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Tetracyclics are cyclic chemical compounds that contain four fused rings of atoms, for example, Tröger's base.
Some tricyclic compounds having three fused and one tethered ring (connected to main nucleus by a single bond) can also classified as tetracyclic, for example, ciclazindol.
Tetracyclic compounds have various p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Haloalkanes generally resemble the parent alkanes in being colorless, relatively odorless, and hydrophobic. The melting and boiling points of chloro-, bromo-, and iodoalkanes are higher than the analogous alkanes, scaling with the atomic weight and number of halides. This effect is due to the increased strength of the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In its simplest form, photosynthesis is adding water to to produce sugars and oxygen, but a complex chemical pathway is involved, facilitated along the way by a range of enzymes and co-enzymes. The enzyme RuBisCO is responsible for "fixing" – that is, it attaches it to a carbon-based molecule to form a sugar, which c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Dissolved load can provide valuable information about the rate of soil formation and other processes of chemical erosion. In particular, the mass balance between the dissolved load and solid phase is helpful in determining surface dynamics. In addition, dissolved load can be used to reconstruct the climate of the Earth... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A second application in cement for the bulk material analyzer is raw mix proportioning. An analyzer placed just upstream of the raw mill can monitor the chemistry of the raw mix and automatically trigger an adjustment in the proportions of the reclaimed stockpile and the correctives. By doing so, the plant is able to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes. Hypoxia occurs when dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration falls to or below 2 mg of O/liter. When a body of water experiences hypoxic conditions, aquatic flora and fauna begin to change behavior in order to reach sections of water with highe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Acyl chlorides react with low-valent metal centers to give transition metal acyl complexes. Illustrative is the oxidative addition of acetyl chloride to Vaska's complex, converting square planar Ir(I) to octahedral Ir(III): | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The alkynylation reaction of aryl halides using aromatic acetylenes was reported in 1975 in three independent contributions by Cassar, Dieck and Heck as well as Sonogashira, Tohda and Hagihara. All of the reactions employ palladium catalysts to afford the same reaction products. However, the protocols of Cassar and Hec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Advantages
** By using uniform droplets to deliver therapeutic payloads to specific locations in the body, researchers can achieve greater precision and control over drug delivery while also minimizing toxicity and harmful side effects. For example, these droplets can be quickly loaded during the polymerization proce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triphenylphosphine dichloride is usually prepared fresh by the addition of chlorine to triphenylphosphine.
:PhP + Cl → PhPCl
Both reagents are typically used in solution to ensure the correct stoichiometry.
PhPCl can also be obtained by the reaction of iodobenzene dichloride (PhICl) and triphenylphosphine.
Alternativel... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sulfones are prepared under conditions used for Friedel–Crafts reactions using sources of derived from sulfonyl halides and sulfonic acid anhydrides. Lewis acid catalysts such as and are required.
Sulfones have been prepared by nucleophilic displacement of halides by sulfinates: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first "pure" Bose–Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and co-workers at JILA on 5 June 1995. They cooled a dilute vapor of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK using a combination of laser cooling (a technique that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudj... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Elementoid clusters are ligand-stabilized clusters of metal atoms that possess more direct element-element than element-ligand contacts. Examples of structurally characterized clusters feature ligand stabilized cores of Al, Ga, and Pd. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many different affinity media exist for a variety of possible uses.
Briefly, they are (generalized) activated/functionalized that work as a functional spacer, support matrix, and eliminates handling of toxic reagents.
Amino acid media is used with a variety of serum proteins, proteins, peptides, and enzymes, as well as... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Grüner, George. Density Waves in Solids. Addison-Wesley, 1994.
