored appeals of Iranian Zoroastrians who offered him money to spare the noble tree, and ordered the tree to be cut into beams for his palace at Samarra (near Baghdad). His orders were carried out in the darkness of the night of December 9th, 861 ACE. In doing so, the notorious caliph presaged his own demise. On the night when the felled tree arrived on the banks of the Tigris, Mutawakkil was himself cut down, assassinated by a Turkish soldier. Nor was his capital of Samarra spared this ill omen. It has been beset by violence ever since to this very day, and justice has eluded the people of the region.
Today, a cypress estimated to be 4,000 to 4,500 years old stands in the town of Abarkuh (also spelt Abarku or Abarqu) on the border between the Iranian provinces of Yazd and Pars. It is said to be the oldest living organism in Iran and is revered by the Zoroastrians of Iran.
The Hymns of Zarathushtra - The Gathas
Zarathushtra transmitted his ideas through seventeen hymns called the Gathas or songs. The hymns consist of 238 verses, and are in turn made up of about 1300 lines or 6000 words. The Gathas are mathras or manthras, insightful thoughts; thoughts for reflection, contemplation and meditation. The Gathas can be found as five chapters in the book of Yasna, a book of the Avesta or Zoroastrian scriptures.
The Age in which Zarathushtra Lived
There is no consensus on the age in which Zarathushtra lived. There are a range of dates put forward ranging from 8,500 to 3,700 years ago.
A great body of relevant ancient Iranian records have either been viciously destroyed by Alexander, the Arabs and Mongols, or lost. The majority of accounts of the time in which Zarathushtra lived that have survived are Greek writings from the fourth century BCE to the first century ACE.
Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) quotes Eudoxus of Cnidus (ca. 365 BCE) and Aristotle (ca. 350 BCE) as placing Zoroaster 6000 years before the death of Plato (347 BCE) or 6365 BCE. Pliny also quotes Hermippus (ca. 250 BCE) as placing Zoroaster 5000 years before the Trojan war (ca. 1200 BCE) or around 6200 BCE.
Diogenes Laertius (230 CE) states that according to Xanthus of Lydia (ca. 450 BCE), Zoroaster lived 6000 years before the Persian king Xerxes invaded Greece (ca. 480 BCE) or about 6480 BCE. Diogenes also states that according to Hermodorus (ca. 400 BCE), a follower of Plato, Zoroaster lived 5000 years before the Trojan war (ca. 1200 BCE). Plutarch (ca. 46-120 CE) also places Zoroaster 5000 years before the Trojan war.
While he is not a classical Greek author, Lactantius (ca. 240-320 CE), a Latin-speaking native of North Africa, states that ancient King Vishtasp (Hystaspes) reigned long before the founding of Rome (ca. 750 BCE?). Zoroaster lived during King Vishtasp's reign.
Some authors think the dates placing Zarathushtra as having lived 8,200 to 8,500 years ago are too fantastic to be true and place Zarathushtra about four thousand years from the present. Yet other dates (now known to be in error) place him later in time.
Dabih/Zabih Behruz (also spelt Behrooz) (1889-1971 CE), a Persian satirist, is credited with proposing the vernal equinox of 1737 BCE, the beginning of the period of Aries, as the date when Zarathushtra proclaimed the religion. Therefore, the Gregorian year 2010 CE would be 3747 AZ.
The late Mary Boyce (1920-2006), Professor of Iranian Studies at the University of London, stated in her book Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (page 18) that "to hazard a reasoned conjecture" was "that Zoroaster lived sometime between 1700 and 1500 B.C.", the lower date apparently being made to appease other Western 'scholars' who advocated even later dates.
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2004 Spring Runoff
As of March 14, 2004, the level of Lake Powell is down to 3585' msl. It now appears we are headed for our 5th consecutive year of below normal spring runoff with the current snowpack at only 89% of normal and they snow sitting on extremely dry ground. 2004 runoff is likely to be better than 2003 but stilll significantly below normal.
The Bureau of Reclamation is estimating that the lake will drop to 3580' msl before rising to near 3600' with 2004 spring runoff.
This estimate is subject to revision based on the amount of late season snowfall that falls in March and April. Typically, the mountain snowpack peaks on April 1st with runoff beginning in mid to late April and lasting until late June.
To read the lastest Bureau of Reclamation water supply report, visit
To see snowpack information, visit these sites:
(Elevation and drainage map courtesy of Gerry Nealon)
You can also visit http://www.uc.usbr.gov/wrg/crsp/crsp_40_gc.txt to lmonitor the daily inflow into Lake Powell and the lake elevation.
Inflows into Lake Powell during the current drought have been extremely low.
Lake Powell inflow in 2003 was 53% of average.
Lake Powell inflow in 2002 was 25% of average
Lake Powell inflow in 2001 was 59% of average.
Lake Powell inflow in 2000 was 62% of average.
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Food and Religion
Yes, I am a big foodie and I love to find out different type of food. Today I am trying to explain dietary restrictions in different religions from around the globe. A number of religions have dietary guidelines which might be observed more or less closely. Different denominations within the same religion may have slight differences in food guidelines. Here’s a look…
Meats should be slaughtered under Halal guidance and pork is not allowed. Generally, foods that are kosher are also accepted under Halal. The major exception is alcohol, which is banned under Halal. For strict observers, this may mean not eating foods cooked with vanilla extract. There are numerous guidelines for fasting, particularly during Ramadan.
Their extremely complex set of guidelines include restrictions on how meat is slaughtered, which animals/birds/seafood may be eaten (most famously pork and shellfish are not allowed), the part of the animal that can be eaten and who can cook certain foods.
What is Kosher?
Combinations of foods, avoiding contamination, that can be eaten on religious holidays, and more. Many non-Jewish people prefer foods labeled kosher because they believe them to be cleaner / more strictly prepared.
A lactovegetarian diet is followed by many Hindus – no meat, poultry or fish, no eggs, but milk products are allowed and encouraged. Eating Beef is completely prohibited, as the cow is considered sacred by them.
Brahmins may have restrictions on who prepares their food and how it is stored. There are many fasting days and periods in the calendar, with restrictions such as eating only plant foods and not eating salt at all.
There are no food restrictions in Buddhism. Under the concept of ahisma / doing no harm, a lacto-vegetarian diet is followed by many Buddhists. Buddhist monks have additional restrictions such as fasting and not eating solid foods after noon.
Orthodox Christians observe a number of fasts. Weekly fasts include abstention from meat, fish, eggs, dairy, and sometimes other things such as olive oil and alcohol. Other fasts are longer and exclude some or all of the foods avoided in the weekly fasts.
Seventh-Day Adventists are lacto-ovo-vegetarian – they avoid meat, poultry and fish but eat eggs and milk products. Alcohol is also prohibited.
Mormonism prohibits alcohol and caffeine (in coffee, tea, chocolate etc.).
Jainism prescribes to ahisma, or nonviolence, following scrupulous rules for the protection of all life forms. Strict Jains don’t eat meat, poultry, fish, or eggs, and sometimes milk; they may avoid eating root vegetables as the whole plant is killed when the root is dug up. There are a number of religious practices involving fasting, particularly for women.
Rastafarians are permitted to eat foods that are cooked lightly. Meats are not eaten, canned goods are avoided, and there are some restrictions on seafood.
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How to maintain a Christmas tree
It is important to maintain a Christmas tree after cutting it down, because the Christmas tree is still alive and therefore in need of water and not too much heat.
When the Christmas tree is cut down, a tempering process is nessesary to avoid shocking the Christmas tree, which could result in loss of needle. Once the tree is cut we manage the pemper-ing process. We do this by slowly exposing the tree to higher temperatures, until it reaches 5-10˚, so the tree is not shocked when it is brought into the warmth of a livingroom. We recommend that you place the Christmas tree as far from heatsources – like burning stoves and radiators – as possible, since the radiant heat will dry out your tree.
Your Christmas tree needs water
A cut down tree is like a flower in need of water. Therefore we recommend that you use a Christmas tree foot where you can add water to your tree.
Your Christmas tree is bleeding
When a Christmas has been cut down, it is still alive, and like when we cut ourselves on a knife, it bleeds. After a while the blood will coagulate and close the wound. The same goes for the Christmas tree. Here resin flows from the fine pores, and closes the cut like a band-aid. After a while you may need to cut of a slice, so the fine pores are opened again and the Christmas tree can drink water.
Which is the best species?
The most popular tree is the Normann fir. It has good durability, which other species don’t have. Here can be mentioned the Norway spruce, which was very popular 20 years ago, but only has a durability of a few days.
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Anyone with a passing familiar with human population genetics will know of the Duffy system, and the fact that there is a huge difference between Sub-Saharan Africans and other populations on this locus. Specifically, the classical Duffy allele exhibits a nearly disjoint distribution from Africa to non-Africa. It was naturally one of the illustrations in The Genetics of Human Populations, a classic textbook from the 1960s.
Today we know a lot more about human variation. On most alleles we don’t see such sharp distinctions. Almost certainly the detection of these very differentiated alleles early on in human genetics was partly a function of selection bias. The methods, techniques, and samples, were underpowered and limited, so only the largest differences would be visible. Today we often use single base pair variations, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and the frequency differences are much more modest on average. Ergo, the reality that only a minority of genetic variation is partitioned across geographic races.
Why is Duffy different? Obviously it could be random. Assuming you have a polymorphism, you’ll get a range of frequencies across populations, and in some cases those frequencies which map onto different geographic zones just by chance. Imagine constant mutation, and high structured bottlenecks. You could get a sequence of derived mutations fixing in populations one after the other, just by chance.
This is probably not the case with Duffy. I’ll quote from Wikipedia:
The Duffy antigen is located on the surface of red blood cells, and is named after the patient in which it was discovered. The protein encoded by this gene is a glycosylated membrane protein and a non-specific receptor for several chemokines. The protein is also the receptor for the human malarial parasites Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi. Polymorphisms in this gene are the basis of the Duffy blood group system.
Malaria is one of the strongest selection pressures known to humanity. The balancing selection which results in sickle-cell disease is well known even among the general public. But the likely selection pressures due to the vivax variety are well commonly talked about, partly because they don’t as a side-effect induce a serious disease. Duffy may be canonical if you are a human population geneticist, but it is of less interest more generally.
But a recent paper in PLOS GENETICS shows just how dynamic the evolutionary genetic past of our species was, through the lens of the Duffy system, Population genetic analysis of the DARC locus (Duffy) reveals adaptation from standing variation associated with malaria resistance in humans. Here’s the author summary:
Infectious diseases have undoubtedly played an important role in ancient and modern human history. Yet, there are relatively few regions of the genome involved in resistance to pathogens that show a strong selection signal in current genome-wide searches for this kind of signal. We revisit the evolutionary history of a gene associated with resistance to the most common malaria-causing parasite, Plasmodium vivax, and show that it is one of regions of the human genome that has been under strongest selective pressure in our evolutionary history (selection coefficient: 4.3%). Our results are consistent with a complex evolutionary history of the locus involving selection on a mutation that was at a very low frequency in the ancestral African population (standing variation) and subsequent differentiation between European, Asian and African populations.
Why is it that regions of the genome subject to selection due to co-evolution with pathogens are hard to detect in relation to selection? My response would be that it’s because selection and adaptation are always happening in these regions, constantly erasing its footprints in these regions of the genome.
You may be familiar with the fact that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are some of the most diverse regions of the genome. That’s because negative frequency dependent selection makes it so that rare variants never go extinct, as the rarer they get the more favored they are.
Many classical and modern techniques of selection require less protean dynamics when it comes to the model which they attempt to detect. Basically, many of the standard selection detection methods are looking for a simple perturbation in the pattern of variation that’s expected. A strong powerful recent sweep on a single mutation is like the spherical cow of evolutionary genetics. It happens. And it’s easy to model and detect. But it may not be nearly as important as our ability to detect these “hard sweeps” may suggest to us.
In contrast, if selection targets a larger number of independent mutations, then you get a “soft sweep,” which is harder to detect, because it is no singular event. Complexity is the enemy of detection. As a thought experiment, if you selected for height within a population you may catch some large effect alleles that would leave strong signals, but most of the dynamic would leave a polygenic footprint, distributed across innumerable genes.
The Duffy locus is somewhat in the middle. The authors distinguish between selection on standing variation (the allele frequency is higher than a single new mutation within the population) and a soft sweep, where multiple variants against different haplotypes are subject to selection. Their models and results strongly support selection on standing variation for the FY*O variant, and perhaps selection for the FY*A variant.
These selection events were very old, and very strong. Selection coefficients on the order of 4% are hard to believe in a natural environment. Curiously the coalescence times for the haplotypes some of these alleles indicate that selection was contemporaneous with the emergence of modern humans out of Africa, about ~50,000 years ago. From their sequence data analysis the different alleles have been segregating for a long time in the collective human population, and powerful sweeps fixed FY*O in both the ancestors of the Bantu and Pygmies before they diverged from each other. In contrast the Khoisan samples suggest that FY*O introgressed into their population from newcomers, while variants of FY*A are ancestral.
The big picture here is that selection is ancient, that it is powerful, and it was a dynamic even before our species diversified into various lineages.
If you read the paper, and you should, it’s pretty clear that a lot of the adaptive story was suspected. It’s just with modern genomics and fancy ABC methods you can put point estimates and intervals on these hunches. But another issue, as they note in the piece, is that we have a better grasp of African population structure today than in the past, and this allows for better framing.
But it is here I have some caution to throw. At one point citing a 2012 paper the authors suggest “The KhoeSan peoples are a highly diverse set of southern African populations that diverged from all other populations approximately 100 kya.” I can tell you that some credible researchers who have access to whole genome sequences and have been looking at this question peg the divergence date closer to 200,000 years. Some of the issue here is that you need to decompose later gene flow, which will reduce the distance between populations. Easier said than done.
The genetic prehistory of the African continent is almost certainly much more complex than what is presented in the paper, largely due to lack of ancient DNA within Africa. Northern Eurasia turned out to be far more complex than had earlier been guessed…and it is likely that Northern Eurasia has had a simpler history because of its much shorter time of habitation.
If I had to guess I suspect that the ancestors of the Khoisan as we understand them were a separate and distinct group who diverged between ~100,000 and ~200,000 years ago from other extant African populations. But I suspect our clarity is very low in relation the sort of structure which eventually resulted in the shake-out of only a few large groups of Sub-Saharan Africans aside from the Khoisan.
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Urgent Action Needed to Avoid Water and Sanitation Crisis in Africa
About one third of the obstacles to achieving the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) are water-related. Already, water poses a number of challenges for Africa like it does nowhere else in the world. With only four years left to achieve the MDGs, progress on the continent towards meeting the targets set out is slow and many countries risk missing the mark.
The underdevelopment of water resources and services is at the heart of Africa’s food security, as well as its poor health, energy and power status. Utilization of water resources for domestic and productive activities is low, with less than five percent of Africa’s surface and groundwater harnessed for all use.
Mr. Camdessus, the former IMF Managing Director of the IMF and a strong advocate for the development of water and sanitation infrastructure in Africa, warned of the catastrophe that awaits the continent if governments fail to address the issue in the next decade, “Governments must realize that if the situation is serious today, it is likely to gravely worsen in the absence of proper national water strategies and policies” he said.
Around 40 percent of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa still lack access to safe drinking water sources and 69 percent do not have access to improved sanitation facilities. The situation in rural areas is even worse, with 53 percent and 76 percent not having access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, respectively . Low access to sanitation and water supply are the root causes of many diseases affecting continent.
According to Mr. Camdessus, access to water and sanitation is a human right, yet numbers show it is not granted to all. “There is great human suffering behind these statistics, which in the end reveal a silent form of injustice that cannot be ignored” he said.
By 2025, Africa’s population is expected to grow to approximately 1.34 billion people and with uneven distribution of water across the continent, where some areas are already suffering lack of fresh water availability, more than 25 African countries are expected to be subject to water scarcity or water stress, with Northern Africa facing the worst predictions.
Challenges of a Changing Environment
A number of factors are to blame for the slow progress witnessed in the water and sanitation sector in Africa. One is lack of finance. To keep pace with the growing demand and rapid urbanization, adjustments in financing have become urgent and necessary.
The investment required to meet Africa’s water needs is estimated at US$50 billion to U$54 billion per year for each of the next twenty years. Forecasts on annual spending, required for the water sector reveal a sizeable financing gap and an increased need for non-traditional funding sources. Future annual spending on water supply and sanitation is estimated at US$ 21.9 billion, compared with current spending levels of US$ 7.6 billion.
The gap of US$14.3 billion, which accounts for approximately two percent of the total gross domestic product (GDP) in Sub-Saharan Africa, needs to be taken up more aggressively by concerned governments. In addition, cost recovery and subsidies based on need should be taken up more vigorously by governments.
On cost recovery, Ma Tsheppo Khumbane, a grassroots development activist and small-scale farmer from South Africa, said “Consumers are willing to pay and participate in supporting the development of the sector, for as long as they are involved and consulted early on, during project preparation.”
Apart from inadequate financing, the development and management of water infrastructure also has a strong trans-boundary dimension that adds to the complexity of water management.
The Africa has 80 trans-boundary rivers and lake water basins, including 38 groundwater aquifer basins shared by more than one country. In spite of the support provided by the Bank to Regional Economic Communities and numerous River and Lake Basin Africa Development Organizations, the level of coordination, cooperation and formal agreement on shared water resources is low, further reducing the opportunity to strengthen these burgeoning regional institutions.
Finally, not to be underestimated, the effects of climate change in both urban and rural areas, which have caused problems that are as much institutional, infrastructural as they are environmental.
The unprecedented frequency of extreme events such as droughts and floods, the steady lowering of groundwater levels, the augmentation of saltwater intrusion to coastal boreholes, the decrease of inland discharges into rivers are all complex environmental problems that require broad institutional and infrastructural climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Despite concerning reports on the progress of the sector in Africa and on the concerning inability for some African regions to cope, countries such s Algeria are taking the lead by putting in place forward looking national strategies that take into account current and future challenges, increasing the chances for the government to be able to deal with a changing demand and circumstances up to 2025.
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Location of the Oshana Region in Namibia
|• Governor||Clemens Kashuupulwa|
|• Total||8,647 km2 (3,339 sq mi)|
|• Density||20/km2 (52/sq mi)|
|Time zone||South African Standard Time: UTC+1|
Oshana is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Oshakati. The name Oshana describes the most prominent landscape feature in the area, namely the shallow, seasonally inundated depressions which underpin the local agro ecological system. Although communications are hindered during the rainy season, the fish which breed in the oshanas provide an important source of dietary protein.
The Oshakati-Ongwediva-Ondangwa complex has experienced dramatic urban growth in recent years and forms an important commercial and potential industrial focus. As a whole, it forms the second largest population concentration in Namibia after Windhoek, but it still lacks basic infrastructure and most of the services and facilities normally found in urban areas of this size. The majority of businesses in northern Namibia are located here, providing a significant amount of employment. However, urbanisation is continuing within the region.
Omahangu is the principal staple crop grown in Oshana, which is suitable for agriculture. However, the soil is exhausted over much of the central area and requires substantial fertilisation in order to maintain reasonable productivity. Cattle also do well here and herds are extensive. The southern portion of Oshana is an extensive savannah plain stretching as far as the Etosha Pan, but the generally high salinity of soil and water render it unsuitable for grazing or cultivation.
The area is far more densely populated in north, which is linked to Tsumeb and other regions by the high quality trunk road; this also facilitates the transport of freight. However, a significant improvement in the rest of the road network and in other forms of telecommunications are required. Oshakati and Ondangwa have airstrips which handle medium-sized airplanes in daylight only and provision can be made for both passengers and airfreight. The establishment of a control tower may contribute to the improvement of all-weather air and transport. Reasonably good hospitals are situated at Oshakati and Onjiipa, which supports a number of clinics. Although both primary and secondary schools are spread across the region, there are few relative to the amount of inhabitants of the region.
Oshana is one of only three regions without either a coastline or a foreign border. It borders the following regions:
The region comprises eleven constituencies:
- Oshakati East
- Oshakati West
- Ondangwa Urban
The 2015 local and regional elections saw SWAPO win uncontested seven of the eleven Oshana constituencies. The remaining four constituencies SWAPO won by a landslide, with results well over 90%.
Economy and infrastructure
According to the 2012 Namibia Labour Force Survey, unemployment in Oshana Region is 24.5%. Oshana has 137 schools with a total of 50,740 pupils. The centres of major economic activity are the towns Ondangwa, Ongwediva and Oshakati.
- "President announces governors". The Namibian. 10 April 2015.
- "Namibia's Population by Region". Election Watch. Institute for Public Policy Research (1): 3. 2013.
- "'People Say I'm the Second Mugabe'", New Era, 14 April 2015.
- Kangootui, Nomhle (23 October 2015). "Swapo gets ǃNamiǂNûs uncontested". The Namibian. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015.
- "Regional Council Election Results 2015" (PDF). Electoral Commission of Namibia. 3 December 2015. p. 18.
- Duddy, Jo Maré (11 April 2013). "Unemployment rate still alarmingly high". The Namibian.
- Miyanicwe, Clemans; Kahiurika, Ndanki (27 November 2013). "School counsellors overstretched". The Namibian. p. 1.
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Manchu bows have a long and vivid history that developed first for hunting, then for warfare. The bow-making process includes over 200 steps and at least a month to create just one bow. Bows today are seen more as novelties rather than useful tools for survival or warfare.
- Popular TopicsView All
- Daily Life
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This Sunday (Feb. 26) brings the first solar eclipse of 2017. Unlike the total solar eclipse that will cross the continental United States in August, Sunday’s spectacle is an annular eclipse, which means a sliver of the sun’s surface will still be visible around the moon.
The moon will appear to block varying amounts of the sun depending on where you are located within the eclipse visibility zone. For those who are properly positioned along a narrow path some 8,500 miles (13,700 kilometers) long and averaging roughly 45 miles (72 km) wide, the dark disk of the moon will briefly be surrounded by a dazzling “ring of fire” as the lunar disk passes squarely in front of the sun.
Skywatchers positioned outside this path can still enjoy a partial solar eclipse. This spectacle will be visible to more than half a billion people living across the lower two-thirds of South America as well as the western and southern portions of Africa, as well as the sparse population in about half of Antarctica. If you won’t be in the area where the eclipse is visible, you can watch the Slooh Community Observatory’s live webcast of the eclipse here on Space.com. [Solar Eclipses: When Is the Next One?]
From all of these regions, skywatchers who scrutinize the sun, either by safely projecting its disk through a pinhole camera or with solar viewing glasses, will be able to see the dark silhouette of the new moon passing across some portion of the sun’s face.
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Books about John F. Kennedy abound in both children's and adult literature. There aren't very many titles for the primary grades, which may be the biggest reason for buying this one.
As adults, we know JFK did many great things, but he was hardly the godlike figure that this book hints at. While small children don't necessarily need to read about his womanizing, making political figures sound better than they were is more indoctrination than education. Winter's book may serve as an introduction into the events of JFK's life, but teachers might do well to add other information and explanation as is suitable. Children may have questions of their own while reading - such as, who ARE all these people in the pictures?
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Self-advocacy is the ability to speak-up for yourself and the things that are important to you. Self-advocacy means you are able to ask for what you need and want and tell people about your thoughts and feelings. Self-advocacy means you know your rights and responsibilities, you speak-up for your rights, and you are able to make choices and decisions that affect your life. The goal of self-advocacy is for YOU to decide what you want then develop and carry out a plan to help you get it. It does not mean you can’t get help if you need or want it, it just means that you are making the choices and you have to be responsible for the choices you make.
It is important to learn self-advocacy skills because it helps you decide what you want and what is possible for you to expect. When you have good self-advocacy skills you can have more control and make the life decisions that are best for you. Self-advocacy helps to empower you, to speak-up for yourself and make decisions about your life.
People with disabilities speaking up for themselves, making decisions about their lives, and taking action to claiming their rights. Being more involved with your life.
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These 2 stamps are from 2010/09 Minerals of Poland issue showing Gypsum and S
Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks. Deposits are known to occur in strata from as early as the Permian age.Gypsum is deposited in lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins. Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals halite and sulfur.
Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. It consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form but almost always contains variable iron. When iron content is high it is an opaque black variety, marmatite. It is usually found in association with galena, pyrite, and other sulfides along with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite. Miners have also been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende and black-jack.
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Saturday, June 24, 2017
Obesity and Weight Management
My grandson is 8 years old and we are very concerned about his weight. He is normal in height for his age but is extremely overweight 110 lbs and gaining. He thinks about food a lot and always wants to know what we will be eating at our next meal. Recently, we have noticed that he has developed armpit odor similar to an onion smell. I feel that he is too young to be experiencing this and I am concerned that he may have a medical problem resulting in his obesity and possibly the odor as well. What action should we take?
Your grandson's body odor of onions is probably not a sign of serious problems. Body odor comes from skin bacteria interacting with sweat. Dark moist places are where bacteria grow best, which is why the underarm region harbors odor. While it could be a sign of early puberty, it is uncommon in 8 year old boys. Still, if you see signs of coarse hair development under his arms, acne, facial or genital hair, you should see his doctor.
More likely, your son is struggling to control the development of body odor due to excess weight. This is a frequent problem for overweight kids, even as young as 8 yrs old. Deodorants that keep the region dry are effective at preventing this smell.
Tackling the weight problem while he is young is your best bet. Speak with your physician about it. Set up a plan for steady improvement in diet and activity. If necessary, get a referral to a dietitian to help with your grandson's eating patterns and get him away from screens and outside every day to ensure an hour of vigorous physical activity. Community centers and YMCAs have many programs to help.
Robert D Murray, MD
Clinical Professor of Health Behaviors & Health Promotion
Retired Professor of Human Nutrition
College of Education and Human Ecology
The Ohio State University
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Tonopah is at the outcropping of a number of ledges which continue for several hundred feet below the surface for an unknown distance.
South of Cohasset the shore is sandy, with a few isolated rocky ledges and boulders.
