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57309564069b5314008321a9 | Imperialism | During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919–1980) and Ronald Robinson (1920–1999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism. They claim that European imperialism was influential, and Europeans rejected the notion that "imperialism" required formal, legal control by one government over ... | Who was made rich and prosperous prior to World War 1 | {
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"many imperial powers",
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573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d2 | Imperialism | Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus: there, the "British exploited t... | European imperialism was focused on what? | {
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573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d4 | Imperialism | Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus: there, the "British exploited t... | When did the colonization of India occur? | {
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} | When did the colonization of [MASK] occur? | [
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573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d3 | Imperialism | Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus: there, the "British exploited t... | What did European empires rely on to supply them with resources? | {
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} | What did [MASK] empires rely on to supply them with resources? | [
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573098f38ab72b1400f9c5d5 | Imperialism | Europe's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies, in combination with assuming political control by military and political means. The colonization of India in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus: there, the "British exploited t... | Who did Britain exploit in India? | {
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573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dc | Imperialism | Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield w... | What advancements besides military technology did Europe achieve? | {
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} | What advancements besides military technology did [MASK] achieve? | [
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573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5dd | Imperialism | Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield w... | What did European chemists make that could be used in warfare? | {
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573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5de | Imperialism | Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield w... | what was invented in 1880 that revolutionized warfare? | {
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} | what was invented in [MASK] that revolutionized warfare? | [
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573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5df | Imperialism | Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield w... | What weapons were the Zulus using during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879? | {
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} | What weapons were the [MASK] using during [MASK]? | [
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573099ee8ab72b1400f9c5e0 | Imperialism | Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield w... | Which region invented the machine gun? | {
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} | Which region invented the machine gun? | [
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57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600 | Imperialism | The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Mar... | some debate that there is a correlation between capitalism, imperialism, and what? | {
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} | some debate that there is a correlation between capitalism, imperialism, and what? | [
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57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602 | Imperialism | The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Mar... | When was the military-political complex reflected upon within the scope of understanding imperialism? | {
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} | When was the military-political complex reflected upon within the scope of understanding imperialism? | [
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57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601 | Imperialism | The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Mar... | When were Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell at their most prolific writing period? | {
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} | When were [MASK] and [MASK] at their most prolific writing period? | [
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57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603 | Imperialism | The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Mar... | Hobson argued that imperialism was an international what? | {
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57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604 | Imperialism | The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Mar... | How did Hobson argue to rid the world of imperialism? | {
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} | How did [MASK] argue to rid the world of imperialism? | [
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5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60a | Imperialism | The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were... | What served as a justification for imposing imperialistic policies on certain peoples or regions? | {
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} | What served as a justification for imposing imperialistic policies on certain peoples or regions? | [
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5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60b | Imperialism | The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were... | What was thought to decide a person's behavior? | {
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} | What was thought to decide a person's behavior? | [
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5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c | Imperialism | The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were... | Humans in tropical environments were considered what? | {
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} | Humans in tropical environments were considered what? | [
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5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60d | Imperialism | The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were... | Europe first colonized the Americas, then Asia, but what continent was third? | {
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} | [MASK] [MASK] colonized the [MASK], then [MASK], but what continent was [MASK]? | [
