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* In general, if more than one alkene can be formed during dehalogenation by an elimination reaction, the more stable alkene is the major product. There are two types of elimination reactions, E1 and E2. An E2 reaction is a One step mechanism in which carbon-hydrogen and carbon-halogen bonds break to form a double ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neuropeptidergic means "related to neuropeptides".
A neuropeptidergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the neuropeptide systems in the body or brain. An example is opioidergics. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microwaves impinging on matter usually interact with charges as well as with spins (via electric and magnetic field components, respectively), with the charge response typically much stronger than the spin response. But in the case of magnetic resonance, spins can be directly probed using microwaves. For paramagnetic m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If a compound has a very large specific rotation or a sample is very concentrated, the actual rotation of the sample may be larger than 180°, and so a single polarimeter measurement cannot detect when this has happened (for example, the values +270° and −90° are not distinguishable, nor are the values 361° and 1°). In ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Eutrophication is caused by excessive concentrations of nutrients, most commonly phosphates and nitrates, although this varies with location. Prior to their being phasing out in the 1970's, phosphate-containing detergents contributed to eutrophication. Since then, sewage and agriculture have emerged as the dominant ph... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Irma Goldberg (born 1871) was a Russian-born chemist. She was one of the first female organic chemists to have and sustain a successful career, her work even being quoted in her own name in standard textbooks. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Van der Waals forces are a subset of electrostatic interactions involving permanent or induced dipoles (or multipoles). These include the following:
* permanent dipole–dipole interactions, alternatively called the Keesom force
* dipole-induced dipole interactions, or the Debye force
* induced dipole-induced dipole inte... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In biology, methylene blue is used as a dye for a number of different staining procedures, such as Wrights stain and Jenners stain. Since it is a temporary staining technique, methylene blue can also be used to examine RNA or DNA under the microscope or in a gel: as an example, a solution of methylene blue can be used ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Catalytic rate enhancement via dynamic perturbation of surface active sites has been demonstrated experimentally with dynamic electrocatalysis and dynamic photocatalysis. Those results may be explained in the framework of catalytic resonance theory but conclusive evidence is still lacking:
* In 1978, the electro-oxidat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) is the organic compound with the formula (CH)COOH. It is one of the most widely used hydroperoxides in a variety of oxidation processes, like the Halcon process. It is normally supplied as a 69–70% aqueous solution. Compared to hydrogen peroxide and organic peracids, tert-butyl hydro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In an MDS analysis, a stream of liquid containing the particles to be sized is introduced alongside an auxiliary stream in a laminar flow in a microfluidic channel. Because there is no convective mixing of the two streams, the only way particles can move to the auxiliary stream is by diffusion. The rate of this diffusi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trace amines are an endogenous group of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists – and hence, monoaminergic neuromodulators – that are structurally and metabolically related to classical monoamine neurotransmitters. Compared to the classical monoamines, they are present in trace concentrations. They are dist... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Schoenflies (or Schönflies) notation, named after the German mathematician Arthur Moritz Schoenflies, is a notation primarily used to specify point groups in three dimensions. Because a point group alone is completely adequate to describe the symmetry of a molecule, the notation is often sufficient and commonly use... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water body temperature is one of the most ubiquitous variables collected in aquatic biomonitoring. Temperatures at the water surface, through the water column, and in the lowest levels of the water body (benthic zone) can all provide insight into different aspects of an aquatic ecosystem. Water temperature is directly ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The most abundant class of deoxyribozymes are ribonucleases, which catalyze the cleavage of a ribonucleotide phosphodiester bond through a transesterification reaction, forming a 23-cyclic phosphate terminus and a 5'-hydroxyl terminus.
Ribonuclease deoxyribozymes typically undergo selection as long, single-stranded oli... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To answer this question one should know the different and important functions of glycans. The following are some of those functions:
*Glycoproteins and Glycolipids found on the cell surface play a critical role in bacterial and viral recognition.
*They are involved in cellular signaling pathways and modulate cell funct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Smith, K. A. (1998). Cooperative learning returns to college what evidence is there that it works?. Change: the magazine of higher learning, 30(4), 26–35.