The creek flowed over a succession of rock ledges and formed pools at the edge where tadpoles swam.
This line was originally designed as a " plateway " on the Outram system, but objections were raised to rails with upstanding ledges or flanges FIG.
Most of it was made, by bursting the rock by means of wooden wedges, through the solid granite, and its outside parapet was supported by walls of brick resting on ledges far below.
Of particular interest is the presence of patches or ledges of an old stalagmitic floor, three to four feet above the present floor.
The Aughrabies or Hundred Falls, as they are called, are divided by ledges, reefs and islets, the last named often assuming fantastic shapes.
The surface is formed of cement moulded over metal gimmel-work, and arranged to form ledges and boulders, peaks and escarpments, and faced with coloured sand and paint.
When springing up among rocks or on ledges, the stem sometimes becomes much curved, and, with its spreading boughs and pendent branchlets, often forms a striking and picturesque object in alpine passes and steep ravines.
Huge patches of sulphur, some still smouldering, are everywhere visible, intermingled with the white streaks of snow and ice that fill the crevices and cover the ledges of the black rocks.
Chrysoprase, mined near Porterville and near Visalia (Tulare county), is used partly for gems, but more largely (like the vesuvianite found near Exeter, in the same county) for mosaic work; and there are ledges of fine rose quartz in the Coahuila mountains of Riverside county and near Lemon Cove, Tulare county.
Cords require either cylindrical drums with ledges or grooved pulleys.
There, during the months of February and March, on inaccessible ledges of rock, it deposits two white eggs, from 3 to 4 in.
The hard, indigestible seed swallowed by the guacharo are found in quantities on the floor and the ledges of the caverns it frequents, where many of them for a time vegetate, the plants thus growing being etiolated from want of light, and, according to travellers, forming a singular feature of the gloomy scene which these places present.
The surface is sterile, naked and rugged, with bold, rocky ledges, and a most picturesque shore, the beauties of which have made it a favourite summer resort, much frequented by artists.
South of the Arkansas river these ledges of sandstone continue as far as Okmulgee, but the evidences of erosion are less noticeable.
The dressed stones for great buildings were pecked out of the ledges, and broken off with levers in pieces much too large for their needs.
The hunter who told me this could remember one Sam Nutting, who used to hunt bears on Fair Haven Ledges, and exchange their skins for rum in Concord village; who told him, even, that he had seen a moose there.
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The use of habitat mosaics by terrestrial vertebrate fauna: implications for conservation and management
- Cite this article as:
- LAW, B.S. & DICKMAN, C.R. Biodiversity and Conservation (1998) 7: 323. doi:10.1023/A:1008877611726
- 1.1k Downloads
Many species of vertebrates require multiple habitats to obtain different resources at different stages of their life-cycles. Use of habitat mosaics takes place on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from a daily requirement for adjacent habitats to seasonal use of geographically separated environments. Mosaics of habitats are also required in some species to allow ontogenetic habitat shifts, while in others each sex may have specific requirements that are met by different habitats. The extent and nature of animal movements are key (but generally poorly known) factors affecting the vulnerability of species to landscape change. The requirement by many species for multiple habitats suggests that their conservation will be most effective in a mosaic environment and that protection of certain high profile habitats alone, such as rainforest, will be insufficient to achieve conservation goals. Management regimes that result in homogenization of habitats should be avoided. Priority should be given to research that identifies the extent to which species can locate habitat mosaics, at different spatial scales and arrangements, in modified environments.
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Rapid Research Videos
Rapid Research is a growing set of techniques with roots in public education that is designed to help us “dive in” to the work, jumpstarting decisions about which topics mattered most to our group, teaching the youth research skills in context, and helping us visualize possible research products. each “Rapid Research” session involved teams of researchers selecting a theme from previous conversations and then either creating and administering a mini-survey or a video short on the topic – all within about 90 minutes. The resulting Rapid Research products were then used to facilitate discussion and analysis of the new themes coming up, in an iterative process.
March 26, 2015
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Yep you read that title write. I wrote research. Yes research. As in my little bundles of joy learned about researching. Yes – children with autism. They are brilliant. I am in awe. Again. They never cease to amaze me. We are getting so advanced sometimes that I get nervous. I was nervous making this worksheet and handing it to them. I don’t know why. They did freaken awesome. Further solidifies the neverending truth: you need to keep challenging your kids. You’ll never know what they can’t do until you try.
We have used this researching worksheet for a few different topics! Last year we introduced it during our Penguin Unit. But it’s been a lifesaver for holidays and special events (earth day, St. Patrick’s Day, the flu, etc.). No need to create a special worksheet – you can use this one to have your kiddos learn about any topic! We will be using this to learn about arctic animals and MLK. This sheet is a great time saver.
Don’t be afraid! Give it a shot. This is not an independent activity right away. They may need a lot of support. But it’ll get there. I made it general so you could use it for any topic. I use this a ton!
I also made a visual version for my students who need more visual support:
We did this as part of thematic penguin unit! There were some super great videos at kids national geographic if you are interested in doing some penguin research!
Want to see the cutest and most hilarious part of this lesson. In the reference section I told them to write kids.national geographic.com and my guy wrote the word dot. Ha. So literal 🙂
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CUBA: DR. OSCAR E. BISCET
CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER AND PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE
“I say to my brothers in exile, the international community and the Cuban people that I feel kidnapped only for defending the right to life and the right of all Cubans to live in freedom. REMEMBER I WILL NEVER BETRAY A JUST CAUSE: THAT OF DEFENDING HUMAN RIGHTS. Please, do not ask me to do this. What inspires me is alive: God and the great teachers of nonviolence, present today more than ever. As Martin Luther King said: “If a nation is capable of finding amongst its ranks of people 5% willing to go voluntarily to prison for a cause they consider just, then no obstacle will stand in their way.” – Provincial Prison Kilo 8 in Pinar del Rio, Cuba June 1, 2003
Dr. Oscar E. Biscet, President of the Lawton Foundation for Human Rights, was released October 31, 2002, after serving a three-year sentence at a maximum-security prison for his peaceful defense of human rights. Thirty-six days later he was violently re-arrested in Havana and forced in a cell with common criminals as he was to join a group of civilians to discuss human rights. He remained in prison and was included in a crackdown by the Cuban regime in March-April, 2003, against 75 independent journalists, librarians, and human rights advocates who went before summary trials and were sentenced to prison terms of up to 28 years. Since 1998, this physician has been suffering physical and mental torture in different penitentiaries for refusing to carry out any disciplinary prison measures he deems unacceptable as a political prisoner of conscience. He is presently serving a 25-year sentence at the Combinado del Este, maximum security Prison in Havana. Dr. Biscet is an example of the human rights violations suffered by all those in Cuba who dare to defend the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1. Born of humble origin on July 20, 1961, Dr. Biscet is a Cuban physician of the black race, follower of Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King. He is a leader in the peaceful civil rights movement, who struggles to establish in Cuba a state based on the rule of law through nonviolent civil disobedience. He is president of the Lawton Foundation for Human Rights, an organization established in 1997, considered illegal by Cuban authorities.
2. Dr. Biscet is forbidden from practicing his profession in his own country. He was expelled from the Cuban National Health System in 1998, for documenting abortion techniques and peacefully denouncing them before his medical colleagues and Cuban authorities as a form of genocide in a study called: RIVANOL: A METHOD TO DESTROY LIFE.
3. Dr. Biscet was evicted from his home in 1998 with his wife and son, having to depend on the charity of friends to survive. His wife presently lives at the home of a former patient who took the family in.
4. Elsa Morejón, Dr. Biscet’s wife and a nurse by profession, has been unemployed since 1998 as a result of her husband’s human rights activities. Elsa was publicly attacked by the government-controlled mass media at her husband’s trial in 1999. She is constantly watched, has received threatening and obscene phone calls at home, and Cuban authorities have demanded she pay unjustified fines for penalties never committed.
5. Cuban State Security has mistreated Dr. Biscet physically through beatings.
6. Cuban State Security has tried to confine Dr. Biscet to a psychiatric hospital and has tortured him psychologically through systematic and arbitrary confinements, threats, humiliations, blackmails, and intimidating interrogations.
7. Cuban authorities have pressured Dr. Biscet to leave Cuba. He has reiterated that he will never abandon his country.
8. Dr. Biscet was arbitrarily incarcerated 26 times in 16 months from July 9, 1998 until November 3rd, 1999 in cells with no sunlight and with insane individuals and common criminals. When most of these detentions occurred, his family was not informed of his whereabouts.
9. Dr. Biscet went on trial on February 25, 2000, for announcing a peaceful march along with a number of human rights advocates, on the occasion of the 1999 Ibero-American Summit in Havana, at a press conference where two Cuban flags were displayed in an inverted vertical position as a sign of protest for the human rights violations in Cuba. Dr. Biscet was accused of “dishonoring national symbols”, “public disorder”, and “inciting delinquent behavior”, and was sentenced to three years in prison. He was subsequently transferred 450 miles East of Havana away from his family to “ Cuba Si “, a maximum security prison in Holguín province.
10. At “Cuba Si”, prison authorities punished Dr. Biscet during 42 days for carrying out a fast, asking freedom for all political prisoners and human rights for Cuba. He described his isolation cell to his family as a torture; dark, and with no running water. He was fed such a deficient diet that he lost 20 pounds and several teeth. He was denied access to his Bible, medical attention, and family visits.
11. At “Cuba Si” prison authorities placed a paranoid schizophrenic inmate to share Dr. Biscet’s bunk bed on April, 2001.
12. During his three-year confinement in “Cuba Si”, his Bible was taken away four times and in spite of numerous official requests made by his family to receive spiritual assistance in prison, the Catholic Church was allowed to visit him only twice.
13. Dr. Biscet served his 3-year sentence at “Cuba Si”, and was released October 31, 2002, only to be re-arrested on December 6, 2002 as he was to meet with human rights activists, promoting a project called “Clubs of Friends of Human Rights”.
14. On April 7, 2003 Dr. Biscet went before a summary trial during a Cuban government crackdown along with 75 other activists, and was sentenced to 25 years for “serving as a mercenary to a foreign state.” He was transferred to the prison of Kilo 8 in Pinar del Rio where he was confined from November 13, 2003 through January 15, 2004 to an underground dungeon with a common criminal where he lost 40 pounds.
15. Dr. Biscet was transferred on December 1, 2004, to the Combinado del Este Prison in Havana where he is presently imprisoned, suffering inhumane conditions. During all his years of confinement, Dr. Biscet refuses to carry out any disciplinary measure or rule applied to common prisoners, which he deems unacceptable as a political prisoner of conscience (examples: he refuses to wear a common prisoner’s uniform or salute a prison official). For his stance, he has and is continuously suffering the following punishments:
a. Penal authorities violated established prison code regulations by denying Dr. Biscet privileges granted to common prisoners. (Denied freedom under probation and was not allowed visits from friends.)
b. Family visits have been arbitrarily prohibited or suspended.( the programmed visitation rights in prison are: family visits every three months for 2 hours, Conjugal visits every four months for 3 hours.)
c. He’s been prevented from writing to his family, and his mail has been and is intercepted, read, and confiscated.
d. He’s been prohibited from receiving or making phone calls and most calls allowed are intercepted.
e. His life and his health are in danger due to the repressive environment of the maximum-security penitentiaries he’s been confined to, exposed to dangerous convicts, insane individuals and in isolation cells 3 ft. by 6 ft. with no windows, no light, or running water. These humid whitewashed cells are void of any furniture or toilet facilities.
f. He highly distrusts the military medical personnel at the prison facilities, reason why he has refused to receive any medical attention. Though, physically deteriorated, Dr. Biscet is very strong spiritually.
16. Dr. Biscet is in a poor state of health suffering from hypertension, chronic gastritis, high cholesterol and gradual loss of eyesight, conditions he previously never had; caused by the psychological stress in prison, and the unbearable food he is forced to eat. The unsanitary conditions in his cell have caused lesions in his skin, and he has lost most of his teeth due to a serious gum disease that needs urgent attention from a dentist. (After he was released October 31, 2002, the family dentist who was supposed to treat this critical condition received threats and Dr. Biscet was never able to obtain dental treatment.)
17. Dr. Biscet has been honored numerous times for his pro democracy struggle. On February 5, 2003, he received in the U.S. the first International Republican Institute Democracy’s People Award; on November 5, 2007, he was one of the recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civil award in the U.S., and he was also, honored in Germany with the “Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Medal 2007” on December 12, 2007. In like manner, the Czech Embassy in Washington D.C. paid homage to Dr. Biscet’ on February 27, 2008.
18. Dr. Biscet is one of several Cuban political prisoners who will only accept an unconditional release from prison and would never go into forced exile. More than 50 ex-political prisoners were released and traveled to Spain during July – October 2010, after the Catholic Church, working with the Cuban government, offered them freedom only if they left the island. Many of the passports of these political prisoners and even their families (minors) were stamped by the Cuban government with the words: “FINAL EXIT”. These political prisoners of conscience were never pardoned of the “crimes” they never committed nor have the unjust sentences imposed by Cuban tribunals been eliminated.
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Presentation on theme: "LUKY TIASARI, 2201403581 THE USE OF LITERACY APPROACH TO TEACH RECOUNT TEXT TO THE FIRST GRADE OF SMA N I BAE KUDUS."— Presentation transcript:
LUKY TIASARI, 2201403581 THE USE OF LITERACY APPROACH TO TEACH RECOUNT TEXT TO THE FIRST GRADE OF SMA N I BAE KUDUS
Identitas Mahasiswa - NAMA : LUKY TIASARI - NIM : 2201403581 - PRODI : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris - JURUSAN : BAHASA & SASTRA INGGRIS - FAKULTAS : Bahasa dan Seni - EMAIL : lukytia_tulip pada domain yahoo.co.id - PEMBIMBING 1 : Drs. Dwi Rukmini, M.Pd - PEMBIMBING 2 : Dr. Dwi Anggani L.B - TGL UJIAN : 2007-08-15
Judul THE USE OF LITERACY APPROACH TO TEACH RECOUNT TEXT TO THE FIRST GRADE OF SMA N I BAE KUDUS
Abstrak The study is an attempt to know the teachers’ problems in applying literacy approach to teach Recount Text to the first grade of SMA N1 BAE KUDUS. Based on the research problems, this study is aimed at finding how far the English teachers in that school know about literacy approach to teach recount text and the difficulties they face when they teach using English for a Better Life Textbook. The approach used in this study is qualitative. The data sources are the two teachers of English in SMA N 1 BAE KUDUS. The data are the results of observation the researches did when the teachers teach and the results of interview given to them. The results show that the teachers often get difficulties in Building Knowledge of the field (BKOF). They also do not know about how to apply literacy in teaching learning cycles based on Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). The teachers’ method in teaching learning is different. They also have different teacher’s ability to interact their students. The final conclusion is that most of the teachers still do not know about how to apply literacy approach in the classroom. There are three (3) suggestions proposed. First, the English teachers should be given workshop about literacy approach. Second, the users of textbook should check the material before teaching. Third, the teachers should more learn English for a Better Life Textbook before using it.
Kata Kunci literacy, recount text, teaching learning cycles, and the teachers’ skill.
Referensi Bloom, B. S. 1985. Human Characteristics and School Learning. New York: Mc. Graw Hill Book Co. Brown, D. 2001. Teaching by Principles An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. San Francisco State University: Longman. Celce-Murcia, M., Z.Dornyei, S.Thurrell. 1995. Communicative Competence: A Pedagogically Motivated Model with Content Specifications. Celce-Murcia, M., E. Olshtain. 2001. Discourse and Context in Language Teaching: a Guide for Language Teachers. UK: Cambridge University Press. Crooks and Choudron. 1991. Taxonomy of language teaching technique. Derewianka, B. 1990. Exploring How Texts Work. Australia: Sidney: Eggins, S. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers. Finocchiaro, M. 1974. English as a Second Language from Theory to Practice. New York: Regents Publishing Company. Grand, A. 1986. Defining Literacy: Common Myths and Alternatives Readings. In Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Halliday, M.A.K. 1985b. Spoken dan Written Language. Geelong: Deakin University Press. Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hasan. 1985. Language Context and Text: Aspects of language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University Press. Hammond et al. 1992. English for Social Purpose: A Handbook for Teachers of Adult Literacy. Sidney: NCELTR Hyland, K. 2004. Genre and Second Language Writing. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Keller, E. and S. T. Warner. 1988. Conversation Gambits. England: Language Teaching Publications. Kern, R. 2000. Literacy and language Teaching. UK: Oxford University Press. Kinsella. 1991.Categories of question and typical classroom question. Kompas, February 10, 2006 Maxwell, J.A. 1996. Qualitative Research Design. London: Sage Publications. Pusat Kurikulum, 2003. Kurikulum 2004: Standart Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Siswanto, J, dkk. 2005. Let’s Talk VII. Bandung: Pakar Raya Swales, J. 1990. Genre Analysis. UK: Cambridge University Press. Turney, C. 1983. Sidney Micro Skills Redeveloped. Australia: Sidney University Press. ------------- 1983. Sidney Micro Skills Redeveloped 2. Australia: Sidney University Press. Wells, B. 1987. Apprenticeship in Literacy. In Interchange 18.1/2:109-123. Yuliani, M., G. C. Permaty. 2005. English for A Better Life the Grade X of Senior High School. Bandung; Pakar Raya. www.teaching-learning.com http://www.ehow.com/how write first_letter.html
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Those of you who read my post about how to use a frog to solve equations might want to use this before that lesson. It can also be used independently before starting to find the areas of complex shapes. It is deceptively simple, but powerful.
All you need to do I draw two lines and on one put its length, say 10cm, and on the other x cm and 8cm. Explain that the two lines are the same length. Two frogs have a jumping competition, they agree to jump over the same course of 10 cm. The first jumps the full 10 cm. Fred the frog jumps but only a distance of x cm but then covers the rest of the course, which is 8 cm. How far is x cm?
As you know this is really x + 8 = 10. Depending on the level of pupils you can continue with further examples, make the link to algebra or move on.
The next step (or jump if you are a frog) is to draw similar lines such as one which is 10 cm and the other which is x cm, x cm and 3 cm or whatever appeals to you. Again you can use the story of the two frogs one jumping the full 10 cm the other Fred covering x, cm then x cm then 3 cm. Emphasise that both x cm are the exactly the same distance. Then ask how far is x cm?
Of course the pupils are solving 2x + 3 = 10. You can judge how far to take this idea it really does depend on the class or pupil. Use in its simplest form before doing complex shapes as pupils often fail to grasp how to find a missing dimension.
If you are wondering about previous mentions of Fred the frog see my previous post ‘solving equations with a frog’.
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The limits of emergency mechanisms
A Response to Tine Hanrieder and Christian Kreuder-Sonnen
Emergency mechanisms are essential in addressing and containing crisis situations such as the recent Ebola outbreak. Tine and Christian have drawn our attention to the development of the WHO’s emergency powers, and to how recent changes and adjustments of the organization’s response compared to the 2009 swine flu outbreak had a legitimacy enhancing effect. At the same time, however, thinking and conceptualizing crises within the emergency paradigm is also misleading.
Tine’s and Christian’s contribution already points to this misleading potential when noting that the “Ebola case also demonstrates that underlying questions of distribution cannot be resolved by crisis interventions“. In the following post I will focus not so much on the specific emergency powers of the WHO, but sketch out the general shortcomings of this concept. It should be understood as an attempt to broaden our perspective so as to better understand the limited use of emergency powers and the conceptual differences between “crisis” and “emergency”.
The ambiguity of emergency
The language that is used to describe situations such as the Ebola outbreak is in itself ambiguous. They are referred to as “crises”, “emergencies” or “exceptional situations”. While it is tempting to use them synonymously in order to avoid repetition, each of them carries a slightly different connotation. These differences can be traced to a fundamental disagreement about the nature of emergencies and which role law might play in responses to them. As Stephen Holmes has pointed out in a 2009 article, the concept of emergency could refer to a set of pre-established rules and procedures that limit discretion in times of crisis in order to provide guidance in disorienting times. At the same time, it could also point to the idea of unfettered discretion and flexibility. The latter understanding reflects an extra-legal approach, which is closely connected to an exceptional understanding of emergency.
A brief examination of the 2005 International Health Regulations suggests that the WHO adheres to a rule-based concept of emergency, even though there is room for improvement. Article 17 for instance provides a set of criteria that are relevant for making temporary recommendations in case of an emergency. Yet, the soft language of the provision indicates that the Director-General enjoys considerable freedom and flexibility whether or not to take these criteria into account. The rule-based approach is further strengthened by the procedural standards that Articled 12 and 49 provide in connection with the more recent additions of how they are applied. Still, it is important to strengthen and improve this strategy and not just to empower the WHO to act in crises as it sees fit.
Emergency measure and their limited impact
One of the most characteristic features of emergency measures is their temporary nature: the goal is to provide short-term relief. In that sense, they fulfill the same function as painkillers: they hopefully reduce the pain, but do not provide any solution for what has caused the pain in the first place. Similarly, emergency measures do not address the underlying problems of a crisis, but only deal with certain symptoms in order to prevent the situation from deteriorating even further. As Tine and Christian have pointed out, this is also true with regard to the current Ebola emergency. Keeping the Ebola virus from spreading and causing even more victims does not change the existing inequalities in global health.
It is, however, important to note that emergency measures are by definition not meant to address the underlying cause. One should resist the temptation to turn emergency mechanisms into a tool of addressing either these problems or long-term effects of crises. Emergency measures or the emergency powers on which they are based reflect changes in the otherwise existing legal regime: certain actors gain additional competences, rights of other actors are being limited. This shift is justified in light of the temporary nature of the emergency. Applying emergency measures beyond a specific time-line would permanently change the legal framework and implement the emergency regime for good.
Conceptual differences between crisis and emergency
Turning short-term emergency mechanisms into a form of long-term governance is usually justified when a crisis cannot be resolved. This line of reasoning highlights the necessity to stress and uphold the conceptual differences between crises and emergency measures. The short-term aim of emergency mechanisms corresponds to the urgency that is associated with a crisis. However, this connection between emergency and crisis tells only half the story. The term ‘crisis’ also illustrates a turning point, which implies long-term changes.
This long-term dimension is a key-characteristic of every crisis. Thus, equating crisis with emergency powers and mechanisms not only tends to neglect these long-term effects. It also implies that crises can efficiently be dealt with by applying the emergency paradigm. While it is true that emergency mechanisms are essential in addressing the emergency dimension of every crisis, focusing exclusively on this aspect threatens to overlook the long-term challenges. Thus, responding to crises should always follow a two-tier approach: emergency measures in order to address short-term problems, which are accompanied by rules that safeguard the temporary nature of these measures, and a long-term strategy that addresses the underlying problem. With regard to the current Ebola outbreak, it is this second aspect that needs considerably more attention in order not to just contain the present crisis, but to reduce the risk of a future and potentially more severe epidemic.
Jasper Finke is ‚Juniorprofessor‘ for public, international and European law at Bucerius Law School Hamburg.
Cite as: Jasper Finke, “The limits of emergency mechanisms”, Völkerrechtsblog, 1. September 2014, doi: 10.17176/20170105-180801.
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The Carmel region has been hit with a series of fires in recent years, but yesterday it suffered the worst blow yet. The blaze that continued into the night has already consumed nearly 10,000 dunams of vegetation, almost one-eighth of the entire national park on the Carmel Mountains - a third of which is made up of nature preserves and parks, and the remainder forests owned by the Jewish National Fund.
The fire severely damaged one of the most frequently visited regions by Israeli nature lovers, comprised of both Mediterranean vegetation and pine trees. The speed with which the blaze spread was catastrophic; its immediate impact will effect all forms of the area's rich wildlife, be they animal or plant.
The fire also released many tiny pollutants into the atmosphere, which can effect the respiratory system. Unless the blaze is brought under control in the coming days, there may be a health hazard in the making for residents of the Haifa region.
Professor Avi Perevolotsky, former chief scientist of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, says the fire's main damage is not ecological.
"What was lost here was the vista, which was very important to the public, " he said. "It will take 20, perhaps 40, years for it to be restored. The forests will be restored, especially the pine forests, but as we have seen in the northern parts of the Carmel that burned down before, 20 years have gone by and the growth is still relatively [low]. Nor does it look the way the Carmel forests typically look."
Dr. Yohay Carmel of the Technion, who specializes in forest rehabilitation, warned the authorities currently managing Israel's forests that the strategy in countering fires must change.
"I told them that they need to divert their focus from the forests and look at how to protect communities - and to do this it's necessary to create a sterile strip where there is no vegetation," Carmel said. "But they said they do not have the necessary resources to implement such a strategy." "What happened yesterday was a human disaster, not an ecological disaster - as the media categorized it," he added. "There are fires in the forests, but they can rebuild themselves. Ecological damage will only occur if the blaze sweeps through the majority of the Carmel region. In that case, there won't be any seeds or animal life which would be able to restore the forests and the vegetation."
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now
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fasti(redirected from Dies fasti)
Also found in: Dictionary.
Related to Dies fasti: Dies nefasti
fasti(făs`tī), in ancient Rome, dies fasti were days on which public business could be transacted without impiety. The word also came to be used for the calendars and almanacs that contained such information as holy days, festivals, and historical events. The first known fasti was published in 304 B.C.
in ancient Rome, originally the name for the days of the month that were deemed favorable for the conduct of state affairs; later, a name for the Roman calendar. The term fasti also denoted annual lists, drawn up by the pontifices, of the names of important public figures, such as magistrates, priests, and victorious generals who had been given a triumph. Surviving fasti have been collected by T. Mommsen in his Corpus inscriptionumLatinorum (vol. 1, Berlin, 1963).
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Active Science is an investigation-centered, K-5 science program. It provides activities, experiments, discussions, and challenges that encourage students to develop the problem solving skills that will enable them to participate and interact in the scientific and technological environment of the modern world.
Scientific knowledge is increasing rapidly in all fields. Active Science prepares future citizens of the world to be prepared to ask and answer why, as well as enable them to apply scientific information in order to solve new and complex problems.