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5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60e | Imperialism | The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were... | What were the two forms of environmental determinism? | {
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} | What were the [MASK] forms of environmental determinism? | [
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5730a314069b5314008321eb | Imperialism | According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promisc... | Who thought the world could be split into climatic zones? | {
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} | Who thought the world could be split into climatic zones? | [
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5730a314069b5314008321ec | Imperialism | According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promisc... | Which regions have temperate climates? | {
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} | Which regions have temperate climates? | [
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5730a314069b5314008321ed | Imperialism | According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promisc... | What did the the Europeans think the peoples in the tropics were in need of? | {
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"guidance"
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"answer_start": [
424,
424,
424,
424,
424
]
} | What did the the [MASK] think the peoples in the tropics were in need of? | [
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5730a314069b5314008321ee | Imperialism | According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promisc... | What was a similar view about the Asian continent called? | {
"text": [
"orientalism",
"orientalism",
"orientalism",
"orientalism",
"orientalism"
],
"answer_start": [
590,
590,
590,
590,
590
]
} | What was a similar view about the [MASK] continent called? | [
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5730a314069b5314008321ef | Imperialism | According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promisc... | Who did the geographic scholars work for? | {
"text": [
"colonizing empires",
"colonizing empires",
"colonizing empires",
"colonizing empires",
"colonizing empires"
],
"answer_start": [
39,
39,
39,
39,
39
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} | Who did the geographic scholars work for? | [
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5730a40f396df91900096234 | Imperialism | Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such a... | When is the earliest Britain had an imperialist policy? | {
"text": [
"the sixteenth century",
"sixteenth century",
"sixteenth century",
"sixteenth century",
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],
"answer_start": [
56,
60,
60,
60,
60
]
} | When is the earliest [MASK] had an imperialist policy? | [
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5730a40f396df91900096236 | Imperialism | Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such a... | Who chartered the British East India Company? | {
"text": [
"Queen Elizabeth",
"Queen Elizabeth",
"Queen Elizabeth",
"Queen Elizabeth",
"Queen Elizabeth"
],
"answer_start": [
155,
155,
155,
155,
155
]
} | Who chartered [MASK]? | [
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5730a40f396df91900096238 | Imperialism | Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such a... | Which country had trading posts in India before Britain? | {
"text": [
"the Portuguese",
"Portuguese",
"Portuguese",
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"Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
322,
326,
326,
326,
326
]
} | Which country had trading posts in [MASK] before [MASK]? | [
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5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a | Imperialism | France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supporti... | When did France begin in earnest to rebuild its global empire? | {
"text": [
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],
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98,
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92,
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} | When did [MASK] begin in earnest to rebuild its global empire? | [
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5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d | Imperialism | France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supporti... | What religion did the French spread along with their imperialism? | {
"text": [
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism",
"Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
609,
609,
609,
609,
609
]
} | What religion did the [MASK] spread along with their imperialism? | [
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5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b | Imperialism | France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supporti... | Where did France focus its efforts to rebuild its empire? | {
"text": [
"Africa",
"North and West Africa",
"North and West Africa",
"North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific",
"North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia,"
],
"answer_start": [
144,
129... | Where did [MASK] focus its efforts to rebuild its empire? | [
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5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c | Imperialism | France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supporti... | When did French Republicans back building the French empire? | {
"text": [
"when Germany started to build her own",
"Germany started to build her own colonial empire",
"when Germany started to build her own colonial empire",
"when Germany started to build her own colonial empire",
"when Germany started to build her own colonial empire."
],
"answer_start":... | When did [MASK] [MASK] back building the [MASK] empire? | [
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5730a951069b531400832213 | Imperialism | It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full c... | Jules Ferry thought that the "higher races" have a duty to what? | {
"text": [
"civilize the inferior",
"civilize the inferior",
"civilize the inferior",
"to civilize the inferior",
"civilize"
],
"answer_start": [
290,
290,
290,
287,
290
]
} | [MASK] thought that the" higher races" have a duty to what? | [
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5730a951069b531400832214 | Imperialism | It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full c... | What did France offer that was rare by imperial standards? | {
"text": [
"assimilation",
"Full citizenship rights",
"assimilation",
"assimilation",
"Full citizenship rights"
],
"answer_start": [
342,
314,
342,
342,
314
]
} | What did [MASK] offer that was rare by imperial standards? | [
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... |
5730a951069b531400832215 | Imperialism | It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full c... | How did france differ from Britain in managing its colonies? | {
"text": [
"small numbers of settlers",
"sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies",
"sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies,",
"sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies",
"small numbers of settlers"
],
"answer_start": [
479,
474,
474,
474,
479
]
