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Vinyl- and acetylenic ethers are far less common than alkyl or aryl ethers. Vinylethers, often called enol ethers, are important intermediates in organic synthesis. Acetylenic ethers are especially rare. Di-tert-butoxyacetylene is the most common example of this rare class of compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Maxwell Garnett equation reads:
where is the effective dielectric constant of the medium, of the inclusions, and of the matrix; is the volume fraction of the inclusions.
The Maxwell Garnett equation is solved by:
so long as the denominator does not vanish. A simple MATLAB calculator using this formula is as fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The diagnosis of sepiapterin reductase deficiency in a patient at the age of 14 years was delayed by an earlier diagnosis of an initially unclassified form of methylmalonic aciduria at the age of 2. At that time the hypotonia and delayed development were not considered to be suggestive of a neurotransmitter defect. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Biochemical Society, London
*American Chemical Society
*Grandmaster, United Grand Masonic Lodge of Queensland | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to internal attractive forces of a liquid, air bubbles within the liquids are compressed. The resulting pressure (bubble pressure) rises at a decreasing bubble radius. The bubble pressure method makes use of this bubble pressure which is higher than in the surrounding environment (water). A gas stream is pumped int... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In May 2005 the Save Spodden Valley group claimed that it had uncovered internal MMC correspondence which identified numerous sites where asbestos fibres had been found in September 2004, predating the planning application. The document stated: "The audit undertaken was visual and no samples have been sent away for ana... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Protein adsorption and protein fouling can cause major problems in the food industry (particularly the dairy industry) when proteins from food adsorb to processing surfaces, such as stainless steel or plastic (e.g. polypropylene). Protein fouling is the gathering of protein aggregates on a surface. This is most common... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Katsonis serves on the Nature Travel Grants panel. She is an Editor of the journals Communications Chemistry and ChemPhotoChem. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metallacrowns form via self-assembly, i.e. by dissolving the ligand in a solvent followed by the desired metal salt.
The first reported metallacrown was Mn(OAc)(DMF)[12-MC-4]. Metallacrowns can be prepared with a variety of metals in the ring and in a variety of ring sizes. Many metallacrowns have been prepared, inclu... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Noble metals tend to be highly resistant to oxidation and other forms of corrosion, and this corrosion resistance is often considered to be a defining characteristic. Some exceptions are described below.
Copper is dissolved by nitric acid and aqueous potassium cyanide.
Ruthenium can be dissolved in aqua regia, a highl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Finnish Alcoholic Beverages Act 1 March 2018 legalized the manufacture of fermented water and wine from fruits, berries and other carbohydrate sources, without the pretense of making proper wine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Currently, the Australian agricultural industry follows various models of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) which provides an environmental management service tool that assists the continued improvement of Australia's natural habitat. However, there is a significant financial cost involved in EMS strategies that c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The curing process can be monitored by measuring changes in various parameters:
*the concentration of specific reactive resin species using spectroscopic methods such as FTIR & Raman;
*the refractive index or fluorescence of the resin (optical property);
*the internal resin strain (mechanical property) with the use of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mercapturic acids are condensation products formed from the coupling of cysteine with aromatic compounds. They are formed as conjugates in the liver and are excreted in the urine.
Glutathione adducts lose glutamate and glycine portions, and are acetylated to form mercapturic acids, which are excreted.
Levels of mercapt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A chiral condensate is an example of a fermionic condensate that appears in theories of massless fermions with chiral symmetry breaking, such as the theory of quarks in Quantum Chromodynamics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The carbon:nutrient balance hypothesis, also known as the environmental constraint hypothesis or Carbon Nutrient Balance Model (CNBM), states that the various types of plant defenses are responses to variations in the levels of nutrients in the environment. This hypothesis predicts the Carbon/Nitrogen ratio in plants d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An important group of SNPs are those that corresponds to missense mutations causing amino acid change on protein level. Point mutation of particular residue can have different effect on protein function (from no effect to complete disruption its function). Usually, change in amino acids with similar size and physico-ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some genes involved in critical developmental processes contain multiple enhancers of overlapping function. Secondary enhancers, or "shadow enhancers", may be found many kilobases away from the primary enhancer ("primary" usually refers to the first enhancer discovered, which is often closer to the gene it regulates). ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Barbara Grzybowska-Świerkosz (born 1937), is a Polish chemist. She graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków in 1959, and received a PhD from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh in 1963. After completing a post-doctoral degree at th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Frank Erhart Emmanuel Germann (December 6, 1887 – February 27, 1974) was an American physicist, physical chemist, and university professor. He was a founding member of the modern chemistry department of the University of Colorado. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Asialoglycoprotein receptors function to catabolize galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl-containing substrates. More specifically, in most mammals, the asialoglycoprotein receptor removes glycoproteins that have had some of their sugars, particularly a terminal sialic acid, removed from the end of the protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The APPI interface for LC–MS was developed simultaneously by Bruins and Syage in 2000. APPI is another LC–MS ion source/ interface for the analysis of neutral compounds that cannot be ionized using ESI. This interface is similar to the APCI ion source, but instead of a corona discharge, the ionization occurs by using p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Pressure oxidation is a process for extracting gold from refractory ore.