Educators and scientists working together created Active Science with a thorough study of science and educational research, standards analysis, and investigation enhancements. The philosophy of the program is that students learn and remember science best when they are involved in hands-on explorations and investigations.
Active Science lessons use a variety of instructional techniques to accommodate differentiation for a range of student learning styles, while students work in cooperative teams to interact, draw conclusions, and share ideas with their peers. Lessons encourage students to express and evaluate their preconceived ideas about how the world of science works. When students are able to test their ideas with real evidence and articulate what they have discovered by recording data into their Science Notebooks, the scientific learning becomes their own.
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In studying the incision employed for the extraction of cataract we need not go further back in the history of the incision than the time of Daviel.1 The operation of extraction, as a recognized method of removing cataract originated with Daviel, the method having been matured about the year 1750.
The incision employed most frequently by Daviel and the one referred to when the term "Daviel's incision" is used is a flap incision (Fig. 1) made entirely in the corneal tissue close to the scleral margin. The cornea was first pierced by means of a broad needle at its lower margin; then, by means of small, blunt-pointed knives and by curved scissors (Daviel's scissors, right and left), the incision was continued on either side until almost two-thirds of the cornea near its margin had been divided. In the latter years of Daviel's life the incision was made shorter. In
WEEKS JE. THE INCISION FOR THE EXTRACTION OF CATARACT AND THE IRIDECTOMY.. JAMA. 1907;XLVIII(24):2005-2011. doi:10.1001/jama.1907.25220500011002a
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Sunday, March 9, 2014
Every leader wants to achieve excellence. The definition of excellence is being the best of what you are within the bounds of doing the right thing for the organization. The core of excellence is good character and is about doing what is supposed to be done right the first time. When striving for excellence, a leader needs to have a plan in achieving excellence. The first consideration in achieving excellence is developing an excellence plan of action. A plan should begin with a review of yourself, your qualities and the kind of leader you want to be. Make your assessment straightforward and simple. Choose which things are most important to you and place them on top of your list. Consider how these things will affect you as a leader. Be creative when setting up your plan.
Evaluate yourself according to your criteria in the plan. Are your standards realistic and achievable? Be open to making changes and revisions. Some things might have been forgotten, or useful ideas might suddenly come up. Planning is a good approach in order for one to be more responsive to occurrences that could take place in the future. Planning opens the right doors and presents options and possibilities in the future.
Leadership is about excellence, but a leader does not command excellence. What a leader does is build excellence. A leader creates excellence, being all the best that they can be and doing what is right for the organization. Achieving excellence is not just about accomplishing something or getting the job done. Excellence in leadership means a leader is engaged with good and strong character throughout the entire leadership process. A leader always has to welcome change and cope with it. Leadership has to progress and move forward with change. Be open to learning. It opens doors to knowing yourself more and fortifying it. Knowledge is power. Leadership is not only leading other people, but also yourself. If you lead yourself effectively then you can also lead other people effectively. Achieving excellence is not easy and must be earned. It starts with planning, strong leadership and having good character.
Robert J Dahl
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Very recently there has been some very exciting news about the fate of the Neanderthals. Seems about 4% of the Human Genome is made up of Neanderthal genes. This means that in the past, modern Humans, also called Homo sapiens, or sometimes Cro-Magnons, interbreed with Neanderthals and produced fertile offspring. Since different species generally may breed, but not produce fertile offspring, this means that Neanderthals should now not be consider a separate species at all.
However, this interbreeding does not explain what happened to the Neanderthals as a group. The Neanderthals, as a sub-species, went extinct about 30,000 years ago after having thrived some 300 hundred thousand years in Europe. There are many ideas, often called the Neanderthal extinction hypotheses, which try and answer that very question. Early Modern Humans moved out of Africa and entered the Neanderthal’s range about 80 to 90 thousand years ago. The two species co-existed for some 50,000 years before the Neanderthals finally disappeared completely.
Even before the recent discovery interbreeding had been one of the hypotheses; many scientists thought that Neanderthals were a sub-species of humans and that they could have interbred with modern humans. This is now apparently proved true.
But interbreeding is not the only theory as to the ultimate fate of the Neanderthals.
The Rapid Extinction theory states that the relatively short duration of overlap between the two human sub-species supports a “rapid extinction” scenario. Biologist and writer Jared Diamond puts forward the idea of clash between the two species that the Neanderthals ultimately lost. Diamond also hypothesizes that a disease could have transferred from Modern Humans to Neanderthals and the Neanderthals succumbed because they had no natural immunity to this new infection.
Another the next theory is that Modern Humans had some kind competitive advantage over Neanderthals when it came to hunting and reproduction, such as a clear division of labor between men and women. Some studies show that Modern Humans had better weapons with which to hunt. Seems the Cro-Magnons had enhanced hunting ability and were better fed. One study shows that if Homo sapiens had just one more child per couple that survived to reproduce that that alone would overwhelm the Neanderthal population.
In 2009 an anthropologist announced that it that at least in one case a Neanderthals was killed and eaten by Cro-Magnons and then the teeth was worn as a necklace. This is based on the discovery of a single Neanderthal jawbone that seems to have been cut and skinned like food and its teeth had been manually removed.
Of course, it could have been any one or more than one of these theories that could have caused the final extinction of the Neanderthals.
Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal, Harper Perennial, 2001.
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EDS is a group of inherited disorders that affects your connective tissues and is caused by abnormalities in
the structure, production, and processing of Collagen.
Collagen is the main protein in skin and other connective tissues, such as tendons, ligmants, skin, cartilage, bones and blood vessels.
There are six major forms of EDS:
- hypermobility :
- Classic : Often mistaken for Hypermobility and has more significant skin and soft tissue manifestations. Connective tissue disorder characterized by skin hyperextensibility (Excessive stretching of the skin), abnormal wound healing, and joint hypermobility (joints that move beyond the natural range). It includes two previously designated subtypes (EDS type I and EDS type II).
- Vascular : Usually manifests thin, translucent skin, fragility of soft tissue and scarring. Predisposition to spontaneous rupture of hollow organs (primarily arteries, intestines, and uterus.)
- Kphosoliosis : deformity in the spine caused by an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column. It is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis. Kyphosis is an excessive curvature of the spine in the (A-P) plane.
- Arthrochalasia : autosomal dominant, rare, and dstinguished by congenital hip dislocation and more severe skin manifestations Skin hyperextensibility with easy bruising. Tissue fragility including atrophic scars ,Muscle Hypotonia (Hypotonia means decreased muscle tone.) ,Kyphoscoliosis ,Radiologically Mild Osteopenia (bone density that is lower than normal peak density but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.).
- Dermatosporoxis : soft, doughy skin that is extremely fragile; saggy, redundant skin, especially on the face; hernias; and mild to severe joint hypermobility.
I have the hypermobility type. This form is usually considered one of the least severe types, however; serious musculoskeletal, skin, and soft tissue complications occur more with this type. It mainly affects my joints and bones and makes it hard for me to do day to day things. It’s hard for me to stand for long periods of time, and do stuff like climbing steps and even washing my hair.
Today i felt more exhausted than i have been in about a week. I was dragging trying to find things to keep me awake and busy. I decided to write the doctors that have helped me and cared for me in this journey. I wanted to make it special so i decided to do it myself. Went to the store to buy some blank cards and some decor for them. As I got home i realized i grabbed envelopes instead.. ugh.
My pain and soreness is still bad from the other day, i could really feel it in my shoulder and back today. Wasn’t able to do as much as i wanted to which disappoints me. I ended up falling asleep around 3:00pm and slept till around 5:40pm. I woke up tired with a bad headache, which thankfully is starting to go away.
I wish I had energy during the day time as i have a lot of things that need to get done. I feel like i’m not doing enough in my everyday life, i’m either really fatigued or sick. Looking back now at all the things i was able to do and loved like dance it saddens me that i can’t do that anymore. As of now i get tired and achy from washing my hair. How is life going to be as time goes on? Will i have trouble doing more things? These questions i wonder everyday..
My day today was long and tiring. It all started when i woke up, i reached to push my hair behind my ear and my shoulder dislocated. Luckily it popped right back in, my shoulder and the surrounded area is so sore.
Not even 2 hours into the day and i felt so exhausted i could drop. I tried doing everything i needed to do before i took a nap. I then slept for about 2 hours and woke up still fatigued (Some of you can relate if you have chronic illness), as i was walking to get changed out of my pajamas my knee cap popped so loud my mom could hear it in the next room. That was the most painful dislocation i have had all week so far.
For the remainder of the day i tried to keep relaxed and settled hoping to ease the pain, nope..my body didn’t want to cooperate (lol). I have noticed a lot more recently about how much my EDS effects my everyday life, looking back i can’t remember a day where i felt pain free. I don’t know what not having pain feels like, everyday my body aches and i get massive pains in my stomach as to where it doubles me over. To me my pain has become part of my everyday life..To others my pain would be absolute hell.
Everyday has become such a struggle but i can’t let my EDS stop me from everything. I’m strong enough to get through this…You’re strong enough to get through this..We will do it together a step at a time. Were Zebra strong!
Here are some things about me!
What is Collagen?
Collagen is the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues and gives support to connect parts of the body together. There is over thirty different types of collagen found within the body. More than 80% of the skin is made up from collagen. It is found in tendons, ligaments, and cartilage around joints and also the blood vessels.
In those who have EDS lack collagen and connective tissues can become weaker, that leads to things like fragile and stretchy skin, unstable and loose joints, fragile blood vessels and body tissue.
Why the Zebra?
According to The Ehlers – Danlos Society those who have EDS identify themselves as zebras! There is a saying “When you hear hoof-beats behind you, don’t expect to see a zebra.” This is because they are taught to look for the more common diagnosis, not the unexpected. EDS is rare, so the medical profession does not look for it, especially in young people. That’s why it is usually under diagnosed or misdiagnosed.
Everyone with EDS has different symptoms, different types, and different experiences. We are all working together to hopefully one day find a solution!
Hello! My name is Cassie and i would like to share my story with you. I’m sure many of you had the same experiences I did. I started to have numerous medical problems that doctors were not able to find the answers to.
My bones and joints were popping out continuously causing extreme pain. I had rapid heart rate and heart palpitations along with Mitral Valve Prolapse. I had chest pain, skin issues, Scoliosis, GI issues and urinary issues. My eye sight got worse and I had extreme fatigue.
Doctors were unable to find causes for these issues. Some went as far as saying “You don’t know what pain is” and “It’s all in your head”. I’ve been to a Cardiologist, Rheumatologist, Neurologist, Orthopedic, and Psychiatric doctor.
After over six years i was lucky enough to find a good Orthopedic doctor who referred us to a Genetic doctor. Amazingly, she put all the pieces together and was able to diagnose me with Ehlers – Danlos Syndrome (EDS).
But now, what do I do?
Thank you all so much for viewing my blog! I’m still in the design phase but please keep checking in.
I’ve been diagnosed with EDS Hypermobility and probably, like you, searching for others like me and answers. I look forward to sharing my story with you and hope that we can help each other.
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Students interview family members and research their cultural heritage and traditions. The purpose is to share their findings, knowledge, and experiences with classmates. Students are provided with a choice of formats to orally and visually present their information, including Show-and-Tell, PowerPoint, a poster, or an essay. Students discuss the importance of respecting diversity in the community while comparing and contrasting personal connections.
- Students will inform classmates about their cultural customs and family traditions through research and formal presentations.
- Students will compare/contrast and make personal connections.
- Students will recognize and discuss the diversity within our school community and within our world.
- Students will recognize and discuss the importance of respecting diversity
- Handout of definitions and student assignment outline.
- School computers equipped with PowerPoint software and audio
- Digital camera
- Posters of Character Pillars (displayed on classroom walls for easy reference)
- Students supplied the realia (traditional clothing, props, photographs, etc.) and art materials (for posters)
- Area to display student work
- Presentation Grading Scale
- Evidence of listening and comprehension: completion of presentation packet
- Reflection paragraph (My Feelings About the Cultural Customs Presentations)
- Jeopardy-style game to review information presented
Extensions and Adaptations
Related Links and Resources
Kathryn Frudden (Grade 4 Teacher)
Madison Park School
Old Bridge, New Jersey
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From an early form haebuc, from Proto-Germanic *habukaz, possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *kobuǵo, perhaps ultimately derived from *keh₂p- (“seize”). Cognate with Old Frisian havek (West Frisian hauk), Old Saxon havuk (Low German Haavk), Dutch havik, Old High German habuch, habuh (German Habicht), Old Norse haukr (Swedish hök, Danish høg, Norwegian hauk, Icelandic haukur). The word is related to a Slavic word for a bird of prey (Russian кобец (kobec), Polish kobuz). Compare also Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”).
hafoc m (nominative plural hafocas)
- a hawk
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Mistakes at First Certificate ... And How to Avoid
de Susanne Tayfoor
This neat little book focuses on the real mistakes
learners make at FCE and shows how to avoid them.
It is based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a unique
resource containing over 10,000 marked exam scripts
from Cambridge ESOL. Each unit focuses on a key problem
area. Clear explanations and varied exercises help
learners to use the language accurately.
tests offer learners a further opportunity to check
and consolidate what they have learnt.
- Based on analysis of over 10,000 Cambridge ESOL
exam scripts in the Cambridge Learner Corpus
- Highlights common mistakes that learners really
- Short, snappy units focus on key problem areas
- Clear unit structure: test, teach, test
- Concise explanations
- Includes FCE-style exercises
- Regular tests - Includes answer key.
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| 0.85484
| 188
| 2.5625
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|
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The purpose of this study was to assess the association of perceived racial discrimination with emotional eating behaviors, weight status, and stress levels among obese African-American women, who volunteered to enter a weight control study (SisterTalk) in the New England region of the United States. The sample of women was taken from the baseline data of participants in SisterTalk, a randomized, controlled trial of a cable TV-delivered weight control program. Using the Krieger instrument, telephone and in-person surveys were used to assess perceived discrimination, emotional eating behaviors, and stress. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI in order to assess weight status. ANOVA models were constructed to assess the association of discrimination with demographics. Correlations were calculated for discrimination, stress, emotional eating, and weight variables. ANOVA models were also constructed to assess discrimination with emotional eating, after adjusting for appropriate demographic variables. Perceived discrimination was associated with education and stress levels but was not associated with weight status (BMI). The frequency of eating when depressed or sad, and eating to manage stress, were both significantly higher among women who reported higher perceived discrimination and higher stress levels. Discrimination may contribute to stress that leads to eating for reasons other than hunger among African-American women, although the causal direction of associations cannot be determined with cross sectional data. Associations of discrimination with weight status were not found, although it is likely that emotional eating behaviors related to perceived discrimination are unhealthy. Future research should examine these relationships more closely in longitudinal studies.
Obesity continues to increase in the United States and prevalence is especially high among African-American women (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Curtin, 2010). Risk of obesity-related illness, such as hypertension and diabetes, rise markedly as weight status increases (Gregg et al., 2005) and it is highest among Black women (35% and 13%, respectively) in comparison to age-adjusted prevalence of all Americans of both genders (24% and 9%, respectively) (CDC, 2009). According to Healthy People 2020, decreasing these chronic conditions associated with diet and weight is a priority goal, as is decreasing health disparities in obesity and associated co-morbidities among ethnic minority groups (Healthy People 2020).
One factor that may contribute to differences in obesity-related health disparities across ethnic groups is racial discrimination. Krieger (2000) defined racial discrimination as being a socially structured and sanctioned phenomena that was justified by both ideology and expressed interactions. These occurred between individuals and institutions and were intended to maintain the privileges for members of the dominant groups at the cost and deprivation others. On-going discrimination against African-Americans has been documented in many segments of society. According to Clark, Anderson, Clark, and Williams (1999), perceived racism is the subjective and objective experience of prejudice or discrimination. Vines and colleagues (2006) showed that African-American survey respondents experienced frequent personal events in public places that were perceived as racism, such as interactions with police, getting a loan, seeking housing, and/or when needing medical care, and the researchers found that these experiences elicited both emotional and behavioral responses that could adversely affect the respondents’ health. Williams (1999) further suggested that racism and socioeconomic status (SES) combined to affect health as individual and institutional discrimination and, along with the stigma of inferiority, restricted socioeconomic opportunities and mobility.
Studies have shown mixed results in the relationships concerning discrimination and obesity (Gee, Ro, Gavin, & Takeuchi, 2008; Hunte & Williams, 2009; Shelton et al., 2009), weight gain (Cozier, Wise, Palmer, & Rosenberg, 2009; Hunte, 2011), and waist circumference (Vines et al., 2007).
At present, there have been no known studies that examined the association of perceived discrimination with stress and emotional eating behaviors among those at risk for obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between these variables in a sample of African-American women. It was hypothesized that there was a relationship between obesity and perceived racial discrimination and that poor eating habits in relation to the stress caused by racial discrimination may mediate this relationship. To that end, the following questions were explored:
The research design was descriptive and was based on cross sectional data that served as the baseline data for a randomized, controlled trial studying a weight control intervention known as “SisterTalk.” This was a cable television weight loss intervention study designed for low-income African-American women conducted by Brown University in Boston, MA (Gans et al., 2003).
The participants were a sample of women recruited from public sites throughout Boston. Women could participate if they self-identified as an African-American or Black, were female, were from 18 to 70 years of age, resided in the Boston Cablevision catchment area and planned to stay in the area for at least one year, had a BMI not less than 22, were not pregnant or were more than four months postpartum, had no physical problems that would prevent mild physical activity, had no previous history of treatment for eating disorders, were able to speak and read English, had no participation in any other weight-control research project, and had access to a working telephone, television and VCR, as well as the availability to watch the SisterTalk cable TV program at its weekly airtime.
Approval was sought and obtained by the Institutional Review Board at Teachers College, Columbia University and the Institutional Review Board at Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island.
Eligible participants completed a baseline telephone survey and were then scheduled to attend an in-person screening to obtain additional data. Physical measurements were performed including height, weight, and waist circumference. Height and weight was used to determine body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). The BMI categories were classified according to the weight class categories established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (National Institutes of Health, 1998) and were as follows: Normal Weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), Class I and II Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), Class III Obese (BMI ≥ 40).
This questionnaire was researcher developed specifically for the purposes of this study. It measured the demographic characteristics of the study sample such as age, origin of birth, ethnicity, level of education, household composition, employment status, and income.
The Perceived Discrimination Questionnaire (Krieger, 1990) consisted of six questions: Have you ever experienced discrimination, been prevented from doing something, or been hassled or made to feel inferior in any of the following six situations because of your race or color? (1) At school, (2) getting a job, (3) at work, (4) getting housing, (5) getting medical care, (6) from the police or in the courts?(Krieger, 1990). The choices for each response were: (1) yes; or, (2) no. The discrimination score was calculated as the sum of the six responses (1 or 2 excluding the missing items or responses of don’t know or refusals), with the possible range of total scores being from 6 to 12.
This measure consisted of a single question concerning overall general stress: On a scale from 1 to 10, how stressful is your life? Number 1 meaning your life is not stressful to number 10 meaning your life is extremely stressful. For analysis of this question the numbers were placed into 3 categories as follows: 1–3 (low stress level), 4–6 (medium stress level), and 7–10 (high stress level). To assess emotional eating behavior, the following questions were asked such as, How often do you eat when you are feeling depressed or sad?, and How often do you eat as a way to manage stress? Responses to both questions were: (1) never; (2) rarely; (3) sometimes; (4) often; (5) almost always; (6) don’t know; and, (7) refused to answer question.
This question was researcher developed as a simple measure with strong face validity. It as not been validated, although it is now being validated in a later study.
ANOVA models were constructed to assess the association of the discrimination score with demographic variables including age, birthplace, ethnicity, education level, household composition, employment status, and household income. The least squared means were used as discrimination scores for each level of each demographic factor. Pearson correlation was calculated to examine the relationship between the continuous variables: the emotional eating behavior questions, BMI, waist circumference, stress, and the discrimination score. Next, for ease in interpretation, univariate ANOVA models were created to assess the association of the discrimination score with eating behaviors, weight status (BMI group), waist circumference, and stress, followed by multivariate models that included demographic variables that were significantly associated with discrimination. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS version 8.2 (SAS Institute, Cary NC, 2001).
The African-American women in the sample (N = 350) ranged from 18 to 71 years of age. The majority (55.6%) was from 40 to 59 years of age and they were born in the United States (87.7%). Most identified themselves as African-American (77.7%), but other ethnic designations were also reported. Most of the participants (76%) had a college-level education and 75% were employed outside the home. Over half of the participants (64%) reported a family income of $40,000 or less. The mean BMI was 34.8 and the mean waist circumference was 100.6 cm. The mean discrimination score was 8.2 and the mean stress level was 2.1.
Demographic characteristics separated many groups of women by reported level of discrimination. Discrimination was associated with age (p = .0343). Women with the highest perceived level of discrimination were in the middle-aged groups. Also, a positive association was found between education level and discrimination (p < 0.0001). Women with a higher level of education reported more racial discrimination. In addition, employment status was associated with discrimination, although not quite reaching the level of statistical significance, (p = .0805), with the highest level of perceived discrimination found among women who were employed full or part-time. Women who were born in the United States reported more discrimination than did women who were born out of the United States (p = .0157), but no differences were found among ethnic groups in reported discrimination. There was no significant association found between discrimination and household composition (see Table 1).
The correlation matrix demonstrated colinearity among several variables. Discrimination and stress were correlated with each other (r = 0.178, p < .0008). The two emotional eating behavior questions were strongly correlated (r = 0.685, p < .0001). Both eating behavior questions were also significantly correlated with BMI, waist, stress, and the discrimination score. Also, BMI and waist circumference were strongly correlated with one another (r = 0.884, p < .0001), however, BMI and waist circumference were not correlated with either stress or discrimination (see Table 2).
In univariate models, there was a significant difference in mean discrimination scores based on responses to eating when sad/depressed (p = 0.0021), and when eating to manage stress (p = .0024). For each of these, higher perceived discrimination was reported, along with higher frequency of the eating behavior. The multivariate models still showed that each of these eating behaviors was associated with discrimination, even after adjusting for demographic characteristics.
Discrimination was also associated with stress levels (p = .0029), such that higher discrimination groups reported higher levels of stress. After adjustment for demographics, the association between stress and discrimination was similar (p = .0089). Waist circumference groups were significantly associated with discrimination (p = .0398), but the association was not linear. Both the highest and lowest waist circumference groups reported higher perceived discrimination than the middle two groups. Waist circumference was not associated with discrimination after adjusting for demographic factors. There was no significant difference in discrimination scores between BMI weight status groups in either univariate or multivariate models (see Table 3).
This study found an association between perceived racial discrimination with emotional eating behaviors and perceived stress levels among obese African-American women, as supported in other literature (Cozier et al., 2009; O’Connor, Jones, Conner, McMillan, & Ferguson, 2008; Vines et al., 2007). The study by O’Connor and colleagues (2008) of 428 obese women and men used diary reports of daily hassles/stressors along with dietary intake. Daily hassles/stressors were defined as ego threatening, interpersonal, or work related. These authors reported a positive association between daily hassles and unhealthy eating behaviors, with the participants consuming more high fat (p < 0.001) and sugar (p < 0.001) snacks.
The present study found no association between weight status (BMI group) and discrimination, which is similar to the findings of several other studies (Hunte & Williams, 2009; Shelton et al., 2009). Nevertheless, others have found associations with weight-related variables. Gee and colleagues (2008) found a positive association between BMI and discrimination among Asian Americans. Cozier and colleagues (2009), in the Black Women’s Health Study, found that an increase in perceived discrimination at baseline was associated with higher weight gain at an 8-year follow-up.
The present study also found no association between waist circumference and discrimination. Other researchers found higher waist circumference, with higher discrimination, in a study of middle-aged (35 to 47 years of age), obese, premenopausal African-American or Black women (Vines, et al., 2007). Moreover, an increase in waist circumference was associated with high and persistent racism in a multicultural prospective study (Hunte, 2011). More specifically, Lewis, Kravitz, Janssen, and Powell (2011) described an association of reported discrimination with higher visceral fat (in and around internal organs) but not higher subcutaneous fat (close to the surface of the skin).
The lack of association between weight status and perceived discrimination found in this paper might be due to certain design limitations. First, the range of weight status, while large, did not include many women with a BMI in the normal range, and no women in the underweight range, which limits the assessment of association of one variable with another. Also, the measure of perceived discrimination that was used in this study was very general, and only a single item was used to measure perceived stress. Wyatt et al. (2003) identified three ways that discrimination might increase risk of cardiovascular disease including: institutional racism, with associated decreased socioeconomic opportunity and poor living conditions; personally-mediated racism, which acts as a stressor; and, true internalized racism, which comes from internalization of negative stereotypes. The Kreiger measure used in the SisterTalk study encompasses only personally mediated racism. Future studies should examine relationships of physical outcomes, including BMI, with other types/measures of discrimination.
It was hypothesized that perceived discrimination could be induced by stress, and indeed it was related to stress in the current cross sectional analysis, but the causal pathway is not clear. Previous research by Walcott-McQuigg (1995) demonstrated a higher likelihood of being overweight and the use of fewer weight control behaviors with higher stress. Also, women who were obese were more likely to report “confrontive coping,” or directly confronting life problems, which might have included weight problems, compared with normal weight participants, but no association was found with weight and perceived stress, social support, or stressful life events (Strickland, Giger, Nelson, & Davis, 2007). The measurement of stress in more depth with attention to sources of stress and coping mechanisms is warranted in future research.
Even without a direct association with weight, the association of discrimination and stress with emotional eating is concerning. Others have explored the neurochemical effects of racism as a stressor, including the direct and indirect effects on blood pressure (Krieger, 2000; Wyatt et al., 2003). Stressors in general have been shown to be associated with increased food intake. In animal models, stress that causes activation of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA), or chronic stress axis, is associated with increased food intake and increased preference for sweets. In humans, the effect of greater intake of snack food with daily stressors was found only among individuals with high reactions to stress in some research (Adam & Epel, 2007). Daily hassles have been associated with increased food intake, in contrast with physical threat stressors that were associated with lower food intake (O’Connor et al., 2008), demonstrating again the very different dietary responses to different stressors. However, the more direct effect of racism-associated stress on eating behaviors has not heretofore been identified. In this study, stress was associated with both discrimination and emotional eating, however, further longitudinal studies are needed to establish a causal relationship.
