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UV degradation is one form of polymer degradation that affects plastics exposed to sunlight. The problem appears as discoloration or fading, cracking, loss of strength or disintegration. The effects of attack increase with exposure time and sunlight intensity. The addition of UV absorbers inhibits the effect.
Sensitive... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Applications:
* The rotary filter is most suitable for continuous operation on large quantities of slurry.
* If the slurry contains considerable amount of solids, that is, in the range of 15-30%.
* Examples of pharmaceutical applications include the collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and starch.
* The... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Sizing of a UV system is affected by three variables: flow rate, lamp power, and UV transmittance in the water. Manufacturers typically developed sophisticated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models validated with bioassay testing. This involves testing the UV reactor's disinfection performance with either MS2 or T1... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Small molecule inhibitors have been reported for both OGT and OGA that function in cells or in vivo. OGT inhibitors result in a global decrease of O-GlcNAc while OGA inhibitors result in a global increase of O-GlcNAc; these inhibitors are not able to modulate O-GlcNAc on specific proteins.
Inhibition of the hexosamine ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
* AMEL Active Matrix Electroluminescence
* TFEL Thin Film Electroluminescence
* TDEL Thick Dielectric Electroluminescence | 0 | Luminescence |
The uranium is then stripped from the DEHPA/kerosene solution with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or carbonate solutions. Sodium carbonate solutions effectively strip uranium from the organic layer, but the sodium salt of DEHPA is somewhat soluble in water, which can lead to loss of the extractant. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Cryo-adsorption is a method used for hydrogen storage where gaseous hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures (150—60 K) is physically adsorbed on porous material, mostly activated carbon. The achievable storage density is between liquid-hydrogen (LH) storage systems and compressed-hydrogen (CGH) storage systems. | 5 | Separation Processes |
The triple-alpha process is highly dependent on carbon-12 and beryllium-8 having resonances with slightly more energy than helium-4. Based on known resonances, by 1952 it seemed impossible for ordinary stars to produce carbon as well as any heavier element. Nuclear physicist William Alfred Fowler had noted the berylliu... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The absence of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (aldolase B) results in the accumulation of fructose 1 phosphate in hepatocytes, kidney and small intestines. An accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate following fructose ingestion inhibits glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis, resulting in severe hypogly... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
It is a common observation that when oil and water are poured into the same container, they separate into two phases or layers, because they are immiscible. In general, aqueous (or water-based) solutions, being polar, are immiscible with non-polar organic solvents (cooking oil, chloroform, toluene, hexane etc.) and fo... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Though uses of cord blood beyond blood and immunological disorders is speculative, some research has been done in other areas. Any such potential beyond blood and immunological uses is limited by the fact that cord cells are hematopoietic stem cells (which can differentiate only into blood cells), and not pluripotent s... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Initially, focusing on bone growth, subcutaneous pockets were used for bone prefabrication as a simple in vivo bioreactor model. The pocket is an artificially created space between varying levels of subcutaneous fascia. The location provides regenerative ques to the bioreactor implant but does not rely on pre-existing ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Drug delivery refers to technology used to present a drug to a pre-determined region of the body for drug emission and absorption. Principles relating to route of administration, metabolism, site of specific targeting, and toxicity are most important within this field. Drugs administered orally (through mouth) are usua... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency banned the use of tanning beds for cosmetic purposes in 2009, making that country the first to enact a ban. It followed a 2002 ban on minors using the beds. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
So far, we have assumed that the atoms do not interact with each other. Even though this is a reasonable assumption in the case of diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances, this assumption fails in the case of ferromagnetism, where the spins of the atom try to align with each other to the extent permitted by the thermal... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