The most common refractory ores are pyrite and arsenopyrite, which are sulfide ores that trap the gold within them. Refractory ores require pre-treatment before the gold can be adequately extracted. The pressure oxidation process is used to prepar... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) separates polymer molecules and biomolecules based on differences in their molecular size (actually by a particle's Stokes radius). The separation process is based on the ability of sample molecules to permeate through the pores of gel spheres, packed inside the column, and is depend... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nearly all animals have more than one kind of Hb present in the RBC. Multiple Hb isoforms (see isoforms) are particularly common in ectotherms, but especially in fish that are required to cope with both fluctuating temperature and oxygen availability. Hbs isolated from the European eel can be separated into anodic and ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
SIN3B has been shown to interact with HDAC1, Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16, SUDS3 and IKZF1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Even greater in scope than metalloboranes are metallacarboranes. These cages have carbon vertices, often CH, in addition to BH and M vertices. A well-developed class of metallacarboranes are prepared from dicarbollides, anions of the formula [CBH]. These anions function as ligands for a variety of metals, often formi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Acree-Rosenheim reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. A protein mixture is mixed with formaldehyde. Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to form two layers. A purple ring appears between the two layers if the test is positive for tryptophan.
The test was named after t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Research in 2014, suggested that favipiravir may have efficacy against Ebola based on studies in mouse models; efficacy in humans was unaddressed.
During the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak, a French nurse who contracted Ebola while volunteering for Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in Liberia reportedly recovered a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The equilibrium constant for the protonation of a base, B,
: + H
is an association constant, K, which is simply related to the dissociation constant of the conjugate acid, BH.
The value of is ca. 14 at 25°C. This approximation can be used when the correct value is not known. Thus, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dexpramipexole is a first-in-class oral investigational medicine that lowers blood and tissue eosinophils before they can cause damage in the target organ. Dexpramipexole is being developed by [https://areteiatx.com/ Areteia Therapeutics] and has the potential to be the first oral treatment ever approved for eosinophil... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the early 1950s two groundbreaking series of papers were written independently on the relationship between grain boundaries and strength.
In 1951, while at the University of Sheffield, E. O. Hall wrote three papers which appeared in volume 64 of the Proceedings of the Physical Society. In his third paper, Hall showe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The modern approach is to carry out DNA–DNA hybridization in silico utilizes completely or partially sequenced genomes. The [http://ggdc.dsmz.de GGDC] and [https://tygs.dsmz.de/ TYGS] developed at DSMZ are the most accurate known tools for calculating DDH-analogous values. Among other algorithmic improvements, it solve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The isotope was first hypothesized and subsequently imaged by Patrick Blackett in Rutherford's lab in 1925:
It was a product out of the first man-made transmutation of N and He conducted by Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford in 1917–1919. Its natural abundance in Earth's atmosphere was later detected in 1929 by Giau... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The IL-10 family is a family of interleukins.
In addition to IL-10, it includes IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26.
Some sources also include the interferons IL-28 and IL-29.
The IL-10 family are helical cytokines categorized based on their specific similarities and can be classified as class 2 cytokines. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Total TBG can be increased (thereby decreasing the THBR) congenitally, or in conditions such as pregnancy (period of increased estrogen) and with the treatment of certain infections such as Hepatitis C. In the latter, reduction of inflammation of the liver results in increased protein synthesis
* Total TBG can be dec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various institutions have proposed different recommendations for the amount of daily intake of vitamin D. These vary according to precise definition, age, pregnancy or lactation, and the extent assumptions are made regarding skin synthesis of vitamin D.