There were a number of limitations encountered in the process of implementing this study, which should be considered when interpreting this data. As noted above, the discrimination and stress measures used in the current study were brief and only measured one type of racial discrimination. Overall, the telephone and the in-person surveys used in the SisterTalk weight control study were lengthy and took an extensive amount of time to complete, perhaps creating fatigue and a considerable burden for the subjects. This could help to explain some missing data and score patterns. In addition, results cannot be generalized to the total population since random sampling was not used and the women in the study volunteered for a weight control study, which may have introduced selection bias, and fewer underweight and normal weight women were in the sample, so the range of BMI was skewed higher. This could explain the differing relationships with other variables than were found in other studies with broader weight range.
This study found a strong relationship between perceived racial discrimination with perceived stress, as well as eating when depressed or sad, and eating to manage stress. In response, an intervention might be designed that specifically teaches stress management techniques and coping skills that do not involve eating. Such interventions should be culturally tailored and appropriate to manage stress among African-American women, including coping with discrimination.
Further studies need to explore conditions of stress and perceived racial discrimination in African-American women and how they relate to obesity and dietary behaviors. These studies should include qualitative research to explore more fully the relationship of perceived racial discrimination, stress, emotional eating and other factors related to obesity, as well as longitudinal studies to explore the causal relationship between discrimination, stress, emotional eating, and other factors. These studies should include more complete measures of discrimination, stress, and diet, as well as physiological measures of stress. Such research should be conducted across wider geographical areas of the United States, comparing cohorts in the South, Midwest, West, and Northeast, as well as in population samples of African-American women.
This study was supported by Grant CA 74484 Weight Control to Prevent Cancer in African-American Women from the National Institutes of Health.
Portia Johnson, Assistant Professor, Seton Hall University, College of Nursing, South Orange, NJ.
Patricia Markham Risica, Assistant Professor (Research) of Epidemiology, Institute for Community Health Promotion, Brown University, Providence, RI.
Kim M. Gans, Professor, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Program in Public Health, Brown University, and Center Director, Institute for Community Health Promotion, Brown University, Providence, RI.
Usree Kirtania, Institute for Community Health Promotion, Brown University, Providence, RI.
Shiriki K. Kumanyika, Professor of Epidemilogy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA.
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The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen a dramatic increase in the study of affect in organizations. The affective realm consists of state and trait affect, and there are many types of each. Mood is a transitory affective state that is relatively mild and long lasting. Different from other transitory affective states (i.e., emotions), mood does not have a clear triggering stimulus or a specific object. Rather, mood is present at all times in the background of our minds (i.e., we are not void of mood at any given point in time), although we are not always aware of it. Mood is generally considered either positive or negative, whereas emotions are discrete and specific, such as anger, fear, hope, and joy. Although it is possible to talk about an angry mood, for example, this is different from the emotion of anger in that the angry mood is not related to any known stimulus, is generalized and diffused, lasts a longer time, and is characterized by an overall irritability and tendency to view external stimuli as negative.
There are several theoretical models of the structure of mood. These models describe mood according to two orthogonal and bipolar dimensions, pleasantness and activation. The interplay between these dimensions results in mood ranging from activated (e.g., aroused) to deactivated (e.g., calm); from pleasant (e.g., happy) to unpleasant (e.g., unhappy); from pleasant and activated (e.g., excited) to unpleasant and deactivated (e.g., tired); and from unpleasant activated (e.g., tense) to pleasant deactivated (e.g., relaxed). Other structural models of mood also exist.
Most research has focused on the effects of positive mood. However, there is an asymmetry between the influences of positive and negative moods, such that the effects of negative mood are not necessarily the opposite of those of positive mood. Therefore, caution must be exercised when inferring conclusions about negative mood from research conducted on positive mood, and vice versa.
Methodologies for Studying Mood
Industrial/organizational researchers typically measure mood using self-report measures or implicit measures of mood, usually behaviors. Mood has been studied in both laboratory and field settings using experimental and nonexperimental methods. When studying mood, researchers either manipulate it or measure research participants’ naturally occurring mood. Common methods for manipulating mood are movies, music, and small gifts. The induction of negative moods has been found to result in larger effects than the induction of positive moods. Films and stories are the most efficient methods of mood elicitation.
Influences on Mood
Because mood does not have concrete causes, it may be influenced by an infinite number and unlimited types of causes. Among the commonly studied influences are personality, external factors, and internal factors. External factors that have been found to affect mood are weather, temperature, odor, physical activity, food, and drugs; these factors affect mood through their influence on biological processes. Social influences also affect mood—for example, when people look at the mood of others as a source of information or when the moods of others affect one’s own mood. Internal influences on mood include biological, physiological, and neurological determinants, such as circadian rhythms, fatigue, and arousal. Emotions can also influence mood, which becomes an aftereffect of emotion.
Mood and Personality
In addition to having transient positive and negative moods, people also have positive and negative personality tendencies, known as positive and negative affectivity. It is generally agreed that people who are high in positive affectivity tend to experience more positive moods, and people who are high in negative affectivity tend to experience more negative moods. However, because the correlations between state and trait affect are modest at best, trait affect is not the strongest predictor of mood. Other affective dispositions such as trait affect, also affect mood. For example, trait anxiety leads people to react with more anxiety to certain events and makes it difficult for them to differentiate between justified and unjustified anxiety. Affect intensity (the intensity of an individual’s affective responsiveness) is another personality trait that affects people’s tendency to experience different mood states and ability to regulate their moods.
Mood and Cognition
Mood is related to the cognitive processes of memory, recall, and attention. Consistent findings show mood congruency effects, that is, a congruence between an individual’s mood state, attention to information, coding of information, and retrieval of information, such that mood facilitates the processing of state-congruent materials. For example, people in a positive mood tend to perceive neutral stimuli as more positive, have more positive perceptions of others, and can better recall events that were congruent with their mood when the event occurred. Similar congruency effects have been found for negative moods.
Other robust findings refer to thought processes that are affected by mood. Specifically, people who are in a positive mood tend to use more heuristics, use broader categories to analyze and classify data, and are more cognitively flexible than people in a negative mood, who tend to go through very elaborative thought processes. These processes can lead to a depressive realism effect, whereby people who are slightly depressed have a more realistic grasp of reality and their control of it. People in positive mood, however, look at themselves in ways that are more positive and overestimate their abilities. Thus, there is a trade-off between the accuracy of perception and self-enhancement.
Whereas the preceding research emphasized the importance of valence in affecting cognition, other research has examined the importance of the energy dimension of mood in influencing cognition. According to this research, mood affects cognitive processes through its influence on the efficiency with which people process information. Specifically, mood affects available cognitive resources, attentional selectivity, readiness to respond, and short-term memory, such that higher arousal leads to higher availability of most cognitive resources. These results apply to some tasks, but not to others. Apparently, the relative importance of valence and the energy dimensions of mood depend on the kind of task being performed and the cognitive processes required.
Mood and Performance
Mood can affect performance through its influence on cognitive processes and on motivation. It is generally assumed that people who are in a positive mood are motivated to maintain it, whereas people who are in a negative mood are motivated to repair their emotional state. These motivations sometimes lead to similar behavioral influences of positive and negative mood. At other times, behaviors will differ based on mood.
Research has found that people who are in a positive mood tend to engage in prosocial behaviors, such as helping other people and volunteering more, but only if they perceive their behaviors as affecting them positively. Under some circumstances, people in a negative mood also help others as a means of improving their own emotional state.
Mood has also been found to influence withdrawal behaviors, such as absenteeism. To the extent that the work situation is perceived as negative, withdrawal behaviors will increase. Both positive mood and negative mood have been shown to be related to absenteeism in this manner. Individuals who experience a positive mood at the workplace are less likely to be absent, whereas those who experience a negative mood at work are more likely to be absent.
As for the performance of duties required by a job, the influence of mood is related to the kind of performance that is required. That is, when flexibility, working with others, and creativity are needed, positive mood has a positive influence. For example, research has found a positive relationship between positive mood and customer service activities and between positive mood and creativity. Positive mood also positively influences negotiation and conflict resolution because people in a positive mood are better able to understand the other person’s point of view and more often adopt constructive problem-solving strategies.
When attention to detail and vigilant information processing are needed, negative mood may be preferable; research has shown that negative moods influence more systematic and detailed processing of information. Still, under some circumstances, negative mood leads to less effort on cognitive processes and positive mood leads to more effort in cognitive processing. Depending on the ability of information processing to alleviate a sad mood or worsen a positive mood, and depending on the relevancy of the information, individuals use more or less effort in processing the information, depending on their mood.
Mood also has strong implications for decision making. Research has found that positive moods lead to simplification of complex tasks (which can be beneficial or harmful, depending on the task) and more efficient decision-making processes. People who are in a positive mood also tend to take fewer risks when more is at stake because they have higher sensitivity to loss, which may diminish their positive mood.
Finally, an important indicator of people’s performance is their performance appraisals. Here, mood may have an indirect effect by influencing raters’ tendency to be more lenient, subjected to rating biases, or affected by irrelevant information, such as affection for the individual.
Mood at the Team Level
Until now, the moods of individuals have been discussed. Recently, however, mood has also been studied as a group-level phenomenon, usually referred to as group affect, which is the shared affect among group members. It has been found that mood is contagious— this is one mechanism through which it transfers from one individual to others. In this way, the mood of a single individual affects the mood of the group. Other factors that have been shown to influence the convergence of group members’ mood are task and social interdependence, group membership stability, mood regulation norms, and the leader’s mood.
To conclude, mood plays an important role in the behavior of people and groups in organizations. It is both a result of working in organizations and a cause of people’s behavior.
- Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion in groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47,644-675.
- Forgas, J. P., & George, J. M. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 86, 3-34.
- George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 310-329.
- Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 129-141.
- Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Positive mood can increase or decrease message scrutiny: The hedonic contingency view of mood and message processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 5-15.
- Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G. N., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557-580.
- Yik, M. S. M., Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 600-619.
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Aplastic anemia (a-PLAS-tik uh-NEE-me-uh) is a rare and serious blood disorder in which bone marrow stops making enough new blood cells. Bone marrow––the spongy material inside bones—makes new blood cells called stem cells. Stem cells normally develop into three main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Each type of blood cell has its own functions in the body.
Aplastic anemia is a rare condition. In the United States, about 500–1,000 people develop this type of anemia each year. It is two to three times more common in Asian countries.
The two main types of aplastic anemia are acquired and hereditary. Acquired means a person develops the condition during his or her lifetime. Hereditary means a person is born with the condition. Acquired aplastic anemia is the most common type, and it is sometimes a temporary condition. It can be triggered by exposure to:
- Toxic chemicals
- Chemotherapy drugs
- Virus infections
However, the cause of acquired aplastic anemia is often not known.
Hereditary aplastic anemia is rare. It occurs with some inherited conditions, such as Fanconi anemia.Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation, Inc.
P.O. Box 310
Churchton, MD 20733-0310
(410) 867-0240 Fax
Contact: John Huber
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Staff Report 531
Accounting for Business Cycles
Revised September 6, 2016
We elaborate on the business cycle accounting method proposed by Chari, Kehoe, and McGrattan (2007), clear up some misconceptions about the method, and then apply it to compare the Great Recession across OECD countries as well as to the recessions of the 1980s in these countries. We have four main findings. First, with the notable exception of the United States, Spain, Ireland, and Iceland, the Great Recession was driven primarily by the efficiency wedge. Second, in the Great Recession, the labor wedge plays a dominant role only in the United States, and the investment wedge plays a dominant role in Spain, Ireland, and Iceland. Third, in the recessions of the 1980s, the labor wedge played a dominant role only in France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and New Zealand. Finally, overall in the Great Recession the efficiency wedge played a more important role and the investment wedge played a less important role than they did in the recessions of the 1980s.
Published In: Handbook of Macroeconomics (Volume 2, Chapter 13, 2016, pp. 1013-1063)
Download Paper (pdf)
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Released: January 22, 2013
Library Services in the Digital Age
Summary of findings
The internet has already had a major impact on how people find and access information, and now the rising popularity of e-books is helping transform Americans’ reading habits. In this changing landscape, public libraries are trying to adjust their services to these new realities while still serving the needs of patrons who rely on more traditional resources. In a new survey of Americans’ attitudes and expectations for public libraries, the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project finds that many library patrons are eager to see libraries’ digital services expand, yet also feel that print books remain important in the digital age.
The availability of free computers and internet access now rivals book lending and reference expertise as a vital service of libraries. In a national survey of Americans ages 16 and older:
- 80% of Americans say borrowing books is a “very important” service libraries provide.
- 80% say reference librarians are a “very important” service of libraries.
- 77% say free access to computers and the internet is a “very important” service of libraries.
Moreover, a notable share of Americans say they would embrace even wider uses of technology at libraries such as:
- Online research services allowing patrons to pose questions and get answers from librarians: 37% of Americans ages 16 and older would “very likely” use an “ask a librarian” type of service, and another 36% say they would be “somewhat likely” to do so.
- Apps-based access to library materials and programs: 35% of Americans ages 16 and older would “very likely” use that service and another 28% say they would be “somewhat likely” to do so.
- Access to technology “petting zoos” to try out new devices: 35% of Americans ages 16 and older would “very likely” use that service and another 34% say they would be “somewhat likely” to do so.
- GPS-navigation apps to help patrons locate material inside library buildings: 34% of Americans ages 16 and older would “very likely” use that service and another 28% say they would be “somewhat likely” to do so.
- “Redbox”-style lending machines or kiosks located throughout the community where people can check out books, movies or music without having to go to the library itself: 33% of Americans ages 16 and older would “very likely” use that service and another 30% say they would be “somewhat likely” to do so.
- “Amazon”-style customized book/audio/video recommendation schemes that are based on patrons’ prior library behavior: 29% of Americans ages 16 and older would “very likely” use that service and another 35% say they would be “somewhat likely” to do so.
When Pew Internet asked the library staff members in an online panel about these services, the three that were most popular were classes on e-borrowing, classes on how to use handheld reading devices, and online “ask a librarian” research services. Many librarians said that their libraries were already offering these resources in various forms, due to demand from their communities.
These are some of the key findings from a new national survey of 2,252 Americans ages 16 and older by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project and underwritten by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The interviews were conducted on October 15-November 10, 2012 and done on cell phone and landlines and in English and Spanish.
Public priorities for libraries
Asked for their thoughts on which services libraries should offer to the public, majorities of Americans are strongly in favor of:
- Coordinating more closely with local schools: 85% of Americans ages 16 and older say libraries should “definitely” do this.
- Offering free literacy programs to help young children: 82% of Americans ages 16 and older say libraries should “definitely do” this.
- Having more comfortable spaces for reading, working, and relaxing: 59% of Americans ages 16 and older say libraries should “definitely do” this.
- Offering a broader selection of e-books: 53% of Americans ages 16 and older say libraries should “definitely do” this.
These services were also most popular with the library staff members in our online panel, many of whom said that their library had either already implemented them or should “definitely” implement them in the future.
At the same time, people have different views about whether libraries should move some printed books and stacks out of public locations to free up space for tech centers, reading rooms, meeting rooms, and cultural events: 20% of Americans ages 16 and older said libraries should “definitely” make those changes; 39% said libraries “maybe” should do that; and 36% said libraries should “definitely not” change by moving books out of public spaces.
Americans say libraries are important to their families and their communities, but often do not know all the services libraries offer
Fully 91% of Americans ages 16 and older say public libraries are important to their communities; and 76% say libraries are important to them and their families. And libraries are touchpoints in their communities for the vast majority of Americans: 84% of Americans ages 16 and older have been to a library or bookmobile at some point in their lives and 77% say they remember someone else in their family using public libraries as they were growing up.
Still, just 22% say that they know all or most of the services their libraries offer now. Another 46% say they know some of what their libraries offer and 31% said they know not much or nothing at all of what their libraries offer.
Changes in library use in recent years
In the past 12 months, 53% of Americans ages 16 and older visited a library or bookmobile; 25% visited a library website; and 13% used a handheld device such as a smartphone or tablet computer to access a library website. All told, 59% of Americans ages 16 and older had at least one of those kinds of interactions with their public library in the past 12 months. Throughout this report we call them “recent library users” and some of our analysis is based on what they do at libraries and library websites.
Overall, 52% of recent library users say their use of the library in the past five years has not changed to any great extent. At the same time, 26% of recent library users say their library use has increased and 22% say their use has decreased. The table below highlights their answers about why their library use changed:
How people use libraries
Of the 53% of Americans who visited a library or bookmobile in person in the past 12 months, here are the activities they say they do at the library:
- 73% of library patrons in the past 12 months say they visit to browse the shelves for books or media.
- 73% say they visit to borrow print books.
- 54% say they visit to research topics that interest them.
- 50% say they visit to get help from a librarian. Asked how often they get help from library staff in such things as answering research questions, 31% of library patrons in the past 12 months say they frequently get help, 39% say they sometimes get help, 23% say they hardly ever get help, and 7% say they never get help.
- 49% say they visit to sit, read, and study, or watch or listen to media.
- 46% say they visit to use a research database.
- 41% say they visit to attend or bring a younger person to a class, program, or event designed for children or teens.
- 40% say they visit to borrow a DVD or videotape of a movie or TV show.
- 31% say they visit to read or check out printed magazines or newspapers.
- 23% say they visit to attend a meeting of a group to which they belong.
- 21% say they visit to attend a class, program, or lecture for adults.
- 17% say they visit to borrow or download an audio book.
- 16% say they visit to borrow a music CD.
Internet use at libraries
Some 26% of Americans ages 16 and older say they used the computers there or the WiFi connection to go online. Here’s what they did on that free internet access:
- 66% of those who used the internet at a library in the past 12 months did research for school or work.
- 63% say they browsed the internet for fun or to pass the time.
- 54% say they used email.
- 47% say they got health information.
- 41% say they visited government websites or got information about government services.
- 36% say they looked for jobs or applied for jobs online.
- 35% say they visited social networking sites.
- 26% say they downloaded or watched online video.
- 16% say they bought a product online.
- 16% say they paid bills or did online banking.
- 16% say they took an online class or completed an online certification program.
Additionally, some 36% of those who had ever visited a library say the library staff had helped them use a computer or the internet at a library.
African-Americans and Hispanics are especially tied to their libraries and eager to see new services
Compared to whites, African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely to say libraries are important to them and their families, to say libraries are important to their communities, to access the internet at the library (and feel internet access is a very important service libraries provide), to use library internet access to hunt/apply for jobs, and to visit libraries just to sit and read or study.
For almost all of the library resources we asked about, African-Americans and Hispanics are significantly more likely than whites to consider them “very important” to the community. That includes: reference librarians, free access to computers/internet, quiet study spaces, research resources, jobs and careers resources, free events, and free meeting spaces.
When it comes to future services, African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely than whites to support segregating library spaces for different services, having more comfortable spaces for reading, working and relaxing, offering more learning experiences similar to museum exhibits, helping users digitize material such as family photos or historical documents.
Also, minorities are more likely than whites to say they would use these new services specified in the charts below.
Statistical analysis that controls for a variety of demographic factors such as income, educational attainment, and age shows that race and ethnicity are significant independent predictors of people’s attitudes about the role of libraries in communities, about current library services, and about their likely use of the future library services we queried.
In addition, African-Americans are more likely than whites to say they have “very positive” experiences at libraries, to visit libraries to get help from a librarian, to bring children or grandchildren to library programs.
About this research
This report explores the changing world of library services by exploring the activities at libraries that are already in transition and the kinds of services citizens would like to see if they could redesign libraries themselves. It is part of a larger research effort by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project that is exploring the role libraries play in people’s lives and in their communities. The research is underwritten by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
This report contains findings from a survey of 2,252 Americans ages 16 and above between October 15 and November 10, 2012. The surveys were administered on half on landline phones and half on cellphones and were conducted in English and Spanish. The margin of error for the full survey is plus or minus 2.3 percentage points.
There were several long lists of activities and services in the phone survey. In many cases, we asked half the respondents about one set of activities and the other half of the respondents were asked about a different set of activities. These findings are representative of the population ages 16 and above, but it is important to note that the margin of error rises when only a portion of respondents is asked a question.
There are also findings in this report that come from an online panel canvassing of librarians who have volunteered to participate in Pew Internet surveys. Some 2,067 library staff members participated in the online canvassing that took place between December 17 and December 27, 2012. No statistical results from that canvassing are reported here because it was an opt-in opportunity meant to draw out comments from patrons and librarians, and the findings are not part of a representative, probability sample. Instead, we highlight librarians’ written answers to open-ended questions that illustrate how they are thinking about and implementing new library services.
In addition, we quote librarians and library patrons who participated in focus groups in-person and online that were devoted to discussions about library services and the future of libraries. One batch of in-person focus groups was conducted in Chicago on September 19-20. Other focus groups were conducted in Denver on October 3-4 and in Charlotte, N.C. on December 11-12. Some 2,067 library staff members participated in the online panel.
About Pew Internet
The Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project is an initiative of the Pew Research Center, a nonprofit “fact tank” that provides information on the issues, attitudes, and trends shaping America and the world. The Pew Internet Project explores the impact of the internet on children, families, communities, the work place, schools, health care and civic/political life. The Project is nonpartisan and takes no position on policy issues. Support for the Project is provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts. More information is available at pewinternet.org.
Advisors for this research
A number of experts have helped Pew Internet in this research effort:
Larra Clark, American Library Association, Office for Information Technology Policy
Mike Crandall, Professor, Information School, University of Washington
Allison Davis, Senior Vice President, GMMB
Catherine De Rosa, Vice President, OCLC
LaToya Devezin, American Library Association Spectrum Scholar and librarian, Louisiana
Amy Eshelman, Program Leader for Education, Urban Libraries Council
Sarah Houghton, Director, San Rafael Public Library, California
Mimi Ito, Research Director of Digital Media and Learning Hub, University of California Humanities Research Institute
Patrick Losinski, Chief Executive Officer, Columbus Library, Ohio
Jo McGill, Director, Northern Territory Library, Australia
Dwight McInvaill, Director, Georgetown County Library, South Carolina
Bobbi Newman, Blogger, Librarian By Day
Carlos Manjarrez, Director, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Institute of Museum and Library Services
Johana Orellana-Cabrera, American Library Association Spectrum Scholar and librarian in TX.
Mayur Patel, Vice President for Strategy and Assessment, John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
Karen Archer Perry, Senior Program Officer, Global Libraries, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Sharman Smith, Executive Director, Mississippi Library Commission
Michael Kelley, Editor-in-Chief, Library Journal
Disclaimer from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
This report is based on research funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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September 2014 Night Sky Calendar
SEPTEMBER 2014 NIGHT SKY CALENDAR
For those who've just joined, each month begins with a night sky calendar that lists those celestial events we smugly consider noteworthy. The aggravating truth is that each night is rife with such events. Given enough time and ten saints' worth of patience, one could compile all these happenings into a comprehensive report: from satellite passages, International Space Station fly overs, sporadic meteors, aurora events, green flashes, the ancient community of menacing monstrosities, fearsome animals, virtuous paladins, conflicted anti-heroes, galactic arcs, and a field of stars extending ad infinitum into the receiving black. Our minute part of the galaxy churns restlessly above us and we humans, at bottom complex amalgams of stardust, behold it all as it unfolds.
So, this calendar is admittedly a meager offering. The real experience begins when you venture outside into the night world.
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 1: MOON 4.1 DEGREES NORTH OF MARS
Oh. why wait? Let's begin the month with a bang. This evening we find Mars and the waxing crescent moon within almost four degrees of each other. Observe them both in the western evening sky. While such Moon-Martian couplings aren't as startling as the Moon-Venusian appulses, they are still quite lovely, particularly as one can enjoy the sky foliage of setting Moon ember and Mars' subtle crimson. If you miss this one, there will be another Moon-Mars event at month's end.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 2: FIRST QUARTER MOON
The first quarter moon rises around noon and sets around midnight. While we tend to associate the moon with nighttime, Luna is as visible during the day as it is after dark. Of course, at night, the moon doesn’t have to compete with the Sun for our attention.
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 5: VENUS AT PERIHELION
If you've been following the "Planet Watch" section lately, you'll know that Venus will not be visible until the very end of 2014. It presently lurks far too close to the Sun for our viewing. Of course, it still exists and is progressing through its orbit as inexorably as always. Today, Venus reaches perihelion, the point of least distance from the Sun, about 66.8 million miles. Like all planets, Venus travels along an elliptical, not circular orbit. Consequently, its heliocentric distance (distance from the Sun) veers from a minimum, perihelion, to a maximum, aphelion. Venus' orbit is the least eccentric of all the major planets, meaning that its orbit is the closest to being a perfect circle. Whereas its perihelion distance is approximately 66.8 million miles; its aphelion is 67.7 million and its average is 67.2 million. Perihelion has no effect on its blast furnace climate. However, as it is closer to the Sun than usual, Venus will be traveling slightly faster in its orbit. This event is wholly academic to us, of course, as Venus remains unseen throughout the season.
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 8: MOON AT PERIGEE
How convenient! We follow a planetary perihelion with a lunar perigee. The similar first syllable is hardly coincidental. "Perigee" is the lunar equivalent of perihelion: the point of least distance from its parent body, Earth. As this perigee occurs less than twenty four hours before the full moon, we'll have another "Super Moon," denoting an unusually large and bright full moon. One will be hard pressed to notice a real difference between a super moon and a regular full moon. However, the high tides will be higher than usual, as the full moon affects the tides more profoundly when at or near perigee.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 9: FULL MOON! (Bronze Event!)
