messages listlengths 2 4 |
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{
"content": "Does temporin A alone and in combination with imipenem reduce lethality in a mouse model of staphylococcal sepsis?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "T... |
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{
"content": "Which of the following are names of flowers: daffodil, rose, quinoa, lily, daisy, elm, pyrite, violet, jade, leather, polycarbonate, jasmine",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Based on the list provided, the names that refer to flowers are:\n\n- **Daffodil... |
[
{
"content": "Is angiopoietin-2 a potential mediator of endothelial barrier dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Angiopoi... |
[
{
"content": "If stage lb cervical cancer is diagnosed in a young woman, while performing radical hysterectomy which structure would you not remove\na. Uterosacral and uterovesical ligament\nb. Pelvic Lymph nodes\nc. periureteral tissues\nd. Upper third of vagina\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your fina... |
[
{
"content": "Does opioid-sparing effect of intravenous outpatient ketamine infusions appear short-lived in chronic-pain patients with high opioid requirements?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "... |
[
{
"content": "Investigation of choice for meningeal carcinomatosis?\na. NC-CT\nb. CE-CT\nc. MRI with Gadolinium\nd. PET\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Meningeal carcinomatosis involves the sp... |
[
{
"content": "Should overhangs with restriction sites be included when sending DNA sequences to a synthesis company for primer design?A: No\nB: Only if the primers are for PCR\nC: Only if the restriction sites are within the DNA sequence\nD: Yes",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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"... |
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{
"content": "Do lactic acid bacteria secrete metabolites retaining anti-inflammatory properties after intestinal transport?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The q... |
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{
"content": "Please summarize the following context:\n\nGuideline Endorsement 7-24\n\nA Quality Initiative of the Program in Evidence-Based Care (PEBC), Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario)\n\n# An Endorsement of the ASTRO/ESTRO 2023 Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Oligometastatic or Oligoprogress... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following insects has a unique respiratory system that includes both spiracles and tracheal gills, an adaptation that allows it to live in semi-aquatic environments where it can breathe both in water and air?\nA: Anopheles mosquito\nB: Dragonfly nymph\nC: Water strider\nD: Housefly\nE... |
[
{
"content": "Do seasonal carriage of pfcrt and pfmdr1 alleles in Gambian Plasmodium falciparum imply reduced fitness of chloroquine-resistant parasites?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
... |
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{
"content": "Are there any obvious symptoms of kidney cancer?",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Kidney cancer often doesn't cause obvious symptoms in its early stages, which is why it's sometimes called a \"silent\" disease. However, when symptoms do appear, they can ... |
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{
"content": "Extensor carpi radialis longus is a/an -\na. Wrist extensor\nb. Wrist adductor\nc. Extensor of MCP joint\nd. Extensor of IP joint\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The extensor car... |
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{
"content": "What congenital anomaly is commonly associated with an imperforate anus in neonates that should be screened for during evaluation?",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Imperforate anus in neonates is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies, and... |
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{
"content": "Does self-efficacy correlate with leg muscle pain during maximal and submaximal cycling exercise?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Self-efficacy refe... |
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{
"content": "Do preliminary study of 1.5-T MR arthrography of the shoulder with 3D isotropic intermediate-weighted turbo spin echo?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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"content"... |
[
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"content": "Considering a 34-year-old poultry worker diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia, characterized by a sore throat, non-productive cough, fever, and patchy reticular opacities in the lung X-ray, describe the type of immune response that is primarily involved in confronting the pathogen responsib... |
[
{
"content": "A pelvis characterized by an anteroposterior diameter of the inlet greater than the transverse diameter is classified as\na. Gynecoid\nb. Android\nc. Anthropoid\nd. Platypelloid\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": ... |
[
{
