text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
The simplest non-Kekulé molecules are biradicals. A biradical is an even-electron chemical compound with two free radical centres which act independently of each other. They should not be confused with the more general class of diradicals.
One of the first biradicals was synthesized by Wilhelm Schlenk in 1915 following... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Most simply, the greater the steric hindrance the more difficult it is for reactions to take place, and the radical form is favored by default. For example, compare the hydrogen-abstracted form of N-hydroxypiperidine to the molecule TEMPO. TEMPO, or (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl, is too sterically hindered by... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
If one dimension is very large compared to the others, the principal strain in the direction of the longest dimension is constrained and can be assumed as constant, that means there will be effectively zero strain along it, hence yielding a plane strain condition (Figure 7.2). In this case, though all principal stress... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dinoflagellate luciferin is a chlorophyll derivative (i. e. a tetrapyrrole) and is found in some dinoflagellates, which are often responsible for the phenomenon of nighttime glowing waves (historically this was called phosphorescence, but is a misleading term). A very similar type of luciferin is found in some types of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Data recording in a 3D optical storage medium requires that a change take place in the medium upon excitation. This change is generally a photochemical reaction of some sort, although other possibilities exist. Chemical reactions that have been investigated include photoisomerizations, photodecompositions and photoblea... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The term "topochemistry" was first introduced by Kohlschütter in 1919, referring to the chemical reactions driven by the molecular alignments within the crystal. The prefix "topo" came from the Greek word "topos", which means "site". These reactions quickly draw people's attention because of their high conversion as w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kristi Lynn Kiick is the Blue and Gold Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Delaware. She studies polymers, biomaterials and hydrogels for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. She is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society, the American Institute for Medical and Biolog... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, chain termination is any chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the course of a polymerization, effectively bringing it to a halt. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There has been a growing interest in the application of IC in the analysis of pharmaceutical drugs. IC is used in different aspects of product development and quality control testing. For example, IC is used to improve stabilities and solubility properties of pharmaceutical active drugs molecules as well as used to det... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Without any loss of generality, we shall consider the study of the effective conductivity (which can be either dc or ac) for a system made up of spherical multicomponent inclusions with different arbitrary conductivities. Then the Bruggeman formula takes the form: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), also known as tert-butyl methyl ether, is an organic compound with a structural formula (CH)COCH. MTBE is a volatile, flammable, and colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water. Primarily used as a fuel additive, MTBE is blended into gasoline to increase its octane rating and kno... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*A commercial source for the cyanide group is diethylaluminum cyanide which can be prepared from triethylaluminium and HCN. It has been used in nucleophilic addition to ketones. For an example of its use see: Kuwajima Taxol total synthesis
* Cyanide ions facilitate the coupling of dibromides. Reaction of α,α′-dibromoa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
All influenza A virus strains need sialic acid to connect with cells. There are different forms of sialic acids which have different affinity with influenza A virus variety. This diversity is an important fact that determines which species can be infected. When a certain influenza A virus is recognized by a sialic acid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
HMB is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement in the free acid form, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB-FA), and as a monohydrated calcium salt of the conjugate base, calcium monohydrate (HMB-Ca, CaHMB). Since only a small fraction of HMB's metabolic precursor, , is metabolized into HMB, pharmacologically act... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane u... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Since all TOC analyzers only actually measure total carbon, TOC analysis always requires some accounting for the inorganic carbon that is always present. One analysis technique involves a two-stage process commonly referred to as TOC differential method. It measures the amount of inorganic carbon (IC) evolved from an ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Monomer 1 is consumed with reaction rate:
with the concentration of all the active chains terminating in monomer 1, summed over chain lengths. is defined similarly for monomer 2.
Likewise the rate of disappearance for monomer 2 is:
Division of both equations by followed by division of the first equation by the secon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dopamine or dopaminergic system consists of several pathways, originating from the ventral tegmentum or substantia nigra as examples. It acts on dopamine receptors.
