id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 4.06k | question stringlengths 12 184 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5ad28597d7d075001a4298ae | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | The strong force is due to the exchange of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28597d7d075001a4298af | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | Alpha decay is the most familiar effect of what force? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28597d7d075001a4298b0 | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What force is weaker than gravity over short distances? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28597d7d075001a4298b1 | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What electroweak theory has not been developed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28614d7d075001a4298c0 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | What force is due to attractive forces of interaction? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28614d7d075001a4298c1 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | What repulsion follows when atomic clouds overlap? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28614d7d075001a4298c2 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | What is an example of the abnormal force in action? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28614d7d075001a4298c3 | Force | The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | The abnormal force is responsible for the structural integrity of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e6 | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | What forces can be modeled using ideal friction strings? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e7 | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | What forces can be modeled using ideal mass strings? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e8 | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are co... | Ideal strings transmit what delayed forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad286fdd7d075001a429900 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | What does not have extended structure? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad286fdd7d075001a429901 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | Forces that act on one part of an object do not act on what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad286fdd7d075001a429902 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | In extended fluids, similarities in pressure result in forces being directed where? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad286fdd7d075001a429903 | Force | Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations whe... | Whose mechanics affected three dimensional objects? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2877cd7d075001a429912 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | What does not cause strain in structures? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2877cd7d075001a429913 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | What is associated with abnormal forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2877cd7d075001a429914 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | What is associated with horizontal forces? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2877cd7d075001a429915 | Force | where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | Another term for on-diagonal elements is what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28846d7d075001a42992e | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | What inertia exists because of Newton's Fourth Law of Motion? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28846d7d075001a42992f | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | What equation is torque like regarding velocity? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28846d7d075001a429930 | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | What is the rotational equivalent of velocity? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28846d7d075001a429931 | Force | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentu... | Which of Newton's Laws described a rotational inertia equation? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad288e1d7d075001a429970 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | What force changes an objects speed? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad288e1d7d075001a429971 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | Where does the centripetal force come from? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad288e1d7d075001a429972 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | What path changes the direction of an object? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad288e1d7d075001a429973 | Force | where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curv... | A balance force accelerates what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2895bd7d075001a429982 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | A liberal force that acts on a closed system has what kind of mechanical work? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2895bd7d075001a429983 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | Net mechanical energy is what in an open system? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2895bd7d075001a429984 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | What can not be considered an artifact of the potential field? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2895bd7d075001a429985 | Force | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related direct... | A flow of water can not be considered an artifact of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad289c2d7d075001a42999e | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | It is always possible to model forces as being due to what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad289c2d7d075001a42999f | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Micro-physical considerations yield what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad289c2d7d075001a4299a0 | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Friction is not caused by the gradients of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad289c2d7d075001a4299a1 | Force | For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potent... | Conservative forces include what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b0 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | In macroscopic open systems, non conservative forces act to do what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b1 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | What are often associated with the transfer of cold? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b2 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | Conservative forces are often associated with the transfer of what? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28a57d7d075001a4299b3 | Force | The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. Accord... | What does not change macroscopic closed systems? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cc | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What does not have a metric counterpart? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cd | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What is the force exerted by standard gravity on one ton of mass? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299ce | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What force leads to a commonly used unit of mass? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28ad0d7d075001a4299cf | Force | The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that ... | What force is part of the modern SI system? | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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