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Avoiding the use of pressure to introduce the mobile phase into the column, results in a number of important advantages. Firstly, the pressure driven flow rate across a column depends directly on the square of the particle diameter and inversely on the length of the column. This restricts the length of the column and s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gamma spectroscopy detectors are passive materials that are able to interact with incoming gamma rays. The most important interaction mechanisms are the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, and pair production. Through these processes, the energy of the gamma ray is absorbed and converted into a voltage signal by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A "Zintl Phase" was first observed in 1891 by M. Joannis, who noted an unexpected green colored solution after dissolving lead and sodium in liquid ammonia, indicating the formation of a new product. It was not until many years later, in 1930, that the stoichiometry of the new product was identified as NaPb by titratio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Affinity-trap polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) has become one of the most popular methods of protein separation. This is not only due to its separation qualities, but also because it can be used in conjunction with a variety of other analytic methods, such as mass spectrometry, and western blotting. In additi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The coenzyme NAD was first discovered by the British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906. They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An expression cassette is a distinct component of vector DNA consisting of a gene and regulatory sequence to be expressed by a transfected cell. In each successful transformation, the expression cassette directs the cell's machinery to make RNA and protein(s). Some expression cassettes are designed for modular cloning... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As a result of the capacity of transposon mutagenesis to incorporate genes into most areas of target chromosomes, there are a number of functions associated with the process.
* Virulence genes in viruses and bacteria can be discovered by disrupting genes and observing for a change in phenotype. This has importance in a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, inc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Urine testing is the most common method of testing for ketones. Urine test strips utilize a nitroprusside reaction with acetoacetate to give a semi-quantitative measure based on color change of the strip. Although beta-hydroxybutyrate is the predominant circulating ketone, urine test strips only measure acetoacetate. U... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are currently around 19 research groups at the institute. The research at MPI-Marburg broadly focuses on understanding the functioning of microorganisms at the molecular, cellular and community levels. In particular, the focus is the mechanisms of cellular and community adaptation of bacteria in response to chang... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Researchers claim experiments that successfully detected the Sokolov–Ternov effect may also detect the Unruh effect under certain conditions.
Theoretical work in 2011 suggests that accelerating detectors could be used for the direct detection of the Unruh effect with current technology.
The Unruh effect may have been o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Gene fusion
** Recurrent somatic fusions of the two genes, NGFI-A–binding protein 2 (NAB2) and STAT6, located at chromosomal region 12q13, have been identified in solitary fibrous tumors.
*Amplification
**STAT6 is amplified in a subset of dedifferentiated liposarcoma. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For low energy photons the wavelength shift becomes negligible () and the Klein–Nishina formula reduces to the classical Thomson expression:
which is symmetrical in the scattering angle, i.e. the photon is just as likely to scatter backwards as forwards. With increasing energy this symmetry is broken and the photon bec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grignard reagents do not typically react with organic halides, in contrast with their high reactivity with other main group halides. In the presence of metal catalysts, however, Grignard reagents participate in C-C coupling reactions. For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-no... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An amidate/imidate anion is formed upon deprotonation of an amide or imidic acid. Since amides and imidic acids are tautomers, they form the same anion upon deprotonation. The two names are thus synonyms describing the same anion, although arguably, imidate refers to the resonance contributor on the left, while amidate... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
GPCRs are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Some examples of their physiological roles include:
# The visual sense: The opsins use a photoisomerization reaction to translate electromagnetic radiation into cellular signals. Rhodopsin, for example, uses the conversion of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The data is weighted and integrated and a confidence score is calculated for all protein interactions. Results of the various computational predictions can be inspected from different designated views. There are two modes of STRING: Protein-mode and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/ COG]-mode. Predicted interactions a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some viral families, such as the Bromoviridae instead opt to have multipartite genomes, genomes split between multiple viral particles. For infection to occur, the plant must be infected with all particles across the genome. For instance Brome mosaic virus has a genome split between 3 viral particles, and all 3 particl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The protection of food from photodegradation is very important. Some nutrients, for example, are affected by degradation when exposed to sunlight. In the case of beer, UV radiation causes a process that entails the degradation of hop bitter compounds to 3-methyl-2-buten-1-thiol and therefore changes the taste. As amber... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Simple, unhindered dialkylboranes are reactive at room temperature towards most alkenes and terminal alkynes but are difficult to prepare in high purity, since they exist in equilibrium with mono- and trialkylboranes. One common way of preparing them is the reduction of dialkylhalogenoboranes with metal hydrides. An im... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A biochemical penetrant is a chemical that increases the ability of a poison to apply its toxic effect to a living organism.
