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For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a phase diagram, the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called gradual sublimation; and the substance... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Settling basins and clarifiers are designed to retain water so that suspended solids can settle. By sedimentation principles, the suitable treatment technologies should be chosen depending on the specific gravity, size and shear resistance of particles. Depending on the size and density of particles, and physical prope... | 5 | Separation Processes |
An attempt to avoid the grid-collision problems was made by Robert Bussard in his Polywell design. This uses cusp magnetic field arrangements to produce "virtual electrodes" consisting of trapped electrons. The result is to produce an accelerating field similar to one produced by the grid wires in the fusor, but with n... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In late 2013, new results were published by a research team at Durham University which suggested progress. The scientists tried a new method for multiplying, cloning the original cells not in a 2D but in a 3D system.
A team took healthy dermal papillae from hair transplants and dissected them, then cultured them in a p... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Below are low-FODMAP foods categorized by group according to the Monash University "Low-FODMAP Diet".
* Vegetables: alfalfa, bean sprouts, green beans, bok choy, capsicum (bell pepper), carrot, chives, fresh herbs, choy sum, cucumber, lettuce, tomato, zucchini, the green parts of leeks and spring onions
* Fruits: orang... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Industrial mixer settlers are commonly used in the copper, nickel, uranium, lanthanide, and cobalt hydrometallurgy industries, when solvent extraction processes are applied.
They are also used in the Nuclear reprocessing field to separate and purify primarily Uranium and Plutonium, removing the fission product impurit... | 5 | Separation Processes |
UVC radiation is able to break chemical bonds. This leads to rapid aging of plastics and other material, and insulation and gaskets. Plastics sold as "UV-resistant" are tested only for the lower-energy UVB since UVC does not normally reach the surface of the Earth. When UV is used near plastic, rubber, or insulation, t... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The Voitenko compressor is a shaped charge adapted from its original purpose of piercing thick steel armour to the task of accelerating shock waves. It was proposed by Anatoly Emelyanovich Voitenko (Анатолий Емельянович Войтенко), a Soviet scientist, in 1964. It slightly resembles a wind tunnel.
The Voitenko compressor... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Due to the fact that no chemical change occurs after a charge-discharge cycle, the pigments theoretically retain their afterglow properties indefinitely. A reduction in light intensity only occurs very slowly, almost imperceptibly. This reduction increases with the degree of coloring of the pigments. Intensely colored ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Glow sticks are used by police, fire, and emergency medical services as light sources, similar to their military applications. Often, emergency rescue crews will hand out glow sticks in order to keep track of people at night, who may not have access to their own lighting. Glow sticks are sometimes attached to life vest... | 0 | Luminescence |
In 1980, V. Lubimov (Lyubimov) at the ITEP laboratory in Moscow claimed to have detected a mildly significant rest mass (30 ± 16) eV for the neutrino, by analyzing the energy spectrum of the β decay of tritium. The claim was disputed, and several other groups set out to check it by studying the decay of molecular trit... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The first use of radioluminescence was in luminous paint containing radium, a natural radioisotope. Beginning in 1908, luminous paint containing a mixture of radium and copper-doped zinc sulfide was used to paint watch faces and instrument dials, giving a greenish glow. Phosphors containing copper-doped zinc sulfide (... | 0 | Luminescence |
For small-scale hydrogen production, RO is sometimes used to prevent formation of mineral deposits on the surface of electrodes. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) is a free curated database and service platform in glycoinformatics, launched in 2005 by a group of Russian scientists from [http://zioc.ru/?lang=en N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry], Russian Academy of Sciences. CSDB stores published structural, taxonomical, bibliogra... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Gelatin is prepared from the denaturation of collagen and many desirable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenity in physiological