* Review of experiments as of 2013 by Pierre Monceau. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0929 Electronic crystals: an experimental overview]. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The James Webb Space Telescope uses radiative cooling to reach its operation temperature of about 50 K. To do this, its large reflective sunshield blocks radiation from the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The telescope structure, kept permanently in shadow by the sunshield, then cools by radiation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synapses are functional connections between neurons, or between neurons and other types of cells. A typical neuron gives rise to several thousand synapses, although there are some types that make far fewer. Most synapses connect axons to dendrites, but there are also other types of connections, including axon-to-cell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zolghadr and co-workers presented a fluorescent two-hybrid system that uses two hybrid proteins that are fused to different fluorescent proteins as well as LacI, the lac repressor. The structure of the fusion proteins looks like this: FP2-LacI-bait and FP1-prey where the bait and prey proteins interact and bring the fl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synthesis reported by Bodwell/Li (racemic, 2002) was a formal synthesis as it produced a compound already prepared by Rawal (no. 5 in the Rawal synthesis). The key step was an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of cyclophane 1 by heating in N,N-diethylaniline (dinitrogen is expulsed) followed by reduction... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While the original effort failed to produce useful products, follow-on work in Europe did produce usable astronomical detectors
but without apparent use of this technology. In other areas, however, the approach seems to be competitive, with prior art for making various end-products, since it has been used as a fabricat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two primary approaches to the organic synthesis of catenanes. The first is to simply perform a ring-closing reaction with the hope that some of the rings will form around other rings giving the desired catenane product. This so-called "statistical approach" led to the first synthesis of a catenane; however, t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin and the gas constant, and in Plancks law of black-body radiation and Boltzmanns entropy formula, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, the kinetic chain length () of a polymer is the average number of units called monomers added to a growing chain during chain-growth polymerization. During this process, a polymer chain is formed when monomers are bonded together to form long chains known as polymers. Kinetic chain length is defin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another way to form primitive compartments that may lead to the formation of a protocell is polyesters membraneless structures that have the ability to host biochemicals (proteins and RNA) and/or scaffold the assemblies of lipids around them. While these droplets are leaky towards genetic materials, this leakiness coul... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The presence of conserved moieties can affect how computer simulation models are constructed. Moiety-conserved cycles will reduce the number of differential equations required to solve a system. For example, a simple cycle has only one independent variable. The other variable can be computed using the difference betwee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A chafery is a variety of hearth used in ironmaking for reheating a bloom of iron, in the course of its being drawn out into a bar of wrought iron.
The equivalent term for a bloomery was string hearth, except in 17th century Cumbria, where the terminology was that of the finery forge.
A finery forge for the Walloon... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A review in 2013 came to the result that infants resulting from IVF (with or without ICSI) have a relative risk of birth defects of 1.32 (95% confidence interval 1.24–1.42) compared to naturally conceived infants. In 2008, an analysis of the data of the National Birth Defects Study in the US found that certain birth de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tin deposits exist in many parts of South America, with minor deposits in southern Peru, Colombia, Brazil, and northwestern Argentina, and major deposits of exploitable cassiterite in northern Bolivia. These deposits were exploited as early as 1000 AD in the manufacture of tin bronze by Andean cultures, including the l... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Acylium ions are cations of the formula . The carbon–oxygen bond length in these cations is near 1.1 Å (110-112 pm), which is shorter than the 112.8 pm of carbon monoxide and indicates triple-bond character.