Typically, the term penetrant when used for a biochemical agent, relates to an agrichemical that is used with a weedkiller or fungicide. The term seems to be used in relation to agrichemicals wit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several isotopes of both hydrogen and oxygen exist, giving rise to several known isotopologues of water. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water is the current international standard for water isotopes. Naturally occurring water is almost completely composed of the neutron-less hydrogen isotope protium. Only 155 ppm include d... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) is a type of extrachromosomal satellite DNA that consists of a single-stranded DNA molecule covalently linked via a 2-5phosphodiester bond to an internal guanosine of an RNA molecule. The resultant DNA/RNA chimera possesses two stem-loops joined by a branch similar to the branches ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
However, fluctuations that cause the correlations between pairs of atoms to decrease as their separation increases, causes the Bragg peaks in the structure factor of a crystal to broaden. To see how this works, we consider a one-dimensional toy model: a stack of plates with mean spacing . The derivation follows that i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The biochemistry of methanogenesis involves the following coenzymes and cofactors: F420, coenzyme B, coenzyme M, methanofuran, and methanopterin.
The mechanism for the conversion of bond into methane involves a ternary complex of methyl coenzyme M and coenzyme B fit into a channel terminated by the axial site on nicke... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mehrotra was involved in policy-making bodies from early stages of his career when he sat in the Review Committee in Chemistry in 1960 and the committee made a number of recommendations on improvement of curriculum, research environment, and examination procedures of chemistry education in India. During 1963–67, he sat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermal radiation can be concentrated on a tiny spot via reflecting mirrors, which concentrating solar power takes advantage of. Instead of mirrors, Fresnel lenses can also be used to concentrate radiant energy. In principle, any kind of lens can be used, but only the Fresnel lens design is practical for very large len... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For many decades, arsenic was used medicinally to treat syphilis. It is still used in sheep dips, rat poisons, wood preservatives, weed killers, and other pesticides. Arsenic is poisonous if it enters the human body. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The esophagus, commonly known as the foodpipe or gullet, consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is continuous with the laryngopharynx. It passes through the posterior mediastinum in the thorax and enters the stomach through a hole in the thoracic diaphragm—t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The journal publishes original research papers that include developments in analytical techniques, studies of geological-environmental reference materials, advances in statistical analysis of geoanalytical data, as well as data compilations, contributions to the characterisation of reference materials, as well as revie... | 9 | Geochemistry |
pRb has the ability to reversibly inhibit DNA replication through transcriptional repression of DNA replication factors. pRb is able to bind to transcription factors in the E2F family and thereby inhibit their function. When pRb is chronically activated, it leads to the downregulation of the necessary DNA replication f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
xDNA (also known as expanded DNA or benzo-homologated DNA) is a size-expanded nucleotide system synthesized from the fusion of a benzene ring and one of the four natural bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. This size expansion produces an 8 letter alphabet which has a larger information storage capacity than... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diazo compounds are used as precursors to carbenes, which are generated by thermolysis or photolysis, for example in the Wolff rearrangement. As such they are used in cyclopropanation for example in the reaction of ethyl diazoacetate with styrene. Certain diazo compounds can couple to form alkenes in a formal carbene d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Surface scientists commonly use an optical goniometer/tensiometer to measure the surface tension and interfacial tension of a liquid using the pendant or sessile drop methods. A drop is produced and captured using a CCD camera. The drop profile is subsequently extracted, and sophisticated software routines then fit the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stimuli to neurons can be physical, electrical, or chemical, and can either inhibit or excite the neuron being stimulated. An inhibitory stimulus is transmitted to the dendrite of a neuron, causing hyperpolarization of the neuron. The hyperpolarization following an inhibitory stimulus causes a further decrease in volta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the protonation of an enolate ion, the kinetic product is the enol and the thermodynamic product is a ketone or aldehyde. Carbonyl compounds and their enols interchange rapidly by proton transfers catalyzed by acids or bases, even in trace amounts, in this case mediated by the enolate or the proton source.