*Smith, K.A. (2000). Going deeper: Formal small-group learning in large classes. In MacGregor, J., Cooper, J., Smith, K, and Robin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Several azo dyes like Metanil Yellow, Disperse Orange 1, and Acid orange 5 are derivatives of diphenylamine. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A mixture of copper and iron sulfides referred to as matte is treated in converters to oxidize iron in the first stage, and oxidize copper in the second stage. In the first stage oxygen enriched air is blown through the tuyeres to partially convert metal sulfides to oxides:
:FeS + O → FeO + SO
:CuS + O → CuO + SO
Since... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compressive stress resolved along a slip plane that is other than perpendicu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dendrimers are particularly versatile drug delivery devices due to the wide range of chemical modifications that can be made to increase in vivo suitability and allow for site-specific targeted drug delivery.
Drug attachment to the dendrimer may be accomplished by (1) a covalent attachment or conjugation to the externa... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Naturally occurring restriction endonucleases are categorized into five groups (Types I, II, III, IV, and V) based on their composition and enzyme cofactor requirements, the nature of their target sequence, and the position of their DNA cleavage site relative to the target sequence. DNA sequence analysis of restrictio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The equations in the previous subsection reveal that the , , and terms originate through three distinct mechanisms.
The term arises from Zeeman splitting of the ground or excited degenerate states. These field-dependent changes in energies of the magnetic sublevels causes small shifts in the bands to higher/lower en... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chiral analysis refers to the quantification of component enantiomers of racemic drug substances or pharmaceutical compounds. Other synonyms commonly used include enantiomer analysis, enantiomeric analysis, and enantioselective analysis. Chiral analysis includes all analytical procedures focused on the characterization... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In biotechnology, polymersomes are a class of artificial vesicles, tiny hollow spheres that enclose a solution. Polymersomes are made using amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers to form the vesicle membrane, and have radii ranging from 50 nm to 5 µm or more. Most reported polymersomes contain an aqueous solution in th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*CJ Ferguson, RJ Hughes, BTT Pham, BS Hawkett, RG Gilbert, AK Serelis, CH Such. Aqueous dispersions of polymer particles. PCT/AU02/01735 (2002)
*S Peach, BR Morrison, RG Gilbert. Finely divided polymer dispersions, their production and use. Ger. Offen. DE 19929395 (2000)
*N Subramaniam, R Balic, RG Gilbert. Modified ru... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As a strong base, TBD fully deprotonates most phenols, carboxylic acids, and some C-acids. It catalyzes a variety of reactions including Michael reactions, Henry reactions (nitroaldol reactions), transesterification reactions, and Knoevenagel condensations.
Deprotonation at the 7-position gives a particularly electron... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although the Interferometric microscopy has been demonstrated only for optical images (visible light), this technique may find application in high resolution atom optics, or optics of neutral atom beams (see Atomic de Broglie microscope), where the Numerical aperture is usually very limited | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SERS-based immunoassays can be used for detection of low-abundance biomarkers. For example, antibodies and gold particles can be used to quantify proteins in serum with high sensitivity and specificity. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The lac repressor (LacI) is a DNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria. These genes are repressed when lactose is not available to the cell, ensuring that the bacterium only invests energy in the production of machinery necessary fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
E. coli has a protein to protect other periplasmic proteins from low pH environments called the Asr protein. The gene responsible for this protein is PhoB-dependent, and can only be turned on when the Pho regulon is activated by low Pi concentration. Synthesis of the Asr protein imparts acid shock resistance to E. coli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Usually the endosymbiosis event is considered to have occurred in the Archaeplastida, within which the glaucophyta being the possible earliest diverging lineage. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fuzzy regions modulate the conformational equilibrium or flexibility of the binding interface via transient interactions. Dynamic regions can also compete with binding sites or tether them to the target. Modifications of fuzzy regions by further interactions, or posttranslational modifications impact binding affinity... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Powder metallurgy is a class of modern processing techniques in which metals are first powdered, and then formed into the desired shape by heating below the melting point. This is in contrast to casting, which occurs with molten metal. Superalloy manufacturing often employs powder metallurgy because of its material eff... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mathematically, the stress at some point in the material is a plane stress if one of the three principal stresses (the eigenvalues of the Cauchy stress tensor) is zero. That is, there is Cartesian coordinate system in which the stress tensor has the form