The carbon centres of acylium ions generally have a linear geometry and sp atomic hybridization, and are best re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Under the Acronym Biofector the European Union supports the Research of Bioeffectors under the leadership of the University of Hohenheim. Coordinator Guenter Neumann, Projectmembers: Jiří Balík, Borbala Biro, Karl Fritz Lauer, Uwe Ludewig, Torsten Müller, Alessandro Piccolo, Manfred G. Raupp, Kornelia Smalla, Pavel Tlu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another advantage of poly(pseudo)rotaxanes is the ability for long-term release of drugs or genes. Some polyrotaxanes can used to form a physical hydrogel, which is called supramolecular hydrogel. In these cases, a three-dimensional physically crosslinked network formed by the poly(pseudo)rotaxanes, can be obtained, wh... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Due to the inert pair effect of the heavy, organometallic compounds of Bi (III) show Lewis acid properties given the lower ability of the 6s electron pair to mix with molecular orbitals and form σ-bonds. The search for non-toxic equivalents of boronic acids in advancing the Suzuki-Miyaura carbon-carbon coupling reactio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kennedy J. P. Orton (1872 - 1930) was a British chemist. Initially he studied medicine at St. Thomas Hospital, but there he became interested in chemistry and moved to St. Johns College, Cambridge. He then obtained a Ph.D. summa cum laude in Heidelberg under Karl von Auwers, before working for a year with Sir William R... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The simplest method of manufacturing the molding of a disk in one piece is a possibility for some systems. A more complex method of media manufacturing is for the media to be constructed layer by layer. This is required if the data is to be physically created during manufacture. However, layer-by-layer construction nee... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Until 1969 there was no obvious relationship except that the two methods lead to the same predictions. As noted earlier, the Woodward–Hoffmann method requires symmetry. But in 1969 and 1970 a general formulation was published, namely, A ground-state pericyclic change is symmetry-allowed when the total number of (4q + 2... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PTT utilizes photothermal transduction agents (PTAs) which can transform light energy to heat through photothermal effect to raise the temperature of tumor area and thus cause the ablation of tumor cells. Specifically, ideal PTAs should have high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), excellent optical stability and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The context of a photogeochemical reaction is implicitly the surface of Earth, since that is where sunlight is available (although other sources of light such as chemiluminescence would not be strictly excluded from photogeochemical study). Reactions may occur among components of land such as rocks, soil and detritus; ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Prp24 has a molecular weight of 50 kDa and has been shown to contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and a conserved 12-amino acid sequence at the C-terminus. RRMs 1 and 2 have been shown to be important for high-affinity binding of U6, while RRMs 3 and 4 bind at lower affinity sites on U6. The first three RRMs int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The C-terminal glucase enzymatic unit contains extra binding sites, which allows for it to bind to larger substrates for catalytic digestion. It was originally understood that maltase-glucoamylase's crystalline structure was inherently similar throughout the N and C-termini. Further studies have found that the C-termin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This reaction shows the oxidation of p-cresol in a sulfate-enriched environment. P-cresol was seen to be the easiest to degrade through the sulfate-enriched environment, while m-cresol and o-cresol where inhibited. In the chart above, p-cresol was oxidized under an anaerobic sulfate reducing condition and formed four d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flashover is one of the most feared phenomena among firefighters. Firefighters are taught to recognize the signs of imminent rollovers and flashovers and to avoid backdrafts. For example, there are certain routines for opening closed doors to buildings and compartments on fire, known as door entry procedures, ensuring ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In exceptionally preserved fossils, such as those of the Burgess shale, soft parts of organisms may be preserved. Since these fossils are often compressed into a planar film, it can be difficult to distinguish the features: a famous example is the triangular extensions in Opabinia, which were interpreted as either legs... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The International Standard for making artificial seawater can be found at ASTM International. The current standard is named ASTM D1141-98 (The original standard was ASTM D1141-52) and describes the standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water.
The ASTM D1141-98 standard comes in a ready-made artific... | 9 | Geochemistry |
"Polarity" is a gene expression mechanism in which transcription terminates prematurely due to a loss of coupling between transcription and translation. Transcription outpaces translation when the ribosome pauses or encounters a premature stop codon. This allows the transcription termination factor Rho to bind the mRNA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* O. K. Berdiev
* I. N. Khlopin
* Boris Kuftin
* Gorislava Nikolaevna Lisit︠s︡yna
* Mikhail Evgenievich Masson
* Vadim Mikhailovich Masson
* G. E. Markov
* Alexey Okladnikov
* Viktor Sarianidi | 8 | Metallurgy |
Neuraminidase inhibitors are useful for combating influenza infection: zanamivir, administered by inhalation; oseltamivir, administered orally; peramivir administered parenterally, that is through intravenous or intramuscular injection; and laninamivir which is in phase III clinical trials.