In the de... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kiemer and Cesareni raise the following concerns with the state (circa 2007) of the field especially with the comparative interactomic: The experimental procedures associated with the field are error prone leading to "noisy results". This leads to 30% of all reported interactions being artifacts. In fact, two groups us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In hot and dry conditions, plants close their stomata to prevent water loss. Under these conditions, will decrease and oxygen gas, produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis, will increase, causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Berg-Barrett topography uses a narrow incident beam that is reflected from the surface of the sample under study under conditions of high asymmetry (grazing incidence, steep exit). To achieve sufficient spatial resolution, the detector (film) needs to be placed rather close to the sample surface. Berg-Barrett topograph... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
At a given point of time, degree distribution , is the probability that a randomly chosen monomer has connected neighbours. The central idea of the random graph theory of gelation is that a cross-linked or branched polymer can be studied separately at two levels: 1) monomer reaction kinetics that predicts and 2) rand... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pleuran is an insoluble polysaccharide (β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan), isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus.
Pleuran belongs to a group of glucose polymers commonly called beta-glucans demonstrating biological response modifier properties. These immunomodulating properties render the host more resistant to infections and neoplasm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A transport coefficient measures how rapidly a perturbed system returns to equilibrium.
The transport coefficients occur in transport phenomenon with transport laws
where:
: is a flux of the property
: the transport coefficient of this property
: , the gradient force which acts on the property .
Transport coeffic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nutriomics is the science that studies the food and nutrition domains comprehensively to improve consumer's well-being and health.
More specifically Nutriomics approaches are used to evaluate the effects of different diets to promote health and modulate the risk of disease development. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In bacteria, the same enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA and non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
RNAP is a large molecule. The core enzyme has five subunits (~400 kDa):
; β′: The β′ subunit is the largest subunit, and is encoded by the rpoC gene. The β′ subunit contains part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transition metal oxides are compounds composed of oxygen atoms bound to transition metals. They are commonly utilized for their catalytic activity and semiconducting properties. Transition metal oxides are also frequently used as pigments in paints and plastics, most notably titanium dioxide. Transition metal oxides h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gestation lasts 20 to 23 days. Neonates are pink and hairless, with closed eyes and ears. Fur begins to appear by three days, and young are completely furred except for the belly by seven days. Eyes and ears open by eight days. Weaning occurs from 12 to 14 days. Young born in spring and early summer attain adult weight... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids with high viscosities, and the interaction between their thermal and mechanical degradation can be complex. At low temperatures, the polymer-melt is more viscous and more prone to mechanical degradation via shear stress. At higher temperatures, the viscosity is reduced, but ther... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Xing received Chinese traditional private education in his childhood. In 1933, he graduated from Fu Jen Catholic University with a diploma in Chemistry. Xing did his postgraduate work at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign under Roger Adamss guidance and obtained a doctorate degree in 1936. Later he went to Univ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The partition system of the plasmid R388 has been found within the stb operon. This operon is composed of three genes, stbA, stbB and stbC.