environments, and easy processability make this polymer a good choice for tissue engineering applications. It is used in engineering tissues for the skin, b... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Cellulose sulphate is derived from cotton and, once processed appropriately, can be used as a biocompatible base in which to suspend cells. When the poly-anionic cellulose sulphate solution is immersed in a second, poly-cationic solution (e.g. pDADMAC), a semi-permeable membrane is formed around the suspended cells as ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
A sperm donor will usually be required to enter into a contract with a sperm bank to supply their semen, typically for a period of six to twenty-four months depending on the number of pregnancies which the sperm bank intends to produce from the donor. If a sperm bank has access to world markets e.g. by direct sales, or... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Gastruloids are three dimensional aggregates of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that, when cultured in specific conditions, exhibit an organization resembling that of an embryo. They develop with three orthogonal axes and contain the primordial cells for various tissues derived from the three germ layers, without the prese... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Bullous keratopathy that is characterized by corneal stromal edema related to cell loss and endothelial decompensation as well as subepithelial fibrosis and corneal vascularization in further cases, results vision problems due to loss of corneal transparency. Fibrin glue is used as a sutureless method onto the corneal ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In order to achieve its objectives EFDA conducts the following group of activities:
* Collective use of JET, the world's largest fusion experiment
* Reinforced coordination of fusion physics and technology research and development in EU laboratories.
* Training and carrier development of researchers, promoting links t... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
After a spate of attacks in London in 2017, the Home Office said it would consider changes in laws and measures regarding sales of acid, as well as changes in prosecution and sentencing guidelines. As of 2017, it is unlawful to carry acid with the intent to cause harm. Attacks are prosecuted as acts of actual bodily ha... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Asperomagnetism is the equivalent of ferromagnetism for a disordered system with random magnetic moments. It is defined by short range correlations of locked magnetic moments within small noncrystalline regions, with average long range correlations. Speromagnets possess a permanent net magnetic moment.
An example of a ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The US funded a magnetic mirror program in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This program resulted in a series of magnetic mirror devices including: 2X, Baseball I, Baseball II, the Tandem Mirror Experiment and upgrade, the Mirror Fusion Test Facility, and MFTF-B. These machines were built and tested at LLNL from the lat... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
A superparamagnetic system can be measured with AC susceptibility measurements, where an applied magnetic field varies in time, and the magnetic response of the system is measured. A superparamagnetic system will show a characteristic frequency dependence: When the frequency is much higher than 1/τ, there will be a dif... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathways product, UDP-GlcNAc, is utilized by OGT to catalyze the addition of O-GlcNAc. This pathway integrates information about the concentrations of various metabolites including amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and nucleotides. Consequently, UDP-GlcNAc levels are sensitive to cell... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Some notable hysteretic models are listed below with their associated fields.
* Bean's critical state model (magnetism)
* Bouc–Wen model (structural engineering)
* Ising model (magnetism)
* Jiles–Atherton model (magnetism)
* Novak–Tyson model (cell-cycle control)
* Preisach model (magnetism)
* Stoner–Wohlfarth model (m... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
In fusion systems that are in thermal equilibrium, the particles are in a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, meaning the particles have a range of energies centered around the plasma temperature. The sun, magnetically confined plasmas and inertial confinement fusion systems are well modeled to be in thermal equilibrium. I... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Plants produce glucosinolates in response to the degree of herbivory being suffered. Their production in relation to atmospheric CO concentrations is complex: increased CO can give increased, decreased or unchanged production and there may be genetic variation within the Brassicales. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The first successful results with pyroelectric fusion using a tritiated target was reported in 2010. Putterman and Naranjo worked with T. Venhaus of Los Alamos National Laboratory to measure a 14.1 MeV neutron signal far above background. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Mannans are polymers containing the sugar mannose as a principal component.
