text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
In geology, a deformation mechanism is a process occurring at a microscopic scale that is responsible for changes in a material's internal structure, shape and volume. The process involves planar discontinuity and/or displacement of atoms from their original position within a crystal lattice structure. These small chan... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Originally, n was held to have an integer value between 1 and 4, which reflected the nature of the transformation in question. In the derivation above, for example, the value of 4 can be said to have contributions from three dimensions of growth and one representing a constant nucleation rate. Alternative derivations e... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Viruses in the sea surface microlayer, the so-called virioneuston, have recently become of interest to researchers as enigmatic biological entities in the boundary surface layers with potentially important ecological impacts. Given this vast air–water interface sits at the intersection of major air–water exchange proce... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, describes certain arrangements of atoms within molecules. The prefixes "cis" and "trans" are from Latin: "this side of" and "the other side of", respectively. In the context of chemistry, cis indicates that the functional groups (substituents) are on the same side... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Prelog was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1961.
Prelog was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1962 for his contribution to the development of modern stereochemistry.
Prelog received the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process used by cells to regulate gene expression. It was discovered in 1998 by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, who won the Nobel Prize for their discovery in 2006. The process to silence genes first begins with the entrance of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule into the cell, whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ligand-gated ion channels are likely to be the major site at which anaesthetic agents and ethanol have their effects, although unequivocal evidence of this is yet to be established. In particular, the GABA and NMDA receptors are affected by anaesthetic agents at concentrations similar to those used in clinical anaesth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are four different general schemes in which diffusion may take place. Tracer diffusion and chemical diffusion differ in the level of adsorbate coverage at the surface, while intrinsic diffusion and mass transfer diffusion differ in the nature of the diffusion environment. Tracer diffusion and intrinsic diffusion ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isoserine is a non-proteinogenic α-hydroxy-β-amino acid, and an isomer of serine. Non-proteinogenic amino acids do not form proteins, and are not part of the genetic code of any known organism. Isoserine has only been produced synthetically.
The first documented synthesis of isoserine in a laboratory setting was by Miy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mathematical equation for Boyle's law is:
where denotes the pressure of the system, denotes the volume of the gas, is a constant value representative of the temperature and volume of the system.
So long as temperature remains constant the same amount of energy given to the system persists throughout its operatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Georg Jacob Tysland (13 February 1890 – 14 February 1932) was a Norwegian engineer and metallurgist. Tysland is known as the originator of a successful electric smelting furnace for the production of pig iron, a semi-finished product for the production of steel. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The root alk- is used in organic chemistry to form classification names for classes of organic compounds which contain a carbon skeleton but no aromatic rings. It was extracted from the word alcohol by removing the -ol suffix. See e.g. alkyl, alkane.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [https://iupac.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*Epinephrine induces platelet aggregation, and so does hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Thus, they are physiological agonists to each other. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ynols can interconvert with ketenes, much like enols can with aldehydes and ketones. The ynol tautomer is usually unstable, does not survive long, and changes into the ketene. This is because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and thus forms stronger bonds. For instance, ethynol quickly interconverts with eth... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Phi Beta Kappa
* Sigma Xi
* 1950 The Chittenden Award given to the top B.S. graduate in the Yale class of 1950
*1971 The first Northeast ACS Award for Photochemistry
*1976 The ACS James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry
*1980 The Halpern Award of the New York Academy of Sciences
*1980 Election to the N... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ružička was the recipient of eight honorary doctorates and the 1938 Marcel Benoist Prize. He was listed as author on 583 scientific papers. In 1965, he became an honorary member of the Polish Chemical Society, and he was an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. After the war he acquired a taste ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After the last solute has been eluted, it is necessary to strip the displacer from the column. Since the displacer was chosen for high affinity, this can pose a challenge. On reverse-phase materials, a wash with a high percentage of organic solvent may suffice. Large pH shifts are also often employed. One effective ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In case (c), the spin-orbit coupling is stronger than the coupling to the internuclear axis, and and from case (a) cannot be defined. Instead and combine to form , which has a projection along the internuclear axis of magnitude . Then , as in case (a).