We have yet another "super moon," defined as a moon that is full when it is at or within a day of perigee, its point of least distance. This full moon will be brighter and bigger, but, as mentioned previously, the difference is difficult to observe. An apogee full moon, one that occurs when the moon's distance is greatest, is a beguiling spectacle, as well. Nevertheless, we conferred the bronze medal onto this super moon event, because, being both fun-loving and unprincipled, we don't mind joining the hype.
Also, and, perhaps more importantly, this September's full moon is the famous Harvest Moon, at least by some reckonings. Some define the Harvest Moon as being the full moon closest to the autumnal equinox. This year, the September 9th full moon is slightly closer to the equinox than the October 8th full moon. However, some insist the Harvest Moon is the first full moon AFTER the equinox. By that standard, the October 8th full moon is the Harvest Moon.
SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 14: MOON 7.4 DEGREES S OF THE PLEIADES
The Pleiades, or Seven Sisters, is the winter's sky forerunner: the object that leads the winter procession across the sky. Tonight, the Pleiades is up by 9:30 p.m. and soon after one will see the Moon rising below it. Being two days shy of last quarter, the moon won't completely obscure the Pleiades. Instead, it will appear as a gibbous next to the Pleiades nebulous light patch.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 16: LAST QUARTER MOON
The last quarter moon rises around midnight and sets around noon. These times are approximations, of course. The last quarter moon occuring around the autumnal equinox tends to be higher in the sky as it is positioned around the highest part of the ecliptic: the Sun's annual path. Watch the last quarter moon rise around 11:21 p.m, nearly forty minutes before midnight.
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17: SUN ENTERS VIRGO THE MAIDEN
We often say that the Sun moves through thirteen constellations each year. It does nothing of the sort. Instead, Earth moves around the Sun and it therefore appears to migrate through thirteen constellations. We refer to this retinue as the "Zodiac," or "Ecliptic Band." Today, we see the Sun cross into the Virgo the Maiden region after having left Leo the Lion; The thirteen ecliptic constellations are VIRGO THE MAIDEN; Libra the Scales; Scorpius the Scorpion; Ophiuchus the Serpent Charmer; Sagittarius the Archer; Capricornus the Seagoat; and Aquarius the Water Bearer, Pisces the Fish; Aries the the Ram; Taurus the Bull, Gemini the Twins, and Leo the Lion. The Sun enters Libra the Scales on October 31st.
One interesting note is the duration: the Sun spends more time in Virgo the Maiden than in any other constellation: more than 45 days. The Sun pushes into Virgo during the very end of summer and leaves when the coldest part of autumn begins.
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 20: MOON 5.3 DEGREES SSW OF JUPITER
Jupiter has returned to our sky, though it remains quite low in the pre-dawn west. Tonight, one will find the obese planet lumbering next to the crescent moon. Now that Venus is on hiatus, Jupiter reigns supreme as the sky's brightest planet. Observe it next to the night sky's brightest object, the Moon.
SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 21: MERCURY AT GREATEST EASTERN ELONGATION (26.4 DEGREES FROM THE SUN)
"Elongation" is the angle between the Sun and any other celestial object. For the Moon and all the superior planets -those at a greater distance from the Sun than Earth- the maximum possible elongation angle is 180 degrees: directly opposite the Sun in our sky. The inferior planets, those closer to the Sun than Earth, can only stray so far from Sol. Mercury, the closer of the two inferiors, can't veer more than 28 degrees from the Sun. Venus' maximum is 47 degrees. Tonight, one shall find Mercury in the western evening sky, 26.4 degrees east of the Sun: its greatest elongation during this orbit.
Remember: if a planet is at greatest eastern elongation, it is visible in the western evening sky; if it is at greatest western elongation, it is in the eastern pre-dawn sky.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 23: AUTUMNAL EQUINOX (GOLD EVENT!!!)
Every so often, a seasonal transition is worthy of golden distinction. Granted, there's nothing to see here. However, we're passing from one astronomical season to the next. We have seasons because Earth is tilted on its axis by 23.5 degrees, a value known as the "obliquity." Our summer solstice occurs when Earth's northern hemisphere is aligned toward the Sun as much as possible. When Earth's southern hemisphere is poised toward the Sun, our winter begins. At either equinox, neither pole is aligned toward the Sun more than the other. The autumnal equinox occurs after summer, but before winter.
Interesting note: Earth reaches aphelion -its greatest distance from the Sun- in early July, so our planet is farthest from its parent body in our summer. Consequently, it's traveling at its slowest orbital speed between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox. Therefore, in the northern hemisphere, summer is the longest season.
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24: NEW MOON
Beginning of lunation cycle 1135.
Remember, the new moon is not visible. By the weekend, one will see the crescent moon in the western early evening sky.
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 26: 4.1 DEGREES NNE OF MERCURY
Sometimes, one can just barely see the crescent moon within a day of the new moon. However, it is best to wait two evenings after new to find the moon. Tonight, the very young waxing crescent moon lingers close to Mercury. Like the razor-thin crescent, Mercury is often difficult to see. Look for both these elusive objects together early this evening.
SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 28: MOON 1.2 DEGREES NW OF SATURN
The moon veers very close to Saturn tonight in the western evening sky. Within a limited region of the world (parts of the Pacific), the moon will occult, or move in front of, Saturn. Alas, to us, they'll merely look close together.
SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 28: MARS 3.1 DEGREES N OF ANTARES (Silver event!!)
Why does this event matter? Moreover, why give it a silver medal? The answer is simple: we can see Mars and its rival together in the sky tonight. Antares, the alpha star within Scorpius the Scorpion, is literally named "Rival to Mars," due to its reddish color. Both Mars and Antares appear quite similar: crimson tinctured objects of comparable brightness. (At magnitude 0.8, Mars is the slightly brighter of the two.) Tonight, one has the perfect opportunity to observe Mars and its rival star close together in the western evening sky.
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 29: MOON 5.6 DEGREES NORTH OF MARS
Mars and the moon make a lovely couple in the western evening sky tonight. Though Mars is not nearly as bright as Jupiter, it is a rather distinctive reddish object when compard to the bright yellowish-white moonlight.
MERCURY (PICK PLANET!!): I am not sure if Mercury has ever been the pick planet before. We'll have to rumage through our archives to find out. September 2014 is a splendid month for Mercury! It is visible all month and at a consistent zero magnitude brightness: about as bright as Vega, the brightest star within the Summer Triangle. In fact, only Jupiter is the only planet brighter than Mercury this month. VERDICT: Seek out Mercury in the western evening sky anytime in September. Best around the time of its eastern elongation. (September 21.)
VENUS: Not visible until late December. VERDICT: Well, there's nothing to see here. Realize, though, that Venus will become quite a brilliant evening sky beacon this coming winter! Those observers yearning to see Venus can take some solace from the assurance that its return will be quite spectacular.
MARS: Mars and Saturn lurk together in the western evening sky. Though equally bright at month's beginning, Saturn's brightness surpasses Mars' by month's end. Mars remains visible throughout the rest of 2014, but its brightness will gradually diminish throughout autumn. VERDICT: Sure, why not look for Mars if you're out in the early evening? It is still brighter than most stars. Mars sets by 9:30 p.m. at month's beginning; 8:30 p.m. at month's end.
JUPITER: Just as Venus promises to be a winter spectacle, Jupiter will also rise to brilliance this coming winter. (We'll enjoy the sight of the two brightest planets looming over a half mile thick sheet of permafrost.) Presently, Jupiter is a pre-dawn sky, rising ever earlier each day. We would have given it the pick planet crown were it not for its early morning apparition. VERDICT: A perfect sight for those observers who rise before the Sun. Look for the bright eastern sky light. If you're partial to early evening eye candy only, you'll have to wait until late autumn/winter for Jupiter to appear during your prime time.
SATURN: We'll lose Saturn in November, but only for a month or so. Now, Saturn and Mars share the evening sky stage. By month's end, Saturn will have the dubious distinction of being the dimmest of the visible planets. Nevertheless, Saturn is still conspicuously bright in the western evening. VERDICT: Find Saturn while ye may, for by October it will be exceedingly difficult; by November, impossible. For those readers who like to plan ahead, Saturn will return to evening sky prominence by next spring.
PLANET ORDER (In terms of decreasing brightness.)
JUPITER - MERCURY - MARS - SATURN
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By: RACHEL NUNER
IU South Bend alumnus and guest adjunct lecturer in anthropology Darryl Ricketts brought his personal 3-D printer to campus this semester.
Located in the anthropology department’s material cultures lab, the 3D printer has allowed students to make and observe exact replicas of ancient fossil specimens, Ricketts said.
“They’re not only learning about ancient hominids and early humans, but they’re learning about technology such as 3-D printing. It kind of serves as a merger between technology and the sciences,” he said.
3-D printers are increasingly used for additive manufacturing, a process where 3-D data is used to build a component in layers by depositing a material, usually plastic.
“We use ABS plastic which is the type of plastic used for LEGOs,” Ricketts said.
The cost of a 3-D printer generally ranges from $2,000 to $25,000, and scanning a specimen can take anywhere between five hours and 25 hours. His 3D printer has half-millimeter accuracy.
Recently, Ricketts created a 3-D print of the skull and bottom jaw of Homo-Naledi, a new species discovered in 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The team of 47 anthropologists who found Homo-Naledi published their findings on September 9, 2015, making the information available to Ricketts and his students. They promptly created an exact 3-D replica.
“It’s almost like a virtual autopsy,” Ricketts said about examining printed versions of ancient fossils with his students.
Ricketts himself graduated from IUSB in 2010 with a degree in anthropology and psychology. He then attended medical school at Boston College and graduated in 2013 with a master’s degree in forensic anthropology.
“Working with IUSB students and the IUSB anthropology department has been a phenomenal experience,” Ricketts said.
For more information regarding 3D printing, please contact Darryl Ricketts at firstname.lastname@example.org or at email@example.com.
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Can you remember your first day at High School? How were you feeling as you walked through the gates? If you ask any adult about the transition from primary to secondary school, they can quite often remember some key moments.
I remember being told that there would be ‘big boys’ waiting to flush our heads down the toilet or that they would hang us by our ties. Of course, none of this happened, but the transition from my local primary school in a leafy suburb with 25 pupils in a year group to a high school with over 200 pupils per year group and 1600 pupils total was a daunting prospect. The sheer size of the school resembled a small town. We were even given a map to help navigate our way around the 15 buildings!
It’s not surprising that educational psychologists, policy makers and researchers have recognised this period as significant milestone in our lives, as it can be one of the most daunting even for the most resilient of pupils.
The MTQ48 4Cs mental toughness model can be useful in helping to consider the challenges faced during this period. The challenge element of the model refers to the extent to which a pupil will see novel situations as threat, or as opportunity. Those scoring highly on challenge will not be scared of the new environment of a secondary school – in fact they might even be excited by it.
Those scoring low on challenge are more likely to be fearful of the change of environment and routine. For the primary school pupils who have spent much of their education in the same room with the same teacher, the sudden change to ten different classrooms, with ten different teachers can be overwhelming.
Pupils who score low in interpersonal confidence are more likely to feel much lower confidence with less familiar people. They will need much more support at making friends in the early stages. This process can be supported by finding other pupils in a similar position and partnering them together.
The life of a pupil at primary school is far less autonomous than at secondary school. Pupils find themselves having to carry all their books around with them, and having to remember numerous homework tasks for different teachers. Those pupils who are low in life control and who may be more teacher dependent will find this transition challenging. Supporting pupils with tools that can be used to help organise their time and school life is key during this period.
Perhaps one of the biggest fears of parents during this period is that their child will be bullied. In a report published by the Jubilee Centre of Character and Virtues, fear of bullying (and school work), was the thing that most primary school pupils dreaded most about secondary school. It’s been suggested (McGeown et. al, 2015) that mentally tough individuals in particular those with higher life-control, emotional control, and inter-personal confidence scores, may be better able to deal with peer victimisation and may be less likely to perceive that they are being bullied.
Those involved with the transition process face a number of challenges; firstly that they simply don’t have the relevant data available; they also need to allow both the tough and the sensitive to fully reach their potential. The MTQ48 may be a useful screening device to identify pupils who are at risk during the transition period and allow for more informed interventions. Potential interventions could include goal-setting and self-reflection activities. It’s also worth considering how environmental factors can be used positively to help support the process.
By Steve Oakes, Head of Education – AQR International
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In Risk Management, there are three major categories of risk:
- Known knowns: these are risks that can be identified at the outset of a project and the outcome of which can be more or less reliably predicted. Rising labor and material costs are typical example of such risks.
- Known unknowns: the risks that can be identified, but the outcome of which may not be initially clear. For example, dealing with vendors is such a risk for vendors do not always deliver on what they promise.
- Unknown unknowns: risks that can’t be foreseen. Major accidents, natural and man-made cataclysms fall into this category. Remember Donald Rumsfeld’s famous: “Stuff happens?”
The scandalous cost overrun plaguing the organization of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games seems to warrant introducing yet another risk category: unknown knows, the risks that can’t be precisely identified due to their multiplicity, but whose gross negative impact on the project appears quite certain.
Let me elaborate.
When managing a project, project managers have to balance a number of competing project constraints, of which the most important are time (schedule), cost (budget) and scope/quality, a concept widely knows as the Triple Constraint Model. Should one of these factors change, at least one another will be affected too. For example, if the availability of funds becomes problematic, achieving planned deadlines would no more be possible. In addition, product quality may suffer. Conversely, slipping deadlines could be somewhat recovered by adding more resources, if the funds are available.
These simple relations don’t seem to work in Russia. Take, for example, one of the country’s recent megaprojects, the annual meeting of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries held in Vladivostok, last September. The total price tag for the APEC summit was $20 billion, more than twice than had been originally budgeted. Yet, by the beginning of the summit, only a third of planned construction projects had been finished. Moreover, the quality of construction was extremely poor: a section of a $1 billion road collapsed three months in advance of the summit, and the summit’s hallmark, the $1 billion bridge to the Russian Island (a.k.a “bridge to nowhere”), is already showing construction deficiencies. The widespread corruption of local officials–a risk factor known to everyone in Russia, yet never officially recognized (an unknown known, so to speak)–resulted in the situation when even the inflated budget had failed to ensure elementary quality of the product and its timely delivery.
The lesson of the APEC summit might be very relevant in case of the Sochi Games. The estimated price tag for the Sochi event is expected at the level of $50 billion, about five times above the initial budget. This makes the allocation of significant additional funds–those beyond the sheer need to finish the job–very unlikely. At the same time, many construction projects are behind schedule. Given the fixed date of the opening ceremony, the organizers will be forced to complete the construction by this date, no matter what. A simple logic suggests that when the deadlines are non-negotiable and funds to speed up the work are non-available, there is only one component remaining to be sacrificed: quality. And quality means safety.
Instead on focusing on “readiness” of the Sochi sports facilities, the IOC should insist on extensive audits of their quality. This may help prevent the embarrassment of future technical malfunctions. Or worse.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
adjective & adverbMusic
(especially as a direction after a solo section) with all voices or instruments together.
- ‘Words are clear, and the hymns, presented in their entirety, are imaginatively varied in terms of solo, a cappella, sectional and tutti singing.’
- ‘Such movements were characterized by the alternation and contrast between solo and tutti sections, the tuttis being based always on the same material.’
- ‘Fong's violin gradually assumes more control over the quartet, leading it into imitation, sparking its tempo, and supplying high-pitched notes in dissonant tutti chords.’
- ‘The slow movement dares much with bare textures, interrupting tutti passages with one instrument singing the remnant of a song.’
- ‘Even in the tutti sections, the instruments say only as much as they need to.’
A passage to be performed with all voices or instruments together.
- ‘The forms of both concertos are quite free and tend towards a pattern of orchestral tuttis interspersed with cadenza-like periods of rumination.’
- ‘There was pathos in the evocatively dovetailed dialogues with the strings; left-hand chords emerged inconspicuously from tuttis, the melody poised evanescently above.’
- ‘The concerto is mostly lightweight with tuttis the more dramatic when they appear.’
- ‘In contrast, the larger forces of, say, the Chicago Symphony in the Pearlman / Giulini recording, add power in the tuttis and a greater weightiness to the effect generally, but I am not sure that is really needed in this work.’
- ‘The concept of a dialogue was enhanced in the Classical period by a growing distinction in ‘public’ concertos between the grand symphonic manner of orchestral tuttis and the more intimate sonata style of solo passages.’
Italian, plural of tutto ‘all’, from Latin totus.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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Nightmares are elaborate and frightening dreams that can lead to high levels of anxiety and terror. In most cases, a person dreams about coming to some sort of harm that may involve being chased, injured or threatened in some way. Some psychiatric conditions are associated with recurrent nightmares, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder.
Occurrence of nightmares
The frequency of nightmares varies from person to person. Some individuals experience nightmares only rarely, while others find nightmares disrupt their sleep every night. For some individuals, the same recurring nightmare may repeatedly wake them up in a state of terror. The theme of nightmares may also vary considerably but will induce anxiety and fear one way or another.
Remembering a nightmare
Unlike most dreams, which tend to be forgotten once a person awakes, nightmares can usually be remembered in detail. Typically, a person is anxious, frightened, and restless on waking up from a nightmare and has a clear recollection of the nightmare.
Phase of sleep and nightmares
Each of the sleep cycles is divided into two major parts. The majority of sleep is deep dreamless sleep called non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The other phase of sleep is the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Nightmares occur almost exclusively during REM sleep. In the second half of the night, the REM phase lengthens and dreaming becomes more intense and nightmares are more likely to occur.
Who is affected?
Nightmares are first experienced very early on in life between 3 and 6 years of age, and around 10% to 50% of children aged between 3 and 5 years have nightmares severe enough to cause concern to their parents. However, most children do grow out of having nightmares.
Approximately half of the adult population report having at least the occasional nightmare and recurring nightmares affect around 7% to 8% of adults. Women report nightmares more frequently than men, with women reporting two to four nightmares for each one nightmare reported by a man. Experts are unclear on whether women are more prone to nightmares than men or simply more likely to report them.
Post traumatic stress disorder and nightmares
Nightmares are a key symptom in post-traumatic stress disorder, where a traumatic event that has caused the disorder in the first place is somehow relived in the nightmare.
If left untreated, nightmares occurring in the long term may cause severe lack of sleep and other mental health problems. Those suffering from nightmares regularly for more than 3 months need to seek help to prevent long-term consequences.
Treatment of nightmares
Nightmares can be treated with psychological therapy as well as with the use of medication. Psychological treatments have been successfully tried in people with post-traumatic stress disorder who suffer from nightmares. Cognitive behavioral therapy can also benefit these patients and reduce the amount of sleep that is disrupted. The therapy involves patients choosing a recent nightmare and imagining an alternative scenario to the frightening one. Patients then spend a few minutes each day painting a mental picture of the new scenario.
Examples of medications used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder that have reduced nightmares include topiramate, prazosin, nefazodone, trazodone, and gabapentin.
Reviewed by Sally Robertson, BSc
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Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions/First Vision
IN RELATION TO THE LATE DISCOVERY OFANCIENT AMERICAN RECORDS
Mr. Joseph Smith, jun., who made the following important discovery, was born in the town of Sharon, Windsor county, Vermont, on the 23rd of December, A.D. 1805. When ten years old, his parents, with their family, moved to Palmyra, New York; in the vicinity of which he resided for about eleven years, the latter part in the town of Manchester. Cultivating the earth for a livelihood was his occupation, in which employed the most of his time. His advantages, for acquiring literary knowledge, were exceedingly small; hence, his education was limited to a slight acquaintance with two or three of the common branches of learning. He could read without much difficulty, and write a very imperfect hand; and had a very limited understanding of the ground rules of arithmetic.
These were his highest and only attainments; while the rest of those branches, so universally taught in the common schools throughout the United States, were entirely unknown to him. When somewhere about fourteen or fifteen years old, he began seriously to reflect upon the necessity of being prepared for a future state of existence: but how, or in what way, to prepare himself, was a question, as yet, undetermined in his own mind: he perceived that it was a question of infinite importance, and that the salvation of his soul depended upon a correct understanding of the same. He saw, that if he understood not theway, it would be impossible to walk in it, except by chance; and the thought of resting his hopes of eternal life upon chance, or uncertainties, was more than he could endure.
If he went to the religious denominations to seek information, each one pointed to its particular tenants saying -- "This is the way, walk ye in it;" while at the same time, the doctrines of each were, in many respects, in direct opposition to one another.
It also occurred to his mind, that God was not the author of but one doctrine, and therefore could not acknowledge but one denomination as his church; and that such denomination must be a people who believe and teach that one doctrine, whatever it may be, and build upon the same. He then reflected upon the immense number of doctrines now in the world, which had given rise to many hundreds of different denominations. The great question to be decided in his mind was --- if any one of these denominations be the Church of Christ, which one is it? Until he could become satisfied, in relation to this question, he could not rest contented.
To trust to the decisions of fallible man, and build his hopes upon the same without any certainty and knowledge, of his own, would not satisfy the anxious desires that pervaded his breast. To decide, without any positive and definite evidence on which he could rely, upon a subject involving the future welfare of his soul, was revolting to his feelings.
The only alternative that seemed to be left his was to read the Scriptures, and endeavor to follow their directions. He, accordingly, commenced pursuing the sacred pages of the Bible, with sincerity, believing the things he read.
His mind soon caught hold of the following passage: -- "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him." -- James i, 5.
Form this promise he learned that it was the privilege of all men to ask God for wisdom, with the sure and certain expectation of receiving, liberally, without being upbraided for so doing. This was cheering information to him: tidings that gave him great joy. It was like a light shining forth in a dark place, to guide him to the path in which he should walk.
He now saw that if he inquired of God, there was not only a possibility but a probability, yea more a certainty, that he shouldobtain a knowledge which of all the doctrines was the doctrine of Christ, and which of all the church was a church of Christ. He, therefore, retired to a secret place, in a grove but a short distance from his father's house, and knelt down and began to call upon the Lord.
At first he was severely tempted by the powers of darkness which endeavored to overcome him, but he continued to seek for deliverance until darkness gave way from his mind, and he was enabled to pray in fervency of the spirit and in faith. And while thus pouring out his soul, anxiously desiring an answer from God, he at length saw a very bright and glorious light in the heavens above, which at first seemed to be a considerable distance.
He continued praying while the light appeared to be gradually descending towards him; and as it drew nearer, it increased in brightness and magnitude, so that by the time it reached the tops of the trees the whole wilderness, for some distance around, was illuminated in a most glorious and brilliant manner. He expected to have seen the leaves and boughs of the trees consumed as soon as the light came in contact with them, but perceiving that it did not produce that effect, he was encouraged with the hopes of being able to endure its presence.
It continued descending, slowly, until it rested upon the earth, and he was enveloped in the midst of it. When it first came upon him, it produced a peculiar sensation throughout his whole system, and immediately his mind was caught away from the natural objects with which he was surrounded, and he was enwrapped in a heavenly vision and saw two glorious personages who exactly resembled each other in their features or likeness. He was informed that his sins were forgiven. He was also informed upon the subjects which had for some time previously agitated his mind, viz. -- that all the religious denominations were believing in incorrect doctrines; and, consequently, that none of them was acknowledged of God as his church and kingdom. And he was expressly commanded to go not after them, and he received a promise that the true doctrine -- the fullness of the gospel -- should at some future time be made known to him; after which the vision withdrew, leaving his mind in a state of calmness and peace, indescribable.
Some time after having received this gloriousmanifestation, being young, he was again entangled in the vanities of the world, of which he afterwards sincerely and truly repented.
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Physicians currently have no targeted treatment options available for women diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer known as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), leaving standard-of-care chemotherapies as a first line of defense against the disease. However, most women with TNBC do not respond to these broadly-targeted chemotherapies, and those who do often develop resistance to the drugs. Investigators at the Cancer Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) have discovered a vulnerability that offers a new strategy to combat TNBC. Their findings are published online today in the journal Cancer Discovery.
"Given the complete lack of any targeted therapies specific to triple-negative breast cancer, we started thinking about how we could find other vulnerabilities in tumor cells," said corresponding author Alex Toker, PhD, chief of the Division of Signal Transduction in the Department of Medicine and Pathology and the Cancer Center at BIDMC. "If we could find such vulnerabilities, we could develop strategies to exploit them, perhaps with already FDA-approved drugs that could be used in combination with existing cancer drugs."
Triple-negative breast cancer accounts for nearly 20 percent of breast cancer cases and is defined by its cells' lack of receptors for three well-known drivers of other forms of the disease—estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor (HER2). Without receptors for this trio of hormones, TNBC is impervious to the therapies used to combat other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC treatment is limited to standard-of-care chemotherapies that work by damaging cancer cells' DNA, to which it often develops resistance. Moreover, these non-specific standard-of-care, first line therapies are blunt instruments that may also kill normal cells and are responsible for the side effects associated with cancer treatment such as nausea and hair loss.
Researchers still don't know what initiates or drives the development of TNBC tumors. However, Toker and his colleagues demonstrated that the cancer cells increase production of nucleotides called pyrimidines when exposed to standard chemotherapy. Because pyrimidines are a crucial ingredient in DNA, the researchers reasoned that its increased production—or, biosynthesis—is an adaptive response that promotes resistance to DNA-damaging chemotherapies.
"What chemotherapy does in triple-negative breast cancer—for reasons we don't yet fully understand—is reprogram this pyrimidine-biosynthetic pathway to really crank up production of these nucleotides," said Toker, who is also an investigator at the Ludwig Center at Harvard. "If we could inhibit this increase, then we might be able to restore the chemotherapeutic benefit of standard-of-care drugs."
To test that notion, Toker and colleagues, including lead author Kristin K. Brown, PhD, formerly of BIDMC and now at Peter MacCallum Cancer Center in Melbourne, Australia, treated TNBC cells with a cancer-killing drug called doxorubicin. As expected, the cancer cells increased production of pyrimidine nucleotides. The scientists reproduced these results both in vitro - in cancer cells grown on plastic - and in vivo, in mice implanted with human TNBC cells.