"content": "What is the recommended dosing regimen of betamethasone for achieving fetal lung maturity?",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The **recommended dosing regimen for betamethasone to achieve fetal lung maturity** is based on guidelines from organizations like... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following is **not** a common method by which bacteria can acquire new genetic material?\nA: Transformation, where bacteria take up DNA from their environment\nB: Transduction, where bacteriophages transfer DNA between bacteria\nC: Conjugation, where bacteria directly transfer DNA to ... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following processes is an example of a post-translational modification that can affect protein function?\nA: DNA replication\nB: DNA methylation\nC: Protein phosphorylation\nD: DNA repair\nE: Transcription\nF: Translation\nG: Histone acetylation\nH: Gene duplication\nI: Point mutation... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following heavy metals is primarily known for causing kidney damage and is often associated with contaminated water supplies in mining areas?\nA: Mercury\nB: Lead\nC: Cadmium\nD: Arsenic\nE: Chromium\nF: Zinc\nG: Copper\nH: Selenium\nI: Nickel\nJ: Iron",
"reasoning_content": null,... |
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"content": "Please summarize the following context:\n\nguidance according to pre-defined criteria.\n\n# Selection procedure\n\nTo be considered for inclusion, studies had to be meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reviews, cohort studies, open studies, descriptive studies, or expert opinions re... |
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"content": "All of the following have operculated eggs except:\n\nA.: Clonorchis sinensi\nB.: Diphyllobothrium latum\nC.: Hymenolepis dimunita\nD.: Fasciola hepatics\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"con... |
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{
"content": "PNH is associated with a deficiency of -\na. DAF\nb. MIRL\nc. GPI anchored protein\nd. All of the above\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria) ... |
[
{
"content": "Do conjunctival macrophages act as antigen-presenting cells in the conjunctiva during the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user... |
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{
"content": "Please summarize the following context:\n\naciclovir-resistant HSV \\[10\\]. Systemic cidofovir $5~\\\\mathrm{mg/kg}$ once weekly for 2 weeks is an alternative treatment for CMV or HSV where there is intolerance of or resistance to other drugs.\n\n# 5.5 Prevention and impact of cART\n\ncART is the... |
[
{
"content": "Is an effective interferon-gamma-mediated inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by natural killer cells associated with spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your fina... |
[
{
"content": "Do bMPs induce endochondral ossification in rats when implanted ectopically within a carrier made of fibrous glass membrane?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"co... |
[
{
"content": "Is the decline in blood glucose levels less with intermittent high-intensity compared with moderate exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "u... |
[
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"content": "Does prevalence and correlate of depressive disorders in elderly with type 2 diabetes in primary health care settings?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content"... |
[
{
"content": "Which of these is the ONLY true statement regarding Caesarean section ?\na. Exteriorisation of uterus for repair of uterine incision is detrimental step and hence avoided\nb. Two layer closure of uterine incision is associated with significantly less risk of scar rupture\nc. All incidental uterine... |
[
{
"content": "Is mesothelin overexpressed in the vast majority of ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas : identification of a new pancreatic cancer marker by serial analysis of gene expression ( SAGE )?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
... |
[
{
"content": "Are negative symptoms associated with lower autonomous motivation towards physical activity in people with schizophrenia?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"conte... |
[
{
"content": "Does heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor increase intestinal microvascular blood flow in necrotizing enterocolitis?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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"content"... |
[
{
"content": "Revised strategy for NPCB includes all except –\n\nA.: Fixed facility surgery\nB.: IOL implantation for cataract\nC.: Mobile surgical camps\nD.: Uniform distribution\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
... |
[
{
"content": "Does ethyl Pyruvate ameliorate The Damage Induced by Cyclophosphamide on Adult Mice Testes?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The question asks whethe... |
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{
"content": "Is connectivity between posterior parietal cortex and ipsilateral motor cortex altered in schizophrenia?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "The questio... |
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{
"content": "Which of the following techniques is most suitable for the site-specific labeling of DNA with a fluorescent dye, ensuring high specificity and minimal impact on DNA structure and function?\nA: Click chemistry (copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition)\nB: Thiol-maleimide coupling\nC: PCR-based ... |