For example, consider a rectangular block of material measurin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, materials science, and physics, the liquidus temperature specifies the temperature above which a material is completely liquid, and the maximum temperature at which crystals can co-exist with the melt in thermodynamic equilibrium. The solidus is the locus of temperatures (a curve on a phase diagram) below... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The biological pump (or ocean carbon biological pump or marine biological carbon pump) is the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere and land runoff to the ocean interior and seafloor sediments. In other words, it is a biologically mediated process which results in the sequestering of c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flutamide and hydroxyflutamide have been found in vitro to inhibit CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase), an enzyme which is required for the biosynthesis of androgens. In accordance, flutamide has been found to slightly but significantly lower androgen levels in GnRH analogue-treated male prostate cancer patients and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Although other cells lines, such as African green monkey kidney (COS) and baby hamster kidney (BHK), can be used for recombinant protein production, the most commonly employed host system in transient expression of mammalian cells involves derivatives of the HEK293 cell line, which is based on the human embryonic kidne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To discuss the visibility of defects in topographic images according to theory, consider the exemplary case of a single dislocation: It will give rise to contrast in topography only if the lattice planes involved in diffraction are distorted in some way by the existence of the dislocation. This is true in the case of a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Deconvolution can be used to apparently improve spectral resolution. In the case of NMR spectra, the process is relatively straight forward, because the line shapes are Lorentzian, and the convolution of a Lorentzian with another Lorentzian is also Lorentzian. The Fourier transform of a Lorentzian is an exponential. In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cellular metabolism is represented by a large number of metabolic reactions involving the conversion of the carbon source (usually glucose) into the building blocks needed for macromolecular biosynthesis. These reactions form metabolic networks within cells. These networks can then be used to study metabolism within ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous mann... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The unique relationship between the compressibility factor and the reduced temperature, , and the reduced pressure, , was first recognized by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873 and is known as the two-parameter principle of corresponding states. The principle of corresponding states expresses the generalization tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The oxidase catalyzes the transfer of four electrons from reduced plastoquinone to molecular oxygen to form water . The net reaction is written below:
2 QH + O → 2 Q + 2 HO
Analysis of substrate specificity revealed that the enzyme almost exclusively catalyzes the reduction of plastoquinone over other quinones such as ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA by means of beta oxidation inside the mitochondria, whereas fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA outside the mitochondria, in the cytosol. The two pathways are distinct, not only in where they occur, but also in the reactions that occur, and the substrates that are used.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
haemagglutination activity domain - haemolysin expression modulating protein family - hairpin - haploid - haploinsufficiency - HdeA family - helix-loop-helix - helminth protein - hematopoietic stem cell - hemophilia - heteroduplex DNA - heterozygous - highly conserved sequence - Hirschsprungs disease - histone - HLA-Y ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biological soil uptake is the dominant sink of atmospheric H. Both aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolisms consume H by oxidizing it in order to reduce other compounds during respiration. Aerobic H oxidation is known as the Knallgas reaction.
Anaerobic H oxidation often occurs during interspecies hydrogen transfer ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Igor V. Komarov graduated with distinction from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, and started to work at the same university in 1986 first as an engineer. He obtained his Candidate of Sciences degree in 1991 in organic chemistry at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv under supervision of Mikhail Yu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The stability of the Keggin structure allows the metals in the anion to be readily reduced. Depending on the solvent, acidity of the solution and the charge on the α-Keggin anion, it can be reversibly reduced in one- or multiple-electron steps. For example, the silicotungstate anion can be reduced a −20 state. Some ani... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry and thermodynamics, the standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements in their reference state, with all substances in their standard states. The standard pressure value is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ATP has recently been proposed to act as a biological hydrotrope and has been shown to affect proteome-wide solubility. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Central Pollution Control Board of India released the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981, amended in 1987, to address concerns about air pollution in India. While the document does not differentiate between VOCs and other air pollutants, the CPCB monitors "oxides of nitrogen (NO), sulphur dioxide... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Proteins formed by the translation of the mRNA (messenger RNA, a coded information from DNA for protein synthesis) play a major role in regulating gene expression. To understand how they regulate gene expression it is necessary to identify DNA sequences that they interact with. Techniques have been developed to identif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the US, biological energy is expressed using the energy unit Calorie with a capital C (i.e. a kilocalorie), which equals the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C (about 4.18 kJ).