} | How did [MASK] differ from [MASK] in managing its [MASK]? | [
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5730a951069b531400832216 | Imperialism | It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full c... | The French thought bringing what would uplift other regions? | {
"text": [
"Christianity and French culture",
"Christianity",
"Christianity and French culture",
"Christianity and French culture"
],
"answer_start": [
85,
85,
85,
85
]
} | The [MASK] thought bringing what would uplift other regions? | [
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5730a951069b531400832217 | Imperialism | It became a moral justification to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Full c... | Where did the French send a large number of settlers? | {
"text": [
"Algeria",
"Algeria",
"Algeria",
"Algeria"
],
"answer_start": [
557,
557,
557,
557
]
} | Where did the [MASK] send a large number of settlers? | [
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... |
5730aa52069b53140083221d | Imperialism | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French lea... | Where did Charles de Gaulle and the Free French run operations during World War 2? | {
"text": [
"overseas colonies",
"overseas colonies",
"overseas colonies",
"overseas colonies",
"overseas colonies"
],
"answer_start": [
64,
64,
64,
64,
64
]
} | Where did [MASK] and the Free French run operations during [MASK]? | [
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... |
5730aa52069b53140083221e | Imperialism | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French lea... | After 1945, what challenged the French empire? | {
"text": [
"anti-colonial movements",
"anti-colonial movements",
"anti-colonial movements",
"anti-colonial movements",
"anti-colonial movements"
],
"answer_start": [
153,
153,
153,
153,
153
]
} | After [MASK], what challenged the [MASK] empire? | [
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5730aa52069b53140083221f | Imperialism | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French lea... | Where did France lose a war in the 1950's? | {
"text": [
"Vietnam",
"Vietnam",
"Vietnam",
"Vietnam",
"Vietnam"
],
"answer_start": [
247,
247,
247,
247,
247
]
} | Where did [MASK] lose a war in [MASK]? | [
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5730aa52069b531400832220 | Imperialism | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French lea... | Where did France win a war in the 1950's | {
"text": [
"Algeria",
"Algeria",
"Algeria",
"Algeria",
"Algeria"
],
"answer_start": [
297,
297,
297,
297,
297
]
} | Where did [MASK] win a war in [MASK] | [
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5730aa52069b531400832221 | Imperialism | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French lea... | By when did most of France's Colonies gain independence? | {
"text": [
"1960",
"1960",
"1960",
"1960",
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
525,
525,
525,
525,
525
]
} | By when did most of [MASK] 's [MASK] gain independence? | [
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5730ab63396df91900096260 | Imperialism | From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. Ho... | Where were the Germanic tribes originally located? | {
"text": [
"Scandinavia",
"Scandinavia and northern Europe",
"Scandinavia and northern Europe",
"Scandinavia and northern Europe",
"Scandinavia and northern Europe,"
],
"answer_start": [
33,
33,
33,
33,
33
]
} | Where were the [MASK] tribes originally located? | [
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0.00115... |
5730ab63396df91900096263 | Imperialism | From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. Ho... | What was the only region in Europe not conquered by the Germanic tribes? | {
"text": [
"Muslim Iberia",
"Muslim Iberia",
"Muslim Iberia",
"Muslim Iberia",
"Muslim Iberia"
],
"answer_start": [
738,
738,
738,
738,
738
]
} | What was the only region in [MASK] not conquered by the [MASK] tribes? | [
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5730ab63396df91900096261 | Imperialism | From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. Ho... | When did the Germanic tribes claim territory in north and west Europe? | {
"text": [
"middle period of classical antiquity",
"the middle period of classical antiquity",
"the middle period of classical antiquity",
"the middle period of classical antiquity",
"middle period of classical antiquity"
],
"answer_start": [
137,
133,
133,
133,
137
]
} | When did the [MASK] tribes claim territory in north and west [MASK]? | [
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5730ab63396df91900096262 | Imperialism | From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. Ho... | By when did the Germanic tribes conquer the Celtic peoples? | {
"text": [
"800 CE",
"in late antiquity",
"late antiquity",
"late antiquity",
"by 800 CE"
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"answer_start": [
254,
191,
194,
194,
251
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} | By when did the [MASK] tribes conquer the [MASK] peoples? | [
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5730ab63396df91900096264 | Imperialism | From their original homelands in Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity; southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples; and by 800 CE, forming the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire. Ho... | Germany referred to which area more so than an actual country? | {
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"central Europe",
"amorphous area of central Europe",
"an amorphous area of central Europe",
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906,
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906,
888
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} | [MASK] referred to which area more so than an actual country? | [
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5730aef38ab72b1400f9c682 | Imperialism | However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons o... | Besides Africa, where did Germany have imperial interests? | {
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"the South Pacific",
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"South Pacific",
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75,
79,
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} | Besides [MASK], where did [MASK] have imperial interests? | [
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5730aef38ab72b1400f9c683 | Imperialism | However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons o... | Colonies were a sign of what amongst European countries? | {
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329,
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329
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} | Colonies were a sign of what amongst [MASK] countries? | [
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5730aef38ab72b1400f9c685 | Imperialism | However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons o... | When did Germany found their first settlement? | {
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526,
526,
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} | When did [MASK] found their [MASK] settlement? | [
