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The principles involved can be understood by considering the most efficient way of packing together equal-sized spheres and stacking close-packed atomic planes in three dimensions. For example, if plane A lies beneath plane B, there are two possible ways of placing an additional atom on top of layer B. If an additional... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
IBX is notable for oxidizing vicinal diols (or glycols) to diketones without cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond, but oxidative cleavage of glycols to two aldehydes or ketones can occur when modified conditions are used (elevated temperatures or trifluoroacetic acid solvent).
The reaction mechanism for this glycol cleav... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The furanose ring is a cyclic hemiacetal of an aldopentose or a cyclic hemiketal of a ketohexose.
A furanose ring structure consists of four carbon and one oxygen atom with the anomeric carbon to the right of the oxygen. The highest numbered chiral carbon (typically to the left of the oxygen in a Haworth projection) de... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Another family of carbonyl-based PPGs exists that is structurally like the phenacyl motif, but which reacts through a separate mechanism. As the name suggests, these PPGs react through abstraction of the carbonyl's γ-hydrogen. The compound is then able to undergo a photoenolization, which is mechanistically like a keto... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ortho esters can be prepared by the Pinner reaction, in which nitriles react with alcohols in the presence of one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. The reaction proceeds by formation of imido ester hydrochloride:
:RCN + R′OH + HCl → [RC(OR′)=NH]Cl
Upon standing in the presence of excess alcohol, this intermediate conv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Illustrative of their alkylating activity are reactions with potassium iodide in acetone, chloroacetone reacts faster than 1-chloropropane by a factor of 36,000. Halo ketones react with phosphites in the Perkow reaction.
The halo group can be removed in reductive dehalogenation of halo ketones. α-Halo ketones can also ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plasmid preparation can be divided into five main categories based on the scale of the preparation: minipreparation, midipreparation, maxipreparation, megapreparation, and gigapreparation. The choice of which method to use will depend on the amount of plasmid DNA required, as well as the specific application for which ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term is used in pathology, for example in calcareous conjunctivitis, and when referring to calcareous metastasis or calcareous deposits, which may both be removed surgically. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Sphingosine is synthesized from palmitoyl CoA and serine in a condensation required to yield dihydrosphingosine.
Dehydrosphingosine is then reduced by NADPH to dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine), acylated to dihydroceramide finally oxidized by FAD to ceramide. Sphingosine is then solely formed via degradation of sphingol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several methods are being pursued for controlling gene expression spatially, temporally and in different degrees. One method is by using operon inducer/repressor system which provides temporal control of gene expression. To control gene expression spatially inkjet printers are under development for printing ligands on ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Back-of-house testing is more restrictive. The substances tested do not come directly from event participants. Instead, they may come from samples confiscated by police or event security or samples that are disposed of via drug amnesty bins. The results may not be available to event attendees. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
K2.3 contains 6 transmembrane domains, a pore-forming region, and intracellular N- and C- termini and is readily blocked by apamin. The gene for K2.3, KCNN3, is located on chromosome 1q21. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is a half-life describing any exponential-decay process. For example:
*As noted above, in radioactive decay the half-life is the length of time after which there is a 50% chance that an atom will have undergone nuclear decay. It varies depending on the atom type and isotope, and is usually determined experimental... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many reactions in organic chemistry can occur in either an intramolecular or intermolecular senses. Some reactions are by definition intramolecular or are only practiced intramolecularly, e.g.,
* Dieckmann condensation of diesters is the intramolecular version of aldol condensation.
* Madelung synthesis of indoles
* ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In accordance with the terms of IOP purchase, Fulmer's capital investment in new facilities was expected to be financed from profit and Fulmer would make a modest annual contribution to IOP funds.
