id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 12 184 | answers dict |
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5ad26382d7d075001a42911d | Force | Newton's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep qu... | Specific relativity offers an equivalence between what? | {
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5ad26421d7d075001a42913e | Force | Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one bo... | Newton's Fifth Law is the result of applying symmetry to what? | {
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5ad26421d7d075001a42913f | Force | Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one bo... | Newton's Fifth Law means that only some forces are interactions between whom? | {
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5ad26421d7d075001a429140 | Force | Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[Note 3] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one bo... | When a second body exerts a force F on a first body, what happens to the second body? | {
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5ad266f6d7d075001a4291fe | Force | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | In an open system of particles, there are no internal what? | {
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5ad266f6d7d075001a4291ff | Force | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | What are balance in an open system of particles? | {
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5ad266f6d7d075001a429200 | Force | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | If an internal force acts on the system, the center of mass will experience what? | {
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5ad266f6d7d075001a429201 | Force | This means that in a closed system of particles, there are no internal forces that are unbalanced. That is, the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate. The constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other, the s... | The constituent objects only decelerate with respect to what? | {
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5ad26797d7d075001a429236 | Force | Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a s... | Laboratory measurements of forces are fully inconsistent with what? | {
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5ad26797d7d075001a429237 | Force | Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a s... | The conceptual definition of pushes and pulls are offered by what? | {
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5ad26797d7d075001a429238 | Force | Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a s... | Newtonian mechanisms are the definition of what? | {
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5ad26797d7d075001a429239 | Force | Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a s... | What is an example of a metaphysical concept? | {
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5ad26839d7d075001a42925a | Force | Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quant... | What acts in no particular direction? | {
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5ad26839d7d075001a42925b | Force | Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quant... | What has sizes depending on how weak the push or pull is? | {
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5ad26839d7d075001a42925c | Force | Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quant... | What are classified as "vintage quantities"? | {
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5ad26839d7d075001a42925d | Force | Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quant... | What follows the same set of mathematical rules than physical quantities? | {
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5ad26925d7d075001a4292c4 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | When three forces act on a point particle, what happens? | {
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5ad26925d7d075001a4292c5 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | What is also called the nut force? | {
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5ad26925d7d075001a4292c6 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | The magnitude of the resultant varies from the similarities of what? | {
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5ad26925d7d075001a4292c7 | Force | Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re... | What must be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the head? | {
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5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e0 | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | As well as being subtracted, forces can also what? | {
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5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e1 | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | A vertical force pointing northeast can be split into how many forces? | {
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5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e2 | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | What yields the non original force? | {
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5ad269a7d7d075001a4292e3 | Force | As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | Orthogonal force vectors can can four-dimensional with what? | {
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5ad26a5fd7d075001a429318 | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | Pulling on an object on a frictional surface can result in what? | {
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5ad26a5fd7d075001a429319 | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | When will an object move because the applied force is opposed by static friction? | {
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5ad26a5fd7d075001a42931a | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | What increases or decreases in response to applied friction? | {
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5ad26a5fd7d075001a42931b | Force | Pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting... | What increases or decreases in response to static friction? | {
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5ad26aedd7d075001a429332 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | A static equilibrium between three sources is a way of doing what? | {
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5ad26aedd7d075001a429333 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | Complex devices such as weighing scales are used when measuring what? | {
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5ad26aedd7d075001a429334 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | An object suspended on a horizontal spring scale experiences the force of what? | {
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5ad26aedd7d075001a429335 | Force | A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force... | All quantitative force laws were discovered using what? | {
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5ad26c15d7d075001a42937c | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | What type of equilibrium was first described by Aristotle? | {
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5ad26c15d7d075001a42937d | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | Which physics were not contradicted by observations and logic? | {
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5ad26c15d7d075001a42937e | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | In what universe would a falling cannonball land in front of the mast of a moving ship? | {
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5ad26c15d7d075001a42937f | Force | Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velo... | Who concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to motion? | {
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5ad27697d7d075001a429518 | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | What equilibrium occurs in fluctuating velocity motion? | {
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5ad27697d7d075001a429519 | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | What continues to move with a zero velocity? | {
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5ad27697d7d075001a42951a | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | What started with a zero velocity? | {
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5ad27697d7d075001a42951b | Force | A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-z... | There is much net force when what is taken into consideration? | {
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5ad2772cd7d075001a42953e | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What notion does not keep its meaning in quantum mechanics? | {
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5ad2772cd7d075001a42953f | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What notion causes one to deal with classical variables instead of operators? | {
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5ad2772cd7d075001a429540 | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What is now described by the Newtonian equations? | {
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5ad2772cd7d075001a429541 | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | What used to be described by the Schrodinger equation? | {
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5ad277d3d7d075001a429546 | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | Identical particles split into two different classes depending on the formation of what? | {
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5ad277d3d7d075001a429547 | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | If three identical fermions have a symmetric spin, the spatial variables must be what? | {
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5ad277d3d7d075001a429548 | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | When is the correlation occasionally positive? | {