The good quantum numbers in case (c) are , , and . Since is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flutamide has been found to be effective in the treatment of female pattern hair loss in a number of studies. In one study of 101 pre- and postmenopausal women, flutamide alone or in combination with an oral contraceptive produced a marked decrease in hair loss scores after 1 year of treatment, with maximum effect afte... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The boat conformations have higher energy than the chair conformations. The interaction between the two flagpole hydrogens, in particular, generates steric strain. Torsional strain also exists between the C2–C3 and C5–C6 bonds (carbon number 1 is one of the two on a mirror plane), which are eclipsed — that is, these tw... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi was born in Shiraz, Iran, in 1953. He attended Alborz High School in 1968, graduated from the National University of Iran (now known as Shahid Beheshti University) with a BSc in chemistry in 1975, earned his MSc in Bioanalytical Chemistry at the Eastern Michigan University in 1979, and obtain... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From 1963 until 1965, Suzuki worked as a postdoctoral student with Herbert C. Brown at Purdue University and after returning to the Hokudai he became a full professor there. The postdoctoral experience was utilized in the study of the coupling reaction with his assistant Norio Miyaura and led to the discovery of Suzuki... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2018, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals became the first company to have a siRNA therapy approved by the FDA. Onpattro (patisiran) was approved for the treatment of polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis in adults. hATTR is a rare, progressively debilitating condition. During hATTR amyloidosis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Serine is the first amino acid in this family to be produced; it is then modified to produce both glycine and cysteine (and many other biologically important molecules). Serine is formed from 3-phosphoglycerate in the following pathway:
3-phosphoglycerate → phosphohydroxyl-pyruvate → phosphoserine → serine
The conversi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In science, and most specifically chemistry, the accepted value denotes a value of a substance accepted by almost all scientists and the experimental value denotes the value of a substance's properties found in a localized lab. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Suzuki was born on September 12, 1930, in Mukawa, Hokkaidō, his father died when he was in high school. He studied chemistry at Hokkaido University (Hokudai) and after receiving his PhD while he worked there as assistant professor. He initially wanted to major in mathematics, as his favorite subject in childhood was ar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Parkeol is a relatively uncommon sterol secondary metabolite found mostly in plants, particularly noted in Butyrospermum parkii (now called Vitellaria paradoxa, or the shea tree). It can be synthesized as a minor product by several oxidosqualene cyclase enzymes, and is the sole product of the enzyme parkeol synthase.
P... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With the sequencing of the genomes of a diverse array or model organisms, it became clear that the number of genes does not correlate with the human perception of relative organism complexity – the human proteome contains some 20 000 genes, which is smaller than some species such as corn. A statistical approach to calc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A 2006 meta analysis concluded that compared to other proton pump inhibitors, esomeprazole confers a modest overall benefit in esophageal healing and symptom relief. When broken down by disease severity, the benefit of esomeprazole relative to other proton pump inhibitors was negligible in people with mild disease (num... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The cosmic microwave background contains a small linearly-polarized component attributed to Thomson scattering. That polarized component mapping out the so-called E-modes was first detected by DASI in 2002.
The solar K-corona is the result of the Thomson scattering of solar radiation from solar coronal electrons. The E... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Between 2007 and 2008, the waste commissioner Guido Bertolaso, (the head of the civil protection department), planned to open a landfill but this was opposed by residents of Chiaiano. There was similar resistance in Pianosa to reopening a closed landfill proposed by government commissioner Giovanni De Gennaro. Some of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Nitrates are used as oxidizing agents, most notably in explosives, where the rapid oxidation of carbon compounds liberates large volumes of gases (see gunpowder for an example). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In liquid crystals, homeotropic alignment is one of the ways of alignment of liquid crystalline molecules. Homeotropic alignment is the state in which a rod-like liquid crystalline molecule aligns perpendicularly to the substrate. In the polydomain state, the parts also are called homeotropic domains. In contrast, the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Her early research included the development of a process to remove sulfur and phosphorus from acetylene. Her first article on the derivatives of benzophenone, coauthored by German chemist Fritz Ullmann, was published in 1897. She also researched and wrote a paper (published in 1904) on using copper as a catalyst for th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term vertical resistance, used commonly in context of plant selection, was first used by J.E. Vanderplank to describe single-gene resistance. This contrasted the term horizontal resistance which was used to describe many-gene resistance. Raoul A. Robinson further refined the definition of vertical resistance, empha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In linear elasticity, the stress and strain are related by Hooke's law, i.e.,
or, using Voigt notation,
The condition for material symmetry in linear elastic materials is.
where | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Levofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone, being one of the isomers of ofloxacin, which was a broader-spectrum conformationally locked analog of norfloxacin; both ofloxacin and levofloxaxin were synthesized and developed by scientists at Daiichi Seiyaku. The Daiichi scientists knew that ofloxacin was racemic, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Antanas Purėnas (16 February 1881 – 5 November 1962) was a famous Lithuanian organic chemist and politician. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the thermodynamic limit, the total number of particles N are so large that the quantum number n may be treated as a continuous variable. In this case, the overall number density profile in the box is indeed uniform.
The number of quantum states in the range is:
Without loss of generality, the zero-point energy is c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In an ordinary fermion gas in which thermal effects dominate, most of the available electron energy levels are unfilled and the electrons are free to move to these states. As particle density is increased, electrons progressively fill the lower energy states and additional electrons are forced to occupy states of highe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most common method is alkaline lysis, which involves the use of a high concentration of a basic solution, such as sodium hydroxide, to lyse the bacterial cells. When bacteria are lysed under alkaline conditions (pH 12.0–12.5) both chromosomal DNA and protein are denatured; the plasmid DNA however, remains stable. S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Expression is quantified to study cellular changes in response to external stimuli, differences between healthy and diseased states, and other research questions. Transcript levels are often used as a proxy for protein abundance, but these are often not equivalent due to post transcriptional events such as RNA interfer... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemozoin formation is an excellent drug target, since it is essential to malaria parasite survival and absent from the human host. The drug target hematin is host-derived and largely outside the genetic control of the parasite, which makes the development of drug resistance more difficult. Many clinically used drugs ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This method starts with a solution of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. To this a solution containing potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, and starch is added. There are two reactions occurring simultaneously in the solution.
In the first, slow reaction, iodine is produced:
In the second, fast reaction, iodine is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ESI-MS was initially developed by Fenn and colleagues for analysis of biomolecules. It depends on the formation of gaseous ions from polar, thermally labile and mostly non-volatile molecules and thus is completely suitable for a variety of lipids. It is a soft-ionization method that rarely disrupts the chemical nature ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Horizontal plate filter paper is commonly utilized in industrial processing. Filter paper typically is designed to fit the manufacturers specifications. Absolute micron retention can range from 1–100 microns but Diatomaceous earth is commonly used with filter paper to obtain sub-micron filtration. Activated carbon or o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Orbiting bodies can also be heated by tidal heating, geothermal energy which is driven by radioactive decay in the core of the planet, or accretional heating. These internal processes will cause the effective temperature (a blackbody temperature that produces the observed radiation from a planet) to be warmer than the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations suggest RHT principles, both in the air and on water, and in aircraft with side-by-side cockpit seating, the pilot-in-command (or more senior flight officer) traditionally occupies the left seat. However, helicopter practice tends to favour the right hand seat for the pi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology publishes three research journals and a monthly magazine covering society news and activity updates. ASBMB journals are peer-reviewed and cover research in the fields of microbiology, molecular genetics, RNA-related research, proteomics, genomics, transcriptio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Researching jelly-falls relies on direct observational data such as video, photography, or benthic trawls. A complication with trawling for jelly-falls is the gelatinous carcass easily falls apart and as a result, opportunistic photography, videography, and chemical analysis have been primary methods of monitoring. Thi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The chemical reaction that is responsible for bio-luminescence is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. In the presence of oxygen, luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of an organic molecule called luciferin. Though bio-luminescence across a diverse range of organisms such as bacteria, insects, and dinoflagellates functio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some crops are grown under the protective shelter of different kinds of plant, whether as wind breaks or for shade. For example, shade-grown coffee, especially Coffea arabica, has traditionally