[
{
"content": "Does intranasal immunization with recombinant outer membrane protein P6 induce specific immune responses against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role":... |
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{
"content": "Please summarize the following context:\n\n](https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/142007/images/7454f3911acab79a829190b0c1a0cb28737844507d55c3e796f9c833b157c16c.jpg)\n\n\\*Clinical significance uncertain\n\nTable 5. Outcomes associated with continuous support from trained care... |
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{
"content": "SSPE is a complication of ?\na. Mumps\nb. Diphtheria\nc. Measles\nd. Peussis\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "SSPE stands for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, which is a rare ... |
[
{
"content": "Against which class of antibiotics do extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) not exhibit activity?",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes produced by certain bacteria that confer resistance to beta-lacta... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following processes is **not** a known mechanism by which vaccines can enhance the immune response, considering the interactions between the adaptive and innate immune systems?\nA: Activation of T-helper cells leading to B-cell differentiation and antibody production\nB: Formation of ... |
[
{
"content": "Do p-selectin- and CD63-exposing platelet microparticles reflect platelet activation in peripheral arterial disease and myocardial infarction?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user... |
[
{
"content": "Does rNA sequencing atopic dermatitis transcriptome profiling provide insights into novel disease mechanisms with potential therapeutic implications?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role"... |
[
{
"content": "Are total oxidant status and oxidative stress increased in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Necrotizing enter... |
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{
"content": "Does a three-dimensional evaluation of Māori and New Zealand European face?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The question asks whether a three-dimens... |
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{
"content": "Does [ IL-10 gene modification on immature dendritic cells induce antigen-specific tolerance in experimental autoimmune myocarditis ]?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
... |
[
{
"content": "Are cDKN1A and FANCD2 potential oncotargets in Burkitt lymphoma and multiple myeloma?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To determine if cDKN1A and FAN... |
[
{
"content": "Does curcumin synergistically potentiate the growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of celecoxib in osteoarthritis synovial adherent cells?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "us... |
[
{
"content": "Are corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 ( CRH-R1 ) polymorphisms associated with irritable bowel syndrome and acoustic startle response?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "use... |
[
{
"content": "Is pericardial fat associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia and mortality in patients with systolic heart failure?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content":... |
[
{
"content": "A 70-year-old hypertensive patient presents with complaints of palpitations and pre-syncope. On examination, he has a heart rate of 72 BPM and blood pressure of 150/100. Given these symptoms and examination results, what diagnosis does the ECG most likely reveal?",
"reasoning_content": null,
... |
[
{
"content": "Is clopidogrel associated with increased bleeding complications after full-mouth extraction : A retrospective study?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": ... |
[
{
"content": "患者，男，23岁，有花粉过敏史，突然出现咳嗽，打喷嚏，呼吸困难，不能平卧，喉中痰鸣，发热，汗出，舌红苔黄，脉弦滑。对诊断最有意义的检查是\nA. 肺功能\nB. 血气分析\nC. 血常规\nD. 痰涂片镜检培养\nE. 心电图",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "患者症状包括突然出现咳嗽、打喷嚏、呼吸困难（不能平卧）、喉中痰鸣、发热、汗出、舌红苔黄、脉弦滑，且有花粉过敏史。这些症状提示急性呼吸道感染（如病毒性感冒或肺炎）或过敏反应加感染，但呼吸困难和不能平卧尤为严重，可能涉... |
[
{
"content": "Compare and contrast the processes of transcription and DNA replication in terms of their initiation, elongation, and termination phases. Discuss the role of complementary base-pairing in both processes. Given a DNA template strand with the sequence CTAATGT, determine the complementary RNA sequenc... |
[
{
"content": "Please summarize the following context:\n\n(150). Out of the 150 patients who were observed, only 3 ( $2%$ $\\[95%$ CI 0 to $4.2%\\]$ ) had neurologic deterioration, but they all had a second CT scan that was also negative for ICH. Ultimately, out of the 178 patients followed for 30 days, only 3 (... |
[
{
"content": "阐述治理污染问题的有效解决办法",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "治理污染问题需要采取综合、多层次的策略，结合预防、治理和创新方法。以下是有效解决污染问题的关键办法：\n\n### 1. **源头控制与预防**\n - **严格执行环保法规**：实施严格的污染排放标准（如《空气污染防治法》），对工业、交通和农业等高污染行业设定限值，并加强监督。\n - **推广绿色技术**：鼓励采用清洁生产技术（如无烟煤、电动交通工具），减少化石燃料依赖，促进可再生能源（风能、太... |
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{
"content": "Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for the regulation of stomatal opening and closing, which in turn affects the exchange of gases such as CO2 and O2 in plants?\n\nA: The synthesis of chlorophyll in the chloroplasts.\nB: The production of ATP in the mitochondria.\nC: The acc... |