However, Fulmer's recent expansion and its large investment in capital equipment required increasing bank borrowing. Consid... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although Jaffes name is synonymous with clinical creatinine testing, his paper only described the principle behind what would later become the enduring method. It was Otto Folin (1867–1934), a Harvard biochemist, who adapted Jaffes research—abandoning the standard Neubauer reaction of the time—and published several pap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The defensive spray of skunks consists mainly of low-molecular-weight thiols and derivatives with a foul odor, which protects the skunk from predators. Owls are able to prey on skunks, as they lack a sense of smell. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When a heat ray arrives at a body they may interact in three different ways:
# The body may absorb the heat
# The body may reflect the heat
# The heat may transmit through the body
Absorption and reflection are typically modeled as surface phenomena that occur within a fraction of a micrometer of the surface. For examp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Sisyphus cooling, the two hyperfine ground states of experience equal and opposite AC Stark shifts from the near-resonant counter-propagating beams. The beams also effect a polarization gradient, alternating between linear and circular polarizations. The potential energy maxima of one coincide with pure circular p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Analogous to sulfamic acid (HNSO) and as is the case generally for amino acids, HOSA exists in the solid state as a zwitterion: HNOSO. It resembles an ammonia molecule coordinate covalently bonded to a sulfate group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Resazurin can be used as one of a series of rapid tests to determine the quality of a milk sample. In this test, resazurin is added as a violet redox dye which turns mauvish-pink due to conversion to resorufin and then to colourless dihydroresorufin. This happens due to lowering of the oxidation-reduction potential in ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fulgurites have been classified by Pasek et al. (2012) into five types related to the type of sediment in which the fulgurite formed, as follows:
* Type I – sand fulgurites with tubaceous structure; their central axial void may be collapsed
* Type II – soil fulgurites; these are glass-rich, and form in a wide range of ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The receptor has a broad tissue distribution but is especially abundant in the cerebellum. Most of the InsP3Rs are found integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Wide range of genomic applications and scientific questions, including de novo genome assembly, haplotype phasing, structural variant analysis, and transcriptome and epigenetic analysis.
* Accuracy and scalability.
* Method requires small quantities of input DNA, which can be beneficial for small samples or single ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kode FSL constructs consist of three components; a functional moiety (F), a spacer (S) and a lipid (L).
Function groups on FSL constructs that can be used to create kodecytes include saccharides (including ABO blood group-related determinants, sialic acids, hyaluronin polysaccharides), fluorophores, biotin, and a range... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the development of bioconjugation technology, there are plenty of options to covalently ligating an artificial metal cofactor onto a protein: i) cysteine residue based chemistry like: Cys-meleimide, Cys-α-haloketone, Cys-benzylhalide chemistry and disulfide formation, ii) post-translational bioorthogonal modificat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Dallol area lies up to below sea level, and has been repeatedly flooded in the past when waters from the Red Sea have flowed into the depression. The last separation from the Red Sea was about 30,000 years ago.
The discovery of the volcano by the first European settlers certainly dates from the first colonization ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Members of the MAPK family can be found in every eukaryotic organism examined so far. In particular, both classical and atypical MAP kinases can be traced back to the root of the radiation of major eukaryotic groups. Terrestrial plants contain four groups of classical MAPKs (MAPK-A, MAPK-B, MAPK-C and MAPK-D) that are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) and CD120b, is one of two membrane receptors that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Like its counterpart, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), the extracellular region of TNFR2 consists o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levofloxacin and later generation fluoroquinolones are collectively referred to as "respiratory quinolones" to distinguish them from earlier fluoroquinolones which exhibited modest activity toward the important respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The drug exhibits enhanced activity against the important resp... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For pure elements or compounds, e.g. pure copper, pure water, etc. the liquidus and solidus are at the same temperature, and the term melting point may be used.
There are also some mixtures which melt at a particular temperature, known as congruent melting. One example is eutectic mixture. In a eutectic system, there i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Artists and metalworkers often deliberately add patinas as a part of the original design and decoration of art and furniture, or to simulate antiquity in newly made objects. The process is often called distressing.