been grown in light shade created by scattered trees with a thin canopy, allowing light through to the coffee bushes but prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pharmacometabolomics is thought to provide information that complements that gained from other omics, namely genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Looking at the characteristics of an individual down through these different levels of detail, there is an increasingly more accurate prediction of a person's ability ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phycobiliproteins are found in cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) and algae groups such as rhodophyta (red algae) and cryptophytes. Major phycobiliproteins include variations of phycocyanin (blue-pigment), variations of phycoerythrin (red pigment), and allophycocyanin (light-blue pigment); each of them poss... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Woods metal, also known as Lipowitzs alloy or by the commercial names Cerrobend, Bendalloy, Pewtalloy and MCP 158, is a metal alloy that is useful for soldering and making custom metal parts, but its vapor is toxic to touch or breathe. The alloy is named for Barnabas Wood, who invented and patented the alloy in 1860. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
George Warren Hammond (April 4, 1833 – January 6, 1908) was an American businessman. Camp Hammond, in Yarmouth, Maine, is named for him. He was also one of its architects. Built in , it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Hammond was also co-owner of Forest Paper Company, which was the larg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cryolite (NaAlF) is the least abundant of the three major fluorine-containing minerals, but is a concentrated source of fluorine. It was formerly used directly in aluminium production. However, the main commercial mine, on the west coast of Greenland, closed in 1987. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Viel is co-author of The Inner Life of the Cell, an 8.5-minute 3D computer graphics animation illustrating the molecular mechanisms that occur when a white blood cell in the blood vessels of the human body is activated by inflammation (Leukocyte extravasation). It shows how a white blood cell rolls along the inner surf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ring A was synthesised starting from geraniol 1 and involved acylation (acetic anhydride, DMAP, EtN) to 2, epoxidation (N-bromosuccinimide, tBuOH/HO then triethylamine) to 3, radical cyclisation (titanocene dichloride, manganese, triethylborane, 2,6-lutidine) to 4, alcohol protection (ethyl vinyl ether, camphorsulfonic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Claudine Helen Stirling is a New Zealand isotope geochemistry academic. As of 2018, she is a full professor at the University of Otago. In 2024 she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The proposed pathway for electron transport prior to ubiquinone reduction is as follows: NADH – FMN – N3 – N1b – N4 – N5 – N6a – N6b – N2 – Q, where Nx is a labelling convention for iron sulfur clusters. The high reduction potential of the N2 cluster and the relative proximity of the other clusters in the chain enable ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The scale of a chemical process refers to the rough ranges in mass or volume of a chemical reaction or process that define the appropriate category of chemical apparatus and equipment required to accomplish it, and the concepts, priorities, and economies that operate at each. While the specific terms used—and limits of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Water quality models have different information, but generally have the same purpose, which is to provide evidentiary support of water issues. Models can be either deterministic or statistical depending on the scale with the base model, which is dependent on if the area is on a local, regional, or a global scale. Anot... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are two main assaying techniques: heterogeneous and homogeneous. If two lanthanide chelates are used in the analysis one after the other—it is called heterogeneous assaying. The first analyte is linked to a specific binding agent on a solid support such as a polymer and then another reaction couples the first poo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microarrays use hybridization probes to test the prevalence of known DNA sequences, thus they cannot be used to identify unexpected genetic changes. In contrast, the high-throughput sequencing technologies used in exome sequencing directly provide the nucleotide sequences of DNA at the thousands of exonic loci tested. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The strength of an electrofusion joint is measured using tensile and peel tests on coupons taken from the fusion zone of the joint. Two methods have been developed to assess the effect of fusion time on joint strength:
# Simulating an electrofusion joint solely for testing purposes
# Removing test coupons from standar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In December 2004 plans were submitted, in partnership with Countryside Properties, to build an urban village over two-thirds of the site, comprising residential and business developments, a retail site and doctors surgery. MMC director Mark Russell stated that the plans were in everyones interests and would be carried ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
EDM is often compared to electrochemical machining.
