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Cosmid vectors are plasmids that contain a small region of bacteriophage λ DNA called the cos sequence. This sequence allows the cosmid to be packaged into bacteriophage λ particles. These particles- containing a linearized cosmid- are introduced into the host cell by transduction. Once inside the host, the cosmids cir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grid spectroscopy is an extension of force spectroscopy described above. In grid spectroscopy multiple force spectra are taken in a grid over a surface, to build up a three-dimensional force map above the surface. These experiments can take a considerable time, often over 24 hours, thus the microscope is usually cooled... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a ). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine results in thymine and ammonia. This is the most common single nucleotide mutation. In DNA, this reaction, if detected prior to passage of the replication fork, can be corrected by the enzyme thymine-DNA glycosylase, which removes the thymine base in a G/T mismatch. This leav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PEMFCs have some advantages over other types of fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). PEMFCs operate at a lower temperature, are lighter and more compact, which makes them ideal for applications such as cars.
However, some disadvantages are: the ~80 °C operating temperature is too low for cogeneration like ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Photosynthesis, a process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of organic molecules in plant cells.
* Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminosae.
* Magnesium supplements orotate, oxide, sulfate, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first cast iron pipe was produced in horizontal moulds, the core of the mould would be supported on small iron rods which would become part of the pipe. Horizontal casting resulted in an uneven distribution of metal around the pipe circumference. Typically slag would collect at the crown of the pipe creating a much... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pepper spray typically comes in canisters, which are often small enough to be carried or concealed in a pocket or purse. Pepper spray can also be purchased concealed in items such as rings. There are also pepper spray projectiles available, which can be fired from a paintball gun or similar platform. It has been used f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The English word amber derives from the Arabic word (; ultimately from Middle Persian ambar, also ambergris), via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word "amber", in its sense of "ambergris", was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century.
The word "ambergris" comes from the Old French ambre gris or "g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For deprotection (regeneration of the alcohol)
* Aqueous base (pH >9)
* Aqueous acid (pH <2), may have to be heated
* Anhydrous base such as sodium methoxide in methanol. Very useful when a methyl ester of a carboxylic acid is also present in the molecule, as it will not hydrolyze it like an aqueous base would. (Same a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although untrue from an historical perspective (see the history of the steroid, cortisone), total synthesis in the modern age has largely been an academic endeavor (in terms of manpower applied to problems). Industrial chemical needs often differ from academic focuses. Typically, commercial entities may pick up particu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silvana Konermann is a Swiss-American biochemist whose research involves CRISPR, Cas9, and their use in genome editing. She is an assistant professor of biochemistry at Stanford University, as well as the Director and co-founder of the Arc Institute in Palo Alto. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On August 18, 1926, Otto Raubenheimer from the US, the Austrian Ludwig Winkler and the Germans Fritz Ferchl, Georg Urdang, Walther Zimmermann, founded the Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie (Society for the History of Pharmacy) in Innsbruck, Austria
The Second World War interrupted the societys activities but a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The AR is defined as the collection all possible outcomes for all conceivable reactor combinations. Geometrically, the AR may (for instance) be represented as a convex region in state space representing all possible outlet compositions for all reactor combinations. A combination of reactors is often termed a reactor st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Williams Haynes was born in Detroit, where his father, David Oliphant Haynes, was the publisher of The Pharmaceutical Era, as well as the president and the general manager of D. O. Haynes & Co. In 1896 D. O. Haynes established in New York City the New York Commercial as a daily newspaper on business.
Williams Haynes wo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic solar cells and polymer solar cells are built from thin films (typically 100 nm) of organic semiconductors including polymers, such as polyphenylene vinylene and small-molecule compounds like copper phthalocyanine (a blue or green organic pigment) and carbon fullerenes and fullerene derivatives such as PCBM.