There are two major proteins... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1938, he married Irja Pullman; they had two daughters: Siiri Anna (b. 1939) and Jean Kirsten (b. 1944). In 1946, he married Eudoxia Muller, an artist and technician whom he met at the Polaroid Corp. This marriage, which lasted until 1972, produced a daughter, and a son: Crystal Elisabeth (b. 1947), and Eric Richard... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The thermal expansion coefficients depends on the modification of zirconia as follows:
* Monoclinic: 7·10/K
* Tetragonal: 12·10/K
* YO stabilized: 10,5·10/K | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An MPS gas is a mixture of two or more of propane, butane, butadiene, methylacetylene (propyne, CHC≡CH) and propadiene (CH=C=CH). They are marketed under different names including: "MPS", "Chem-O-Lean", "Apachi Gas", "FG-2 Gas", "Flamex" and "natural gas". The most commonly known type of MPS gas is the discontinued MAP... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The partition coefficient, abbreviated P, is defined as a particular ratio of the concentrations of a solute between the two solvents (a biphase of liquid phases), specifically for un-ionized solutes, and the logarithm of the ratio is thus log P. When one of the solvents is water and the other is a non-polar solvent, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the electronics industry, octafluoropropane is mixed with oxygen and used as a plasma etching material for SiO layers in semiconductor applications, as oxides are selectively etched versus their metal substrates.
In medicine, octafluoropropane may compose the gas cores of microbubble contrast agents used in contrast... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Simulation and modeling techniques are often combined with experimental methods to characterize structures of amorphous materials. Commonly used computational techniques include density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and reverse Monte Carlo. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
qPCR using reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) can be used to detect GMOs given its sensitivity and dynamic range in detecting DNA. Alternatives such as DNA or protein analysis are usually less sensitive. Specific primers are used that amplify not the transgene but the promoter, terminator or even intermediate sequences us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1908, Lawrence Joseph Henderson derived an equation to calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of a bicarbonate buffer solution, which rearranged looks like this:
In 1909 Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen introduced the pH terminology, which allowed Karl Albert Hasselbalch to re-express Henderson's equation in logarithm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There have been several efforts to map eukaryotic interactomes through HTP methods. While no biological interactomes have been fully characterized, over 90% of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been screened and their interactions characterized, making it the best-characterized interactome. Species whose intera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A novel myokine osteonectin, or SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), plays a vital role in bone mineralization, cell-matrix interactions, and collagen binding. Osteonectin inhibits tumorigenesis in mice. Osteonectin can be classed as a myokine, as it was found that even a single bout of exercise increa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level for benzene in drinking water at 0.0005 mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. This regulation is based on preventing benzene leukemogenesis. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Viaspan was the trademark under which the University of Wisconsin cold storage solution (also known as University of Wisconsin solution or UW solution) was sold. Currently, UW solution is sold under the Belzer UW trademark and others like Bel-Gen or StoreProtect. UW solution was the first solution designed for use in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
3-Iodophenol (m-iodophenol) is an aromatic organic compound. 3-Iodophenol participates in a variety of coupling reactions in which the iodide substituent is displaced. Well cited examples include thiolate and amine nucleophiles.
3-Iodophenol can be prepared by oxidative decarboxylation of 3-iodobenzoic acid: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2009, researchers developed siRNAs capable of targeting both polo-like kinase 1(PLK1) and kinesin spindle protein(KSP). Both proteins are important to the cell-cycle of tumor cells, PLK1 involved with phosphorylation of a variety of proteins and KSP integral to chromosome segregation during mitosis. Specifically, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1954, research into the chemistry of ferrocene began at the Department of Organic Chemistry at Moscow State University and at INEOS under the direction of Nesmeyanov. It turned out that the functional derivatives of ferrocene react similarly to aromatic compounds. However, it has been shown that the electronic effec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kinetic fractionation of dissolved iron occurs as a result of diffusion. When isotopes diffuse, the lower mass isotopes diffuse more quickly than the heavier isotopes, resulting in fractionation. This difference in diffusion rates has been approximated as:
In this equation, D and D are the diffusivities of the isotopes... | 9 | Geochemistry |
TPVs can provide continuous power to off-grid homes. Traditional PVs do not provide power during winter months and nighttime, while TPVs can utilize alternative fuels to augment solar-only production.
The greatest advantage for TPV generators is cogeneration of heat and power. In cold climates, it can function as both ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Energy accounting is a system used in energy management systems to measure and analyze energy consumption to improve energy efficiency within an organization. Organisations such as Intel corporation use these systems to track energy usage.