Advantages of EDM include:
*Ability to machine complex shapes that would otherwise be difficult to produce with conventional cutting tools.
*Machining of extremely hard material to very close tolerances.
*Very small work pieces can be machined where conventional cutti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The formose reaction, discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1861, and hence also known as the Butlerov reaction, involves the formation of sugars from formaldehyde. The term formose is a portmanteau of formaldehyde and aldose. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For blast furnaces, direct reduction corresponds to the reduction of oxides by the carbon in the coke. However, in practice, direct reduction only plays a significant role in the final stage of iron reduction in a blast furnace, by helping to reduce wustite (FeO) to iron. In this case, the chemical reaction can be triv... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The slow but continuous production of hydrogen in deep low-permeability argillaceous formations could represent a problem for the long-term disposal of radioactive waste (Ortiz et al., 2001; Nagra, 2008; recent Nagra NTB reports). Indeed, a gas pressure build-up could occur if the rate of hydrogen production by the ana... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The structure of cyclopropyl cyanide has been determined by a variety of experiments, including microwave spectroscopy, rotational spectroscopy and photodissociation. In 1958, cyclopropyl cyanide was first studied for its rotational spectra, by Friend and Dailey. An additional experiment involving cyclopropyl cyanide w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The DNA formed after reverse transcription (the provirus) is longer than the RNA genome because each of the terminals have the U3 - R - U5 sequences called long terminal repeat (LTR). Thus, 5' terminal has the extra U3 sequence, while the other terminal has the U5 sequence. LTRs are able to send signals for vital tasks... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dehydrogenation of amine-boranes or dehydrocoupling of amine-boranes is a chemical process in main group and organometallic chemistry wherein dihydrogen is released by the coupling of two or more amine-borane adducts. This process is of due to the potential of using amine-boranes for hydrogen storage. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A typical laboratory FPLC consist of one or two high-precision pumps, a control unit, a column, a detection system and a fraction collector. Although it is possible to operate the system manually, the components are normally linked to a personal computer or, in older units, a microcontroller. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The SUPERFAMILY annotation is based on a collection of hidden Markov models (HMM), which represent structural protein domains at the SCOP superfamily level.
A superfamily groups together domains which have an evolutionary relationship. The annotation is produced by scanning protein sequences from completely sequence... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PDE3a expression has been described as a biomarker for sensitivity for PDE3-inhibitor Zardaverine in different types of cancer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic microorganisms have evolved to use some of these compounds as food. Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidatively degrade the organic compounds, releasing energy which is used for growth and reproduction. Populat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dexlansoprazole was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, and was approved in Canada in 2010 and in Mexico in 2011.
Since Kapidex was approved in 2009, there have been reports of dispensing errors because of confusion with the drugs Casodex (bicalutamide) and Kadian (morphine), which have ver... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Shamoo currently resides in Columbia, MD with his wife and occasional co-author, Bonnie Bricker; his daughter, and stepdaughter. He has two sons and another stepdaughter who also all reside in the Washington Metropolitan Area. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For example, in a two electrons couple like : the reduction potential becomes ~ 30 mV (or more exactly, 59.16 mV/2 = 29.6 mV) more positive for every power of ten increase in the ratio of the oxidised to the reduced form. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The string-net model is claimed to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the Planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions that the leptons, quarks, and gluons can be modeled in the same way. In other words, string-net condensation provides a unified origin for photons... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following packages calculate the state of the carbonate system in seawater (including pH):
* [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/co2rprt.html CO2SYS] , available as a stand-alone executable, Excel spreadsheet, or MATLAB script.