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5ad277d3d7d075001a429549 | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the ... | When is the correlation occasionally negative? | {
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5ad278c3d7d075001a42957c | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | What can be indirectly derived from the symmetry of space? | {
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5ad278c3d7d075001a42957d | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | What is considered less fundamental than the concept of force? | {
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5ad278c3d7d075001a42957e | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | What are considered less accurately to be "fundamental interactions"? | {
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5ad278c3d7d075001a42957f | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | In whose diagram is each matter particle represented as a curved line? | {
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295a8 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | All the forces in what are based on three fundamental interactions? | {
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295a9 | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | Most of the forces in the universe are based on how many fundamental interactions? | {
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295aa | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What type of forces act at very long distances? | {
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5ad27941d7d075001a4295ab | Force | All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What forces are responsible for the interactions between atomic particles? | {
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c2 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | What proceeded along the lines of unification of similar ideas? | {
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c3 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | Who unified the force responsible for atoms falling at the surface of the Earth? | {
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c4 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through two consistent theories? | {
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5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c5 | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation.... | In the 19th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to what? | {
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fa | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Until the work of Galileo, what was not identified as a universal force? | {
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fb | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | Newton was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling what? | {
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fc | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | What has a magnitude of about 8.81 meters per second squared? | {
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5ad27a80d7d075001a4295fd | Force | What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determ... | What was identified as a universal force after the work of Galileo? | {
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429700 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Who realized that the effects of gravity might be observed differently at smaller distances? | {
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429701 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Newton said that the acceleration of the Earth around the Moon represented what? | {
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429702 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Who realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to mass? | {
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5ad27e30d7d075001a429703 | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | Newton realized that gravitational deceleration was proportional to what? | {
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5ad27f01d7d075001a429742 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | What is used to describe the weakness of gravity? | {
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5ad27f01d7d075001a429743 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Whose value was know in Newton's life? | {
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} |
5ad27f01d7d075001a429744 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Who realized that only some celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion? | {
"text": [],
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} |
5ad27f01d7d075001a429745 | Force | In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion bala... | Cavendish's Law of Gravitation states what? | {
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"answer_start": []
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5ad27fb9d7d075001a429782 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Whose law did not explain the orbit of the planet Saturn? | {
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"answer_start": []
} |
5ad27fb9d7d075001a429783 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Who predicted the existence of many other planets? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad27fb9d7d075001a429784 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Albert Einstein formulated what law? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad27fb9d7d075001a429785 | Force | It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | The planet Vulcan was predicted to explain the what with planet Saturn? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28035d7d075001a4297a6 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What theory least best describes gravity? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28035d7d075001a4297a7 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What is viewed as a force in GR? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28035d7d075001a4297a8 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | The curved line path in space-time is seen as a what line in space? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28035d7d075001a4297a9 | Force | Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | What describes objects not moving freely? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d6 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | Lorenzo's Law describes what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d7 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | The connection between energy and what allows for a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d8 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | What force describes Lorenzo's Law? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d9 | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic fo... | Which law is a rule of vector addition? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28173d7d075001a4297fa | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | The origin of what would not be fully explained until 1964? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28173d7d075001a4297fb | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | Who separated a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28173d7d075001a4297fc | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | What was later formulated into 3 vector equations? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28173d7d075001a4297fd | Force | The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | Who discovered that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-aware" | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28237d7d075001a429820 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | A new theory of what was developed using quantum particles? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28237d7d075001a429821 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What theory led to quantum electromagnetics? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28237d7d075001a429822 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | Where are photons the fundamental exchange photon? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28237d7d075001a429823 | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | Quantum theory was used to develop a new theory of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad283bcd7d075001a42985a | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | Since electrons are minions, they cannot occupy the same what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad283bcd7d075001a42985b | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | When electrons are loosely packed, there is not enough what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad283bcd7d075001a42985c | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | What takes no energy to pack them together? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad283bcd7d075001a42985d | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | When what are packed together loosely is there not enough lower energy? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28471d7d075001a429876 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The weak force only acts on which particles? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28471d7d075001a429877 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The successful searches for what showed that the elementary particles are not observable? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28471d7d075001a429878 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The residual of what can be seen in front of hadrons? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28471d7d075001a429879 | Force | The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virt... | The weak force acts upon what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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