A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas. They are often ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mixtures of complex acids can be resolved by thermometric titration with standard NaOH in aqueous solution. In a mixture of nitric, acetic and phosphoric acids used in the fabrication of semi-conductors, three endpoints could be predicted on the basis of the dissociation constants of the acids:
The key to determine the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thiourea is a planar molecule. The C=S bond distance is 1.71 Å. The C-N distances average 1.33 Å. The weakening of the C-S bond by C-N pi-bonding is indicated by the short C=S bond in thiobenzophenone, which is 1.63 Å.
Thiourea occurs in two tautomeric forms, of which the thione form predominates in aqueous solutions. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ICP-AES is composed of two parts: the ICP and the optical spectrometer. The ICP torch consists of 3 concentric quartz glass tubes. The output or "work" coil of the radio frequency (RF) generator surrounds part of this quartz torch. Argon gas is typically used to create the plasma.
The ICPs have two operation modes,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As voltage is applied, the anions (and negatively charged sample molecules) migrate toward the positive electrode (anode) in the lower chamber, the leading ion is Cl ( high mobility and high concentration); glycinate is the trailing ion (low mobility and low concentration). SDS-protein particles do not migrate freely a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another classic but elusive family of targets are silylenes, analogues of carbenes. It was proposed that dechlorination of dimethyldichlorosilane generates dimethylsilylene:
:SiCl(CH) + 2 K → Si(CH) + 2 KCl
This inference is supported by conducting the dechlorination in the presence of trimethylsilane, the trappe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water. According to the original usage and work carried out on cellular stress mechanisms and responses, chaotropic substances do not necessarily disorder the structure of water.
The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA therapeutics are a new class of medications based on ribonucleic acid (RNA). Research has been working on clinical use since the 1990s, with significant success in cancer therapy in the early 2010s. In 2020 and 2021, mRNA vaccines have been developed globally for use in combating the coronavirus disease (COVID-19 p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some settings, when the titrated system is a redox system whose equilibrium is influenced by the removal of the metal ions, a redox indicator can function as a complexometric indicator. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Beckett skimmer has some similarities to the downdraft skimmer but introduced a foam nozzle to produce the flow of air bubbles. The name Beckett comes from the patented foam nozzle developed and sold by the Beckett Corporation (United States), although similar foam nozzle designs are sold by other companies outside... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
DBT has been shown to physically interact with PER in vitro and in vivo, and to create a stable complex with PER throughout the circadian cycle. PER that has been phosphorylated by DBT is recognized by the Slimb protein. Slimb is a component of the Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One viral epitranscriptome modification that has been identified is the 5-methylcytidine (mC). HIV-1 and MLV transcriptomes contain elevated levels of these residues by approximately 14-30 fold when compared to a cell’s normal levels. NSUN2 is the complex that codes the cytidine methyltransferases credited with mC form... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NBS is commercially available. It can also be synthesized in the laboratory. To do so, sodium hydroxide and bromine are added to an ice-water solution of succinimide. The NBS product precipitates and can be collected by filtration.
Crude NBS gives better yield in the Wohl–Ziegler reaction. In other cases, impure NBS (s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In contrast to solid electrolyte systems under high temperatures (usually higher than 200 °C), EPOC has rarely been reported in low-temperature aqueous systems (particularly at room temperature). Only a few examples have been demonstrated for the EPOC in an aqueous electrolyte solution at ambient temperature: H oxidati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ampicillin is well-absorbed from the GI tract (though food reduces its absorption), and reaches peak concentrations in one to two hours. The bioavailability is around 62% for parenteral routes. Unlike other penicillins, which usually bind 60–90% to plasma proteins, ampicillin binds to only 15–20%.