* StbA protein is a DNA-binding protein (identical to [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P11904 ParM]) and is strictly required for the stability and intracellular positioning of pla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nanofactory is a proposed system in which nanomachines (resembling molecular assemblers, or industrial robot arms) would combine reactive molecules via mechanosynthesis to build larger atomically precise parts. These, in turn, would be assembled by positioning mechanisms of assorted sizes to build macroscopic (visibl... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Isoaspartic acid (isoaspartate, isoaspartyl, β-aspartate) is an aspartic acid residue isomeric to the typical α peptide linkage. It is a β-amino acid, with the side chain carboxyl moved to the backbone. Such a change is caused by a chemical reaction in which the nitrogen atom on the N+1 following peptide bond (in black... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simmons was born on May 3, 1931. He attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1949. He became a metallurgist at the Allegheny Ludlum Steel corporation in Pittsburgh. He then worked for other steel companies before returning to become the chief executive of Allegheny, taking it public and then leading a m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Usually for acyclic systems trans isomers are more stable than cis isomers. This difference is attributed to the unfavorable steric interaction of the substituents in the cis isomer. Therefore, trans isomers have a less-exothermic heat of combustion, indicating higher thermochemical stability. In the Benson heat of for... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In physics and chemistry, effusion is the process in which a gas escapes from a container through a hole of diameter considerably smaller than the mean free path of the molecules. Such a hole is often described as a pinhole and the escape of the gas is due to the pressure difference between the container and the exteri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Validations can be broken into three stages: validating the raw data collected (data validation), the interpretation of the data into the atomic model (model-to-data validation), and finally validation on the model itself. While the first two steps are specific to the technique used, validating the arrangement of atoms... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* A commercial, high purity (non-recycled) polymer sample with known molecular mass distribution can be obtained or synthesized according to standard procedures.
* Common properties such as elastic modulus, tan δ, crystallinity, viscosity, density should be characterized.
* Anchor points, physical or chemical (chain en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The measurement is generally conducted using a three-electrode setup (see the drawing):
# working electrode,
# counter electrode,
# reference electrode (standard hydrogen electrode or an equivalent).
In case of non-zero net current on the electrode, it is essential to minimize the ohmic IR-drop in the electrolyte, e.g.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DDM was introduced in 2008 and it was applied for characterizing the dynamics of colloidal particles in Brownian motion. More recently it has been successfully applied also to the study of aggregation processes of colloidal nanoparticles, of bacterial motions, of the dynamics of anisotropic colloids and of motile cili... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes have been used to detect conformational changes in proteins. Recently the Shaker potassium ion channel, a voltage-gated channel involved in nerve impulses was measured using this technique. Some scientist also have used lanthanide based luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) which is very simil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coelenterazine is widely found in marine organisms including:
*radiolarians
*ctenophores
*cnidarians such as Aequorea victoria, Obelia geniculata and Renilla reniformis
*squid such as Watasenia scintillans and Vampyroteuthis infernalis
*shrimp such as Systellaspis debilis and Oplophorus gracilirostris
*copepods such as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A beamsplitter is used to divide a single ultrashort optical pulse into two separate beams. A 50/50 beamsplitter is often used, supplying equal optical power to the terahertz generator and detector, though it is common to provide the terahertz generation path with more power given the inefficiency of the terahertz gene... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lanthipeptides are characterized by the presence lanthionine (Lan) and 3-methyllanthionine (MeLan) residues. Lan residues are formed from a thioether bridge between Cys and Ser, while MeLan residues are formed from the linkage of Cys to a Thr residue. The biosynthetic enzymes responsible for Lan and MeLan installation ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In cell biology, chromosome territories are regions of the nucleus preferentially occupied by particular chromosomes.
Interphase chromosomes are long DNA strands that are extensively folded, and are often described as appearing like a bowl of spaghetti. The chromosome territory concept holds that despite this apparent ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eastern meadow voles are active year-round and day or night, with no clear 24-hour rhythm in many areas. Most changes in activity are imposed by season, habitat, cover, temperature, and other factors. Eastern meadow voles have to eat frequently, and their active periods (every two to three hours) are associated with fo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In geophysics, a common assumption is that the rock formations of the crust are locally polar anisotropic (transversely isotropic); this is the simplest case of geophysical interest. Backus upscaling is often used to determine the effective transversely isotropic elastic constants of layered media for long wavelength ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The deepest gold mines of the Ancient world were found in the Maski region in Karnataka. There were ancient silver mines in northwest India. Dated to the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. gold and silver were also used for making utensils for the royal family and nobilities.the royal family wore costly fabrics that wer... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Nuclease protection assays are used to map introns and 5 and 3 ends of transcribed gene regions. Quantitative results can be obtained regarding the amount of the target RNA present in the original cellular extract - if the target is a messenger RNA, this can indicate the level of transcription of the gene in the cell. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bacterial RNA polymerase, a leading enzyme involved in formation of a transcription bubble, uses DNA template to guide RNA synthesis. It is present in two main forms: as a core enzyme, when it is inactive, and as a holoenzyme, when it is activated. A sigma (σ) factor is a subunit that assists the process of transcr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Markovnikovs rule addition of the cobalt hydride to primary alkenes is disfavored by steric hindrance between the cobalt centre and the secondary alkyl ligand. Bulky ligands exacerbate this steric hindrance. Hence, the mixed carbonyl/phosphine complexes offer a greater selectivity for anti-Markovnikov addition, thus fa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In acyloxy groups the acyl group is bonded to oxygen: R−C(=O)−O−R′ where R−C(=O) is the acyl group.