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5730aef38ab72b1400f9c684 | Imperialism | However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons o... | What was the name of the first German settlement? | {
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512,
505,
505,
505,
505
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} | What was the name of the [MASK] [MASK] settlement? | [
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5730aef38ab72b1400f9c686 | Imperialism | However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons o... | Who influenced Bismark besides his neighbors? | {
"text": [
"Hamburg merchants and traders",
"Hamburg merchants and traders",
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360,
360,
360,
360
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} | Who influenced [MASK] besides his neighbors? | [
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5730b255396df919000962b0 | Imperialism | Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization... | Who along with Russia supported post WW-II communist movements? | {
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} | Who along with [MASK] supported post [MASK] communist movements? | [
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5730b255396df919000962b1 | Imperialism | Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization... | When was the Russian Policy "Indigenization" defunded? | {
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} | When was the Russian Policy "Indigenization" defunded? | [
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5730b255396df919000962b2 | Imperialism | Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization... | Who asserted Russia's right to "self-determination?" | {
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153,
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} | Who asserted [MASK] 's right to" self- determination?" | [
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5730b255396df919000962b3 | Imperialism | Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization... | After WW-II where did Russia apply its old Tsarist regimes? | {
"text": [
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"1919–20",
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670,
670,
638,
604,
670
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} | After [MASK] where did [MASK] apply its old [MASK] regimes? | [
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5730b255396df919000962b4 | Imperialism | Bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921, however with an internationalist ideology: Lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory. Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization... | Who had established the Russian empire to its former glory prior to 1921? | {
"text": [
"Bolshevik leaders",
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0,
0,
0,
0
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} | Who had established the [MASK] empire to its former glory prior to [MASK]? | [
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5730b6592461fd1900a9cfcf | Imperialism | A resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race forme... | By the late 19th century, which country had the largest empire ever to exist in the world? | {
"text": [
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"British Empire",
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"British",
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494,
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} | By [MASK], which country had the largest empire ever to exist in the world? | [
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5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd0 | Imperialism | A resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race forme... | What kinds of sciences were Social Darwinism and theories of race? | {
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258,
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498,
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} | What kinds of sciences were Social Darwinism and theories of race? | [
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5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd2 | Imperialism | A resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race forme... | Rudyard Kipling was an influential spokesman for what? | {
"text": [
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122,
144,
277,
144
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} | [MASK] was an influential spokesman for what? | [
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5730b6592461fd1900a9cfd1 | Imperialism | A resurgence came in the late 19th century, with the Scramble for Africa and major additions in Asia and the Middle East. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. The pseudo-sciences of Social Darwinism and theories of race forme... | In which continent besides Asia were major gains made by the British Empire in the late 19th century? | {
"text": [
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} | In which continent besides [MASK] were major gains made by [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c704 | Imperialism | One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President... | Who was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914? | {
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} | Who was the director of [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c705 | Imperialism | One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President... | When was Isiah Bowman appointed to President Wilson's Inquiry? | {
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} | When was [MASK] appointed to President [MASK] 's Inquiry? | [
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5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c706 | Imperialism | One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President... | Who besides Woodrow Wilson himself had the idea for the inquiry? | {
"text": [
"American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference",
"American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference",
"the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference",
"American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference",
"American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference"
],
"... | Who besides [MASK] himself had the idea for the inquiry? | [
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5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c707 | Imperialism | One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President... | What was the premise of Woodrow Wilson's inquiry? | {
"text": [
"U.S authorship of a 'new world'",
"allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order",
"allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order",
"allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'",
"U.S authors... | What was the premise of [MASK] inquiry? | [
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5730b8ca8ab72b1400f9c708 | Imperialism | One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President... | What was Isiah Bowman nick name, as known by the public. | {
"text": [
"Wilson's geographer",
"Wilson's geographer",
"Wilson's geographer",
"Wilson's geographer",
"Wilson's geographer."