Parkinson's disease is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei, primarily the melanin-pigmented neurons in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
cDNA libraries require care to ensure that full length clones of mRNA are captured as cDNA (which will later be inserted into vectors). Several protocols have been designed to optimise the synthesis of the 1st cDNA strand and the 2nd cDNA strand for this reason, and also to make directional cloning into the vector more... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Van Deemter equation can be further expanded to:
Where:
* H is plate height
* λ is particle shape (with regard to the packing)
* d is particle diameter
* γ, ω, and R are constants
* D is the diffusion coefficient of the mobile phase
* d is the capillary diameter
* d is the film thickness
* D is the diffusion coeff... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the "airborne fraction" (AF). The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions. The annual airborne fraction for had been stable at 0.45 for the past six decades even ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
These names are used to refer to the moieties themselves or to radical species, and also to form the names of halides and substituents in larger molecules.
When the parent hydrocarbon is unsaturated, the suffix ("-yl", "-ylidene", or "-ylidyne") replaces "-ane" (e.g. "ethane" becomes "ethyl"); otherwise, the suffix rep... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electrophoresis is the process of separating nucleic acid species based on their length by applying an electric field to them. As nucleic acids are negatively charged, they are pushed by an electric field through a matrix, usually an agarose gel, with the smaller molecules being pushed farther, faster. Capillary electr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
5-Fluoroorotic acid (5FOA) is a fluorinated derivative of the pyrimidine precursor orotic acid. It is used in yeast genetics to select for the absence of the URA3 gene, which encodes the enzyme for the decarboxylation of 5-fluoroorotic acid to 5-fluorouracil, a toxic metabolite. It has also been used in diatom selectio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The input data on irrigation, evaporation, and surface runoff are to be specified per season for three kinds of agricultural practices, which can be chosen at the discretion of the user:
#A: irrigated land with crops of group A
#B: irrigated land with crops of group B
#U: non-irrigated land with rainfed crops or fallo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Despite the high number of MAPK genes, MAPK pathways of higher plants were studied less than animal or fungal ones. Although their signaling appears very complex, the MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 kinases of Arabidopsis thaliana are key mediators of responses to osmotic shock, oxidative stress, response to cold and involved in a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sodium lauryl sulfate is a widely used in the pharmaceutical field as an ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is suitable for applications in liquid dispersions, solutions, emulsions and micro emulsions, tablets, foams and semi-solids such as creams, lotions and gels. Additionally, SLS aids in tablet wettability, as w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Any compound with a log Kow of less than or equal to 3 can concentrate in a POCIS sampler. Applicable classes of contaminants measured by POCIS are pharmaceuticals, household and industrial products, hormones, herbicides, and polar pesticides (Table 1). Currently, there are two POCIS configurations that are targeted fo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to treat bacterial infections such as middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, odontogenic infections, and urinary tract infections. It is taken by mouth, or less commonly by ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The original method of protein skimming, running pressurized air through a diffuser to produce large quantities of micro bubbles, remains a viable, effective, and economic choice, although newer technologies may require lower maintenance. The air stone is most often an oblong, partially hollowed block of wood, most of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
CTCF binds to the consensus sequence CCGCGNGGNGGCAG (in IUPAC notation). This sequence is defined by 11 zinc finger motifs in its structure. CTCF's binding is disrupted by CpG methylation of the DNA it binds to. On the other hand, CTCF binding may set boundaries for the spreading of DNA methylation. In recent studies, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
John Alexander Reina Newlands (26 November 1837 – 29 July 1898) was a British chemist who worked concerning the periodicity of elements. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*Bulk Fe. Cast iron, consisting of scrap iron of construction grade, has been used as a reactive material for permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. Reactions are generally believed to occur on the Fe (oxide) surface; however, graphite inclusions have been shown can also serve as a reaction sites.