Ampicillin is distrib... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) figures prominently in protein degradation. The 26S proteasome consists of a catalytic subunit (the 20S core particle), and a regulatory subunit (the 19S cap). Poly-ubiquitin chains tag proteins for degradation by the proteasome, which causes hydrolysis of tagged proteins into sma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Class IIA HDACs includes HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7 and HDAC9. HDACs 4 and 5 have been found to most closely resemble each other while HDAC7 maintains a resemblance to both of them. There have been three discovered variants of HDAC9 including HDAC9a, HDAC9b and HDAC9c/HDRP, while more have been suspected. The variants of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Magnesium ions (Mg) in cellular biology are usually in almost all senses opposite to Ca ions, because they are bivalent too, but have greater electronegativity and thus exert greater pull on water molecules, preventing passage through the channel (even though the magnesium itself is smaller). Thus, Mg ions block Ca cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) is an organic compound used in organic synthesis as an oxidizing agent. This periodinane is especially suited to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes. IBX is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid, potassium bromate, and sulfuric acid. Frigerio and co-workers have also demonstrated, in 1999 that potassium... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Radiative equilibrium is the condition where the total thermal radiation leaving an object is equal to the total thermal radiation entering it. It is one of the several requirements for thermodynamic equilibrium, but it can occur in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium. There are various types of radiative equilibr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It creates volatile compounds when mixed with glucose and amino acids at 90 °C.
It is a cofactor in tyrosine oxidation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
William Otto Frohring (July 1, 1893 – September 13, 1959) was an American biochemical researcher, inventor and business executive. He was a co-developer of "simulated milk adapted" (SMA), the first infant formula to be distributed in the United States and one of the most widely consumed infant formulas in the world.
Fr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As an endorheic basin, the Caspian Sea basin has no natural connection with the ocean. Since the medieval period, traders reached the Caspian via a number of portages that connected the Volga and its tributaries with the Don River (which flows into the Sea of Azov) and various rivers that flow into the Baltic Sea. Prim... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*[http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/software/cocas/index.html] CoCAS: a free Analysis software for Agilent ChIP-on-Chip experiments
*[http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/2.4/bioc/html/rMAT.html] rMAT: R implementation from MAT program to normalize and analyze tiling arrays and ChIP-chip data. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exclusion chromatography.
Fractionation Range of Globular Proteins and Dextrans (Da).
Ion-exchange chromatography. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If an atom, A, is double-bonded to another atom, then atom A should be treated as though it is "connected to the same atom twice". An atom that is double-bonded has a higher priority than an atom that is single bonded. When dealing with double bonded priority groups, one is allowed to visit the same atom twice as one c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Pollution from metals is very common, as they are used in many industrial processes such as electroplating, textiles, paint and leather. The wastewater from these industries is often used for agricultural purposes, so besides the immediate damage to the ecosystem it is spilled into, the metals can enter creatures and h... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sharpless married Jan Dueser in 1965 and they have three children. He was blinded in one eye during a lab accident in 1970 where an NMR tube exploded, shortly after he arrived at MIT as an assistant professor. After this accident, Sharpless stresses "theres simply never an adequate excuse for not wearing safety glasses... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Phycobilisomes are protein complexes (up to 600 polypeptides) anchored to thylakoid membranes. They are made of stacks of chromophorylated proteins, the phycobiliproteins, and their associated linker polypeptides. Each phycobilisome consists of a core made of allophycocyanin, from which several outwardly oriented rods ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Light sources emitting in the UV spectral region are widely used in techniques involving photo-chemical processes, e.g., curing of inks, adhesives, varnishes and coatings, photolithography, UV induced growth of dielectrics, UV induced surface modification, and cleaning or material deposition. Incoherent sources of UV r... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Presence of un-phosphorylated pRb drives cell cycle exit and maintains senescence. At the end of mitosis, PP1 dephosphorylates hyper-phosphorylated pRb directly to its un-phosphorylated state. Furthermore, when cycling C2C12 myoblast cells differentiated (by being placed into a differentiation medium), only un-phosphor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transient expression, more frequently referred to "transient gene expression", is the temporary expression of genes that are expressed for a short time after nucleic acid, most frequently plasmid DNA encoding an expression cassette, has been introduced into eukaryotic cells with a chemical delivery agent like calcium p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Jim Wittke's class notes at Northern Arizona University
* John Fournelle's class notes at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
* John Donovan's class notes at the University of Oregon | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Aziridine is an organic compound consisting of the three-membered heterocycle . It is a colorless, toxic, volatile liquid that is of significant practical interest. Aziridine was discovered in 1888 by the chemist Siegmund Gabriel. Its derivatives, also referred to as aziridines, are of broader interest in medicinal ch... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lawessons reagent has a four membered ring of alternating sulfur and phosphorus atoms. The central phosphorus/sulfur four-membered ring dissociates to form two reactive dithiophosphine ylides (R-PS). Much of the chemistry of Lawessonss reagent is in fact the chemistry of this reactive intermediate.