Conversion: 1μg (microgram) = 40IU (international unit). | 1 | Biochemistry |
For the use of hormone antagonists in cancer, see hormonal therapy (oncology)
A hormone antagonist is a specific type of receptor antagonist which acts upon hormone receptors. Such pharmaceutical drugs are used in antihormone therapy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the TTC assay (also known as TTC test or tetrazolium test), TTC is used to differentiate between metabolically active and inactive tissues. The white compound is enzymatically reduced to red TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) in living tissues due to the activity of various dehydrogenases (enzymes important in oxidation ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Kerrigan's 2016 Agaricus of North America P45:
(Referring to Schaffers reaction) "In fact I recommend switching to the following modified test. Frank (1988) developed an alternative formulation in which aniline oil is combined with glacial acetic acid (GAA, essentially distilled vinegar) in a 50:50 solution. GAA is a m... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Water quality modeling involves water quality based data using mathematical simulation techniques. Water quality modeling helps people understand the eminence of water quality issues and models provide evidence for policy makers to make decisions in order to properly mitigate water. Water quality modeling also helps de... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In crystallography, the R-factor (sometimes called residual factor or reliability factor or the R-value or R) is a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the experimental X-ray diffraction data. In other words, it is a measure of how well the refined structure predicts the observed data. The va... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Deviations of the compressibility factor, Z, from unity are due to attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces. At a given temperature and pressure, repulsive forces tend to make the volume larger than for an ideal gas; when these forces dominate Z is greater than unity. When attractive forces dominate, Z is less th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, electronegativity is associated more with different functional groups than with individual atoms. The terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity are used synonymously. However, it is common to distinguish between the inductive effect and the resonance effect, which might be de... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is plant lectin protein derived from the fruits of Arachis hypogaea. Peanut agglutinin may also be referred to as Arachis hypogaea lectin. Lectins recognise and bind particular sugar sequences in carbohydrates; peanut agglutinin binds the carbohydrate sequence Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc. The name "peanut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exogenous retroviruses are infectious RNA- or DNA-containing viruses that are transmitted from one organism to another. In the Baltimore classification system, which groups viruses together based on their manner of messenger RNA synthesis, they are classified into two groups: Group VI: single-stranded RNA viruses with ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heat cramps, a type of heat illness, are muscle spasms that result from loss of large amount of salt and water through exercise. Heat cramps are associated with cramping in the abdomen, arms and calves. This can be caused by inadequate consumption of fluids or electrolytes. Heavy sweating causes heat cramps, especially... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid contains not only molecules, but is actually an equilibrium of many other chemical species, as it is shown in the table below.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid, and has a vapor pressure of <0.001 mmHg at 25 °C and 1 mmHg at 145.8 °C, and 98% sulfuric acid has a vapor pressure of <1 mmHg at 40 °C.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There has been some controversy about AstraZenecas behaviour in creating, patenting, and marketing the drug. Esomeprazoles successful predecessor, omeprazole, is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules (esomeprazole which is the S-enantiomer, and R-omeprazole); critics said the company was trying to "evergreen" its om... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In day-to-day life all of us observe that a stream of water emerging from a faucet will break up into droplets, no matter how smoothly the stream is emitted from the faucet. This is due to a phenomenon called the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, which is entirely a consequence of the effects of surface tension.
The explan... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Paramural bodies are membranous or vesicular structures located between the cell walls and cell membranes of plant and fungal cells. When these are continuous with the cell wall, they are termed lomasomes, while they are referred to as plasmalemmasomes if associated with the plasmalemma. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coagulation or blood clotting relies on, in addition to the production of fibrin, interactions between platelets. When the endothelium or the lining of a blood vessel is damaged, connective tissue including collagen fibers is locally exposed. Initially, platelets stick to the exposed connective tissue through specific... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amperometric transducers detect change in current as a result of electrochemical oxidation or reduction. Typically, the bioreceptor molecule is immobilized on the working electrode (commonly gold, carbon, or platinum). The potential between the working electrode and the reference electrode (usually Ag/AgCl) is fixed at... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SOD2 uses cyclic proton-coupled electron transfer reactions to convert superoxide (O) into either oxygen (O) or hydrogen peroxide (HO), depending on the oxidation state of the manganese metal and the protonation status of the active site.
Mn + O ↔ Mn + O
Mn + O + 2H ↔ Mn + HO
The protons of the active site have been di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Here, the aglycone is coumarin or a derivative. An example is apterin which is reported to dilate the coronary arteries as well as block calcium channels. Other coumarin glycosides are obtained from dried leaves of Psoralea corylifolia. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a gridless ion source, ions are generated by a flow of electrons (no grids). The most common gridless ion source is the end-Hall ion source. Here, the discharge current and the gas flow are used to control the beam current. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several strategies exist for avoiding β-hydride elimination. The most common strategy is to employ alkyl ligands that do not have any hydrogen atoms at the β position. Common substituents include methyl and neopentyl. β-Hydride elimination is also inhibited when the reaction would produce a strained alkene. This situat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Emanuel Gil-Av (Zimkin) (7 August 1916 – 24 March 1996) was an Israeli chemist. The main emphasis of his work constituted chiral chromatography for the analytical separation of enantiomers. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The standard photovoltaic effect, as operating in standard photovoltaic cells, involves the excitation of negative charge carriers (electrons) within a semiconductor medium, and it is negative charge carriers (free electrons) which are ultimately extracted to produce power. The classification of photoelectrochemical c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the solar thermochemical process, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using direct solar heat, rather than electricity, inside a high temperature solar reactor which receives highly concentrated solar flux from a solar field of heliostats that focus the highly concentrated sunlight into the reactor.