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboxylation of benzyl halides has been reported. The reaction mechanism is proposed to involve oxidative addition of benzyl chloride to Ni(0). The Ni(II) benzyl complex is reduced to Ni(I), e.g., by zinc, which inserts CO delivering the nickel carboxylate. Reduction of the Ni(I) carboxylate to Ni(0) releases the zinc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vomiting agents are chemical weapon agents causing vomiting. Prolonged exposure can be lethal. They were used for the first time during WWI. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over more than a ten-year span, engineers in former Yugoslavian Institute of Thermal and Nuclear Technology (ITEN), Energoinvest Co., Sarajevo, had built the first experimental Magneto-Hydrodynamic facility power generator in 1989. It was here it was first patented. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity of earth materials in a wellbore. Measurement of natural emission of gamma rays in oil and gas wells are useful because shales and sandstones typically have different gamma ray levels. Shales and clays are resp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Hoffman-La Roche Award from the Canadian Society for Chemistry (1997)
* Ottawa Life Sciences Council Achievement Award (2001)
* Rotary International Paul Harris Fellowship (2001)
* National Research Council of Canada Royalty Sharing Award (2001)
* Melville L. Wolfrom Award from the American Chemical Society Division ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The possum belly is used to slow the flow of returning drilling fluid before it hits the shale shakers. This enables the shale shaker to clean the cuttings out of the drilling fluid before it is returned to the pits for circulation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride has industrial importance in the production of crease-resistant and flame-retardant finishes on cotton textiles and other cellulosic fabrics. A flame-retardant finish can be prepared from THPC by the Proban Process, in which THPC is treated with urea. The urea condenses with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cos sequences are ~200 base pairs long and essential for packaging. They contain a cosN site where DNA is nicked at each strand, 12 bp apart, by terminase. This causes linearization of the circular cosmid with two "cohesive" or "sticky ends" of 12bp. (The DNA must be linear to fit into a phage head.) The cosB site hold... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Islamic World. Much more is known about Islamic alchemy because it was better documented: indeed, most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations. The word alchemy itself was der... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
VMAT1 also has effects on the modulation of gastrin processing in G cells. These intestinal endocrine cells process amine precursors, and VMAT1 pulls them into vesicles for storage. The activity of VMAT1 in these cells has a seemingly inhibitory effect on the processing of gastrin. Essentially, this means that certa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV curing is used for converting or curing inks, adhesives, and coatings. UV-cured adhesive has become a high speed replacement for two-part adhesives, eliminating the need for solvent removal, ratio mixing, and potential life concern. It is used in flexographic, offset, pad, and screen printing processes; where UV cur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first Empowering Women in Organic Chemistry Conference took place on Friday, June 28, 2019, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
2019 Career Panel featured Sarah Wengryniuk (Temple University), Emily McLaughlin (Bard College), Nikki Goodwin (GlaxoSmithKline), Jamie McCabe Dunn (Merck), Zhenzhen Dong... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reactions used in DCvC must generate thermodynamically stable products to overcome the entropic cost of self-assembly. The reactions must form covalent linkages between building blocks. Finally, all possible intermediates must be reversible, and the reaction ideally proceeds under conditions that are tolerant of functi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to air pollution dispersion:
In environmental science, air pollution dispersion is the distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earths ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Features, Events, and Processes (FEP) are terms used in the fields of radioactive waste management, carbon capture and storage, and hydraulic fracturing to define relevant scenarios for safety assessment studies. For a radioactive waste repository, features would include the characteristics of the site, such as the ty... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chiral recognition implies the ability of chiral stationery phases to interact differently with mirror-image molecules, leading to their separation. The mechanism of enantiomeric resolution using CSPs is generally attributed to the “three-point" interaction model (fig.1.) between the analyte and the chiral selector in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the pump-probe method the reaction is first triggered (pump) by photolysis (most often laser light) and then a diffraction pattern is collected by an X-ray pulse (probe) at a specific time delay. This makes it possible to obtain many images at different time delays after reaction triggering, and thereby building up ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS or PFASs) are a group of synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. The PubChem database lists more than 6 million unique compounds in this group. PFASs started being used in the mid-20th century to make fluoropolym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conceived to work in concert with next-gen sequencing platforms such as Illumina dye sequencing, GUIDE-Seq relies on the integration of a blunt, double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) that has been phosphothioated on two of the phosphate linkages on the 5' end of both strands. The dsODN cassette integrates into a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chalcophile elements include Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hg, In, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl and Zn.
Chalcophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with sulfur and some other chalcogen other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the Earth's core.
Cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectral optical depth in frequency and spectral optical depth in wavelength of a material, denoted and respectively, are given by:
where
* is the spectral radiant flux in frequency transmitted by that material;
* is the spectral radiant flux in frequency received by that material;
* is the spectral transmittance in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photocyte of Arachnocampa luminosa was found to contain a circular nucleus, and large amounts of ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and microtubules. Instead of having photocyte granules, the photocytes of the organism were shown to undergo the luciferase reaction in their cytoplasm. The cells d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several complexes of disulfur monoxide are known. Most are formed by oxidation peroxide oxidation of a disulfur ligand. In these complexes, the ligand is invariably bound in an manner. Selected examples: , , , , , .
arises when the dithiocarbamate complex is oxidized with elemental sulfur in air. Another way to f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In materials science, environmental stress fracture or environment assisted fracture is the generic name given to premature failure under the influence of tensile stresses and harmful environments of materials such as metals and alloys, composites, plastics and ceramics.
Metals and alloys exhibit phenomena such as str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The methyl radical has the formula . It exists in dilute gases, but in more concentrated form it readily dimerizes to ethane. It is routinely produced by various enzymes of the radical SAM and methylcobalamin varieties. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, , is a hypervalent iodine compound used as a reagent in organic chemistry. It can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under acidic conditions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The society was founded in 1911 by Benjamin Moore, W.D. Halliburton and others, under the name of the Biochemical Club. It acquired the existing Biochemical Journal in 1912.
The society name changed to the Biochemical Society in 1913.
In 2005, the headquarters of the society moved from Portland Place to purpose-built o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. It is a non-enveloped, positive strand, RNA virus. FMDV is a highly contagious virus. It enters the body through inhalation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isotope was first hypothesized and subsequently imaged by Patrick Blackett in Rutherford's lab in 1925:
It was a product out of the first man-made transmutation of N and He conducted by Frederick Soddy and Ernest Rutherford in 1917–1919. Its natural abundance in Earth's atmosphere was later detected in 1929 by Giau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vinegar, petroleum jelly, milk and lemon juice solutions have also been used by activists. It is unclear how effective these remedies are. In particular, vinegar itself can burn the eyes and prolonged inhalation can also irritate the airways. Vegetable oil and vinegar have been reported as helping relieve burning cause... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (/kroonstet/ 23 December 1722 – 19 August 1765) was a Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered the element nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines.