In general, the mo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) is a well-studied phenomenon, widespread in the temperate and tropical oceans, and previously understood to be the most significant contributor to the active export of carbon as a result of zooplankton migration. The most common form is the nocturnal DVM, a night-time ascent to the upper p... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Germacranolides are a group of natural chemical compounds classified as sesquiterpene lactones. They are found in a variety of plant sources. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infected Caco-2 cells, the phosphorylase activity of CK2 is increased resulting in phosphorylation of several cytoskeletal proteins. These infected cells also display CK2-containing filopodia protrusions associated with budding viral particles. Hence the protrusions may assist the virus in in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the context of climate change and in particular mitigation, a sink is defined as "Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere".
In the case of non- greenhouse gases, sinks need not store the gas. Instead they can break it down i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
One potential application of ARS involves the rapid and nondestructive identification of drug tablet verification. Currently, there are no unfailing methods to eliminate contaminated or mislabeled products, a process which sometimes results in millions of pills having to be recalled. More studies need to be completed t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many governments impose strict regulations regarding the maximum chemical oxygen demand allowed in waste water before they can be returned to the environment. For example, in Switzerland, a maximum oxygen demand between 200 and 1000 mg/L must be reached before waste water or industrial water can be returned to the envi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The karat (US spelling, symbol k or Kt) or carat (UK spelling, symbol c or Ct) is a fractional measure of purity for gold alloys, in parts fine per 24 parts whole. The karat system is a standard adopted by US federal law. | 8 | Metallurgy |
High-throughput analyses of ESTs often encounter similar data management challenges. A first challenge is that tissue provenance of EST libraries is described in plain English in dbEST. This makes it difficult to write programs that can unambiguously determine that two EST libraries were sequenced from the same tissue... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A disadvantage to MIKES is that observations are made later in the ion flight path when compared to other methods. Also, a smaller number of ions will typically decompose. This will in turn cause the sensitivity to be lower than other kinetic energy spectroscopy methods. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteins perform several functions in living organisms, including catalytic reactions and transport of molecules or ions within the cells, the organs or the whole body. The understanding of the processes in human organisms, which are mainly driven by biochemical reactions and protein-protein interactions, depends to a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Each cell typically contains several hundred of a special class of enhancers that stretch over many kilobases long DNA sequences, called "super-enhancers". These enhancers contain a large number of binding sites for sequence-specific, inducible transcription factors, and regulate expression of genes involved in cell di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The intense coloring of the molecule is generated by the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by the pi bonds. These bonds are ordinarily excited by light in the orange region of the spectrum, causing the molecule to appear blue. When the molecule interacts with protons from an acid the bonds become harder to ex... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia, and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid.... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
If the plasma is optically thin, the bremsstrahlung radiation leaves the plasma, carrying part of the internal plasma energy. This effect is known as the bremsstrahlung cooling. It is a type of radiative cooling. The energy carried away by bremsstrahlung is called bremsstrahlung losses and represents a type of radiativ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measurements (performed using a soy bean SCS) indicate an optimal temperature of 37 °C and an optimal pH of 7.0-8.0. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Sleeping Beauty transposon system (SBTS) is the first successful non-viral vector for incorporation of a gene cassette into a vertebrate genome. Up until the development of this system, the major problems with non-viral gene therapy have been the intracellular breakdown of the transgene due to it being recognized a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GBE is encoded by the GBE1 gene.