*Na... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The MIQE guidelines are split up into 9 different sections that make up the checklist. These include not only considerations for doing the qPCR itself, but also how the resulting data is collected, analyzed, and presented. An important part of the latter is including information relating to the analysis software used a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou (; born July 5, 1946) is a Cypriot-American chemist known for his research in the area of natural products total synthesis. He is currently Harry C. and Olga K. Wiess Professor of Chemistry at Rice University, having previously held academic positions at The Scripps Research Institute/UC San Die... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tantalum–tungsten alloys are in the refractory metals group that maintain useful physical and chemical properties even at high temperatures. The tantalum–tungsten alloys are characterized by their high melting point and the tension resistance. The properties of the final alloy are a combination of properties from the t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The most common way of classifying ordered columnar structures uses the phyllotactic notation, adopted from botany. It is used to describe arrangements of leaves of a plant, pine cones, or pineapples, but also planar patterns of florets in a sunflower head. While the arrangement in the former are cylindrical, the spira... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In terms of inhibitors of intrinsic termination, much is still unknown. One of the few examples that is known is bacteriophage protein 7. This is made up of 3.4A and 4.0A cryo-EM structures of P7-NusA-TEC and P7-TEC. This bacteriophage protein 7 stops transcription termination by blocking the RNA polymerase (RNAP) RNA-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, also known as the “Warburg effect”, is driven by hyperactivity of lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA). Mollapour’s team has identified the human tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) as a binding partner and uncompetitive inhibitor of LDHA. Their work has provided a new paradigm for the regu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the sodium-glucose symporter, sodium moves down its concentration gradient to move glucose up its concentration gradient. Sodium has a greater concentration outside of the cell, and binds to the symporter, which is in its outward facing conformation. Once sodium is bound, glucose can bind from the extracellular spac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The amine value is useful in helping determine the correct stoichiometry of a two component amine cure epoxy resin system.
It is the number of Nitrogens x 56.1 (Mwt of KOH) x 1000 (convert to milligrams) divided by molecular mass of the amine functional compound. So using Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as an example:
... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The invertebrate mitochondrial code ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#SG5 translation table 5]) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of invertebrates. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and reproduce independently from their host cell. Variation in translation of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene regulatory networks are generally thought to be made up of a few highly connected nodes (hubs) and many poorly connected nodes nested within a hierarchical regulatory regime. Thus gene regulatory networks approximate a hierarchical scale free network topology. This is consistent with the view that most genes have ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A fibrous protein forms long protein filaments, which are shaped like rods or wires. Fibrous proteins are structural or storage proteins that are typically inert and water-insoluble. A fibrous protein occurs as an aggregate due to hydrophobic side chains that protrude from the molecule.
A fibrous protein's peptide sequ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28), also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β) and KAP1 (KRAB-associated protein-1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM28 gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A well studied biradical is trimethylenemethane (TMM), . In 1966 Paul Dowd determined with electron spin resonance that this compound also has a triplet state. In a crystalline host the 6 hydrogen atoms in TMM are identical. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An S1 reaction occurs when a molecule separates into a positively charged component and a negatively charged component. This generally occurs in highly polar solvents through a process called solvolysis. The positively charged component then reacts with a nucleophile forming a new compound. S1 reactions are reactions... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
R-410A replaced R-22 as the preferred refrigerant for use in residential and commercial air conditioners in Japan, Europe, and the United States.
Parts designed specifically for R-410A must be used, as R-410A operates at higher pressures than other refrigerants. R-410A systems thus require service personnel to use diff... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) are composition characterization techniques that use x-ray excitation of electrons to discrete energy levels to quantify chemical composition. These techniques provide characterization at surface depths of 1–10 nanometers, approxi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The work of Kiwako Sakabe, Reiji Okazaki and Tsuneko Okazaki provided experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that DNA replication is a discontinuous process. Previously, it was commonly accepted that replication was continuous in both the 3 to 5 and 5 to 3 directions. 3 and 5 are specifically numbered carbons ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Robert Burns Woodward: Architect and Artist in the World of Molecules; Otto Theodor Benfey, Peter J. T. Morris, Chemical Heritage Foundation, April 2001.