The two mo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The primary conditions for soil development are controlled by the chemical composition of the rock on which the soil will be. Rock types that form the base of the soil profile are often either sedimentary (carbonate or siliceous), igneous or metaigneous (metamorphosed igneous rocks) or volcanic and metavolcanic rocks. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
According to the safety data sheet of PPA, it should not be allowed in contact with the skin or eyes as it may lead to skin, eye, and respiratory irritations or allergic reactions. In addition, as some unfunctionalized PPA are unstable at temperatures even lower than room temperature, it is important to note that PPA s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fugacity is closely related to the chemical potential . In a pure substance, is equal to the Gibbs energy for a mole of the substance, and
where and are the temperature and pressure, is the volume per mole and is the entropy per mole. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Murexide (NHCHNO, or CHNO·NH), also called ammonium purpurate or MX, is the ammonium salt of purpuric acid. It is a purple solid that is soluble in water. The compound was once used as an indicator reagent. Aqueous solutions are yellow at low pH, reddish-purple in weakly acidic solutions, and blue-purple in alkaline s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The world's supply of titanium metal, about 250,000 tons per year, is made from . The conversion involves the reduction of the tetrachloride with magnesium metal. This procedure is known as the Kroll process:
In the Hunter process, liquid sodium is the reducing agent instead of magnesium. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A more detailed knowledge of the structures of metals, and binary and ternary phases of metals and non metals shows that:
*generally at low concentrations of the small atom, the phase can be described as a solution, and this approximates to the historical description of an interstitial compound above.
*at higher concen... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Polyelectrolytes that bear both cationic and anionic repeat groups are called polyampholytes. The competition between the acid-base equilibria of these groups leads to additional complications in their physical behavior. These polymers usually only dissolve when sufficient added salt screens the interactions between op... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Imd pathway appears to have evolved in the last common ancestor of centipedes and insects. However certain lineages of insects have since lost core components of Imd signalling. The first-discovered and most famous example is the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. It is thought that plant-feeding aphids have lost Imd s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A mathematical description of vacuum Rabi oscillation begins with the Jaynes–Cummings model, which describes the interaction between a single mode of a quantized field and a two level system inside an optical cavity. The Hamiltonian for this model in the rotating wave approximation is
where is the Pauli z spin operato... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atoms and molecules of gas or liquid can be trapped on a solid surface in a process called adsorption. This is an exothermic process involving a release of heat, and heating the surface increases the probability that an atom will escape within a given time. At a given temperature , the residence time of an adsorbed ato... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the Semail Nappe of Oman in the United Arb Emirates, silicified serpentinite was found. The occurrence of such geological features is rather unusual. It is a pseudomorphic alteration where the protolith of serpentinite was already silicified. Due to tectonic events, basal serpentinite was fractured and groundwater p... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Just as relative entropy of "actual from ambient" measures thermodynamic availability, relative entropy of "reality from a model" is also useful even if the only clues we have about reality are some experimental measurements. In the former case relative entropy describes distance to equilibrium or (when multiplied by a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Rutherford scattering, an incident particle with charge and energy scatters off a fixed particle with charge . The differential cross section is
where is the Coulomb constant. The total cross section is infinite unless a cutoff for small scattering angles is applied. This is due to the long range of the Coulomb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Current RO membranes, thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes, are being studied to find ways of improving their permeability. Through new imaging methods, researchers were able to make 3D models of membranes and examine how water flowed through them. They found that TFC membranes with areas of low flow significa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
After amplifying and then concentrating the target analyte, the samples are labeled with a fluorescent dye using an antibody for specificity and then finally loaded into a microcapillary tube. This tube is placed in a specially constructed apparatus so it is totally surrounded by optical fibers to capture all light emi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exo-anomeric effect is similar to the endo-anomeric effect. The difference being that the lone pair being donated is coming from the substituent at C-1. However, since the substituent can be either axial or equatorial there are two types of exo-anomeric effects, one from axial glycosides and one from equatorial gly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to Arrhenius's original molecular definition, an acid is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution, releasing the hydrogen ion (a proton):
The equilibrium constant for this dissociation reaction is known as a dissociation constant. The liberated proton combines with a water molecule to give a hydroniu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of molten CaCl is important because this molten salt can dissolve and transport the "O" ions to the anode to be discharged. The anode reaction depends on the material of the anode. Depending on the system it is possible to produce either CO or CO or a mixture at the carbon anode:
However, if an inert anode is u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photobromination with elemental bromine proceeds analogous to photochlorination also via a radical mechanism. In the presence of oxygen, the hydrogen bromide formed is partly oxidised back to bromine, resulting in an increased yield. Because of the easier dosage of the elemental bromine and the higher selectivity of th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Etiocholanedione, also known as 5β-androstanedione or as etiocholane-3,17-dione, is a naturally occurring etiocholane (5β-androstane) steroid and an endogenous metabolite of androgens like testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione. It is the C5 epimer of androstanedione (5α-a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a photon is the incident particle, there is an inelastic scattering process called Raman scattering. In this scattering process, the incident photon interacts with matter (gas, liquid, and solid) and the frequency of the photon is shifted towards red or blue. A red shift can be observed when part of the energy of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The metabolism of bacteria is adversely affected by silver ions at concentrations of 0.01–0.1 mg/L. Therefore, even less soluble silver compounds, such as silver chloride, also act as bactericides or germicides, but not the much less soluble silver sulfide. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, metallic silver also ha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assays can be used to measure the enzyme activity of microbes in a sample. A bright yellow-green glow is produced and is strongest when enzymatic activity is greatest. This can be quantified using a spectrofluorometer or a spectrophotometer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable atoms survive. The term is also used more generally to characterize any type of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known as integrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL). The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization defines ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fluorination by sulfur tetrafluoride produces organofluorine compounds from oxygen-containing organic functional groups using sulfur tetrafluoride. The reaction has broad scope, and SF is an inexpensive reagent. It is however hazardous gas whose handling requires specialized apparatus. Thus, for many laboratory scal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Control coefficients measure the response of a biochemical pathway to changes in enzyme activity. The response coefficient, as originally defined by Kacser and Burns, is a measure of how external factors such as inhibitors, pharmaceutical drugs, or boundary species affect the steady-state fluxes and species concentrati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Luteal support is the administration of medication, generally progesterone, progestins, hCG, or GnRH agonists, and often accompanied by estradiol, to increase the success rate of implantation and early embryogenesis, thereby complementing and/or supporting the function of the corpus luteum. A Cochrane review found that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cefuroxime axetil is an ester prodrug of cefuroxime which is effective when taken by mouth. It is a second-generation cephalosporin. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The amount of strain energy in bicyclic systems is commonly the sum of the strain energy in each individual ring. This isn't always the case, as sometimes the fusion of rings induces some extra strain. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A body of icy or rocky material in outer space may, if it can build and retain sufficient heat, develop a differentiated interior and alter its surface through volcanic or tectonic activity. The length of time through which a planetary body can maintain surface-altering activity depends on how well it retains heat, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plant virus transmission from generation to generation occurs in about 20% of plant viruses. When viruses are transmitted by seeds, the seed is infected in the generative cells and the virus is maintained in the germ cells and sometimes, but less often, in the seed coat. When the growth and development of plants is del... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Red edge refers to the region of rapid change in reflectance of vegetation in the near infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll contained in vegetation absorbs most of the light in the visible part of the spectrum but becomes almost transparent at wavelengths greater than 700 nm. The cellular structu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
S. pneumoniae is human pathogenic bacterium in which the process of genetic transformation was first described in the 1930s. In order for a bacterium to take up exogenous DNA from its surroundings, it must become competent. In S. pneumoniae, a number of complex events must occur to achieve a competent state, but it i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ordinarily, carbon dioxide is fixed to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) by the enzyme RuBisCO in mesophyll cells exposed directly to the air spaces inside the leaf. This exacerbates the transpiration problem for two reasons: first, RuBisCo has a relatively low affinity for carbon dioxide, and second, it fixes oxygen to... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Superhydrophobic surfaces can be created in a number of different ways including plasma or ion etching, crystal growth on a material surface, and nanolithography to name a few. All of these processes create nano-topographical features which imbue a surface with superhydrophobicity. The ultimate goal in developing super... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sometimes drugs are formulated in an inactive form that is designed to break down inside the body to form the active drug. These are called prodrugs. The reasons for this type of formulation may be because the drug is more stable during manufacture and storage as the prodrug form, or because the prodrug is better absor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code (translation table 4) is the genetic code used by various organisms, in some cases with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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