Energy balance, through biosynthetic reactions, can be measured with the following equation:
:Energy i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ge was born in China. She attended Peking University for her undergraduate studies, where she studied chemistry. After graduating in 1997 Ge moved to the United States, where she joined Cornell University as a doctoral student. Here she started to work on mass spectrometry, using electron-capture dissociation to study ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the book, Lane discusses what he considers to be a major gap in biology: why life operates the way that it does, and how it began. In his view as a biochemist, the core question is about energy, as all cells handle energy in the same way, relying on a steep electrochemical gradient across the very small thickness of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The du Noüy Padday rod consists of a rod usually on the order of a few millimeters square making a small ring. The rod is often made from a composite metal material that may be roughened to ensure complete wetting at the interface. The rod is cleaned with water, alcohol and a flame or with strong acid to ensure complet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Source:
If a solid body is modeled by a constant hard-core field, then
or
where
Here
For the hard solid potential
where is the position of the potential discontinuity. So, in this case | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The rising level of the Caspian Sea between 1995 and 1996 reduced the number of habitats for rare species of aquatic vegetation. This has been attributed to a general lack of seeding material in newly formed coastal lagoons and water bodies.
Many rare and endemic plant species of Russia are associated with the tidal ar... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Electrolytic refining of copper was first patented in England by James Elkington in 1865 and the first electrolytic copper refinery was built by Elkington in Burry Port, South Wales in 1869.
There were teething problems with the new technology. For example, the early refineries had trouble producing firm deposits on th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In mathematics and solid state physics, the first Brillouin zone (named after Léon Brillouin) is a uniquely defined primitive cell in reciprocal space. In the same way the Bravais lattice is divided up into Wigner–Seitz cells in the real lattice, the reciprocal lattice is broken up into Brillouin zones. The boundaries... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods is a 2003 book by Sandor Katz that discusses the ancient practice of fermentation. While most of the conventional literature assumes the use of modern technology, Wild Fermentation focuses more on the practice and culture of fermenting food.
The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the dawn of modern chemistry, humic substances are among the most studied among the natural materials. Despite long study, their molecular structure remains elusive. The traditional view is that humic substances are heteropolycondensates, in varying associations with clay. A more recent view is that relatively sm... | 9 | Geochemistry |
SINEs are classified as non-LTR retrotransposons because they do not contain long terminal repeats (LTRs). There are three types of SINEs common to vertebrates and invertebrates: CORE-SINEs, V-SINEs, and AmnSINEs. SINEs have 50-500 base pair internal regions which contain a tRNA-derived segment with A and B boxes that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The traditional synthetic route uses Raney nickel and has been further improved over time, for example by the use of ibuprofen and AlCl.
Overall, it is a cost-effective method with moderate reaction conditions that is easy to handle and suitable for industrial production. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
At neutral pH, thiocarboxylic acids are fully ionized. Thiocarboxylic acids are about 100 times more acidic than the analogous carboxylic acids. For PhC(O)SH pK = 2.48 vs 4.20 for PhC(O)OH. For thioacetic acid the pK is near 3.4 vs 4.72 for acetic acid.
The conjugate base of thioacetic acid, thioacetate is reagents f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The large array of tests can be categorised into sub-specialities of:
*General or routine chemistry – commonly ordered blood chemistries (e.g., liver and kidney function tests).
*Special chemistry – elaborate techniques such as electrophoresis, and manual testing methods.
*Clinical endocrinology – the study of hormones... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first decade of the 20th century brought the basics of quantum theory (Planck, Einstein) and interpretation of spectral series of hydrogen by Lyman in VUV and by Paschen in infrared. Ritz formulated the combination principle.
John William Nicholson had created an atomic model in 1912, a year before Niels Bohr, that... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While RBS is generally used to measure the bulk composition and structure of a sample, it is possible to obtain some information about the structure and composition of the sample surface. When the signal is channeled to remove the bulk signal, careful manipulation of the incident and detection angles can be used to det... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mono-BOC-cystamine (mono BOC protected cystamine) is a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) derivative of cystamine used as crosslinker in biotechnology and molecular biology applications. This compound was originally reported by Hansen et al. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most of the methyl chloride present in the environment ends up being released to the atmosphere. After being released into the air, the atmospheric lifetime of this substance is about 10 months with multiple natural sinks, such as ocean, transport to the stratosphere, soil, etc.
On the other hand, when the methyl chlor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
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