* Robert Burns Woodward and the Art of Organic Synthesis: To Accompany an Exhibit by the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (Publication / Beckman Center f... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes () from alkenes (). This chemical reaction entails the net addition of a formyl group () and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* On a prepared mould surface as a sample, permeability can be checked with use of a mould permeability attachment to permeability meter, readings such obtained are of relative permeability, and not absolute permeability. The relative permeability reading on a mould surface is only used to gauge sample-to-sample variat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The skeletal formula is a method to draw structural formulas of organic compounds where lines represent the chemical bonds and the vertices represent implicit carbon atoms. This notation is sometimes jestingly called chicken wire notation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Though transposable elements were discovered due in large part to their deleterious effects, epigenetic research has shown that they may be, in some cases, beneficial to the host organism.(1,5) This research indicates that the distinction between those two aspects, mutualist and parasite, may be harder to accurately de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An essential amino acid is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized de novo by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be endogenously synthesized by humans: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methion... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) based genome engineering is a genome editing platform centered on the use of recombinant AAV vectors that enables insertion, deletion or substitution of DNA sequences into the genomes of live mammalian cells. The technique builds on Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies' Nobel Pri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pittcon Editors’ Awards honoured the best new products on show at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, or Pittcon, for 20 years from 1996 having been established by Dr Gordon Wilkinson, managing editor of Analytical Instrument Industry Report (later Instrumenta). On 8 March 2015, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alternative splicing is one of the most important components that show functional complexity of genome. Modified splicing has significant effect on the phenotype that is relevance to disease or drug metabolism. A change in splicing can be caused by modifying any of the components of the splicing machinery such as splic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The formation of electrical double layer (EDL) has been traditionally assumed to be entirely dominated by ion adsorption and redistribution. With considering the fact that the contact electrification between solid-solid is dominated by electron transfer, it is suggested by Wang that the EDL is formed by a two-step proc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quasi-solid, Falsely-solid, or semisolid is the physical term for something whose state lies between a solid and a liquid. While similar to solids in some respects, such as having the ability to support their own weight and hold their shapes, a quasi-solid also shares some properties of liquids, such as conforming in s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The overall reaction is
: 4 Fe – cytochrome c + 4 H + O → 4 Fe – cytochrome c + 2 HO ΔG = - 218 kJ/mol, E = +565 mV
Two electrons are passed from two cytochrome cs, through the Cu and cytochrome a sites to the cytochrome a–Cu binuclear center, reducing the metals to the Fe form and Cu. The hydroxide lig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Angiogenin (ANG) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a small 123 amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene. Angiogenin is a potent stimulator of new blood vessels through the process of angiogenesis. Ang hydrolyzes cellular RNA, resulting in modulated levels of protein synthesis and interacts with DNA ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrons exist in energy levels (i.e. atomic orbitals) within an atom. Atomic orbitals are quantized, meaning they exist as defined values instead of being continuous (see: atomic orbitals). Electrons may move between orbitals, but in doing so they must absorb or emit energy equal to the energy difference between the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Linked-read sequencing, a type of DNA sequencing technology, uses specialized technique that tags DNA molecules with unique barcodes before fragmenting them. Unlike traditional sequencing technology, where DNA is broken into small fragments and then sequenced individually, resulting in short read lengths that has diffi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal transmittance is the rate of transfer of heat through matter. The thermal transmittance of a material (such as insulation or concrete) or an assembly (such as a wall or window) is expressed as a U-value. The thermal insulance of a structure is the reciprocal of its thermal transmittance. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The EPA has published a standards handbook for the interpretation of water quality in Ireland in which definitions of water hardness are given.