Acylium ions are cations of the type R−C=O ↔ R−C≡O and play an important role as intermediates in organic reactions for example the Hayashi rearrangement. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Strep Tamer is a technology which allows the reversible isolation and staining of antigen-specific T-cells. This technology combines a current T-cell isolation method with the Strep-Tag technology. In principle, the T-cells are separated by establishing a specific interaction between the T-cell of interest and a molecu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.
Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The bowl and stand were favourite archaic forms. The Greek stand was a fusion of the cast-rod tripod and the embossed cone. Some early examples have large triangular plates between the legs, worked in relief; but the developed type has separate legs and stays of which the joints are masked with decorative rims and feet... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A study demonstrates how the autocrine production of the IL-7 cytokine mediated by T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) can be involved in the oncogenic development of T-ALL and offer novel insights into T-ALL spreading. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once the nucleotides are synthesized they can exchange phosphates among one another in order to create mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate molecules. The conversion of a nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP) to a nucleoside-triphosphate (NTP) is catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase, which uses ATP as the phosphate donor. Simi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Blue billy is a chemical or mineral deposit often encountered in contaminated land.
The name is a reference to its distinctive bright blue colour, which can make it immediately obvious in other mud or soil. Chemically it is a form of Prussian blue. Although several chemical industry processes could produce it, it is pa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The discovery of paper chromatography in 1943 by Martin and Synge provided, for the first time, the means of surveying constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. Erwin Chargaff credits in Weintraub's history of the man the 1944 article by Consden, Gordon and Martin. There was an explosion of ac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Acid-base extraction works on the fundamental principle that salts are ionic compounds with a high solubility in water, while neutral molecules typically lack solubility in water.
Consider a mixture of acidic and basic compounds dissolved in an organic solvent. Adding aqueous acid will cause the acidic component to sta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A quasi-static thermodynamic process can be visualized by graphically plotting the path of idealized changes to the system's state variables. In the example, a cycle consisting of four quasi-static processes is shown. Each process has a well-defined start and end point in the pressure-volume state space. In this part... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some enzymes can carry out thousands of chemical reactions each second. However, RuBisCO is slow, fixing only 3-10 carbon dioxide molecules each second per molecule of enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by RuBisCO is, thus, the primary rate-limiting factor of the Calvin cycle during the day. Nevertheless, under most condit... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An encryption system constructed by pillar[5]arene, spiropyran and pentanenitrile (free state and grafted to polymer) was constructed by Wang et al. After UV irradiation, spiropyran would transform into merocyanine. When the visible light was shined on the material, the merocyanine close to the pillar[5]arene-free pent... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Most current medical laboratories now have highly automated analyzers to accommodate the high workload typical of a hospital laboratory, and accept samples for up to about 700 different kinds of tests. Even the largest of laboratories rarely do all these tests themselves, and some must be referred to other labs. Tests ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Independent research conducted by Antibody Solutions and published or presented at scientific conferences include the following:
* Generation of Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against a Therapeutic Target from the Alloy Therapeutics Mouse
* Generation Using a Molecular Modeling Platform to Guide Therapeutic A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The corundum structure has the space group hexagonal crystal family#Crystal classes|. It typically exists in binary compounds of the type AB, where A is metallic and B is nonmetallic, including sesquioxides (AO), sesquisulfides (AS), etc. When A is nonmetallic and B is metallic, the structure becomes the antiphase of c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PAVA is used widely as a less lethal, temporary defence tool around the world including in the United Kingdom, India, Switzerland, and others. | 1 | Biochemistry |
With improvements in measuring techniques such as AFM, confocal microscopy and SEM, researchers were able to produce and image droplets at ever smaller scales. With the reduction in droplet size came new experimental observations of wetting. These observations confirm that the modified Young’s equation does not hold at... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclodextrins are well established hosts for the formation of inclusion compounds. Illustrative is the case of ferrocene which is inserted into the cyclodextrin at 100 °C under hydrothermal conditions.