There are four major mechanisms to induce exchange interactions between two magnetic moments in a system: 1). Direct exchange 2). RKKY 3). Superexchange 4). Spin-Lattice. No matter which one is dominated, a general form of the exchange interaction can be written as
where are the site indexes and is the coupling const... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The current American regulation for organ matching is centered on the national registry of organ donors after the National Organ Transplant Act was passed in 1984. This act was set in place to ensure equal and honest distribution, although it has been proven insufficient due to the large demand for organ transplants. O... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Two-dimensional examples are helpful in order to get some understanding about the origin of the competition between local rules and geometry in the large. Consider first an arrangement of identical discs (a model for a hypothetical two-dimensional metal) on a plane; we suppose that the interaction between discs is isot... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Several methods exist to detect the presence of O-GlcNAc and characterize the specific residues modified. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Hot filtration can be used to separate "compound A" from both "impurity B" and some "insoluble matter C". This technique normally uses a single-solvent system as described above. When both "compound A" and "impurity B" are dissolved in the minimum amount of hot solvent, the solution is filtered to remove "insoluble mat... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The optical emission properties of eFluor Nanocrystals are primarily dictated by their size, as discussed in the next section. There are at least two aspects to consider when discussing the "size" of a quantum dot: the physical size of the semiconductor structure, and the size of the entire quantum dot moiety includin... | 0 | Luminescence |
Despite the many millions of dollars spent by the U.S. between 1952 and 1992 to produce a pure fusion weapon, no measurable success was ever achieved. In 1998, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released a restricted data declassification decision stating that even if the DOE made a substantial investment in the past ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Mercury lamps are the most common source of UV radiation due to their high efficiency. However, the use of mercury in these lamps poses disposal and environmental problems. On the contrary, excimer lamps based on rare gases are absolutely non-hazardous and excimer lamps containing halogen are more environmentally benig... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Storeys research includes studies of enzyme properties, gene expression, protein phosphorylation, epigenetics, and cellular signal transduction mechanisms to seek out the basic principles of how organisms endure and flourish under extreme conditions. He is particularly known within the field of cryobiology for his stud... | 1 | Cryobiology |
ABS is an excellent method to employ for the extraction of proteins/enzymes and other labile biomolecules from crude cell extracts or other mixtures. Most often, this technique is employed in enzyme technology during industrial or laboratory production of enzymes.
* They provide mild conditions that do not harm or dena... | 5 | Separation Processes |
It can be formulated as follows: take a d-dimensional lattice, and a set of spins of the unit length
each one placed on a lattice node.
The model is defined through the following Hamiltonian:
with
a coupling between spins. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
As for any other physical separation process, liberation is pre-requisite for possible separation. Liberation characteristics are well known and relatively easy to study for particulate lots in smaller size ranges, e.g. flotation feed and products. The analysis is essential for understanding the possible results of phy... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Adduct purification is a technique for preparing extremely pure simple organometallic compounds, which are generally unstable and hard to handle, by purifying a stable adduct with a Lewis acid and then obtaining the desired product from the pure adduct by thermal decomposition.
Epichem Limited is the licensee of the ma... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Ultraviolet radiation is used for very fine resolution photolithography, a procedure wherein a chemical called a photoresist is exposed to UV radiation that has passed through a mask. The exposure causes chemical reactions to occur in the photoresist. After removal of unwanted photoresist, a pattern determined by the m... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Allison Hubel is an American mechanical engineer and cryobiologist who applies her expertise in heat transfer to study the cryopreservation of biological tissue. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota, where she directs the Biopreservation Core Resource and the Technological Leaders... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The thickness of the ozone layer varies worldwide and is generally thinner near the equator and thicker near the poles. Thickness refers to how much ozone is in a column over a given area and varies from season to season. The reasons for these variations are due to atmospheric circulation patterns and solar intensity.
... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Printing materials must fit a broad spectrum of criteria, one of the foremost being biocompatibility. The resulting scaffolds formed by 3D printed materials should be physically and chemically appropriate for cell proliferation. Biodegradability is another important factor, and insures that the artificially formed stru... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Researchers have begun to focus on decellularization for organ transplants since it reduces the chance of rejection to almost none. This process was used in the first successful stem-cell based organ transplant by removing the cells and MHC antigens from the donor organ. There are different ways to remove the cells fro... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Minimise the lateral pressure of the strings by adjusting the alignment tine bar to avoid the string being cut off. Have ceramic tube place over each aligning tine bar to act as bearing surface for the strings. | 5 | Separation Processes |
An oxyacid, oxoacid, or ternary acid is an acid that contains oxygen. Specifically, it is a compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and at least one other element, with at least one hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H cation and the anion of the acid. | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Unlike glucose, which is directly metaboli... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Phosphor layers provide most of the light produced by fluorescent lamps, and are also used to improve the balance of light produced by metal halide lamps. Various neon signs use phosphor layers to produce different colors of light. Electroluminescent displays found, for example, in aircraft instrument panels, use a ph... | 0 | Luminescence |
It is claimed that Vogel started his research into luminescence while he was still in his teens. This research eventually led him to publish his thesis, Luminescence in Liquids and Solids and Their Practical Application, in collaboration with University of Chicago's Dr. Peter Pringsheim in 1943.
Two years after the pub... | 0 | Luminescence |
A vacuum ceramic filter is designed to separate liquids from solids for dewatering of ore concentrates purposes. The device consists of a rotator, slurry tank, ceramic filter plate, distributor, discharge scraper, cleaning device, frame, agitating device, pipe system, vacuum system, automatic acid dosing system, automa... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Optical brighteners, optical brightening agents (OBAs), fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs), or fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), are chemical compounds that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region (usually 340-370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-... | 0 | Luminescence |
According to the structure and function study on the antifreeze protein from Pseudopleuronectes americanus, the antifreeze mechanism of the type-I AFP molecule was shown to be due to the binding to an ice nucleation structure in a zipper-like fashion through hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups of its four Thr resid... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Semiconductor ultraviolet detectors are solid state, and convert an ultraviolet photon into an electric pulse. If they are transparent to visible light, then they will not be sensitive to light. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from to . They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea. They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which a... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The proteins that regulate genetics are often categorized as writers, readers, and erasers, i.e., enzymes that install epigenetic modifications, proteins that recognize these modifications, and enzymes that remove these modifications. To date, O-GlcNAc has been identified on writer and eraser enzymes. O-GlcNAc is found... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Lactulose is useful in treating hyperammonemia (high blood ammonia), which can lead to hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose helps trap the ammonia (NH) in the colon and bind to it. It does this by using gut flora to acidify the colon, transforming the freely diffusible ammonia into ammonium ions (), which can no longer d... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Vancouver-based firm, RepliCel Life Sciences Inc. has been researching the replacement of hormone-compromised hair follicle cells.
In 2013, RepliCel created a partnership with cosmetics company Shiseido, giving Shiseido an exclusive license to use its RCH-01 technology in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, and the ASEA... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In addition, it is involved in developing the Neo-GI Augment, a gastrointestinal development program; and Neo-Vessel Replacement, which targets various blood vessel applications consisting of vascular access grafts, arteriovenous, and shunts for patients with ESRD (end stage renal disease) undergoing hemodialysis treat... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In some countries where lactulose may be obtained without a prescription, lactulose is commonly used as a food additive to improve taste and promote intestinal transit. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
3D bioprinting can be used to reconstruct tissue from various regions of the body. The precursor to the adoption of 3D printing in healthcare was a series of trials conducted by researchers at Boston Childrens Hospital. The team built replacement urinary bladders by hand for seven patients by constructing scaffolds, th... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In a set of oxoacids of an element, values decrease with the oxidation state of the element. The oxoacids of chlorine illustrate this trend.