In this section, reference to original EU documentation is given, which sets out no limit for hardness. The handbook also gives no "Recommended or Mandatory Limit Values" for h... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The portion of the MLSS that is actually eating the incoming food(in terms of COD & BOD) is referred to as the Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS). The volatile solids concentration in a sample of mixed liquor will consist mostly of microorganisms and organic matter. As a result, the volatile solids concen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Effective therapies to manage autism remain scarce. According to the exorphin theory of autism, an increase in the levels of exorphin is linked to symptoms of autism. Based on this concept, experiments have attempted to reduce the symptoms of autism by using large amounts of protease to break down exorphins before they... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The derivation of Avogadro's law follows directly from the ideal gas law, i.e.
where R is the gas constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, and P is the pressure (in pascals).
Solving for V/n, we thus obtain
Compare that to
which is a constant for a fixed pressure and a fixed temperature.
An equivalent formulation of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Like the preceding method, the most popular method for synthesizing phosphaalkynes is reliant upon the expulsion of products containing strong silicon-element bonds. Specifically, it is possible to synthesize phosphaalkynes via the elimination of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) from certain silylated phosphaalkenes with t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There is little evidence of the evolution of stomata in the fossil record, but they had appeared in land plants by the middle of the Silurian period. They may have evolved by the modification of conceptacles from plants' alga-like ancestors.
However, the evolution of stomata must have happened at the same time as the w... | 5 | Photochemistry |
DEHPA is prepared through the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide and 2-ethylhexanol:
:4 CHOH + PO → 2 [(CHO)PO(OH)]O
:[(CHO)PO(OH)]O + CHOH → (CHO)PO(OH) + (CHO)PO(OH)
These reaction produce a mixture of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted phosphates, from which DEHPA can be isolated based on solubility. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Glycomics is the study of the carbohydrate components of cells. Though not exclusive to glycoproteins, it can reveal more information about different glycoproteins and their structure. One of the purposes of this field of study is to determine which proteins are glycosylated and where in the amino acid sequence the gly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dyes are used in many industries, like paper printing or textile. They are often recalcitrant to degradation and in some cases, like some azo dyes, carcinogenic or otherwise toxic.
The mechanism by which the fungi degrade dyes is via their lignolytic enzymes, especially laccase, therefore white rot mushrooms are the mo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Earth-based rectenna would likely consist of many short dipole antennas connected via diodes. Microwave broadcasts from the satellite would be received in the dipoles with about 85% efficiency. With a conventional microwave antenna, the reception efficiency is better, but its cost and complexity are also considerab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hypermetabolism is defined as an elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) > 110% of predicted REE. Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal and external symptoms, most notably extreme weight loss, and can also be a symptom in itself. This state of increased metabolic activity can signal underlying issue... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sugar alcohols, a class of low molecular weight polyols, are commonly obtained by hydrogenation of sugars. They have the formula (CHOH)H, where n = 4–6.
Sugar alcohols are added to foods because of their lower caloric content than sugars; however, they are also, in general, less sweet, and are often combined with high-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compound crystallizes from a heated solution of mercuric iodide, potassium iodide, and precisely 2% water in acetone. Attempted synthesis in concentrated aqueous solution will give the pale orange monohydrate instead. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Iron minerals can active for dechlorination. These minerals use . Particular minerals that can be used include green rust, magnetite, pyrite, and glauconite. The most reactive of the iron minerals are the iron sulfides and oxides. Pyrite, an iron sulfide, is able to dechlorinate carbon tetrachloride in suspension. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Left to equilibration, many compositions will form a uniform single phase, but depending on the temperature and pressure even a single substance may separate into two or more distinct phases. Within each phase, the properties are uniform but between the two phases properties differ.
Water in a closed jar with an air sp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isolated chloroplasts placed under light conditions but in the absence of CO, reduce and then oxidize artificial electron acceptors, allowing the process to proceed. Oxygen (O) is released as a byproduct, but not sugar (CHO).
Chloroplasts placed under dark conditions and in the absence of CO, oxidize the artificial ac... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Myogenin, is a transcriptional activator encoded by the MYOG gene.