Various energy transformations are possible. An energy balance can be used to t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most common method to calculate the surface stresses is by calculating the surface free energy and its derivative with respect to elastic strain. Different methods have been used such as first principles, atomistic potential calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, with density functional theory most common... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grotthuss was born in 1785 in Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire, during an extended stay of his parents away from their home in northern Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He showed interest in natural sciences and went to study first in Leipzig and later in Paris at the École Polytechnique. Several renowned scie... | 5 | Photochemistry |
4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4,17β-triol, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estradiol. It is estrogenic, similarly to many other hydroxylated estrogen metabolites such as 2-hydroxyestradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone, estriol (16α-hydroxyes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In coordination chemistry, a transition metal NHC complex is a metal complex containing one or more N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Such compounds are the subject of much research, in part because of prospective applications in homogeneous catalysis. One such success is the second generation Grubbs catalyst.
Historic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Modern lacUV5 is seen in the BL21(DE3) strain, which carries both a lac operon with the standard promoter and a lacUV5 operon split by the DE3 prophage (and as a result driving the T7 RNA polymerase instead). The two important mutations are underlined.
lacUV5 TCACTCATTAGGCACCCCAGGCTTTACACTTTATGCTTCCGGCTCGTATTGTGTGGAA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phenomenon of limited cellular division was first observed by Leonard Hayflick, and is now referred to as the Hayflick limit. Significant discoveries were subsequently made by a group of scientists organized at Geron Corporation by Gerons founder Michael D. West, that tied telomere shortening with the Hayflick limi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SOFIA comprises a multiwell plate sample container, an automated means for successively transporting samples from the multiwell plate sample container to a transparent capillary contained within a sample holder, an excitation source in optical communication with the sample, wherein radiation from the excitation source ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of corrosion is determined by the electrol... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In vitro transcription (IVT) is performed on a linearized DNA plasmid template containing the targeted coding sequence. Then, naked mRNA or mRNA complexed in a nanoparticle will be delivered systemically or locally. Subsequently, a part of the exogenous naked mRNA or complexed mRNA will go through cell-specific mechani... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
* Auger electron spectroscopy
* Electron energy loss spectroscopy
* Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Copepods are assigned to the class Copepoda within the superclass Multicrustacea in the subphylum Crustacea. An alternative treatment is as a subclass belonging to class Hexanauplia. They are divided into 10 orders. Some 13,000 species of copepods are known, and 2,800 of them live in fresh water. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* High energy costs currently associated with generating and transporting hydrogen offsite.
* Presently generated from natural gas still dependent on fossil fuels (although any combustible hydrocarbon can be used).
* Production from biomass is highly land-intensive
* Energy density (by weight or volume) one half of th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Many metal alkoxide compounds also feature oxo-ligands. Oxo-ligands typically arise via the hydrolysis, often accidentally, and via ether elimination: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He was born in Moscow. He had two brothers Vasily (1904) and Andrei (1911) and a sister Tatyana (1908) (two born sisters died in infancy). His father (Nikolai Vasilyevich Nesmeyanov), graduated with excellence Vladimir Gymnasium, and then the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. He became interested in enlightenment an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To show the visitors how Birminghams iron industry developed, the main museum displays a wide range of Tannehill artifacts that have survived. Visitors, through paying a visit to the museum, can learn from the graphic exhibits how iron was made by 13 different iron companies and six rolling mills and how Alabamas iron-... | 8 | Metallurgy |
During his life, Pigulevsky became the author of more than 200 publications. He was the author of several monographs, including:
"Essential oils"
"Formation and transformation of essential oils and resins in conifers"
"Chemistry of Terpenes" | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hemoglycin (previously termed hemolithin) is a space polymer that is the first polymer of amino acids found in meteorites. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pol III is unusual (compared to Pol II) by requiring no control sequences upstream of the gene, instead normally relying on internal control sequences - sequences within the transcribed section of the gene (although upstream sequences are occasionally seen, e.g. U6 snRNA gene has an upstream TATA box as seen in Pol II ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stiction refers to the characteristic of start-and-stop–type motion of a mechanical assembly. Consider a mechanical element slowly increasing an external force on an assembly at rest that is designed for the relative rotation or sliding of its parts in contact. The static contact friction between the assembly parts res... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lactose synthase is an enzyme that generates lactose from glucose and UDP-galactose.