],
"answer_start": [
623,
623,
623,
623,
623
]
} | What was [MASK] nick name, as known by the public. | [
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5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d | Imperialism | The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the C... | Who reigned over the Ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful. | {
"text": [
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent,"
],
"answer_start": [
168,
168,
168,
168,
168
]
} | Who reigned over the [MASK] empire when it was at its most powerful. | [
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0.00976517517119646,
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... |
5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73f | Imperialism | The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the C... | The Ottoman empire controlled territory on three continents, Africa, Asia and which other? | {
"text": [
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5730bc308ab72b1400f9c740 | Imperialism | The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the C... | When was the Ottoman empire at its height? | {
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5730bd00069b5314008322d7 | Imperialism | With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late ninet... | What was the capital of the Ottoman empire? | {
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5730bd00069b5314008322d9 | Imperialism | With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late ninet... | Who did the Ottoman empire ally with in WW I? | {
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5730bd00069b5314008322db | Imperialism | With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late ninet... | What ended Turkish imperial Ambitions? | {
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5730bd00069b5314008322da | Imperialism | With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late ninet... | Which country today is a remnant of the Ottoman empire? | {
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5730982f396df919000961e6 | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John... | What is the church's theological orientation? | {
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} | What is the church's theological orientation? | [
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573098c12461fd1900a9cee5 | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the th... | What is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement? | {
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573098c12461fd1900a9cee6 | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the th... | Approximately how many adherents does the United Methodist Church have across the world? | {
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} | Approximately how many adherents does [MASK] have across the world? | [
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573098c12461fd1900a9cee7 | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the th... | In the United States the UMC ranks as the largest what? | {
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573098c12461fd1900a9cee8 | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the th... | What percentage of the U.S. population self-identify with UMC? | {
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} | What percentage of the [MASK] population self- identify with [MASK]? | [
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57309921396df919000961f6 | United_Methodist_Church | The movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, met on the Oxford University campus. They focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a hol... | When did the movement that would become The United Methodist Church begin? | {
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} | When did the movement that would become [MASK] begin? | [
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57309921396df919000961f8 | United_Methodist_Church | The movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, met on the Oxford University campus. They focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a hol... | Why was the student group called "the Methodists?" | {
"text": [
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411,
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573099f42461fd1900a9cef7 | United_Methodist_Church | In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia. In less than two years, the "Holy Club" disbanded. John Wesley returned to England and met with a group of clergy he respected. He said "they appeared to be of one heart, as well as of one judgment, re... | In what year did John and Charles Wesley come to America to teach the gospel? | {
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573099f42461fd1900a9cef8 | United_Methodist_Church | In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia. In less than two years, the "Holy Club" disbanded. John Wesley returned to England and met with a group of clergy he respected. He said "they appeared to be of one heart, as well as of one judgment, re... | In 1735, where did John and Charles Wesley teach the gospel in America? | {
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} | In [MASK], where did [MASK] and [MASK] teach the gospel in [MASK]? | [
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573099f42461fd1900a9cefa | United_Methodist_Church | In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia. In less than two years, the "Holy Club" disbanded. John Wesley returned to England and met with a group of clergy he respected. He said "they appeared to be of one heart, as well as of one judgment, re... | What did "The Holy Club's" teachings emphasize? | {
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} | What did "The Holy Club's" teachings emphasize? | [
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57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff | United_Methodist_Church | Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a ... | What caused the separation of the Methodists in the American colonies? | {
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} | What caused the separation of the [MASK] in the [MASK] colonies? | [
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57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf00 | United_Methodist_Church | Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a ... | When did Wesley appoint Thomas Coke as bishop? | {
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} | When did [MASK] appoint [MASK] as bishop? | [
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57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf01 | United_Methodist_Church | Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a ... | Who did Wesley appoint as bishop in 1784? | {
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} | Who did [MASK] appoint as bishop in [MASK]? | [
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57309a6c2461fd1900a9cf03 | United_Methodist_Church | Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a ... | What is considered the Mother Church of American Methodism? | {
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} | What is considered [MASK]? | [
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57309adb396df919000961fc | United_Methodist_Church | St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 i... | What church is located at the corner of 4th and New Streets in Philadelphia? | {