Myogenin is a muscle-specific basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor involved in the coordination of skeletal muscle development or myogenesis and repair. Myogenin is a member of the MyoD family of transcription factors, which also includes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4-diol-17-one, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estrone and estradiol. It is estrogenic, similarly to many other hydroxylated estrogen metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone, estriol (1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The US Government Standard Bathroom Malodor, said to be one of the worst-smelling substances, is quoted as having this composition: (Note that this substance is a concoction) | 1 | Biochemistry |
A carboxypeptidase (EC number 3.4.16 - 3.4.18) is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. This is in contrast to an aminopeptidases, which cleave peptide bonds at the N-terminus of proteins. Humans, animals, bacteria and plants contain... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Normally, ice crystals grown in solution only exhibit the basal (0001) and prism faces (1010), and appear as round and flat discs. However, it appears the presence of AFPs exposes other faces. It now appears the ice surface 2021 is the preferred binding surface, at least for AFP type I. Through studies on type I AFP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) is the second in a series of imaging spectrometer instruments developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for Earth remote sensing. This instrument uses scanning optics and four spectrometers to image a 614-pixel swath simultaneously in 224 adjacent spect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A (HMB-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA, is a metabolite of -leucine that is produced in the human body. Its immediate precursors are β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) and β-methylcrotonoyl-CoA (MC-CoA). It can be metabolized into HMB, MC-CoA, and HMG-CoA in humans. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a surface is exposed to a multi-protein solution, adsorption of certain protein molecules are favored over the others. Protein molecules approaching the surface compete for binding sites. In multi-protein system attraction between molecules can occur, whereas in single-protein solutions intermolecular repulsive i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Viral genes and host genes that are required for viruses to replicate or enter the cell, or that play an important role in the life cycle of the virus are often targeted by antiviral therapies. RNAi has been used to target genes in several viral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis. In... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In stereochemistry, a chiral auxiliary is a stereogenic group or unit that is temporarily incorporated into an organic compound in order to control the stereochemical outcome of the synthesis. The chirality present in the auxiliary can bias the stereoselectivity of one or more subsequent reactions. The auxiliary can th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The partial pressures of particularly oxygen () and carbon dioxide () are important parameters in tests of arterial blood gases, but can also be measured in, for example, cerebrospinal fluid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Clues to the existence of a post-mortem transcriptome existed at least since the beginning of the 21st century, but the word thanatotranscriptome (from (thanatos-, Greek for "death") seems to have been first used in the scientific literature by Javan et al. in 2015, following the introduction of the concept of the hum... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An extensive open-air planting used maintain genetic diversity of wild, agricultural, or forestry species. Typically species that are either difficult or impossible to conserve in seed banks are conserved in field gene banks. Field gene banks may also be used grow and select progeny of species stored by other ex situ ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Analytical quality control (AQC) refers to all those processes and procedures designed to ensure that the results of laboratory analysis are consistent, comparable, accurate and within specified limits of precision. Constituents submitted to the analytical laboratory must be accurately described to avoid faulty interpr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A layered model of homogeneous and isotropic material, can be up-scaled to a transverse isotropic medium, proposed by Backus.
Backus presented an equivalent medium theory, a heterogeneous medium can be replaced by a homogeneous one that predicts wave propagation in the actual medium. Backus showed that layering on a sc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many ylides react in sigmatropic reactions. The Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement is an example of a [2,3]-sigmatropic reaction. The Stevens rearrangement is a [1,2]-rearrangement.
A -sigmatropic reaction has been observed in certain phosphonium ylides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term ramogen refers to a biological factor, typically a growth factor or other protein, that causes a developing biological cell or tissue to branch in a tree-like manner. Ramogenic molecules are branch promoting molecules found throughout the human body,.
Brief History
The term was first coined (from the Latin ra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Burks-Houck was dedicated to the establishment of the NOBCChE on the West Coast and its national endeavours. She was invited to Dakar, Senegal to represent NOBCChE as an environmental chemist and deliver a presentation titled: "Environmental Applications and Regulatory Reporting". She served as the first chair of the S... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.