Next, the researchers treated TNBC cells with a combination of a standard-of-care chemotherapy called doxorubicin and leflunomide, a drug known to block the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway that is already an FDA-approved treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Again, TNBC cells responded as Toker and colleagues expected. In mice, the scientists saw significant tumor regression with the combination therapy. Other experiments revealed that either drug alone had minimal impact on TNBC cells, while the combination therapy had no impact on the other breast cancer subtypes driven by estrogen, progesterone or HER2.
Based on these findings, Toker intends to initiate clinical trials in partnership with clinical oncologists. He will also focus on testing both FDA-approved as well as newer drugs that may exploit this new-found Achilles' heel in TNBC and other cancers that depend on similar metabolic pathways to develop chemotherapy resistance. The goal is to speed new potential therapies to patients.
"We focused our attention on the pyrimidine-biosynthetic pathway because we wanted to develop a combination therapy strategy without having to develop new drugs," said Toker, who plans to start a company to test existing drugs. "Indeed there is already one drug in use that inhibits one of the key enzymes in this pathway. Repositioning that drug should provide a much more rapid path to clinical impact and clinical benefit."
Explore further: The way breast cancer genes act could predict your treatment
Adaptive Reprogramming of De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis Is a Metabolic Vulnerability in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0611 , cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2017/02/28/2159-8290.CD-16-0611
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BLAND, HENRY FLESHER, Methodist minister; b. 23 Aug. 1818 in Addingham, England, son of Anthony Bland and Martha Flesher; m. 1846 Emma Levell in Addingham, and they had five sons, of whom Salem Goldworth* and Charles Edward became Methodist ministers; d. 29 Dec. 1898 in Smiths Falls, Ont.
Henry Flesher Bland was “a Methodist of the third generation on both sides,” and his earliest memories centred around his conversion to Methodism at the age of 13 during a revival in his home town. Although his boyhood ambition was to become a missionary, he remained a lay preacher during his time in England. He was also a shopowner, an occupation that did not hinder him from preaching extensively or from taking charge of two important class meetings in Addingham. Bland was active in organizations of political, moral, and social reform, delivering addresses favouring the repeal of the Corn Laws and playing a leading part in popular education by setting up a local mechanics’ institute.
This period of political radicalism and social tension in Britain impressed itself upon the young preacher and confirmed his belief in the power of evangelical Christianity to transform society. His later statement that “Christianity is the true Communism” indicated a forceful conviction that the doctrines of Wesleyan Methodism, with its emphasis on the personal sense of sin, the transforming experience of the soul’s encounter with a personal Christ, Christian perfection, and holy living, offered a powerful alternative to the radical and revolutionary ideologies in Britain during the 1840s. From these central beliefs Bland never deviated.
Bland and his family emigrated to Montreal in June 1858. A lack of funds in the Lower Canada district of the Wesleyan Methodist conference induced church authorities to look askance at the employment of married men with families. By a stroke of luck, however, Bland was appointed to the mission of Lachute. After serving as a circuit preacher and probationer, he preached a trial sermon and was ordained in June 1862.
Despite his initial difficulties, Bland rapidly became a respected member of the Montreal conference. Between 1863 and 1880 he ministered to several large urban congregations in Quebec and eastern Ontario, most notably in Montreal, Quebec, Kingston, and Belleville. He was esteemed by his colleagues as a vigorous preacher and as the successful leader of the church extension movement in Montreal during the 1860s, which, thanks to his energetic campaigning, secured the funds for the building of four new churches. This success was recognized by his election as president of the Montreal conference in 1874, 1876, and 1880, and as president of the General Conference in 1881.
Bland’s arrival in Canada had coincided with the encounter between evangelical religion and Darwinian science and historical criticism of the Bible. As a member of the Wesleyan Literary Association of Kingston in the 1870s, he was well placed to read widely in the popular evolutionary literature of the time. Over the years his journal records an extensive reading list, which included Max Müller’s work on comparative religion, the histories of James Anthony Froude, Thomas Babington Macaulay, and Francis Parkman, and Henry Drummond’s fusion of Spencerian evolution and Christian theology entitled Natural law in the spiritual world. Bland’s response to challenges to his faith was typical of an important section of Canadian Methodism. Although he was by no means unsympathetic to certain aspects of the evolutionary argument, his thought remained anchored in the traditional theology of his early preaching. Indeed, his sermons during the period from 1860 to 1890 continued to be dominated by the ideas of personal sin, repentance, and the infusion of Christ’s presence into the heart of the sinner. His views on the authority and inspiration of the Bible also remained traditional, and showed little evidence of the impact of the “higher criticism.” In his estimation the Bible was nothing less than “The Word of Truth,” a divine revelation incontrovertible as theology, morality, and a history of human society. These views he reinforced by the reading of the great English apologists William Paley and Joseph Butler.
In 1883 Bland was invited to deliver a course of lectures at Victoria College in Cobourg, Ont. Published as Soul-winning, these addresses distilled Bland’s experience as a Methodist preacher. They restated forcefully the traditional insistence on evangelical religion as an individual experience rather than as a system of social ethics. While insisting upon the importance of a liberal education in the training of the clergy, Bland reminded his student audience that their vocation “is not exclusively a human and a prudential one. It bears a higher seal and carries with it a grander authorisation.” He admonished the students against fashionable preaching on social and political questions. A sermon, in his opinion, had to rest upon “Christ and the Bible” as the “legitimate standards” of an authoritative theology.
Bland’s allegiance to the traditions of Wesleyan Methodism was most evident during the movement that resulted in the union of the Methodist churches in 1884. As leader of the anti-unionist forces, he was very concerned that the union of four disparate groups would prove a source of weakness rather than of strength. He also cited the financial strain of dealing with surplus churches and ministers, and he opposed the proposal that would allow equal numbers of lay and ministerial delegates to attend the General Conference as derogatory to the authority of the clergyman.
Bland also took the lead in attempting to persuade the Methodist Church to modify its beliefs about the sinfulness and damnation of young children. His concern stemmed from bitter memories of his conversion experience. He observed that the insistence on an authenticated moment of conversion meant that in practice children who had not achieved such an experience were outside the fellowship of the church. In opposition to other prominent Methodist leaders, Bland argued that Christ had not rejected children as unrepentant sinners and that it was incumbent upon parents and preachers to nurture Christian faith gradually. His position on this subject was a significant indicator of a slow shift in Methodist thinking by which revivalism lost its overwhelming importance. His views implied the development of other “means of grace” such as Sunday schools, “Christian nurture,” and Christian education.
Henry Flesher Bland’s honoured place in the history of Canadian Methodism was a function of the esteem in which he was held as a forceful preacher and effective church builder. Although widely read in the historical and theological literature of his time, he was not an original contributor to current discussions. Indeed, despite the apparent softening of his beliefs about the sinfulness of children, his thought moved entirely within the orbit of the traditional doctrines of Wesleyan Methodism. His career nevertheless illustrates the flexibility and accommodating spirit of the evangelical tradition in adjusting its tenets to an era of intellectual challenge and missionary expansion.
Henry Flesher Bland is the author of Universal childhood drawn to Christ; with an appendix containing remarks on Rev. Dr. Burwash’s “Moral condition of childhood” (Toronto, 1882) and Soul-winning: a course of four lectures delivered under the auspices of the Theological Union of Victoria University . . . (Toronto, 1883).
UCC-C, Biog. files; H. F. Bland papers. Cook, Regenerators. A. B. McKillop, A disciplined intelligence: critical inquiry and Canadian thought in the Victorian era (Montreal, 1979). N. A. E. Semple, “The impact of urbanization on the Methodist Church in central Canada, 1854–84” (phd thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1979).
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Driessen CE(1), Cameron AJ, Thornton LE, Lai SK, Barnett LM. Author information: (1)School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia. Previous school obesity-prevention reviews have included multi-component interventions. Here, we aimed to review the evidence for the effect of isolated food environment interventions on both eating behaviours (including food purchasing) and/or body weight. Five electronic databases were searched (last updated 30 November 2013). Of the 1,002 unique papers identified, 55 reported on school food environment changes, based on a review of titles and abstracts. Thirty-seven further papers were excluded, for not meeting the inclusion criteria. The final selection consisted of 18 papers (14 United States, 4 United Kingdom). Two studies had a body mass index (BMI) outcome, 14 assessed purchasing or eating behaviours and two studies assessed both weight and behaviour. Seventeen of 18 papers reported a positive outcome on either BMI (or change in BMI) or the healthfulness of food sold or consumed. Two studies were rated as strong quality and 11 as weak. Only three studies included a control group. A school environment supportive of healthy eating is essential to combat heavy marketing of unhealthy food. Modification of the school food environment (including high-level policy changes at state or national level) can have a positive impact on eating behaviours. A need exists, however, for further high-quality studies.
Effect of changes to the school food environment on eating behaviours and/or body weight in children: a systematic review.
Etiquetas: BMI; diet; food environment; school
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The UK has decided to join scores of other governments from around the world by permitting internet service providers (ISPs) to send out letters for piracy. The educational letters, already sent to offenders in countries like the US and France, will be sent to customers in order to deter them from downloading copyrighted material.
The decision from the UK government is believed to be a concerted effort to crack down on piracy using P2P. This is prolific in the UK. A 2009 study undertaken by Harris Interactive on behalf of the British Phonographic Industry, discovered that 29% of people surveyed used peer to peer file sharing networks.
In 2016, the UK’s IP crime report revealed that piracy products like IPTV and Kodi, as well as the use of torrent sites and stream ripping, are all extremely prolific. That study was undertaken as a joint project between the UK’s IP Crime Group and the Intellectual Property Office. As a result of the study, ISPs have been instructed to send out warnings to consumers.
Too Little too Late?
BT, Virgin Media, and Sky will all begin sending out the warning letters (in the form of emails) to offenders on 17 January. TalkTalk will join them at the end of the month. In the UK, where this has been planned for a number of years, the decision is viewed as controversial. In addition, many experts feel that it is too late and will not deter UK consumers from pursuing habits that have become ingrained into daily life.
Anti-piracy groups, however, disagree. They feel that it is never too late to begin educating the UK about the *cough* “dangers” of piracy. The IP crime report published last year states:
“Perhaps the area where IP crime statistics most often reach jaw-dropping levels is in relation to the industries providing digital content.
“During a sample three-month period last year, 28% of those questioned admitted their music downloads in the UK came from illegal sources. Similarly, 23% of films, 22% of software, 16% of TV and 15% of games were downloaded in breach of copyright.”
TV Piracy Spike
The report found that it was in the area of TV shows that piracy was slowly creeping up. It is a trend that the government is keen to clamp down on. From the report:
“The reasons for the spike in TV copyright infringement appear to be, in part, technological, with ‘unofficial services’ such as uTorrent, BitTorrent, TV catch up apps and established sources such as YouTube offering content without legal certainty.”
Growing levels of piracy are considered by the government to be unsustainable. Content producers are constantly lobbying the government to curb piracy once and for all. Thus it comes as no surprise that the decision has been made to start warning pirates. So, what does this mean for UK consumers?
The Warning Letter
A sample letter of the kind that pirates can expect to get after 17 January has been disclosed. It reads as follows:
“Get It Right from a Genuine Site’ has got in touch with us.
Get it Right is a government-backed campaign acting for copyright owners who think their content’s been shared without their permission.
It looks like someone has been using your broadband to share copyrighted material (that means things like music, films, sport or books).
And as your broadband provider, we have to let you know when this happens.”
Following that information, it provides a list of the specific pirated content believed to have been accessed. It also advises people to visit a website full of “tips and advice on how to stop it happening again.”
Peer to Peer
Get it Right from a Genuine Site is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that monitors the use of peer to peer (P2P) networks. It is thought that the majority of the letters will, in the beginning, be sent to people who frequently use torrents to download large amounts of content. On its website, the NGO’s mission statement reads as follows:
“We’re here to help you get the music, TV, films, games, books, newspapers, magazines and sport that you love from genuine services and support UK creativity. Every time you watch, listen, read or play, you make a choice, either to support the things you love and help them flourish and grow, or to contribute nothing. By supporting what you love, you invest in creating more of it and the development of new artists and ideas. So, get it right from a genuine site.”
With this guilt trip style of propaganda, the UK government hopes to deter consumers from pirating the content they love. However, recent years have taught us that this opinion isn’t all is seems to be.
Game of Thrones
In 2013, Game of Thrones was announced to be the most pirated TV show ever. According to Alan Bewkes, CEO of Time Warner (the parent company of HBO, which makes Game of Thrones), being the most pirated TV show was “better than winning an Emmy.” This is a trend that is not unusual, either. Piracy is a fantastic form of free advertising. When people download something and enjoy it they tell their friends about it and word of mouth advertising is the best form of advertising.
As such, contrary to the view that piracy harms content producers, many within the industry believe the opposite is true. In addition, although some 16% of people do (at times) pirate some TV content, the majority of people don’t. With that in mind, it is easy to see how the 16% could easily stimulate the rest of the market to spend their money on genuine uptake methods.
Time Warner CEO Alan Bewkes certainly accepts that this is true. Commenting on Game of Thrones’ success as the most-watched TV show on Earth he said:
“The much-discussed fantasy series is HBO’s most popular TV show, and if you go to people who are watching it without subs, it’s a tremendous word-of-mouth thing…
We’ve been dealing with this for 20, 30 years—people sharing subs, running wires down the backs of apartment buildings. Our experience is that it leads to more paying subs. I think you’re right that Game of Thrones is the most pirated show in the world and that’s better than an Emmy.”
The real question is whether content producers are stuck in the manufacturing paradigm or not, because content uptake methods have changed vastly in the past decade. The rise of Netflix shows us that consumers simply aren’t interested in physical copies anymore. The last generation was excited by collecting vinyl, videos, CDs and DVDs, but the last ten years have revealed that to be a folly.
Manufactured copies of content must be stored, taken care of, and transported. They can also get damaged. The new digital age has proven that it is the content rather than the medium that is now valued by consumers, who have clearly voted in favor of ease of access and greater choice. Content producers that have lagged behind the times and failed to establish deals with the likes of Amazon Prime and Netflix are failing.
Even the UK’s IP crime report admits that music piracy is on its way down. When one thinks about iTunes, Beatport, and Spotify, and how those services have revolutionized music uptake, it is easy to see that piracy isn’t the problem.
A VPN for Privacy and Security
UK residents hell bent on continuing to help TV shows be even more popular (by pirating) should strongly consider using a VPN. A VPN service allows subscribers to mask their IP address (your distinctive internet address) by spoofing it to a different location. In addition to masking a subscriber’s location, VPNs provide varying levels of encryption. The very best encryption (OpenVPN protocol), if implemented correctly will stop both ISPs and the government from being able to detect piracy.
In addition, in November of last year the UK government passed the Investigatory Powers Bill. The legislation forces ISPs to retain web browsing histories and metadata for a year. That legislation, which is now in full swing, allows the government to check every website that each IP address has visited for the last year. With that in mind, people who care about their privacy and want to avoid being flagged up as a pirate would do well to splash out on an industry-leading VPN for the UK (about £60 per year on average).
The Good News
The good news is that despite the new plans to deter users, as of yet there are no plans to enforce any kind of penalty within the UK.
In the US and France, a three strikes system has been in place for a few years now. That system results in fines or prolonged internet cuts for pirates who continue to offend after being warned.
Luckily for UK residents, the government does not (yet) intend to dish out any repercussions. In addition, it is believed that the campaign will be focussing on P2P torrent sharers. As such, people who stream should be ok – for now. Ernesto van der Sar, editor of TorrentFreak has made the following comment:
“Since the piracy alerts only target peer to peer sharing, they will have less of an impact today than they would have had a few years ago. Due to the relatively small number of notices that will be sent to users and the fact that there are no consequences for getting ‘caught’, I expect the deterrent effect to be minimal. As for the educational part, most pirates are already aware of the legal alternatives. They simply have no desire to pay or can’t find what they want on authorised channels.”
One final thing to bear in mind, however, is that although the government only plans on educating users, content producers are not so lenient. The last few years has seen the rise of an activity called speculative invoicing. This is when copyright holders that discover pirates send out letters of their own (using a legal firm) to threaten pirates. Normally those letters threaten court action unless a fine is paid – usually around £200 (but that have been known to be as high as £800).
With such activities on the rise within the UK (and around the world), the Snooper’s Charter and the new letter system means there has never been a better time for UK citizens to splash out on a VPN service!
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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory geologists have put out a call for teeth tusks, femurs and any and all other parts of extinct mammoths left by massive Ice Age floods in southeastern Washington.
The fossils, in some cases whole skeletons of Mammathus columbi, the Columbian mammoth, were deposited in the hillsides of what are now the Yakima, Columbia and Walla Walla valleys in southeastern Washington, where the elephantine corpses came to rest as water receded from the temporary but repeatedly formed ancient Lake Lewis. PNNL geologists are plotting the deposits to reconstruct the high-water marks of many of the floods, the last of which occurred as recently as 12,000 to 15,000 years ago.
"Now is the perfect time to collect geologic and paleontologic data," said George Last, a senior research scientist at the Department of Energy laboratory in Richland, Wash., whose sideline is researching the ice-age floods. "Winter has eroded the slopes, exposing new evidence. We’re interested in researching any known or suspected mammoth find, to collected additional evidence and to improve documentation of those sites."
Last, PNNL intern Kelsey Winsor and colleagues have identified 62 sites of known or suspected fossil finds and have verified and collected additional material and information at eight of them, including two so far this spring. They presented three seasons’ worth of fieldwork Saturday during the Geological Society of America regional meeting at Western Washington University.
"We’re trying to tease out as much information as we can about each and every mammoth find in the mid-Columbia basin, so that we can better understand the impacts that Ice Age floods may have had on the mammoths and other creatures, and in turn learn more about the history of Ice Age flooding."
Geologists suspect that most of the Ice Age floods in eastern Washington originated from glacial Lake Missoula. The lake formed behind ice that dammed the Clark Fork River. Sometimes the ice dam broke, releasing huge volumes—up to 500 cubic miles—of water in an instant. The dam would slowly reform creating a new Lake Missoula, and the cycle would repeat.
The huge volumes of water swept overland from present-day Spokane to the Tri-Cities, creating a distinct geological region known as the Channeled Scablands. The only outlet for this tremendous outpouring was a southern ridge-opening called Wallula Gap. But Wallula Gap was too narrow to handle all the massive flow; the water would back up, creating temporary Lake Lewis, then slowly drain through to the Columbia River Gorge—all in a matter of days.
Preliminary results place most mammoth finds in the Lake Lewis area at elevations of 600 to 1,000 feet, which echoes the distribution of boulders that originated from far away—so-called erratics—and rafted in on icebergs. The evidence suggests that these elevations mirror the typical water depths when Lake Lewis and that larger floods and deeper waters, up to 1,200 feet, were exceptions rather than the rule.
Full skeletons found at lower elevations were likely buried soon after death-by-torrent, a hard to imagine wall of water a half-mile high spanning the doomed creature’s entire field of vision and approaching as fast as 60 miles an hour. Some fragments may have come from full skeletons churned up and redistributed by later floods, while others may actually have ice-rafted in with erratics.
22.06.2017 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
21.06.2017 | Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT)
19.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
26.06.2017 | Life Sciences
26.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
26.06.2017 | Information Technology
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Last week I talked about the Temperley-Lieb algebra – the algebra of boxes with n top points connected in a non-crossing way to n bottom points, with multiplication as stacking boxes. Some of you may have noticed (but weren’t picky enough to point out) that I didn’t specify whether AB meant A on top of B, or B on top of A. Of course, it doesn’t really matter, but we should pick one, right?
But wait … why are these two stackings the only candidates for multiplication? Why shouldn’t we multiply by connecting the right side of a box to the left side of the next box?
or by connecting some top points and some bottom points of each box?
The observation that there are lots of different multiplications on Temperley-Lieb might lead you to wonder about other operators on Temperley-Lieb. For instance, we can map to by connecting any point of the first box to a point of the second, and the rest of the points to the boundary:
Everything I’ve drawn above is an example of a “planar tangle” – and the trace we used last week is also a planar tangle, which takes to :
In general, a planar tangle is a diagram where the strings of k input boxes and an output box are connected among themselves in non-crossing ways. Here’s another example – which is a fine planar tangle, although it’s not clear that it should have any particular meaning if we let it act on Temperley-Lieb inputs.
Planar tangles can sometimes be composed with each other: we can connect the output of one tangle to the input of another tangle, if both have the same number of strings. Here’s an unnecessarily complicated example:
Notice that in the LHS, we have labels 1, 2 and 3 in the boxes — this is just so we know what order to do the compositions in. In the MHS, we’ve stuck the tangles in the boxes they go into; and on the RHS, we’ve discarded the information of the old boundaries and isotoped the strings to make a nicer picture.
The set of planar tangles, with the operation of composition, is an operad. (I’m not going to tell you what an operad is in general, but if you’re curious http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~fschlenk/Maths/What/operad.pdf is a nice introduction.) A planar algebra is, basically, a representation of the planar operad: a family of vector spaces with an action by planar tangles which is compatible with composition.
Temperley-Lieb is not just the simplest and most natural example of a planar algebra; it’s also one of the most important ones. Coming soon: Some other examples!
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Certificate in Pediatric Dentistry
Dept. of Pediatric Dentistry
Oregon Health & Science University
Even in the year 2007 dental decay is the most common childhood disease. Carious teeth can lead to abscess development and the need for tooth extraction prior to the age of normal exfoliation. In an ideal situation, following the extraction a space maintainer is placed immediately or shortly after the procedure. However, this does not always occur. Without a space maintainer the adjacent teeth would be expected to drift into the open space. Although space loss occurs in many instances, there are also patients in which a significant amount of tooth movement does not occur. Why do some children loose space following a premature primary molar extraction, while others do not? The purpose of this research is to evaluate if an individual's mandibular plane angle has an association with the propensity to loose or maintain space following the premature loss of a primary molar. This was accomplished via evaluation of cephalometric radiographs and initial study casts from orthodontic patients at Oregon Health and Science University.
School of Dentistry
Stuehling, Stephen J., "The effect of mandibular plane angle on space loss following premature loss of a primary molar" (2007). Scholar Archive. 840.
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Your Y-Chromosome contains two types of ancestral markers.
1) Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) – which trace recent ancestry. These STRs are the numeric values that you find on our results page. Example: 13 – 24 – 15
2) SNPs – document ancient ancestry. SNPs are small “mistakes” that occur in DNA and are passed on to future generations. SNP mutations are rare. They happen at a rate of approximately one mutation every few hundred generations. Each of us carry multiple SNP mutations within our Y-Chromosome. Collectively, the SNPs form Haplogroups.
What is a Haplogroup?
Family Tree DNA defines a haplogroup as follows: “The haplogroups are the major branches on the Y chromosome tree, defined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have accumulated along different lineages as Y chromosomes are passed from father to son over many generations. All haplogroups ultimately descend from a single Y chromosome carried by a male that lived in the distant past. The topology of the Y chromosome tree can be reconstructed by typing mutations in different human populations – as more SNPs are discovered (e.g., M254), the structure of the tree changes. Originally, the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) arbitrarily defined 18 haplogroups (A-R), which represent the major divisions of human diversity based on Y chromosome SNPs. Currently there are 20 haplogroups (A-T). In turn, each of these major haplogroups has numbered subgroups, or subclades, that are named with alternating letters and numbers.” Example: R1b1a2a1a1b4
Easy to follow visual depiction.
I like the simplicity of the site, https://www.23andme.com/gen101/snps. If that doesn’t work for you…here’s an oversimplification for explaining how to interpret the haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1b4.
A cluster of men known as ‘R’ went off on a trip. A genetic mutation occurred to one of these men. The R’s went straight and the man with the genetic mutation group went right, had sons of his own and they became known as ‘R1’. The R1 group went straight for a while and another genetic mutation occurred. This new group went off in a different direction and became labeled as ‘R1b’. So, now you have three groups; R, R1 and R1b coexisting in and/or living in different areas. Just think of this happening until you get to the 4 in R1b1a2a1a1b4.
However, it doesn’t stop there. Researchers continue to find more SNPs as technology continuously improves. Through individual SNP testing, I have actually been able to refine my haplogroup even further. My new haplogroup is R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 (notice the h2a1 at the end). But, the FTDNA tree hasn’t been updated yet (I’ve been told that it’s coming later this year). So, to keep up with the most current Y-Tree, I often refer to the ISOGG Y-Tree, http://www.isogg.org/tree. FTDNA is using their own Y-Tree which is an interactive version of the current Y-Chromosome Consortium’s (YCC) phylogenetic tree and the Family Tree DNA Draft Y-chromosome tree. It can be found at http://ytree.ftdna.com.
So many of us started with the STR portion of the testing. However, it’s very easy to want to understand more about the deeper ancestry. DNA testing is getting close to telling us the physical location from where our most distant ancestors lived. We’ve even had ancient Clan Grant stories confirmed through our project. Consider yourself a pioneer. Just by participating, you’ve given researchers access to raw data that helps to document the path of man from the beginning of history to the present.
In order to validate the DNA of a particular lineage, you may need to enlist others within your family to participate. I would remind you that discounted pricing rolls around periodically. So, be patient.
Remember that we’re here to help you if you’re considering additional testing. If you feel confident about proceeding, you can follow the detailed steps below for ordering additional SNP tests.
1) Login at www.familytreedna.com
2) Click on the orange button “Order an Upgrade” (a new page will display)
3) Click on the orange button “Order an Advanced Test” (a new page will display)
4) In the “Test Type” drop down list, choose “SNP” – enter the SNP that you’d like order in the “Marker” field and then click on the “Find” button (a new page will display)
5) You should see this one SNP test…to the right of the test, click on the “Add” link
6) Click on the orange button “Next” (a new page will display)
7) Enter your credit card information or request the invoice option
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Let’s face it. The cost of living is rising yet our pay isn’t really. So basically, every little thing is rising except our income. I bet you would concur with me. Yes, if you are really feeling in this way, well you are not alone. Evidently, several others are feeling similarly. However, you need not worry. Why? This is since there is something called financial aid.