* [http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/seacarb/index.html seacarb], a R package for Wind... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Substantial decreases in extracellular Ca ion concentrations may result in a condition known as hypocalcemic tetany, which is marked by spontaneous motor neuron discharge. In addition, severe hypocalcaemia will begin to affect aspects of blood coagulation and signal transduction.
Ca ions can damage cells if they enter ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Physalaemin (PHY) is known to take on both a linear and helical three dimensional structure. Grace et al. (2010) have shown that in aqueous environments, PHY preferentially takes on the linear conformation whereas in an environment that simulates a cellular membrane, PHY takes on a helical confirmation from the Pro re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tin is an essential metal in the creation of tin-bronzes, and its acquisition was an important part of ancient cultures from the Bronze Age onward. Its use began in the Middle East and the Balkans around 3000 BC. Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, with about two parts per million (ppm), compared to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*The G complexes sometimes also have active functions. Examples include coupling to and activating G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are numerous reasons that each of the four processes can occur (detailed in each article). Generally speaking, sources of acid gain include:
# Retention of carbon dioxide
# Production of nonvolatile acids from the metabolism of proteins and other organic molecules
# Loss of bicarbonate in feces or urine
# Intake ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Certain lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are used as psychiatric medication, primarily for bipolar disorder and for major depressive disorder. In lower doses, other salts such as lithium citrate are known as nutritional lithium and have occasionally been used to treat ADHD. Lithium is taken orally (by mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It can be seen in some studies that biodegradation accounts for the absence of creosote preservatives on the initial surface of the sediment. In a study from Pensacola, Florida, PAHs were not detected on the surface on the aquatic sediment, but the highest concentrations were detected at a depth of 8-13 centimeters. A ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.
Drinking hard water may have moderate health benefits.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
People with disabilities who wish to have children are equally or more likely than the non-disabled population to experience infertility, yet disabled individuals are much less likely to have access to fertility treatment such as IVF. There are many extraneous factors that hinder disabled individuals access to IVF, suc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The [4+2] cycloaddition of singlet oxygen to cyclopentadiene to create cis-2-cyclopentene-1,4-diol is a common step involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. The initial addition singlet oxygen, through the concerted [4+2] cycloaddition, forms an unstable endoperoxide. Subsequent reduction of the peroxide bound prod... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Similar to natural bases, x-nucleotides selectively assemble into a duplex-structure resembling B-DNA. xDNA was originally synthesized by incorporating a benzene ring into the nitrogenous base. However, other expanded bases have been able to incorporate thiophene and [[Benzothiophene|benzo[b]thiophene]] as well. xDNA a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, most ingestions in children involve exploratory ingestions of small amounts of caustic substances, with the rare exception being cases of child abuse where larger amounts are often ingested. Caustic ingestions in adults usually involve larger amounts of ingested material during attempts of self harm. Due to... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Schiff bases can be synthesized from an aliphatic or aromatic amine and a carbonyl compound by nucleophilic addition forming a hemiaminal, followed by a dehydration to generate an imine. In a typical reaction, 4,4-oxydianiline reacts with o'-vanillin: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DPVweb is a central web-based source of information about viruses, viroids and satellites of plants, fungi and protozoa.
It provides comprehensive taxonomic information, including brief descriptions of each family and genus, and classified lists of virus sequences. It makes use of a large database that also holds detai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sedimentation potential occurs when dispersed particles move under the influence of either gravity or centrifugation or electricity in a medium. This motion disrupts the equilibrium symmetry of the particles double layer. While the particle moves, the ions in the electric double layer lag behind due to the liquid flow.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluxes have several important properties:
* Activity – the ability to dissolve existing oxides on the metal surface and promote wetting with solder. Highly active fluxes are often acidic or corrosive in nature.
* Corrosivity – the promotion of corrosion by the flux and its residues. Most active fluxes tend to be corros... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ehrlich reagent can be used to detect urobilinogen, which can indicate jaundice or other liver-related issues.
A very common Ehrlich test is a simple spot test to identify possible psychoactive compounds such as tryptamines (e.g. DMT) and lysergamides (e.g. LSD). It gives a negative test-result for 25I-NBOMe and many o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.