They are a type of polysaccharide found in hemicellulose, a major source of biomass found in higher plants such as softwoods. These polymers also typically contain two other sugars, galactose and glucose. They are often branched (unlike cellu... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
A blastoid is an embryoid, a stem cell-based embryo model which, morphologically and transcriptionally resembles the early, pre-implantation, mammalian conceptus, called the blastocyst. The first blastoids were created by the Nicolas Rivron laboratory by combining mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse trophoblast stem c... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The diameter of the microcapsules is an important factor that influences both the immune response towards the cell microcapsules as well as the mass transport across the capsule membrane. Studies show that the cellular response to smaller capsules is much lesser as compared to larger capsules and in general the diamete... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Osazone are a class of carbohydrate derivatives found in organic chemistry formed when reducing sugars are reacted with excess of phenylhydrazine at boiling temperatures. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Fluorescent dyes find a wide use in industry, going under the name of "neon colors", such as:
* Multi-ton scale usages in textile dyeing and optical brighteners in laundry detergents
* Advanced cosmetic formulations
* Safety equipment and clothing
* Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
* Fine arts and design (posters ... | 0 | Luminescence |
The majority of current advancements in muscle tissue engineering reside in the skeletal muscle category, so the majority of these examples will have to do with skeletal muscle engineering and regeneration. We will review a couple of examples of smooth muscle tissue engineering and cardiac muscle tissue engineering in ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Sperimagnetism is the equivalent of ferrimagnetism for a disordered system with two or more species of magnetic moments, with at least one species locked in random magnetic moments. Sperimagnets possess a permanent net magnetic moment. When all species are the same, this phase is equivalent to asperomagnetism. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
* Cryogenics, the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures and the study of producing extremely low temperatures
* Cryoelectronics, the study of superconductivity under cryogenic conditions and its applications
* Cryosphere, those portions of Earth's surface where water ice naturall... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The approximate knife advance rate can be determined for a set of operating conditions using table 6 below. The table indicates the number of hours that the filter can operate in a one-inch pre coat cake; the required condition is that the advance blade must be at a constant position. This method can be used to check f... | 5 | Separation Processes |
In the recent past the problem of removing the deleterious iron particles from a process stream had a few alternatives. Magnetic separation was typically limited and moderately effective. Magnetic separators that used permanent magnets could generate fields of low intensity only. These worked well in removing ferrous t... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Tanning lamps, also known as tanning bulbs or tanning tubes, produce the ultraviolet light in tanning devices. The performance (or output) varies widely between brands and styles. Most are low-pressure fluorescent tubes, but high-pressure bulbs also exist. The electronics systems and number of lamps affect performance,... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Independently of the range of the interaction, at low enough temperature the magnetization is positive.
Conjecturally, in each of the low temperature extremal states the truncated correlations decay algebraically. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The ions undergoing fusion in many systems will essentially never occur alone but will be mixed with electrons that in aggregate neutralize the ions' bulk electrical charge and form a plasma. The electrons will generally have a temperature comparable to or greater than that of the ions, so they will collide with the io... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Basically there are five types of discharge that are used for the rotary vacuum drum filter such as belt, scraper, roll, string and pre coat discharge. | 5 | Separation Processes |
2-Furonitrile, a pharmaceutical intermediate and potential artificial sweetening agent has been prepared in good yield by treating furfural with a mixture of hydrazoic acid () and perchloric acid () in the presence of magnesium perchlorate in the benzene solution at 35 °C.
The all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL) mixes ga... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Many microorganisms living in sea ice possess AFPs that belong to a single family. The diatoms Fragilariopsis cylindrus and F. curta play a key role in polar sea ice communities, dominating the assemblages of both platelet layer and within pack ice. AFPs are widespread in these species, and the presence of AFP genes as... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Zenobi-Wong works in the area of tissue engineering, in particular for cartilage regeneration. She develops functional biomaterials which mimic the extracellular matrix. The biofabrication techniques used to develop these materials include electrospinning, casting, two-photon polymerization and bioprinting.
Zenobi-Wong... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
When acids contact the skin, response time can affect the severity of burns. If washed away with water or neutralized promptly, burns can be minimized or avoided entirely. However, areas unprotected by skin, such as the cornea of the eye or the lips, may be burned immediately on contact.