Cronstedt is considered a founder of modern mineralogy, for introducing the blowpipe as a tool for mineralogists, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An early medieval writer Theophilus Presbyter, believed to be the Benedictine monk and metalworker Roger of Helmarshausen, wrote a treatise in the early-to-mid-12th century that includes original work and copied information from other sources, such as the Mappae clavicula and Eraclius, De dolorous et artibus Romanorum.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pedagogical work was an important part of the life of Pigulevsky. From 1911 to 1964, with a break for the duration of the war, he taught at Leningrad State University and lectured at other universities and institutes. During this time, he read many lecture courses: “Fats and oils”, “About derivatives of aliphatic terpe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystal structures for the E. coli SCS provide evidence that the coenzyme A binds within each α-subunit (within a Rossmann fold) in close proximity to a histidine residue (His246α). This histidine residue becomes phosphorylated during the succinate forming step in the reaction mechanism. The exact binding location of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The link between protein chemical shifts and protein secondary structure (specifically alpha helices) was first described by John Markley and colleagues in 1967. With the development of modern 2-dimensional NMR techniques, it became possible to measure more protein chemical shifts. With more peptides and proteins were... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There have been disputes on metamerism being included with other isomerisms such as position as well as chain isomerism, some authors still keep using it in their textbooks, mostly citing the examples of ethers and secondary amines. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This type of flow provides important information about flow in front part of streamlined body. It is probable that at the boundary, flow is not properly represented for real flow. The pressure and velocity of flow near to boundary layer is calculated by applying the Bernoulli's principle and is approximated with potent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acyl halides are rather reactive compounds often synthesized to be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. For example, an acyl halide can react with:
*water, to form a carboxylic acid. This hydrolysis is the most heavily exploited reaction for acyl halides as it occurs in the industrial syn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first structure of a creatine kinase solved by X-ray protein crystallography was that of the octameric, sarcomeric muscle-type mitochondrial CK (s-mtCK) in 1996., followed by the structure of ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (u-mtCK) in 2000. Both mt-CK isoforms form octameric structures (built of 4 banana-like dimers) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystallographic features of HCP systems, such as vectors and atomic plane families, can be described using a four-value Miller index notation ( hkil ) in which the third index i denotes a convenient but degenerate component which is equal to −h − k. The h, i and k index directions are separated by 120°, and are thus n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is useful to distinguish between global and local thermodynamic equilibrium. In thermodynamics, exchanges within a system and between the system and the outside are controlled by intensive parameters. As an example, temperature controls heat exchanges. Global thermodynamic equilibrium (GTE) means that those intensiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These compounds are related to SO. They have planar C–N=S=N–C cores with bent C–N=S and N=S=N geometries, and various combinations of E and Z isomers are observed for the two N=S bonds.
Sulfur diimides are electrophilic. They undergo Diels–Alder reactions with dienes. Organolithium reagents attack at the sulfur to gi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The salt effects (salting in and salting-out) refers to the fact that the presence of a salt which has no ion in common with the solute, has an effect on the ionic strength of the solution and hence on activity coefficients, so that the equilibrium constant, expressed as a concentration quotient, changes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A marine outfall (or ocean outfall) is a pipeline or tunnel that discharges municipal or industrial wastewater, stormwater, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), cooling water, or brine effluents from water desalination plants to the sea. Usually they discharge under the sea's surface (submarine outfall). In the case of mun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1910s, Wint-O-Green Life Savers were used to create soda geysers. The tubes of candies were threaded onto a pipe cleaner and dropped into the soft drink to create a geyser. At the end of the 1990s, the manufacturer of Wintergreen Lifesavers increased the size of the mints, and they no longer fit in the mouth of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For decades β-blockers have been used in cardiovascular medicine. They have proved to reduce morbidity and mortality. In acute coronary syndrome, β-blockers have been recommended as a class I-A indication in clinical practice guidelines, because the treatment decreases the mortality rate. β-blockers, along with calcium... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photons have a momentum given by (where is the reduced Planck constant and the photon wavenumber), which is conserved in all atom-photon interactions. Thus, when an atom absorbs a photon, it is given a momentum kick in the direction of the photon before absorption. By detuning a laser beam to a frequency less than t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genome-wide knockdown studies are an example of the reverse genetics made possible by the acquisition of whole genome sequences, and the advent of genomics and gene-silencing technologies, mainly siRNA and deletion mapping. Genome-wide knockdown studies involve systematic knockdown or deletion of genes or segments of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Absolute bioavailability compares the bioavailability of the active drug in systemic circulation following non-intravenous administration (i.e., after oral, buccal, ocular, nasal, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or sublingual administration), with the bioavailability of the same drug following intravenous administra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peramivir has a guanidino group similar to zanamivir and a hydrophobic group similar to oseltamivir. Mutations that effect the efficiency of oseltamivir and zanamivir can also effect peramivir efficiency. Resistances to peramivir have been seen at the mutation of H274Y residue in vitro. One of these resistances is asso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, a bipolaron is a bound pair of two polarons. An electron in a material may cause a distortion in the underlying lattice. The combination of electron and distortion (which may also be understood as a cloud of phonons) is known as a polaron (in part because the interaction between electron and lattice is via ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, small muffle ovens were often used for a second firing of porcelain at a relatively low temperature to fix overglaze enamels; these tend to be called muffle kilns. The pigments for most enamel colours discoloured at the high temperatures required for the body and glaze of the porcelain. They were used f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most thorough fluid mechanics studies in gas have been performed using the RELIEF scheme and the APART scheme. Both techniques can be used in ambient air without the need for additional seeding.