"text": [
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57309adb396df919000961fd | United_Methodist_Church | St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 i... | What is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States? | {
"text": [
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} | What is the oldest [MASK] church in continuous use in [MASK]? | [
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57309adb396df919000961fe | United_Methodist_Church | St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 i... | When was the congregation at St. George's founded? | {
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} | When was the congregation at [MASK] founded? | [
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57309adb396df919000961ff | United_Methodist_Church | St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 i... | Where did the congregation at St. George's initially meet in 1767? | {
"text": [
"sail loft on Dock Street",
"meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street",
"Dock Street"
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"answer_start": [
281,
258,
294
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} | Where did the congregation at [MASK] initially meet in [MASK]? | [
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57309cd6069b5314008321c3 | United_Methodist_Church | Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church. They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most of the black members out of St. George's; eventually they founded the Mother Be... | Who became the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church? | {
"text": [
"Richard Allen and Absalom Jones",
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],
"answer_start": [
0,
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} | Who became the [MASK] [MASK] ordained by [MASK]? | [
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57309cd6069b5314008321c4 | United_Methodist_Church | Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans ordained by the Methodist Church. They were licensed by St. George's Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most of the black members out of St. George's; eventually they founded the Mother Be... | Richard Allen and Absalom Jones were licensed by what church? | {
"text": [
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"answer_start": [
123,
123,
123
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} | [MASK] and [MASK] were licensed by what church? | [
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57309d31396df91900096210 | United_Methodist_Church | In the more than 220 years since 1784, Methodism in the United States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of divisions and mergers. In 1830, the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the chu... | When did the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church? | {
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} | When did [MASK] split from [MASK]? | [
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57309d31396df91900096212 | United_Methodist_Church | In the more than 220 years since 1784, Methodism in the United States, like many other Protestant denominations, has seen a number of divisions and mergers. In 1830, the Methodist Protestant Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the chu... | When did the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church split into two conferences? | {
"text": [
"1844",
"In 1844,",
"1844"
],
"answer_start": [
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439,
442
]
} | When did [MASK] of [MASK] split into [MASK] conferences? | [
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5730a97a396df9190009625b | United_Methodist_Church | On April 23, 1968, the United Methodist Church was created when the Evangelical United Brethren Church (represented by Bishop Reuben H. Mueller) and The Methodist Church (represented by Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke) joined hands at the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas. With the words, "Lord of the Church, ... | Where did two leaders join hands and "give birth" to a new denomination? | {
"text": [
"constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas",
"the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas.",
"Dallas"
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"answer_start": [
233,
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268
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} | Where did [MASK] leaders join hands and" give birth" to a new denomination? | [
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5730a97a396df9190009625c | United_Methodist_Church | On April 23, 1968, the United Methodist Church was created when the Evangelical United Brethren Church (represented by Bishop Reuben H. Mueller) and The Methodist Church (represented by Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke) joined hands at the constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas. With the words, "Lord of the Church, ... | Who was one man who joined hands and said "Lord of the Church, we are united in Thee...?" | {
"text": [
"Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke",
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],
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186,
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} | Who was [MASK] man who joined hands and said" Lord of the Church, we are united in Thee...?" | [
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5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6d | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline also recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Cre... | The UMC understands itself to be part of what church? | {
"text": [
"holy catholic (or universal) church",
"the holy catholic (or universal) church",
"holy catholic (or universal) church"
],
"answer_start": [
65,
61,
65
]
} | The [MASK] understands itself to be part of what church? | [
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5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6e | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline also recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Cre... | What book recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Creed? | {
"text": [
"The Book of Discipline",
". The Book of Discipline",
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],
"answer_start": [
243,
241,
247
]
} | What book recognizes the importance of [MASK]? | [
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5730a9fa2461fd1900a9cf6f | United_Methodist_Church | The United Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic (or universal) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds, the Apostle's Creed and the Nicene Creed; which are used frequently in services of worship. The Book of Discipline also recognizes the importance of the Chalcedonian Cre... | What is the concept of the visible and invisible Church? | {
"text": [
"meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible",
"meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible, while the United Methodist Church is a branch of the Church visible,",
"all who are truly believers in every ... | What is the concept of the visible and invisible [MASK]? | [
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0... |
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