I wagered a number of you have actually become aware of financial aid. However do you actually figure out the standards? Do you know that it is for? Exactly how does it work? I wager these inquiries are ringing in your head. Trust me on this; this article will tell you the truth regarding financial assistance.
Just what does financial aid mean? Generally it refers to the funding which is intended to help to spend for your expenses. Your expenses like your children’s education and learning, your regular monthly expenses as well as you daily necessities could be sponsored by utilizing financial aid. However, this only occurs in extreme situations.
The government readies as well as sensible enough to look after individuals who are from the lower earnings group. Yes, you review it right, lower earnings team. However, not everyone is eligible. Financial assistance prolongs and also is indicated to assist people from the lower earnings group.
There are lots of channels where you can get the aid nowadays. Aside from the federal government, some personal companies also supply prolonged their help. Nonetheless, the firm guarantees that individuals obtaining are really in need of it. Therefore some companies call for the candidates to complete a series of forms and also to state their monetary standing.
There are lots of types of financial assistance readily available. The most typical ones are the ones provided by universities. They are called scholarships. A scholarship is typically granted to trainees forever qualities, trainees that are good in athletics, a special skill, a special skill, monetary needs and even a specific profession passion. Typically scholarships originate from the colleges itself yet some scholarships are supplied by the government and also specific firms.
You may have heard of gives yet do you recognize that it is also a type of financial assistance. This kind does not need the recipient to repay the amount they obtained. It is usually offered to the recipient as a present as well as it is called a Give. Grants are usually given by universities and also the government.
The last kind available is the loan. A financing enables a specific to borrow money from the government banks or other banks. A loan usually requires the customer to repay the quantity borrowed plus the passion.
There are lots of kinds of financing available. There is the student loan to help moms and dads pay for their youngsters’s education. There are also the alternative loans – where you obtain financings for you home from the bank and the combination loan. The consolidation lending helps you relieve the payment of your other lendings right into one monthly payment to one financial institution.
So, proceed. If you believe you need financial assistance, you ought to consider one of the options and the different programs over. With the help of financial assistance you can at the very least kick back.
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A game animal species must be declared protected for a specific period or until further notice if it is necessary for ensuring the survival or undisturbed reproduction of the game animal population. Provisions on the protected game animal species and the related closed seasons are issued by government decree. The permanent residents of the areas concerned may be granted derogations from general closed seasons.
If the population of a game animal species becomes endangered in its range or in a part of its range, the hunting of the species concerned may be prohibited or restricted by a decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for a maximum of three years at a time. The decree specifies the area in which the prohibition or restriction is in force.
Useful external website
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Mounted on a wall in the plane of the meridian, it consisted of a graduated quadrant of 10-foot radius fitted with a telescopic sight. Used in conjunction with an accurate pendulum clock, it should have allowed Flamsteed to find the right ascension and declination of a Heavenly Body by measuring its zenith distance as it crossed the meridian, together with the sidereal time at which this happened. The instrument was set up in a specially designed Quadrant House at the bottom of the Observatory garden, where it was mounted on the east wall facing south.
Flamsteed was not, according to him, consulted on the instrument’s design and Hooke ended up producing an instrument that he regarded as unusable. After spending considerable time and effort trying to make the Quadrant work, Flamsteed abandoned it. No longer in existence, its date of removal from the Observatory is unknown. It appears to have been removed prior to the Board of Visitors’ first visitation in 1713 (RS DM5/47 / RGO6/21/11, – click here for transcript). When Flamsteed last mentioned the Quadrant in his correspondence (in a letter to Edward Sherburne dated 12 July 1682), he made no indication of its whereabouts.
Although relatively little was written about the Quadrant, a visual record survives in the above etching by Francis Place (from a drawing by Robert Thacker) that was produced for publication in Flamsteed’s Historia Coelestis; together with a further plate that shows further details of the counterbalance and eyepiece. Although Flamsteed probably once intended to publish a description of the instrument (the main etching is annotated A–E), this was never done.
The main limb consisted of a graduated scale divided into 18 divisions of each of 5º which were marked with a stud (these are visible in the etching). Rather than subdivide the scale further, a graduated subsidiary arc of length 5º, (D in the etching), was attached to a moveable frame at the eye-end of the telescope tube. In use the subsidiary arc (with the telescope attached), was moved along the main limb until its zero was opposite one of the studs. It was then clamped in position. The horizontal crosswire of the telescope was then adjusted to centre on the object being observed by turning the crank (E). This moved the telescope up or down relative to the subsidary arc. Its position was read off on the subsidary scale and added onto the reading (a multiple of 5º) from the main scale. In an attempt to counterbalance the weigh of the telescope, a weight was attached to one end of a wire of rope that ran over a pulley (which can be seen top left), the other end being attached to the supporting framework of the subsidiary arc.
The following extract is taken from Flamsteed’s History in his own life as published in Baily’s Flamsteed p.46.
It was requisite that I should have first been furnished with one or more large wall quadrants, fixed in the meridian, for taking the meridional distances of the sun and stars from the vertex; which I was also promised. But, considering that the sextant would be the much more chargeable instrument, it was resolved that should be first begun: and, when it was finished, the workman demanding an unreasonable rate for his work, my friends were afraid I would contrive the quadrant as costly as the sextant. In the mean time Mr. Hook[e] boasts how large and precise an instrument he would make at a small charge: whereupon Sir Jonas Moore allows him the contrivance of it. He ordered it to be made: but with so little circumspection, that the limb was two inches less than a quadrant; and the double indexes so weighty and unmanageable, that they could never be conveniently counterpoised. So that Sir Jonas was sensible of his fault; and that this was an instrument wholly useless; though Mr. Hook[e] affirmed, with his usual confidence, it was well made. But I would not make it (what I could not) useful.
I was much concerned at this mishap, and endeavoured what I could to remedy it: but found all my pains bestowed in vain, by reason of the great weight of the double index, and ill contrivance of the limb. I complained often of my want of this instrument: but found still all my complaints were insignificant in those ticklish times; and therefore to remedy it began to think how I might obtain some meridional heights by the sextant: which I soon found a way how to fix in the meridian; and, by a particular contrivance, whether it altered its position whilst I moved the index from one star to take another.
The next extract is taken from a letter dated 16 July 1678 that Flamsteed wrote to Jonas Moore (Baily’s Flamsteed p.118) :
Permit me, Sir, one free line. I have often tried to make Mr. Hook[e]’s wall-quadrant give me altitudes, and it has as often deceived me, and lost its rectification. I tore my hands by it, and had like to have deprived Cuthbert of his fingers. Except something more manageable may be put in its place, it will be a great let to our proceedings, as I shall further inform you when I see you.
Flamsteed, John. The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer Royal. Vol. one: 1666-1682. Vol. two: 1682-1703. Vol. three: 1703-1719. [3 Vols.]. Compiled and ed. By Eric G. Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Volume one: 1666-1682 . Volume two: 1682-1703. Volume three: 1703-1719.
Baily, Francis. An Account of the Revd. John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer-Royal (London, 1835)
Howse, Derek. Francis Place and the Early History of the Greenwich Observatory (New York, 1975)
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|South Africa Table of Contents
Milner's pro-white policies followed by the discriminatory legislation enacted by the Union of South Africa engendered considerable resistance from blacks and led to the formation and growth of new political bodies. In 1902 coloureds in Cape Town had formed the African Political Organisation to represent the interests of "educated . . . Coloured people." Abdullah Abdurahman, a Scottish-trained doctor, became president of the organization in 1904, and, by stressing the political discrimination to which coloureds were subjected, he had built it into a vital body with 20,000 members by 1910. Mohandas Gandhi began a passive resistance campaign against the pass laws in 1906, leading Indians in Natal and the Transvaal (they were legally prohibited from living in or entering the Orange Free State) in demonstrations and organizing stop-work protests that won the support of thousands of people. Numerous meetings were held by Africans, coloureds, and Indians to protest the whites-only nature of the constitutional discussions that took place in 1908 to 1909. These activities culminated in March 1909 in a South African Native Convention, which called for a constitution giving "full and equal rights" for all blacks, coloureds, and Indians.
But it was opposition to the Natives Land Act, preliminary drafts of which were debated in 1911, that led to the formation in 1912 of the most significant organization, the South African Native National Congress (renamed the African National Congress [ANC] in 1923). Several hundred members of South Africa's educated African elite met at Bloemfontein on January 8, 1912, and established a national organization to protest racial discrimination and to appeal for equal treatment before the law. The founding president was John L. Dube, a minister and schoolteacher who had studied in the United States and who had been strongly influenced by Booker T. Washington. Pixley Ka Isaka Seme, a lawyer with degrees from Columbia University and Oxford University and a prime mover in organizing the meeting to establish the congress, was appointed treasurer. Solomon T. Plaatje, a court translator, author, and newspaper editor who had worked in Kimberley and Johannesburg, became secretary general. The meeting opened and closed with the singing of the hymn "Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika" ("God Bless Africa"), which had been composed at the end of the nineteenth century by a Xhosa poet.
The congress was moderate in composition, tone, and practice. Its founders were men who felt that British rule had brought considerable benefits, especially Christianity, education, and the rule of law, but who also considered that their careers as teachers, lawyers, and court translators were hindered by the racial discrimination so endemic in South Africa. They called not for an end to British rule but for respect for the concept of equality for all, irrespective of color. They respected "traditional" authorities in African societies and made chiefs and kings office-holders as of right within the congress. They believed that they could best achieve their aims by dialogue with the British. As John Dube said, the congress pursued a policy of "hopeful reliance on the sense of common justice and love of freedom so innate in the British character." Such reliance, however, proved unfounded. When the congress sent a deputation to London in 1914 to protest the Natives Land Act, the colonial secretary informed them that there was nothing that he could do. Members of another deputation that went to London in 1919 were received sympathetically by Prime Minister Lloyd George, but they were also told that their problems would have to be resolved in South Africa by the South African government.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress
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Doctor insights on:
What Does It Mean When Anencephaly
Lost baby in 16 week with termination due to anencephaly.biopsy report has notes "anencephaly,hypo plastic maxilla.what does that mean?
Findings expected in: anencephaly.. We now believe that the cranium does not close, leaving the brain exposed. By 11 to 12 weeks, extension of the legs is sufficient to bash the normal brain against the uterine wall, destroying most of it by 13 to 14 weeks. The markedly reduced brain volume causes deformation of craniofacial structures. Had the cranium closed, your fetus would've had a normal face. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
Comfort care only!: Nobody can nor should help prolong the "lives" of these poor neonates. Anencephalic newborns are devoid of any chance of meaningful interaction with the environment and never attain consciousness. Comfort care is all that is ethically permissible for these dramatic cases. Take 4-5 mg daily of Folic Acid daily throughout your reproductive life, to prevent this from recurring in future pregnancies. ...Read more
Failure of closure: The fetus is busy around 20-30 days in when the nervous system starts forming along a line like a trench. The trench folds in on itself and begins to form a tube, sealing itself in the middle first and moving toward both ends like two zippers. When the top end fails to close, many brain structures don't form & we have anencephaly.At the bottom, we get spina bifida. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
3 weeks after con-: ception, an embryo's neural plate develops a midline groove; its edges over-fold & close to form a neural tube. Anencephaly is the most severe of the Neural Tube Defects caused by interaction of one of several genes with environmental factors. Low maternal folate (folic acid) level at conception is a main cause; MTHFR, a main gene iinvolved. Fertile women who take daily Folic Acid have lower risk of NTD's. ...Read more
Anencephaly: Anencephaly is a serious birth defect where the brain does not form and the top of the skull is open. It is an extreme form of a neural tube defect. Tests which can indicate anencephaly are an ultrasound examination. A blood test called msafp can be drawn at 15 weeks also. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Sorry for your loss: I've been through about half a dozen of these but never in your shoes. Another 30+ weeks of pregnancy carrying this burden may or may not be something you can bear when the outcome is so predictable & bad. Consult your spouse, spiritual adviser, & pray. Do what fits for your needs & grieve for what might have been. See & hold baby whatever you do to say good bye. Followup with a geneticist later. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
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PORT CLINTON – Fish caught from Lake Erie should be safe to eat despite toxic algae in the lake's Western Basin, scientists said.
Tests done last year and in 2011 — the worst year on record for massive harmful algal blooms — showed the fish were not contaminated with the toxin, scientists said.
"At this point, we have no indication they are not safe to eat," said Jeff Reutter, director of Ohio State University's Ohio Sea Grant College Program and Stone Laboratory.
Harmful blue-green algae on Lake Erie can produce a nerve toxin, called microcystin, that can cause liver problems and gastrointestinal illness. Earlier this month, microcystin contaminated the city of Toledo's drinking water, causing the city to warn its more than 400,000 customers not to drink the water for two days.
Ohio State University professor Jay Martin — who works in university's college of food, agricultural and biological engineering — tested fish collected by charter captains in the Lake Erie Charter Boat Association last year and did not find toxin, Reutter said. Martin was not available for comment Wednesday evening.
Martin, Stu Ludsin, assistant professor at OSU's department of evolution, ecology and organismal biology, and other colleagues at Ohio State are continuing to study how harmful algal blooms might affect fish.
The state also sampled fish caught from the lake in 2011 and did not find toxin, said Chris Vandergoot, fisheries biologist supervisor at the Ohio Department of Natural Resources' Sandusky Fish Research Unit.
"The recommendation is not to eat any of the liver or entrails," Vandergoot said. "That's where the toxins tend to accumulate."
Anglers also should make sure to wash the fillets in clean water, he said.
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Saturday, March 26, 2011
Mrs. Arnolfini Might Be Dead!
Anyhow, I think Koster's argument is fascinating for several reasons. First of all, Koster reveals an archival discovery that Giovanni di Nicolao's wife, Costanza Trenta, was dead by 1433 (a year before the Arnolfini Portrait was dated!). And from what we know, Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini never remarried.
So, what does this mean? Koster convincingly argues that this portrait is a posthumous representation of Costanza, a way to remember and commemorate Giovanni's wife. The oath gesture by Arnolfini could reference an wedding oath already taken, perhaps suggesting a renewal of Arnolfini's wedding vows and devotion to his deceased wife.
First of all, the idealized depiction of Costanza stands in stark contrast to the very naturalistic and individualized depiction of Giovanni, which could indicate that these two individuals are separated by life and death. Furthermore, there are other aspects in the painting which allude to death. The roundels circulating the mirror frame (see right) are scenes from the Passion of Christ. All of the scenes which show Christ alive are on the left side of the mirror (near Giovanni), whereas all of the scenes alluding to Christ's death or resurrection are closest to Costanza. Additionally, the lit candle is placed near Giovanni, whereas the snuffed-out candle is placed over Costanza.
The colors of Costanza and Giovanni's garments could also symbolically allude to their present situation. Costanza is wearing a dress of blue and green: blue was a symbol of faithfulness and green was a symbol of love. Giovanni's darker clothing can be interpreted as a symbol of mourning or suffering (and Koster further points out that this work was painted before black clothing became fashionable for the Burgundian court).
If you'd like to see Koster explain aspects of her argument, check out the beginning of the "Part 5" section for this documentary. (This documentary on Northern Renaissance art is hosted by Joseph Koerner, another art historian who happens to be Margaret L. Koster's husband!).
What do people think of this argument by Koster? On a side note, I have to say that I'm always surprised when practicing scholars still refer to this painting as a wedding portrait. That Panofskian approach has been questioned by Northern Renaissance scholars for several decades, and even the National Gallery (which houses this painting) shies away from the wedding interpretation. In fact, I thought the wedding debate was settled in 1993 by Margaret D. Carroll, who pointed out that Mrs. Arnolfini is wearing a headdress traditionally reserved for married women.3 Argh. Despite all of the respect that Panofsky deserves, I really feel like we need to stop interpreting this piece as a wedding portrait. Let's get on with our lives, folks.
1 Margaret L. Koster, "The Arnolfini Double Portrait: A Simple Solution," in Apollo (Sept. 2003): 3-14. Text available online here.
2 Lorne Campbell, “Portrait of Giovanni(?) Arnolfini and his Wife,” The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Schools (London, 1998), 174-204 (see especially p. 195).
3 Margaret D. Carroll, "In the Name of God and Profit: Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait," Representations 44 (Autumn 1993): 100-101.
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Margaret Sanger was a prominent leader in the eugenics and birth control movements that eventually led to the decriminalization of contraception and abortion. As a chief architect of the modern Culture of Death, Sanger’s legacy now includes the deaths of more than 40 million innocent, surgically aborted children in the United States alone.
Margaret Louise Higgins was born in Corning, N.Y., on September 14, 1879—the sixth of 11 children. Her father was a vocal advocate of socialism and a critic of the Catholic Church who, by Sanger’s own admission, had a great impact on her education.1 Her mother was a Catholic and Margaret was apparently baptized into the Church, though she abandoned it later in life.
In 1900, she began training to be a nurse but discontinued it soon after her 1902 marriage to architect William Sanger. They had three children. Prior to her 1921 divorce, she had at least three extramarital affairs. In 1922, Sanger married the elderly J. Noah Slee, whose Three-in-One Oil fortune gave Sanger financial independence to pursue her birth control and eugenic goals.
Planned Parenthood founder
Planned Parenthood Federation of America traces its beginning to 1916, when Sanger opened America’s first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, N.Y. She was arrested under a New York law that forbade the dissemination of birth control information. Two years earlier, she was indicted under a federal statute for sending birth control information through the U.S. mail.
Eugenics and birth control
Sanger’s periodical, The Birth Control Review, passionately promoted eugenics, the belief that the human race could be improved if certain people did not reproduce. Typical of this philosophy was an April 1924 article in which Sanger likens eugenics to what a gardener or a farmer does with plants and animals:
“How are we to breed a race of human thoroughbreds unless we follow the same plan? We must make this country into a garden for children instead of a disorderly back lot overrun with human weeds.”
In her book, Woman and the New Race (Eugenics Publishing Company, 1923) Sanger summed up the relationship between eugenics and birth control:
“Birth control itself, often denounced as a violation of natural law, is nothing more or less than the facilitation of the process of weeding out the unfit, of preventing the birth of defectives or of those who will become defectives” (p. 229).
In her 1932 Plan for Peace, Sanger wanted “to apply a stern and rigid policy of sterilization and segregation to that grade of population whose progeny is already tainted, or whose inheritance is such that objectionable traits may be transmitted to offspring.” She also wanted to take an inventory of “illiterates, paupers, unemployables, criminals, prostitutes, dope-fiends” and “segregate them on farms and open spaces as long as necessary for the strengthening and development of moral conduct.” Similar types of eugenic thinking were found in Nazi Germany.
Sanger’s talk to the Klan
In her 1938 autobiography, Margaret Sanger describes a talk she gave to the women’s branch of the Ku Klux Klan at Silver Lake, N.J. She summed up how well she got along with this KKK group:
“A dozen invitations to speak to similar groups were proffered. The conversation went on and on, and when we were finally through it was too late to return to New York.”
The Negro Project
Among the many insidious initiatives associated with Sanger was The Negro Project. Conceived by Dr. Clarence Gamble, the main idea was to recruit charismatic black ministers who would encourage black women to practice birth control, thereby reducing the number of black babies being born. In a December 10, 1939, letter, Sanger wrote to Dr. Gamble:
“We do not want the word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population and the minister is the man who can straighten that idea out if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members.”
In 1985, Esther Katz of New York University’s history department formed the Margaret Sanger Papers Project to locate, arrange, edit, research and publish Sanger’s papers. Here’s an excerpt from an article, “The Sanger-Hitler Equation,” that appeared in the Winter 2002/3
Margaret Sanger Papers Project Newsletter: “Sanger did write to and share organizational memberships and conference programs with any number of eugenicists, including such champions of scientific racism as Charles Davenport and Harry Laughlin, who ran the genetics laboratory in Cold Spring Harbor, New York; and Leon Whitney, secretary of the American Eugenics Society. All of them conflated physical and mental deficiencies with racial ones. While Sanger publicly criticized these most notable eugenicists for their opposition or indifference to birth control, she never publicly condemned their racial views.”
Sanger on large families
In her book, Woman and the New Race, Margaret Sanger wrote:
“Many, perhaps, will think it idle to go farther in demonstrating the immorality of large families, but since there is still an abundance of proof at hand, it may be offered for the sake of those who find difficulty in adjusting old-fashioned ideas to the facts. The most merciful thing that the large family does to one of its infant members is to kill it.” (pp. 62-63).
Sanger and “The Pill”
As Sanger’s efforts to promote contraception gained acceptance during the 1940s, she turned her attention to creating a birth control pill. Sanger’s Planned Parenthood gave steroid biologist Gregory Pincus grants totaling $21,000 between 1949 and 1952 to help her reach her goal. In 1952, Sanger also met with the wealthy Katherine Dexter McCormick, who left $1 million for the pill project in her will. Testing began in 1956, using poor women in Puerto Rico as test subjects. By 1960 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the pill, setting the stage for the sexual revolution of the 1960s.
Sanger’s death and legacy
Sanger died in Tuscon, Ariz., on September 6, 1966, and is buried in the Slee family plot in the Fishkill Rural Cemetery in Dutchess County, N.Y. She lived to see the Supreme Court endorse her life’s crusade in 1965 when, in Griswold v. Connecticut, the justices defined a Constitutional right to privacy and declared the law against contraception unconstitutional. This case forms the basis for the Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion as well as the 2003 decision in Lawrence v. Texas that struck down the Texas sodomy law.
Today, Sanger’s Planned Parenthood is the United States’ largest abortion provider. Planned Parenthood still honors its founder, bestowing annual Maggie Awards in her name.
Katz, Ester, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Vol. 1(University of Illinois Press, 2003), pp. xxiii-xxiv.
Ibid., pp. 14, 18, 272, 313.
Sanger, Margaret, “The Meaning of Radio Birth Control,” text of a broadcast by Sanger on WFAB radio in Syracuse, N.Y., on February 29, 1924. Published in Birth Control Review, April 1924, pp. 110-111.
Sanger, Margaret, “A Plan for Peace,” Birth Control Review, April 1932, pp. 107-108.
Sanger, Margaret, Margaret Sanger An Autobiography, 1971 reprint by Dover Publications, Inc., of the 1938 original published by W.W. Norton, pp. 366-367.
Donovan, Charles and Marshall, Robert, Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood, (Ignatius Press, 1991), pp. 17-18.
Ibid., pp. 211-214
Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Service Reports 1987, 1994, Annual Reports 1987 – 2003/04.B
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Call it liquid gold or life-giving nectar, but you cannot deny the importance of breast milk for a newborn. It is the most beneficial thing for a baby.
In fact, so much is its importance that the World Health Organization recommends giving just mother's milk to the baby for the first 6 months of his/her life.
Many mothers, especially the first timers, often worry about their milk supply. Nature has bestowed every mother with a sufficient amount of milk to feed their newborn.
However, some new mothers are unable to produce a sufficient quantity of milk for their young ones.
The dwindling supply in the new mothers could be because of hormonal changes, illness, nutritional deficiency, birth control pills or an improper latching position.
Insufficient milk supply could put your newborn at the risk of an array of diseases such as malnutrition, weak memory, health issues and a host of other issues.
Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine, has many herbs that can solve the problem of insufficient milk supply in new mothers. Use Ayurveda to harness the potential of various herbs to alleviate diseases.
Also Read: Best Ayurveda Remedies to Treat PCOS
So, here are some of the Ayurvedic remedies to increase milk production in new mothers, have a look at these.
Methi seeds are one of the best remedies recommended in Ayurveda for increasing production of milk. Methi seeds contain a compound called phytoestrogens that help in boosting the function of the mammary glands. Young mothers suffering from the problem of an insufficient milk supply should consume methi seeds.
Soak methi seeds in water overnight. Then, boil this concoction. Strain it and drink it every morning to increase your milk supply.
According to Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine, cinnamon helps in increasing the flow of mother's milk. It also helps in increasing the flavour of the milk when consumed by nursing mothers. It will help in delaying periods after the childbirth, thereby delaying early conception.
New mothers can consume cinnamon by making a mixture of half a teaspoon of honey and a pinch of cinnamon. You can also consume cinnamon by the way of adding a pinch of it to some warm milk. Consuming it for a month or two will result in increasing the supply of milk in lactating mothers
This traditional Ayurvedic herb has been used since time immemorial to cure the problem of insufficient milk supply in nursing mothers. Shatavari contains a compound that helps in keeping hormones in check and also helps in increasing the production of milk in females.
Drink two teaspoons of Shatavari mixed with water to increase the milk production. You could also buy it in the form of a capsule in any OTC medical store.
Cumin seeds are commonly found in an Indian kitchen and are an integral part of the Indian cuisine. But they are also a highly efficient remedy for treating problems related to the insufficient supply of milk. These seeds are also packed with iron that gives strength to the nursing mothers.
Make a mixture of 1 teaspoon of sugar and cumin powder. Consume this with warm milk every day before going to bed to ensure an increased breast milk supply.
Garlic is an efficient Ayurvedic herb used since time immemorial to increase the secretion of milk in new mothers. This galactagogue herb helps in also increasing the flavour when it is consumed by a nursing mother.
You can consume garlic by the way of adding it to your food every day.
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Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3–Middle Cambrian
|An artist's illustration of Hallucigenia fortis|
Conway Morris, 1977
Hallucigenia is an extinct genus of animal found fossilized in the Middle Cambrian-aged Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada, represented by the species H. sparsa, and in the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale of China, represented by the species H. fortis.
DiscoveryEditThe genus name was coined by Simon Conway Morris when he re-examined the various specimens of Charles Walcott's Burgess Shale worm genus Canadia in 1979. Conway Morris found that what Walcott had called one genus in fact included several quite different animals. One of them was so unusual that nothing about it made sense. Since the species wasn't a worm, Conway Morris had to come up with a new name to replace Canadia. He named the species Hallucigenia sparsa because of its "bizarre and dream-like quality" (like a hallucination). Hallucigenia was initially considered by Stephen Jay Gould to be unrelated to any living species, but most palaeontologists now believe that the species was a relative of modern arthropods along with Anomalocaris and Opabinia. Other Lobopods from the Burgess Shale includes Anomalocaris, Opabinia, and Aysheaia. It's closely related to regular onychophorans and even Aysheaia. A another animal that also appeared in the Burgess Shale Burgessochaeta was even mistaken as a species of Canadia. When first discovered was often displayed upside-down.