Many victims are attacked in an... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
A tree wrap or tree wrapping is a wrap of garden tree saplings, roses, and other delicate plants to protect them from frost damage (e.g. frost cracks or complete death). In the past it was made of straw (straw wrap) . Now there are commercial tree wrap materials, such as crepe paper or burlap tapes. Tree wrapping is ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Giving the critical exponents explicitly in the equation of state, Arrott and Noakes proposed:
Where are free parameters. In these modified Arrott plots, data is plotted as versus . In the case of classical Landau theory, and and this equation reduces to the linear versus plot. However, the equation also allows f... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Gelatin is the denatured form of collagen. Gelatin possesses several advantages for tissue-engineering application: they attract fibroblasts, are non-immunogenic, easy to manipulate and boost the formation of epithelium. There are three types of gelatin-based scaffolds:
* Gelatin-oxidized dextran matrix
* Gelatin-chito... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Unhindered settling is a process that removes the discrete particles in a very low concentration without interference from nearby particles. In general, if the concentration of the solutions is lower than 500 mg/L total suspended solids, sedimentation will be considered discrete. Concentrations of raceway effluent tota... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Several groups have extensively studied several natural and synthetic polymers with the goal of developing the most suitable biomaterial for cell microencapsulation. Extensive work has been done using alginates which are regarded as the most suitable biomaterials for cell microencapsulation due to their abundance, exce... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Galactogen is synthesized by secretory cells in the albumen gland of adult female snails and later transferred to the egg. This process is under neurohormonal control, notably by the brain galactogenin. The biochemical pathways for glycogen and galactogen synthesis are closely related. Both use glucose as a common prec... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Indiglo backlights typically emit a distinct greenish-blue color and evenly light the entire display or dial. Certain Indiglo models, e.g., Timex Datalink USB, use a negative liquid-crystal display so that only the digits are illuminated, rather than the entire display. | 0 | Luminescence |
At least for vitiligo, narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) nanometer phototherapy is now used more commonly than PUVA since it does not require the use of the psoralen. As with PUVA, treatment is carried out 2 to 3 times a week in a clinic or every day at home, and there is no need to use psoralen.
Narrowband UVB therapy is... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
An important fusion process is the stellar nucleosynthesis that powers stars, including the Sun. In the 20th century, it was recognized that the energy released from nuclear fusion reactions accounts for the longevity of stellar heat and light. The fusion of nuclei in a star, starting from its initial hydrogen and heli... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The surface of a collapsing bubble like those seen in both SBSL and MBSL serves as a boundary layer between the liquid and vapor phases of the solution. | 0 | Luminescence |
In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different sublattices) pointing in opposite directions. This is, like ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, a manifestation of ordered m... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Theoretically, IVF could be performed by collecting the contents from the fallopian tubes or uterus after natural ovulation, mixing it with sperm, and reinserting the fertilised ova into the uterus. However, without additional techniques, the chances of pregnancy would be extremely small. The additional techniques that... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Decellularization (also spelled decellularisation in British English) is the process used in biomedical engineering to isolate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue from its inhabiting cells, leaving an ECM scaffold of the original tissue, which can be used in artificial organ and tissue regeneration. Organ and ti... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Many women of sub-Saharan Africa choose to foster their children to infertile women. IVF enables these infertile women to have their own children, which imposes new ideals to a culture in which fostering children is seen as both natural and culturally important. Many infertile women are able to earn more respect in the... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Widespread interest and funding for research on regenerative medicine has prompted institutions in the United States and around the world to establish departments and research institutes that specialize in regenerative medicine including: The Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine at Columbia University... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Certain perfusates have been shown to have toxic effects on kidneys as a result of the inadvertent inclusion of particular chemicals in their formulation. Collins showed that the procaine included in the formulation of his flush fluids could be toxic, and Pegg has commented how toxic materials, such as PVC plasticizers... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Fluorophore molecules could be either utilized alone, or serve as a fluorescent motif of a functional system. Based on molecular complexity and synthetic methods, fluorophore molecules could be generally classified into four categories: proteins and peptides, small organic compounds, synthetic oligomers and polymers, a... | 0 | Luminescence |