In RELIEF, excited oxygen is used as a tracer. The method takes advantage of quantum mechanical properties that prohibit ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence of phenols in a given sample or compound (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well. The bromine test is useful to confirm the result, although modern spectroscopic techn... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The inside of pipes can be cleaned with a tube cleaning process, if they are contaminated with debris or fouling. This depends on the process that the pipe will be used for and the cleanliness needed for the process. In some cases the pipes are cleaned using a displacement device formally known as a Pipeline Inspection... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deuterium is often represented by the chemical symbol D. Since it is an isotope of hydrogen with mass number 2, it is also represented by H. IUPAC allows both D and H, though H is preferred. A distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotopes common use in various scientific processes. Also, its ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The DLVO theory (named after Boris erjaguin and Lev andau, Evert erwey and Theodoor verbeek) explains the aggregation and kinetic stability of aqueous dispersions quantitatively and describes the force between charged surfaces interacting through a liquid medium.
It combines the effects of the van der Waals attraction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A systematic review of clinical studies found an association between low vitamin D levels with cognitive impairment and a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. However, lower vitamin D concentrations are also associated with poor nutrition and spending less time outdoors. Therefore, alternative explanations fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this pathway CO is fixed (i.e. incorporated) by the action of two enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase. These enzymes generate malonyl-CoA and (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA, respectively. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In optics the noise-equivalent flux density (NEFD) or noise-equivalent irradiance (NEI) of a system is the level of flux density required to be equivalent to the noise present in the system. It is a measure used by astronomers in determining the accuracy of observations.
The NEFD can be related to a light detectors noi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic compounds containing conjugate (i.e., alternate single-double) bonds can have semiconducting properties. The conductivity and mobility of those organic compounds however, are very low compared to inorganic semiconductors. Assuming the molecules of the organic semiconductor are lattices, the same procedure of el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bürgi–Dunitz angle theory was initially developed based on "frozen" interactions in crystals, while most chemistry takes place via collisions of molecules tumbling in solution; remarkably, the theories of the , with the complexity they reflect, evolved not from crystallographic work, but from studying reaction outcomes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In France, the only academy where conservators and curators can receive training is at the Institut national du patrimoine (The National Institute of Cultural Heritage). A five-year training program for aspiring conservators is offered which grants students with a Master's in Conservation-Restoration, with specialties ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a carbonate ester (organic carbonate or organocarbonate) is an ester of carbonic acid. This functional group consists of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is and they are related to esters (), ethers () and also to the inorganic carbonates.
M... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1832, lacking his own laboratory facilities at Kassel, Wöhler worked with Justus Liebig in his Giessen laboratory. In that year, Wöhler and Liebig published an investigation of the oil of bitter almonds. Through their detailed analysis of the chemical composition of this oil, they proved by their experiments that a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under Carl Duisbergs leadership, Bayer was firmly committed to the standards of ethical drugs, as opposed to patent medicines. Ethical drugs were drugs that could be obtained only through a pharmacist, usually with a doctors prescription. Advertising drugs directly to consumers was considered unethical and strongly opp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of implanted ceramics have not actually been designed for specific biomedical applications. However, they manage to find their way into different implantable systems because of their properties and their good biocompatibility. Among these ceramics, we can cite silicon carbide, titanium nitrides and carbides, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vortex dynamics is a vibrant subfield of fluid dynamics, commanding attention at major scientific conferences and precipitating workshops and symposia that focus fully on the subject.