Hallucigenia is unlike nearly any living animal today, although it was likely the ancestor to modern day arthropods. There were over 109 species of these strange aquatic creatures, and they ranged in size from 0.5 to 3 cm long. It had a round, worm-like body that was likely squishy to the touch. Like arthropods and worms, it was an invertebrate, so it didn't have a backbone, however it did have hard, sharp spikes that stuck out of its back and likely kept potential predators away. It also had clawed, tentacle like apendages that helped it move around the ocean floor. It had two tentacles out in front that were likely adapted to feeling its way around the bottom of the seas it lived in and making sure it was going in the right direction, which probably made up for the fact Hallucigenia didn't have eyes. They were probably preyed on by Anomalocaris, Opabinia and other predators like Hurdia of the Burgess Shale. In 2015 the head of Hallucigenia was found showing it had a very different head than previously thought.
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An explanation tells us how or why something happens. Explanation can be spoken or written and their purpose is to tell each step of the process ( the how ) and to give reasons ( the why ) for it.
These must be cared of if you want to write in the form of Explanation :
1.How something occurs
2.Why something happened
3. Why things are alike or different.
4.How to solve a problem
Construction of Explanation Text
A written explanation usually has three steps : first, there is the general statement about the event or thing. The next follows a series of paragraphs that tells how and why. The final step is a concluding paragraph.
1. timeless present tense
2. adverb clause of reason
3. adverb clause of result
EXPLANATION TEXT 1:
Reasons for New South Wales being chosen for the colony
There are several reasons for the British choosing New South Wales as the place to send convicts.
Firstly, Britain could no longer send convicts to America. This was because the Americans revolved against the British in 1776 and refused to take any more convicts.
Secondly, NSW was a long way from Britain, therefore, convicts would find it hard to escape and return home.
Another reason for choosing NSW was that it might make a good trading post and naval base. Britain’s strength came from its navy and trading empire; consequently it was continually looking for ways to keep power.
Finally, Sir Joseph banks contributed to the choise of NSW. Banks had traveled with Captain Cook and was highly respected so he was able to convince many people to choose NSW.
It can be seen that there were a number of reasons for British choosing NSW as the place to establish a convict colony in 1788.
EXPLANATION TEXT 2:
How does the body react to heat?
When the human body is exposed to very hot conditions one result can be heatstroke. This is often the case for athletes and people who have to work outside in summer.
Heatstroke is a sudden, uncontrolled rise in body temperature. It is a reaction that results from human body no being able to replace fluid lost through perspiration. If the lost fluids are not replaced then dehydration occurs and this leads to decrease in blood.
In this situation the body must decide whether to give the blood to the main organs ( livers, kidneys, brain, and so on ) or to the skin. Because the main organs are more important, they will receive the blood. Also , as a consequence of the drop in the fluids, the body loses its ability to sweat. The situation become critical. The body now can not produce sweat; therefore it cannot cool itself. Excess heat cannot be released through the skin as a result of the loss of blood supply to the part of the body. The lack of blood supply and the inability to sweat together cause the body overheat.
Heatstroke can cause permanent injury if not treated properly. It is one way of how body can react to heat.
EXPLANATION TEXT 3:
A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast wave grows very fast.
Tsunami occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rocks push pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach continental shelf , the path of the earth’s crust that slopes or rises from the ocean floor up to the land.
Tsunami wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe, flooding, loss of lives due to drowning and damage to property
EXPLANATION TEXT 4:
Bees are useful insects. There are about 20,000 kinds of bees, but only honey bees make honey. Honey bees live in groups called colonies. Each colony has one female queen bee, ten of thousands or workers , and a few hundred male bees or drones. Honey bees lives in hives. Inside their hive, the bees make a honey comb of wax. The honey comb is a kind of bee apartment building full of six –sided room s in which the bees raises young and store food.
The queen bee lays thousands of eggs. Worms look like larvae hatch from eggs. Each larva becomes a pupa, which looks partly like larva and partly like an adult bee. Worker bees feed the young , clean, guard the hive, and fly to and from flowers. They collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar for food. The pollen is food for young bees. Worker bees use the nectar to make honey. Without bees bringing pollen from flower to flower, many plants can’t make seeds.
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A video documentary on learning mathematics for K-8 teachers and administrators; 1 one-hour video program
Many people — in and out of school — find mathematics frustrating, difficult, even impossible. This documentary uncovers a surprise: Mathematical creativity — expressed in art, architecture, and music and valued by industry — is built into the brain and can flourish under the right conditions. A remarkable 12-year study following students from first grade through high school demonstrates the brain's surprising natural abilities for learning math. The study, led by Professor Carolyn Maher of Rutgers University, brought results that are corroborated by new research from leading cognitive psychologists. Discover ways to unlock this natural human gift for mathematics in classrooms, workplaces, and homes.
Produced by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 2001.
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“Opposites attract” is a law of attraction, at least where electromagnetism is concerned. But are there laws about attraction between two people? “In a world that is full of strangers” as a line in a famous song of the 1980’s goes, is there a clear set of rules that allows two people to fall for each other?
Is attraction a matter of chemistry?
Maybe. According to scientists, the attraction between animals of the opposite sex is all about chemicals called pheromones. The effect of pheromones in behavior of insects is the most studied to date. It has been observed, at least in some experiments, that pheromones are responsible for communication among same species and colony of ants. The horrible odor released by skunks to ward off enemies is said to be a kind of pheromone. Some species of apes rub pheromone-containing urine on the feet of potential mates to attract them. Some scientists believe that animals (usually the females) such as insects and mammals send out these chemical signals to tell the male of their species that their genes are different from theirs. This gene diversity is important in producing offspring with better chances of survival. The perfume industry has capitalized on pheromones as a means to increase one’s sexual attractiveness to the opposite sex. Animals such as the whale and the musk deer were hunted down for these chemicals.
Lately, scientists are looking into the existence of human pheromones and its role in mate selection. There are many conflicting views in the realm of biology, chemistry, genetics, and psychology. Most scientists would assert that these do not exist, or if they do, do not play a role in sexual attraction between a man and a woman. But new researches such as that conducted by Swiss researchers from the University of Bern led by Klaus Wedekind are slowly making these scientists rethink their stand. Their experiment involved women sniffing the cotton shirts of different men during their ovulation period. It was found out that women prefer the smell of men’s shirts that were genetically different, but also shared similarities with the women’s genes. This, like in the case of insects and other mammals, was to ensure better and healthier characteristics for their future children. But researchers also cautioned that preference for a male odor is affected by the women’s ovulation period, the food that men eat, perfumes and other scented body products, and the use of contraceptive pills.
Does personality figure in sexual attraction?
Yes, but so does your perception of a potential mate’s personality. According to a research conducted by Klohnen, E.C., & S. Luo in 2003 on interpersonal attraction and personality, a person’s sense of self-security and at least the person’s perception of his/her partner were found to be strong determinants of attraction in hypothetical situations. What does this tell us? We prefer a certain personality type, which attracts you to a person. But aside from the actual personality of the person, which can only be verified through close interaction through time, it is your perception of your potential partner that attracts you to him/her, whether the person of your affection truly has that kind of personality or not. This could probably account for a statement commonly heard from men and women on their failed relationships: “I thought he/she was this kind of person.”
So how does attraction figure in relationships?
You have probably heard that attraction is a prelude, or a factor towards a relationship. Most probably, at least in the beginning; but attraction alone cannot make a relationship work. It is that attraction that makes you notice a person from the opposite sex, but once you get to know the person more, attraction is just one consideration. Shared values, dreams, and passions become more significant in long-term relationships.
So should I stop trying to become attractive?
More than trying to become physically attractive, work on all aspects of your health: physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual. Physical attraction is still a precursor. Remember, biology predisposes us to choose the partner with the healthiest genes. Where your emotions are concerned, just ask this to yourself: would you want to spend time with a person who feels insecure about him/herself? Probably not! There is wisdom in knowing yourself: who you are, your beliefs, values, and dreams. And do not pretend to be someone you are not. Fooling another person by making him/her think that you share the same values and beliefs is only going to cause you both disappointments. When you are healthy in all aspects, attractiveness becomes a consequence and not an end. As mentioned in the Klohnen and Luo’s research, a person’s sense of self-security matters, perhaps even beyond attraction. But remember: do these things for yourself and not for other people. Only then can you truly harness your attractiveness as a person.
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As a parent, there is a strong likelihood that at some point, your child will fail at their goals during young adulthood. Their situation may even become dire, and as a loving parent, you may feel a very strong desire to jump in and rescue your child. Before you do that, consider the following advice:
What will they learn from being rescued? A failure is first and foremost a learning experience. What will your child learn if you step in and provide immediate rescuing? Will they experience the needed pain that one needs to feel after a failure, a tempering that in the end makes one stronger? Even if you plan to offer support, it might be worthwhile to not jump in immediately with help.
First and foremost, offer counseling. Offer them an ear to talk to, not just cash to solve the problem. Rather than letting money fix things, help them to discover the resources they have inside themselves to solve their problems.
If you offer financial support, make it a one-time gift or a clearly delineated series of gifts. Never give the impression that they can get more at any time, or else they won’t learn how to pick themselves up and fix their own problems. As a parent, part of your job is to teach them life skills. Think of it this way: when they fell off of a bike when they were little, you didn’t offer to ride the bike for them. You picked them up, dusted them off, gave some encouragement, and put them back on the bike. The same principle applies here.
Offer nonfinancial assistance. You can also offer similar support as to what a nonparental friend or relative might offer: assistance in locating new work, connecting with potentially useful contacts, and so forth. This is the kind of assistance that is useful to any professional, and may be particularly useful in this case.
If the situation is truly apocalyptic, offer shelter and food. If your child has actually lost their home, you can again offer indirect aid such as housing and food, but this situation should be clearly defined as temporary, contingent on your child making continual effort to improve his or her situation and eventually fly on his or her own again. Indefinite relationships where children move back in after independence can be very, very uncomfortable for both the children and the parents.
Don’t force it. Some children are simply too fiercely independent to want to accept help, so don’t force help upon someone who does not wish to accept it. This is not an indication of a lack of appreciation or love, just a desire to be able to walk strongly on their own two feet, no matter what – an attribute that you should be proud to see in your child.
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Morphine, C17H19NO3, is the most abundant of opium’s 24 alkaloids, accounting for 9 to 14% of opium-extract by mass.
Named after the Roman god of dreams Morpheus, who also became the god of slumber, the drug morphine, appropriately enough, numbs pain, alters mood and induces sleep. Less popular and less mentioned effects include nausea, vomiting and decreased gastrointestinal motility. (It’s a great constipator, and in Guerin’s painting, Isis is perhaps bringing Morpheus a laxative.) Morphine and its related synthetic derivatives, known as opioids, are so far unbeatable at dulling chronic or so-called “slow” pain, but unfortunately they are all physically addictive. During the American Civil War, 400 000 soldiers became addicted to morphine. Both morphine and its hydrated form,C17H19NO3.H2O, are sparingly soluble in water. In five litres of water, only one gram of the hydrate will dissolve. For this reason, pharmaceutical companies produce sulphate and hydrochloride salts of the drug, both of which are over 300 times more water-soluble than its parent molecule. Whereas the pH of a saturated morphine hydrate solution is 8.5, the salts are acidic.
Since they derive from a strong acid but weak base, they are both at about pH = 5; consequently in the manufacturing stage, morphine salts are mixed with small amounts of NaOH to make them suitable for injection. The three dimensional structure of morphine is fascinating. It consists of five rings, three of which are approximately in the same plane. The other two rings, including the nitrogen one, are each at right angles to the other trio. Opioid analgesics, including morphine, codeine, levorphanol, heroin and structurally less similar drugs such as meperidine all have an aromatic ring and a quaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms.
This is known as the morphine rule, but it should be pointed out that all of the opioids below also have a methyl group attached to a nitrogen atom. More importantly and ironically, deviating from the morphine rule has led to the creation of even stronger opioids such as fentanyl and its ester-derivative , carfentynyl. These molecules have tertiary carbons and in each case the atom is not linked to an aromatic group.
Substitute morphine’s methyl group with a propenyl group, and you create nalorphine, an antagonist which counters morphine’s effects. Similarly, hydromorphone, a ketone version of morphine five times more powerful than its parent molecule becomes the antagonist hydromorphone by the same substitution of a CH3 with a CH2CH=CH2group. More generally, morphine’s b-phenylethylamine unit (essentially what I just described minus the quaternary carbon atom) is also found at the tail-end of enkephalin molecules.
Enkephalins are smaller versions of endorphins, which are produced naturally in the brain, pituitary and other tissues, where they act very much like opium’s molecules. Morphine acts on a specific receptor of nerve cells. More specifically many such receptors are found in the spinal cord’s substantia gelatinosa, a region where pain signals are first processed. The architecture of the morphine receptor is what dictates the morphine rule. There is a flat part that binds to the aromatic ring, a cavity that attracts the two carbon atoms and an anionic site that accommodates the tertiary nitrogen atom. When morphine or another agonist binds to the receptor, the cell membrane’s affinity for sodium ion changes. This eventually reduces the release of neurotransmitters from the affected neurons.
Investigators learned about morphine’s mode of action by applying it and other opiates (including enkephalin) to guinea-pig intestines. (What else was gong to serve as the guinea pig for their experiments?) In the presence of antagonists, Na+ affinity was restored and intestinal contractions which had dropped precipitously shot up again. Not all opiates are created equally. Codeine is only 0.1 % as potent as morphine in binding to receptors. But because codeine is converted to morphine by the liver (all that has to happen is that the OCH3 group gets replaced by OH) it becomes 20% as strong as the latter overall. In the late 1800’s, the Bayer company, in hoping to come up with a non-addictive pain killer, tried to acetylate both of morphine’s hydroxyl groups. After all, this was in a way similar to how they had converted salicylic acid into aspirin.
But embarassingly, Bayer invented heroin in the process.
The 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act in the United States made possession of morphine a criminal act. Forensic scientists exploit group characteristic property of morphine and its related compounds: a peculiar reaction with Mecke’s (or Lafon’s) reagent. The reagent consists of selenious acid(H2SeO3)in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). If morphine and the reagent react, the following colours appear: green, then quickly a greenish blue, changing to blue, next slowly to bluish green with a yellow-brown edge, then finally olivaceous green. This is one of a variety of color tests that are used. Most, however, are presumptive tests, meaning that they suggest the presence of opiates but don’t convincingly prove it. Final confirmation is obtained through instrumentation, either gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry or by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. NMR has also been used to identify heroin.
Schnell, B.R. and al. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties. Canadian Pharmacists Association. 1999.
LeCouteur P. and Burreson J. Napoleon’s Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History. Penguin Putnam. 2003 Budavari, Susan. The Merck Index, 12th edition. Merck. 1996
Atkins, P.W. Molecules. Scientific American Library. 1987
Snyder, Solomon H. “Opiate Receptors and Internal Opiates.” Scientific American. p44-56. March 1977.
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Dinosaurs ruled the land some 65 million years ago where most of them disappeared with unknown reason.
Some Dinosaurs survived at places like Dinosaur Island and Skartaris, and appeared time and time again to fight hero and villain alike, as real wild life, clones or robots resembling dinosaurs. They're pretty extinct, though. We think.
Powers and Abilities
Average Strength level
Habitat: Warm Atmosphere
Atmosphere: 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen
Population: Rare, believed to be extinct
Type of Government:
Level of Technology:
- This article is about dinosaurs in the DC Universe alone, and contains largely unreliable information. You aren't going to take it seriously, are you?
Links and References
|Prehistoric Character(s) |
This character is or was from the Prehistoric Era, thousands of years in the past, including but not limited to the time of Dinosaurs and the dawning of the species of man. These stories occur traditionally before history was formally recorded, and civilization developed completely.
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When it comes to attractive, figure-hugging sweaters, decreases are essential for achieving a good fit. The simple stitches are easy to learn, and you’ll find yourself using them again and again.
- Knitting needles.
1. K2TOG and SSK
K2TOG, shown on the right, stands for knit two together. It’s a right-slanting decrease with the second stitch laying on top of the first. SSK, shown on the left, stands for slip slip knit. It’s a left-slanting decrease with the first stitch laying on top of the second.
Now watch my video tutorial to learn how to do decreases.
Start Knitting Beanies and Socks
In this tutorial you learned how to knit decreases that work together beautifully. With these stitches in your repertoire, you’ll be able to tackle any shaped project from beanies to socks. Or why not knit a cute cropped sweater?
What's your next knitting project? Let us know if you have any questions about decreases in the comments below.
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Have you ever been to a high school or college football game? If you have, you were probably treated to a show at halftime. In addition to the gridiron action, many people look forward to seeing a unique act that combines music with movement. What are we talking about? The marching band, of course!
A marching band puts music into motion. Marching band members play a wide variety of instruments. Rather than sitting in a chair, though, marching band members play their instruments while they march and sometimes even dance.
Choreographers coordinate the movements of band members to create a moving piece of art that's a feast for the eyes. Marching bands also often include other performers, including dancers or color guard groups, who carry or twirl flags or other items and dance to tell a story that goes along with the music.
Most marching bands contain a variety of instruments, including brass, woodwinds and percussion. Some instruments you're likely to see in a marching band include flutes, clarinets, saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and drums.
Marching bands have been around a long, long time. Their origins can be traced back to traveling musicians who played at festivals thousands of years ago. The first true marching bands, though, were military bands.
Long ago, armies did not have the sophisticated communications devices that exist today. Early military groups used bands to help organize and direct the movements of troops on the battlefield. Musical instruments helped to coordinate complex military movements and keep soldiers together and in line.
As communications devices developed over time, military bands became unnecessary. The tradition continued, however, in the form of marching bands. Marching bands began to focus instead on entertainment and ceremonial functions.
Today, you'll find marching bands playing at sporting events and parades. Marching bands can have a few dozen to several hundred members. In fact, some bands are huge! The Allen Eagle Escadrille — a high school marching band from Texas — claims to be the world's largest marching band with over 800 members!
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Socializing with other kids teaches children important life rules like cooperation and sharing, claims the website Child Development Info. The site adds that playing with others prepares children to function in the adult world. One of the best ways for children to socialize is to play games. Games with rules, especially, help children develop from thinking egocentrically to understanding the importance of people around them and socializing nicely.
A fun animal game to play with your toddler or preschooler is animal charades. You can play this alone with your child or invite her friends or siblings to play. For this game, Family Education suggests putting several stuffed animals in a pillow case. Have your toddler pick out one animal without showing it to you or the other players. Her challenge is to act out that animal so that someone can guess what the animal was. If several children are playing, the child who guessed correctly gets to pull out a stuffed animal next. Once someone has guessed the right animal, it is fun for all the children to walk around the room acting like that creature.
Toddlers are just learning the alphabet while 5 years old are learning how to read. One game that teaches your youngest his A-B-Cs and teaches your oldest how to spell involves cutout alphabet letters. Cut out every letter of the alphabet or use letters you may have from magnet sets or puzzles. Put all the letters in a bag. Pull out a letter. Your toddler must say what letter it is. The older child says a word that begins with that letter. The child who yells his answer first wins.
Throwing the Smile
Disney’s Family Fun website claims Throwing the Smile will have children of all ages giggling wildly. Tell the children to sit in a circle. Designate one child to be “it.” That child smiles while the other children sit solemnly. “It” uses her hand to pretend to wipe the smile off her face and throw it to another player. The designated catcher pretends to catch the smile and put it on her face. After smiling as long as she’d like, she then pretends to wipe the smile off of her face and throw it to another player. The object of the game is for nobody to smile or laugh except “it.” According to Family Fun, the youngest kids tend to laugh the hardest and enjoy this silly game the most.
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By George E. Curry
This country likes to celebrate anniversaries. Last year, we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision. This weekend will mark the 50th anniversary of Rosa Park’s decision not to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Ala. What many people don’t realize is that there were two major Brown decisions in the mid-1950s. The landmark ruling outlawing “separate but equal” schools was handed down in 1954. A companion ruling was issued in 1955 calling for schools to be desegregated “with all deliberate speed,” which essentially meant no speed at all.
Perhaps it is fitting, given this propensity for celebrating the past, that this week – 50 years after the second Brown ruling – that the Metropolitan Center for Urban Education at New York University has issued a report titled, “With All Deliberate Speed: Achievement, Citizenship and Diversity in American Education.” The 44-page report, available online, does more than revisit the 1950s; it outlines a series of steps to improve public education.
After pointing out that the U.S. is undergoing one of the most profound demographic transitions in history, the report observes: “Unfortunately, the United States continues to have an unequal and two-tiered system of public education. Even as the United States becomes increasingly diverse, our nation’s K- 12 education system remains unequal and increasingly segregated by race and income.” The report says the country has a mixed record on eradicating the last vestiges of its Jim Crow public education system.
“We are a nation ambivalent,” it observes. “We are both for integration and against it. We are for equality, but we are unwilling to create and sustain policies that ensure equal opportunity. We are for academic success for all children, but we allow millions of them to remain isolated in inferior schools.”
We have traditionally shifted too much of the burden to the schools.
“Desegregation failed in some communities because almost the entire burden of integrating our society was placed on our public schools,” the study says. “That was a mistake we cannot afford to repeat.”
“...We, therefore, recommend a fundamental change in the relationship between schools and the community, where both are seen as having a shared responsibility in the education of all children.”
To do its part, the community should take over responsibility for providing the schools’ support services, freeing teachers to concentrate on what they do best – teach. The schools must also change.
“Even today, too many of our schools still are being used as sorting machines –sorting children into those who are college bound, those who will use basic skills and those who will be left behind,” the report said.
In order to do better, the report argues, diversity must be part of the equation long before students enter the first grade.
“If we expect all of our children to go on to college and have diverse learning experiences and then go on to work with people from diverse ethnic, racial, social and economic backgrounds, surely it makes sense to prepare our children for these new experiences as early as possible,” the study says.
“We are losing ground and jobs to other countries – for example, China and India,” the report states. “Our nation’s ability to sustain our long-term economic success increasingly depends on the very children we are not educating now.”
Put another way: Each year, 1.2 million children do not graduate from high school. Of those, 348,427 are African-American and 296,555 are Latino.
At the college level, almost a quarter of first-year students do not stay around for their second year. Figures show that only 31 percent of Latinos compete some college and 48 percent of African- Americans, compared to 62 percent of Whites and 80 percent of Asian Americans.
“According to the National Center on Education and the Economy, by the year 2020, the U.S. will need 14 million more college-trained workers than it will produce,” the report states. “Nowhere is college participation lower than among African-American and Hispanic youth; no where is the potential to meet our nation’s need for college graduates greater.”
Among the report’s recommendations:
- Push state legislatures to provide essential and quality educational opportunities, regardless of where the child attends public school
- Make sure all students have access to a high-quality education and the opportunity for diverse learning experiences
- Provide additional opportunities, including after-school programs, for students to improve academic skills
- Create greater regional equity
- Support and stabilize integrated residential communities
Whether we accomplish those goals will impact our national security, our ability to compete globally and field an able military, the report says. That alone should be incentive to take on these tough issues.
George E. Curry is editor-in-chief of the NNPA News Service and BlackPressUSA.com. He appears on National Public Radio (NPR) three times a week as part of “News and Notes with Ed Gordon.” To contact Curry or to book him for a speaking engagement, go to his Web site, www.georgecurry.com.
Tags: Education, Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Board, Student Achievement, Educational Equity, Social Justice, Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Movement, History, U.S. History, American History, Black History, African American, News, Education by Sistrunk
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What Is Prenatal Care?
Prenatal care is the health care you get while you are pregnant. Take care of yourself and your baby by:
- Getting early prenatal care. If you know you’re pregnant, or think you might be, call your doctor to schedule a visit.
- Getting regular prenatal care. Your doctor will schedule
you for many appointments over the course of your pregnancy. Don’t miss any — they are all important.
- Following your doctor’s advice.
Why Do I need Prenatal Care?
Prenatal care can help keep you and your baby healthy. Babies of mothers who do not get prenatal care are three times more likely to have a low birth weight and five times more likely to die than those born to mothers who do get care.
Doctors can spot health problems early when they see mothers regularly. This allows doctors to treat them early. Early treatment can cure many problems and prevent others. Regular health care is best for you and your baby.
I am thinking about getting pregnant.
How can I take care of myself?
You should start taking care of yourself before you start trying to get pregnant. By staying active, eating right, and taking a multivitamin, you can help keep yourself and your baby healthy even before it is conceived. This will help you have a healthy pregnancy and lower your chances of having a baby born with a birth defect.
Here are some ways to take care of yourself before you get pregnant:
- Eat healthy foods, exercise regularly (30 minutes per day most days of the week is best), and get enough rest and sleep. Talk to your doctor about what kinds of food and exercise are best for you.
- Get 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid (one of the B vitamins) every day. The best way to do this is to take a daily multivitamin with this amount of folic acid. Getting enough folic acid every day before you get pregnant and during early pregnancy can help prevent certain birth defects. Many breakfast cereals and other grain products are enriched with folic acid. But only some products contain 400 mcg of folic acid per serving. Always check the labels to be sure you’re getting your daily dose.
- See your doctor for a complete check up. Make sure that you’ve had all your shots, especially for rubella (German measles). Rubella can cause serious birth defects. Chickenpox can also be dangerous during pregnancy. If you’ve had chickenpox and rubella in the past, you should be immune to them. If not, talk to your doctor about the vaccines.
- Tell your doctor about any prescription or over-the-counter medicines (including herbal remedies) you are taking. Some medicines are not safe to take during pregnancy.
- Stop smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, or taking drugs. Ask your doctor for help. Members of your faith community, counselors, or friends can also give support.
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