EL works by exciting atoms by passing an electric current through them, causing them to emit photons. By varying the material being excited, the colour of the light emitted can be changed. The actual ELD is constructed using flat, opaque electrode strips running parallel to each other, covered by a layer of electrolumi... | 0 | Luminescence |
A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily. Gastric acid secretion is produced in several steps. Chloride and hydrogen ions are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of parietal cells and mixed in the canaliculi. Gastric acid is then secreted into the lumen of the gastric gland a... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
On 17 January 2013, Russian ballet dancer Sergei Filin was attacked with acid by an unknown assailant, who cornered him outside of his home in Moscow. He suffered third-degree burns to his face and neck. While it was initially reported that he was in danger of losing his eyesight, his physicians stated on 21 January 2... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength. Salting out is typically used to preci... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The compound has been prepared in a multistep process starting with the base hydrolysis of phosphorus pentasulfide to give dithiophosphate, which is isolated as its barium salt:
In a second stage, the barium salt is decomposed with sulfuric acid, precipitating barium sulfate and liberating free dithiophosphoric acid:
U... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The function of lectins in plants (legume lectin) is still uncertain. Once thought to be necessary for rhizobia binding, this proposed function was ruled out through lectin-knockout transgene studies.
The large concentration of lectins in plant seeds decreases with growth, and suggests a role in plant germination and p... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The integrability is underpinned by the existence of large symmetry algebras for the different models. For the XXX case this is the Yangian , while in the XXZ case this is the quantum group , the q-deformation of the affine Lie algebra of , as explained in the notes by .
These appear through the transfer matrix, and th... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The degree of inactivation by ultraviolet radiation is directly related to the UV dose applied to the water. The dosage, a product of UV light intensity and exposure time, is usually measured in microjoules per square centimeter, or equivalently as microwatt seconds per square centimeter (μW·s/cm) = 10 mW·s/m = 0.01 W·... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
In the early 1900s, Werner Spalteholz developed a technique that allowed the clarification of large tissues, using Wintergrünöl (methyl salicylate) and benzyl benzoate. Over the next hundred years, various scientists introduced their own variations on Spalteholzs technique. Tuchin et al. introduced TOC in 1997, adding ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
TTM has been studied in several use scenarios where it has not usually been found to be helpful, or is still under investigation, despite theoretical grounds for its usefulness. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Organ printing technology can also be combined with microfluidic technology to develop organs-on-chips. These organs-on-chips have the potential to be used for disease models, aiding in drug discovery, and performing high-throughput assays. Organ-on-chips work by providing a 3D model that imitates the natural extracell... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Trinitromethane as a neutral molecule is colorless. It is highly acidic, easily forming an intensely yellow anion, (NO)C. The pK of trinitromethane has been measured at 0.17 ± 0.02 at 20 °C, which is remarkably acidic for a methane derivative. Trinitromethane easily dissolves in water to form an acidic yellow solution... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Accelerator-based light-ion fusion is a technique using particle accelerators to achieve particle kinetic energies sufficient to induce light-ion fusion reactions.
Accelerating light ions is relatively easy, and can be done in an efficient manner—requiring only a vacuum tube, a pair of electrodes, and a high-voltage tr... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
DSSCs are currently the most efficient third-generation (2005 Basic Research Solar Energy Utilization 16) solar technology available. Other thin-film technologies are typically between 5% and 13%, and traditional low-cost commercial silicon panels operate between 14% and 17%. This makes DSSCs attractive as a replacemen... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The calculation of excess heat in electrochemical cells involves certain assumptions. Errors in these assumptions have been offered as non-nuclear explanations for excess heat.