† theoretical | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Zinc sulfide phosphors are used with radioactive materials, where the phosphor was excited by the alpha- and beta-decaying isotopes, to create luminescent paint for dials of watches and instruments (radium dials). Between 1913 and 1950 radium-228 and radium-226 were used to activate a phosphor made of silver doped zinc... | 0 | Luminescence |
When hysteresis occurs with extensive and intensive variables, the work done on the system is the area under the hysteresis graph. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
There was another small group of scientists at Tufts College in Medford, Massachusetts that had become involved in research of the pinch effect. Although their work was not officially part of the Atomic Energy Commission, some of their personnel attended the Sherwood conferences. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
High-gradient magnetic separator is to separate magnetic and non-magnetic particles (concentrate and tails) from the feed slurry. This feed comes from intermediate thickener underflow pump through Linear Screen & Passive Matrix. Tailings go to tailing thickener & product goes to throw launder through vacuum tanks. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Of course, the composition of the material that is used as the counter electrode is extremely important to creating a working photovoltaic, as the valence and conduction energy bands must overlap with those of the redox electrolyte species to allow for efficient electron exchange.
In 2018, Jin et al. prepared ternary n... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
4,4′-Diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid is the organic compound with the formula (HNCHSOH)CH. It is a white, water-soluble solid. Structurally, it is a derivative of trans-stilbene, containing amino and sulfonic acid functional groups on each of the two phenyl rings.
The compound is a popular optical brightener f... | 0 | Luminescence |
Both the formation and degradation of amylopectin is important to the metabolic processes of organisms. Amylopectin is one of the two dominant components of starch, and starch is a successful storage molecule for energy. Because of this, it is synthesized and broken down in most plants and cyanobacteria. In fact, amylo... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The demagnetizing field is the magnetic field created by the magnetic sample upon itself. The associated energy is:
where H is the demagnetizing field. This field depends on the magnetic configuration itself, and it can be found by solving:
where −∇·M is sometimes called magnetic charge density. The solution of these e... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Embryos can be either "fresh" from fertilized egg cells of the same menstrual cycle, or "frozen", that is they have been generated in a preceding cycle and undergone embryo cryopreservation, and are thawed just prior to the transfer, which is then termed "frozen embryo transfer" (FET). The outcome from using cryopreser... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Many known phosphorylation sites and O-GlcNAcylation sites are nearby each other or overlapping. As protein O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation both occur on serine and threonine residues, these post-translational modifications can regulate each other. For example, in CKIIα, S347 O-GlcNAc has been shown to antagonize ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Fusion constructs of a nanobody and TPR-truncated OGT allow for proximity-induced protein-specific O-GlcNAcylation in cells. The nanobody may be directed towards protein tags, e.g., GFP, that are fused to the target protein, or the nanobody may be directed towards endogenous proteins. For example, a nanobody recognizin... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Vat level and drum speed are the two basic operating parameters for any rotary vacuum drum filter. These parameters are adjusted dependently to each other to optimize the filtration performance.
Valve level determines the proportion filter cycle in the filter. The filter cycle consist of the filter drum rotation, relea... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) coalition forms, involving EURATOM, Japan, the Soviet Union and United States and kicks off the conceptual design process. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In aerodynamics, hysteresis can be observed when decreasing the angle of attack of a wing after stall, regarding the lift and drag coefficients. The angle of attack at which the flow on top of the wing reattaches is generally lower than the angle of attack at which the flow separates during the increase of the angle of... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Graphene membranes are meant to take advantage of their thinness to increase efficiency. Graphene is a singular layer of carbon atoms, so it is about 1000 times thinner than existing membranes. Graphene membranes are around 100 nm thick while current membranes are about 100 µm. Many researchers were concerned with the ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Apoptosis, a form of controlled cell death, has been suggested to be regulated by O-GlcNAc. In various cancers, elevated O-GlcNAc levels have been reported to suppress apoptosis. Caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 have been reported to be modified by O-GlcNAc. Caspase-8 is modified near its cleavage/activation sites; ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Implantation of any foreign device or material through the means of surgery results in at least some degree of tissue trauma. Therefore, especially when removing a native heart valve either partially or completely, the tissue trauma will trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses and elicit acute inflammation. During ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Magnetic materials with strong spin-orbit interaction, such as: LaFeAsO, PrFeP, YbRuGe, UO, NpO, CeLaB, URuSi and many other compounds, are found to have magnetic ordering constituted by high rank multipoles, e.g. quadruple, octople, etc. Due to the strong spin-orbit coupling, multipoles are automatically introduced to... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
An important parameter in wet scrubbing systems is the rate of liquid flow. It is common in wet scrubber terminology to express the liquid flow as a function of the gas flow rate that is being treated. This is commonly called the liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G ratio) and uses the units of gallons per 1,000 actual cubic feet ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
For most purposes, ozone production would be a detrimental side effect of lamp operation. To prevent this, most germicidal lamps are treated to absorb the 185 nm mercury emission line (which is the longest wavelength of mercury light which will ionize oxygen).