Through Southern blot analysis of DNA derived from human/rodent somatic cell hybrids, GBE1 has been identified as an autosomal gene located on the short arm of chromosome 3 at position 12.3. The human GBE gene was also isolated by a function complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Henry Clifton Sorby, in 1858, was the first to document microscopic melt inclusions in crystals. The study of melt inclusions has been driven more recently by the development of sophisticated chemical analysis techniques. Scientists from the former Soviet Union lead the study of melt inclusions in the decades after Wor... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Applications:
* The rotary filter is most suitable for continuous operation on large quantities of slurry.
* If the slurry contains considerable amount of solids, that is, in the range of 15-30%.
* Examples of pharmaceutical applications include the collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and starch.
* The... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many isothiocyanates from plants are produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinolates. A prominent natural isothiocyanate is allyl isothiocyanate, also known as mustard oils.
Cruciferous vegetables, such as bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and others, are rich sources of glucosinola... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oncometabolism is the field of study that focuses on the metabolic changes that occur in cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) and accompany oncogenesis and tumor progression toward a neoplastic state.
Cells with increased growth and survivability differ from non-tumorigenic cells in terms of metabolism.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a delay line detector the electrons are accelerated to 500 eV between the back of the last MCP and a grid. They then fly for 5 mm and are dispersed over an area of 2 mm. A grid follows. Each element has a diameter of 1 mm and consists of an electrostatic lens focusing arriving electrons through a 30 µm hole of a gro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cathepsin zymography is a technique for quantifying enzymatic activity of the cathepsin family of cysteine proteases. It is based on SDS-PAGE whereby samples tested for cathepsin activity are loaded into a polyacrylamide gel and then separated by molecular weight. Gelatin is embedded in the gel itself, providing a subs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The People's Republic of China defines a VOC as those compounds that have "originated from automobiles, industrial production and civilian use, burning of all types of fuels, storage and transportation of oils, fitment finish, coating for furniture and machines, cooking oil fume and fine particles (PM 2.5)", and simila... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Consider two probability distributions and . Usually, represents the data, the observations, or a measured probability distribution. Distribution represents instead a theory, a model, a description or an approximation of . The Kullback–Leibler divergence is then interpreted as the average difference of the number o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The heat death paradox, also known as thermodynamic paradox, Clausius paradox, and Kelvins paradox, is a reductio ad absurdum argument that uses thermodynamics to show the impossibility of an infinitely old universe. It was formulated in February 1862 by Lord Kelvin and expanded upon by Hermann von Helmholtz and Willia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window". Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thionyl chloride is mainly used in the industrial production of organochlorine compounds, which are often intermediates in pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals. It usually is preferred over other reagents, such as phosphorus pentachloride, as its by-products (HCl and ) are gaseous, which simplifies purification of the pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To observe one-to-one binding between a single host (H) and guest (G) using UV/Vis absorbance, the Benesi–Hildebrand method can be employed. The basis behind this method is that the acquired absorbance should be a mixture of the host, guest, and the host–guest complex.
With the assumption that the initial concentration... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, enolates are organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl () compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the synthesis of organic compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enalapril is used to treat hypertension, symptomatic heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. ACE-inhibitors (including enalapril) have demonstrated ability to reduce the progression and worsening of existing chronic kidney disease in the presence of proteinuria/microalbuminuria (protein in the uri... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Conjugation increases the allylic strain because it forces substituents into a configuration that causes their atoms to be in closer proximity, increasing the strength of repulsive Van der Waals forces. This situation occurs most noticeably when carboxylic acid or ketone is involved as a substituent of the allylic gro... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The third class of PTPs contains three cell cycle regulators, CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C, which dephosphorylate CDKs at their N-terminal, a reaction required to drive progression of the cell cycle. They are themselves regulated by phosphorylation and are degraded in response to DNA damage to prevent chromosomal abnormal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term glycosynthase refers to a class of proteins that have been engineered to catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond. Glycosynthase are derived from glycosidase enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. They were traditionally formed from retaining glycosidase by mutating the active site nuc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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