A curious diversion in the history of vortex dynamics was the Vortex theory of the atom of William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin. His basic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bengal Iron Works was founded at Kulti, Bengal, in 1870 which began its production in 1874 followed by The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established by Dorabji Tata in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate. By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a maj... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An MRI pulse sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.
A multiparametric MRI is a combination of two or more sequences, and/or including other specialized MRI configurations such as spectroscopy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the initial, environmentally-generated disturbance is small enough, the next stage of the transition process is that of primary mode growth. In this stage, the initial disturbances grow (or decay) in a manner described by linear stability theory. The specific instabilities that are exhibited in reality depend on the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many evaluation criteria apply globally to an entire experimental structure, most notably the resolution, the anisotropy or incompleteness of the data, and the residual or R-factor that measures overall model-to-data match (see below). Those help a user choose the most accurate among related Protein Data Bank entries ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nutrition polysaccharides are common sources of energy. Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose; however, most organisms cannot metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and arabinoxylans. Some bacteria and protists can metabolize these carbohydrate types. Ruminants and te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2023: Yoshida Prize, International Organic Chemistry Foundation
* 2022: Sang-Chul Shim Academic Award, Korean Chemical Society
* 2007: NUS Young Investigator Award
* 2005: Career Award, National Science Foundation | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ARC fusion reactor (affordable, robust, compact) is a design for a compact fusion reactor developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC). ARC aims to achieve an engineering breakeven of three (to produce three times the electricity required to operate the machin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The method has been in use since World War I. Prior to this, the process and purity of hydrogen generation relying on steam passing over hot iron was difficult to control. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ferrosilicon, and water (HO). While in the "silicol" process, a heavy steel pressure vessel is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MsO catalyzes the esterification of alcohols by carboxylic acids. 2-Naphthyl acetate was prepared from 2-naphthol and glacial (anhydrous) acetic acid in the presence of MsO. Both alcohols on ethylene glycol successfully benzoylated with benzoic acid and MsO. However, for free alcohols on monosaccharides, the acetylatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since discovery of ribozymes by Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman in the early 1980s, ribozymes have been shown to be a distinct class of metalloenzymes. Many ribozymes require metal ions in their active sites for chemical catalysis; hence they are called metalloenzymes. Additionally, metal ions are essential for structura... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dietary reference intake for vitamin D issued in 2010 by the Institute of Medicine (IoM) (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015), superseded previous recommendations which were expressed in terms of adequate intake. The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A volatile oil was extracted from waterwort distillery (Artemisia vulgaris) and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), from which the sesquiterpene alcohol spathulenol was isolated for the first time in 1975 as a colorless, viscous compound with an earth-aromatic odor and bitter-spicy taste. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some of the first reported organotantalum complexes were cyclopentadienyl derivatives. These arise from the salt metathesis reactions of sodium cyclopentadienide and tantalum pentachloride. An example of this is the first transition metal trihydride, CpTaH. More soluble and better developed are derivatives of pentam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the definition of sublimation is simple, there is often confusion as to what counts as a sublimation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dexchlorpheniramine (trade name Polaramine) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of chlorpheniramine.
It came into medical use in 1959 and was patented in 1962. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the case of NMR, nuclei with spin ≥ 1/2 have a magnetic dipole moment so that their energies are split by a magnetic field, allowing resonance absorption of energy related to the Larmor frequency:
where is the gyromagnetic ratio and is the (normally applied) magnetic field external to the nucleus.
In the case of N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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