In some cases (such as water sanitization), ozone productio... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Droplet-based microfluidics can be used to generate microparticles with repeatable size.
* manipulation of alginate solution to allow microcapsules to be created | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Distillation is a process in which we separate components of different vapour pressure. One fraction leaves overhead and is condensed to distillate and the other is the bottom product. The bottom product is mostly liquid while the overhead fraction can be vapour or an aerosol.
This method requires the components to ha... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Biodegradable additives may be added to polymers to accelerate their degradation. In the case of photo-oxidation OXO-biodegradation additives are used. These are transition metal salts such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co). Fe complexes increase the rate of photooxidation by promoting the homolysis of hydr... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Salt compounds dissociate in aqueous solutions. This property is exploited in the process of salting out. When the salt concentration is increased, some of the water molecules are attracted by the salt ions, which decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with the charged part of the protein.
There ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Amasa Stone Bishop (1921 – May 21, 1997) was an American nuclear physicist specializing in fusion physics. He received his B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1943. From 1943 to 1946 he was a member of the staff of Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he wa... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
A magnetic particle with cubic anisotropy has three or four easy axes, depending on the anisotropy parameters. The energy has the form
If the easy axes are the and axes. If there are four easy axes characterized by . | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Sonoluminescence is the emission of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound.
Sonoluminescence was first discovered in 1934 at the University of Cologne. It occurs when a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous cavity within a liquid to collapse quickly, emitting a burst of light. The... | 0 | Luminescence |
Drop-based bioprinting makes cellular developments utilizing droplets of an assigned material, which has oftentimes been combined with a cell line. Cells themselves can also be deposited in this manner with or without polymer. When printing polymer scaffolds using these methods, each drop starts to polymerize upon cont... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
A. Hari Reddi (born October 20, 1942) is a Distinguished Professor and holder of the Lawrence J. Ellison Endowed Chair in Musculoskeletal Molecular Biology at the University of California, Davis. He was previously the Virginia M. and William A. Percy Chair and Professor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Professor of Biological ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Organoids provide an opportunity to create cellular models of human disease, which can be studied in the laboratory to better understand the causes of disease and identify possible treatments. The power of organoids in this regard was first shown for a genetic form of microcephaly, where patient cells were used to make... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
* Sodium: 15 mmol/L
* Potassium: 9 mmol/L
* Magnesium: 4 mmol/L
* Calcium: 0.015 mmol/L
* Ketoglutarate/glutamic acid: 1 mmol/L
* Histidine: 198 mmol/L
* Mannitol: 30 mmol/L
* Tryptophan: 2 mmol/L | 1 | Cryobiology |
Princeton's conversion of the Model C stellarator to a tokamak produced results matching the Soviets. With an apparent solution to the magnetic bottle problem in-hand, plans begin for a larger machine to test scaling and methods to heat the plasma.
In 1972, John Nuckolls outlined the idea of fusion ignition, a fusion c... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Psychrotrophic microbes are able to grow at temperatures below , but have better growth rates at higher temperatures. Psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi are able to grow at refrigeration temperatures, and can be responsible for food spoilage and as foodborne pathogens such as Yersinia. They provide an estimation of the ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Many syntheses have been developed. One popular route entails reduction of benzoin using zinc amalgam.
:CH–CH(OH)–C(=O)–CH trans-CH–CH=CH–CH
Both isomers of stilbene can be produced by decarboxylation of α-phenylcinnamic acid, trans-stilbene being produced from the of the acid.
Richar... | 0 | Luminescence |
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