Cyclodextrin also forms inclusion compounds with fragrances. As a result, the fragrance molecules have a reduced vapor... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Chlorprothixene is widely available throughout Europe and elsewhere in the world. The drug was previously available in the United States under the brand name Taractan, but this formulation has since been discontinued and the drug is no longer available in this country. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In RT-PCR, the RNA template is first converted into a complementary DNA (cDNA) using a reverse transcriptase (RT). The cDNA is then used as a template for exponential amplification using PCR. The use of RT-PCR for the detection of RNA transcript has revolutionized the study of gene expression in the following important... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All SOCS have certain structures in common. This includes a varying N-terminal domain involved in protein-protein interactions, a central SH2 domain, which can bind to molecules that have been phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases, and a SOCS box located at the C-terminal that enables recruitment of E3 ligases and ubiquit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
dPCR’s ability to detect rare mutations may be of particular benefit in the clinic through the use of the liquid biopsy, a generally noninvasive strategy for detecting and monitoring disease via bodily fluids. Researchers have used liquid biopsy to monitor tumor load, treatment response and disease progression in cance... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used in diagnostic laboratories to detect ANCAs. Although IF can be used to screen for many ANCAs, ELISA is used to detect antibodies to individual antigens. The most common antigens used on an ELISA microtitre plate are MPO and PR3, which are usually tested for after a posi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1856, William Henry Perkin, then age 18, was given a challenge by his professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, to synthesize quinine. In one attempt, Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate, whose toluidine impurities reacted with the aniline and yielded a black solid, suggesting a "failed" organic synthes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flutamide has been researched and used extensively in the treatment of androgen-dependent skin and hair conditions in women including acne, seborrhea, hirsutism, and scalp hair loss, as well as in hyperandrogenism (e.g., in polycystic ovary syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia), and is effective in improving the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The symbol used to represent temperature in equations is T with SI units of kelvins.
The speed of a gas particle is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of the balloon in the video shrinks when the trapped gas particles slow down with the addition of extremely cold nitrogen. The temperature of any physi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many plant nutrients in soil undergo biogeochemical cycles throughout their environment. These cycles are influenced by water, gas exchange, biological activity, immobilization, and mineralization dynamics, but each element has its own course of flow (Deemy et al., 2022). For example, nitrogen moves from an isolated ga... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the partial wave expansion the scattering amplitude is represented as a sum over the partial waves,
where is the partial scattering amplitude and are the Legendre polynomials. The partial amplitude can be expressed via the partial wave S-matrix element () and the scattering phase shift as
Then the total cross se... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vinylphosphonic acid can be prepared by the reaction of PCl and acetaldehyde:
:PCl + CHCHO → CHCH(O)
This adduct reacts with acetic acid:
: CHCH(O) + 2 CHCOH → CHCH(Cl)PO(OH) + 2 CHCOCl
This chloride undergoes dehydrochlorination to afford the target:
:CHCH(Cl)PO(OH) → CH=CHPO(OH) + HCl
In the Kinnear–Perren reaction ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The formula for dimensions can be derived assuming an -dimensional real vector space with a basis and an inner product . The reciprocal lattice vectors are uniquely determined by the formula . Using the permutation
they can be determined with the following formula:
Here, is the volume form, is the inverse of the v... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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