It is classified under .
It consists of N-acetyllactosamine synthase and alpha-lactalbumin. Alpha-lactalbumin, which is expressed in response to prolactin, increases the affinity of N-acetyllactosamine synthase for its substrate, caus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bürgi–Dunitz angle theory was initially developed based on "frozen" interactions in crystals, while most chemistry takes place via collisions of molecules tumbling in solution; remarkably, the theories of the , with the complexity they reflect, evolved not from crystallographic work, but from studying reaction outcomes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transfer RNAs, which are RNAs that participate in translation, contain the greatest number of modifications of any type of RNA, with up to one-fourth of the nucleosides in these molecules containing some sort of modification in eukaryotes. There are several known reasons for the wide variety of modifications found in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the sequence of steps involved in the assembly of the PIC can vary, in general, they follow step 1, binding to the promoter.
# The TATA-binding protein (TBP, a subunit of TFIID), TBPL1, or TBPL2 can bind the promoter or TATA box. Most genes lack a TATA box and use an initiator element (Inr) or downstream core ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Besides the polar lipids, the outer layer of MFGM contains a number of glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins. Proteomic analysis has revealed at least 191 different known proteins in human MFGM, and comparable numbers in bovine milk protein concentrates. While quantitatively these only represent 1% to 2% of total ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When excretion of bilirubin glucuronide by the kidney is detected in the urine through urine examination, meaning that a conspicuous amount of conjugated bilirubin is present and circulating in the blood. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), commonly known as PHBV, is a polyhydroxyalkanoate-type polymer. It is biodegradable, nontoxic, biocompatible plastic produced naturally by bacteria and a good alternative for many non-biodegradable synthetic polymers. It is a thermoplastic linear aliphatic polyester. It is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a molecule, both the electrons and nuclei experience similar-scale forces from the Coulomb interaction. However, the nuclei remain at nearly fixed locations in the molecule while the electrons move significantly. This picture of a molecule is based on the idea that nucleons are much heavier than electrons, so will m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From the figure above, it can also be seen that the interaction between two consecutive AOs is attenuated by the incremental twisting between orbitals by , where is the angle of twisting between consecutive orbitals, compared to the usual Hückel system. For this reason resonance integral is given by
where is the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cell–cell interactions are highly specific and are tightly regulated. Genetic defects and dysregulation of these interactions can cause many different diseases. Dysregulation that leads to leukocyte migration into healthy tissues can cause conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and some types of arthr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The atmophile elements are H, C, N and the noble gases.
Atmophile elements (also called "volatile elements") are defined as those that remain mostly on or above the surface because they are, or occur in, liquids and/or gases at temperatures and pressures found on the surface. The noble gases do not form stable compound... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association was a research group in the United Kingdom during the 20th century, bringing together public and privately funded research into metallurgy. The name was abbreviated officially to B.N.F.M.R.A. (the organisation was normally known as ‘The BNF’ during its life). It was ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Molecular motors are natural (biological) or artificial molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. In general terms, a motor is a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mechanical work; for example, many protein-based molecular motors harness the ch... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In vascular plant biology, electro-osmosis is also used as an alternative or supplemental explanation for the movement of polar liquids via the phloem that differs from the cohesion-tension theory supplied in the mass flow hypothesis and others, such as cytoplasmic streaming. Companion cells are involved in the "cyclic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aldehyde substituents suffer nucleophilic addition in the presence of organolithium compounds; however, adducts of aldehydes with lithium diamines can serve as effective directing groups for lateral lithiation. Subsequent treatment with an electrophilic primary alkyl halide and elimination of the diamine provides funct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Succinate is formed in E. coli in several steps.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a glycolysis pathway intermediate, is carboxylated by the enzyme PEP carboxylase to form oxaloacetate.
This is followed by the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. Fumarate hydratase then catalyses the deh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Investigation of the phenomena of stereoisometry in the series of limiting carbonaceous compounds. - Odessa: type. A. Schulze, 1891. - 190 p.
* Materials for the study of the genesis of silt deposits [Rev. ed. acad. N. D. Zelinsky]. - M.-L .: Publishing House of Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1939. - 200 p.
* Coal as a ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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