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{
"content": "Develop a comprehensive and adaptive 6-week training program for your new client with a history of a minor back injury, who is aiming to strengthen their back muscles and prepare for participation in competitive swimming. The program must include:\\n\\n- An initial assessment to determine the clie... |
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{
"content": "In an ecological community, two species, X and Y, exhibit different feeding behaviors. Species X forages for seeds in open fields, while species Y forages for seeds in dense shrubs. Which of the following best explains the observed niche differentiation and its ecological significance?\n\nA: Speci... |
[
{
"content": "The basal body temperature shift after ovulation is due to\na. FSH peak\nb. LH peak\nc. Estrodiol\nd. Progesterone\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The basal body temperature (BBT... |
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{
"content": "The culture media for fungus is\na. Tellurite medium\nb. NNN medium\nc. Chocolate agar medium\nd. Sabourauds medium\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The culture media listed are e... |
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{
"content": "In a population of fish, the allele for a silver color (S) is dominant over the allele for a gold color (s). The frequency of the S allele is 0.6, and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A new disease affects the population, and fish with the silver color are more susceptible to the d... |
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{
"content": "Do coherent motion threshold measurements for M-cell deficit differ for above- and below-average readers?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The questi... |
[
{
"content": "Does lysine acetylsalicylate decrease proliferation and extracellular matrix gene expression rate in keloid fibroblasts in vitro?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following was **not** a common method used in medieval Europe to treat the symptoms of the Black Death?\nA: Bloodletting\nB: Application of leeches\nC: Use of herbal remedies\nD: Surgical removal of buboes\nE: Consumption of garlic and onions\nF: Ingestion of mercury\nG: Prayer and re... |
[
{
"content": "Does salidroside protect against Homocysteine-induced Injury in HUVECs via The Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"cont... |
[
{
"content": "Is a polymorphism in the promoter associated with EZH2 expression but not with outcome in advanced pancreatic cancer patients?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"... |
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{
"content": "In a labor ward, if a patient is administered an opioid analgesic, which drug should be readily available for emergency situations?",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In a labor ward, when a patient is administered an opioid analgesic (such as morphine, pe... |
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{
"content": "Attenuation reflex is lost in case of\n\nA.: Stapedial palsy\nB.: Glomus tumor\nC.: Internal ear pathology\nD.: Malingerers\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The attenuation reflex... |
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{
"content": "The forcible separation of the head of the radius from the capitulum of the humerus is mainly prevented by the:\na. Aicular capsule\nb. Annular ligament\nc. Quadrate ligament\nd. Radial collateral ligament\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_... |
[
{
"content": "Is a rapid infusion protocol safe for total dose iron polymaltose : time for change?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The safety of rapid infusion fo... |
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{
"content": "A 63-year-old woman presents with c/o of pain in her right eye. On examination the pupil is dilated with a hazy cornea. Most likely diagnosis?\na. Scleritis\nb. Anterior uveitis\nc. Conjunctivitis\nd. Acute angle closure glaucoma\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\bo... |
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{
"content": "Which of the following RNA molecules is involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA to remove introns and join exons together?\nA: tRNA\nB: rRNA\nC: mRNA\nD: DNA\nE: hnRNA\nF: snRNA\nG: siRNA\nH: miRNA\nI: lncRNA\nJ: piRNA",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The p... |
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{
"content": "Irreversible cell injury is characterised by which of the following?\n\nA.: Mitochondrial densities\nB.: Cellular swelling\nC.: Blebs\nD.: Myelin figures\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
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{
"con... |
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{
"content": "Do gSK3beta and beta-catenin modulate radiation cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "GSK3beta (Glycogen Synthase Kinas... |
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{
"content": "X-ray feature of pyloric stenosis is: March 2013 (c)\n\nA.: Single bubble appearance\nB.: Double bubble appearance\nC.: Triple bubble appearance\nD.: Multiple bubble appearance\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "... |
[
{
"content": "Does depression augment activity-related pain in women but not in men with chronic musculoskeletal conditions?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The q... |
[
{
"content": "What physiological mechanisms might lead to extreme fatigue and dizziness in an individual after ingesting large amounts of caffeine or highly processed foods on an empty stomach?",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The combination of large caffeine intake ... |
[
{
"content": "Is rapid drinking associated with increases in driving-related risk-taking?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Rapid drinking, often defined as binge d... |
[
{
"content": "Does exercise training alter skeletal muscle mitochondrial morphometry in heart failure patients?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The question asks ... |
[
{
"content": "Vegabond disease -\n\nA.: Louse\nB.: Mite\nC.: Tick\nD.: Black fly\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The term \"Vegabond disease\" appears to be a misspelling or colloquial referen... |
[
{
"content": "Do flurbiprofen enantiomers inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Flurbiprofe... |
[
{
"content": "Is substitution of dietary fish oil with plant oils associated with shortened mid intestinal folds in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar )?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
... |
[
{
"content": "Describe the potential use of engineered viruses to diminish the effects of specific genes in non-embryonic cells. Discuss the importance of tissue specificity and the role of siRNA in this approach. What are the potential safety concerns and how can they be addressed?",
"reasoning_content": n... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following scenarios describes a potential mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes that involves the integration of foreign DNA into the chromosome through a recombination event, followed by subsequent loss of the original segment of DNA, resulting in a net transfer of gen... |
[
{
"content": "Is calreticulin an interleukin-3-sensitive calcium-binding protein in human basophil leukocytes?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Calreticulin is a w... |
[
{
"content": "In a population of birds, males develop long, elaborate tails that are energetically costly to maintain. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the handicap principle in action?\n\nA: Males with longer tails are more visible to predators, but they are also more attractive... |
[
{
"content": "On ophthalmoscopic examination, retinal hemorrhage is seen as red dots surrounded by white woolly fibers. It is known as\na. Roth spots\nb. Cotton wool spots\nc. Rose spots\nd. Retinal hemorrhage\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": ... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of \"sexual dimorphism\" in animals, where males and females exhibit different physical traits due to evolutionary pressures related to mate selection and competition?\n\nA: Male and female lions both have manes, which are used to intimi... |
[
{
"content": "Does comprehensive genomic meta-analysis identify intra-tumoural stroma as a predictor of survival in patients with gastric cancer?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
... |
[
{
"content": "Are ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging interchangeable to assess the Achilles tendon cross-sectional-area?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To... |
[
{
"content": "Does mechanical flower thinning improve the fruit quality of apples?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mechanical flower thinning involves using machi... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following mechanisms best explains how allosteric regulation can modulate enzyme activity?\n\nA: Allosteric regulation involves the binding of an effector molecule to the active site, directly blocking the substrate from binding.\nB: Allosteric regulation occurs when an effector molec... |
[
{
"content": "How does the correct tRNA with the required amino acid reach the ribosome?A: filtered by cellular membranes\nB: active transport by motor proteins\nC: bombarding and accepting correct match\nD: guided by mRNA sequence",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The... |
[
{
"content": "Discuss the possibility of colors that are imperceptible to the human eye, considering the physiological limitations of human color perception and the potential for other species to perceive a broader spectrum of light. How might the concept of 'color' be defined and redefined in the context of in... |
[
{
"content": "\"How can understanding animal behavior help in the conservation of endangered species?\"",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Understanding animal behavior is fundamental to effective endangered species conservation because it provides critical insights int... |
[
{
"content": "Is moxifloxacin monotherapy effective in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia : the MOTIV study -- a randomized clinical trial?\n\nA.: yes\nB.: no\nC.: maybe\n\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"reasoning_content": null,
"role": "... |
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