One assumption made by Fleischmann and Pons is that the efficiency of electrolysis is nearly 100%, meaning nearly all the electricity applied t... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Hypothermia can happen in most mammals in cold weather and can be fatal. Baby mammals such as kittens are unable to regulate their body temperatures and have a risk of hypothermia if they are not kept warm by their mothers.
Many animals other than humans often induce hypothermia during hibernation or torpor.
Water bea... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Bussard worked on a promising new type of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusor, called the Polywell, that has a magnetically shielded grid (MaGrid). He founded Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Inc. (EMC2) in 1985 to validate his theory, and tested several (15) experimental devices from 1994 through 2006.... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
With the advancement of tissue engineering an alternative approach was developed: the full-thickness engineered oral mucosa. Full-thickness engineered oral mucosa is a better simulation of the in vivo situation because they take the anatomical structure of native oral mucosa into account. Problems, such as tissue short... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The Polder tensor is a tensor introduced by Dirk Polder for the description of magnetic permeability of ferrites. The tensor notation needs to be used because ferrimagnetic material becomes anisotropic in the presence of a magnetizing field.
The tensor is described mathematically as:
Neglecting the effects of damping, ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
After collection, sperm must be processed for storage. According to the Sperm Bank of California, sperm banks and clinics can use the unwashed or wash method to process sperm samples. The wash method includes removing unwanted particles and adding buffer solutions to preserve viable sperm. However, this approach can co... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum. Under this reduced pressure, the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (cold finger), leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind.... | 5 | Separation Processes |
According to a study done by the Mayo Clinic, miscarriage rates for IVF are somewhere between 15 and 25% for those under the age of 35. In naturally conceived pregnancies, the rate of miscarriage is between 10 and 20% for those under the age of 35. Risk of miscarriage, regardless of the method of conception, does incre... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The uncontrollable transfer of a molecular "ink" from a coated AFM tip to a substrate was first reported by Jaschke and Butt in 1995, but they erroneously concluded that alkanethiols could not be transferred to gold substrates to form stable nanostructures. A research group at Northwestern University, US led by Chad Mi... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Vitrification is the progressive partial fusion of a clay, or of a body, as a result of a firing process. As vitrification proceeds, the proportion of glassy bond increases and the apparent porosity of the fired product becomes progressively lower. Vitreous bodies have open porosity, and may be either opaque or translu... | 1 | Cryobiology |
A sperm bank will aim to provide donor sperm which is safe by checking and screening donors and of their semen. A sperm donor must generally meet specific requirements regarding age and medical history. Requirements for sperm donors are strictly enforced, as in a study of 24,040 potential sperm donors, only 5620, or 23... | 1 | Cryobiology |
A cathodoluminescence (CL) microscope combines a regular (light optical) microscope with a cathode-ray tube. It is designed to image the luminescence characteristics of polished thin sections of solids irradiated by an electron beam.
Using a cathodoluminescence microscope, structures within crystals or fabrics can be m... | 0 | Luminescence |
The effective field is the local field felt by the magnetization. It can be described informally as the derivative of the magnetic energy density with respect to the orientation of the magnetization, as in:
where dE/dV is the energy density. In variational terms, a change dm of the magnetization and the associated chan... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
In 1960, Bussard conceived of the Bussard ramjet, an interstellar space drive powered by hydrogen fusion using hydrogen collected with a magnetic field from the interstellar gas. Due to the presence of high-energy particles throughout space, much of the interstellar hydrogen exists in an ionized state (H II regions) th... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
This formulation allows the study of the motions and the effects of heat conduction, shear viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension on small cavitation bubbles in liquids that are set into motion by an acoustic pressure field. The effect of vapor pressure on the cavitation bubble can also be determined using the... | 0 | Luminescence |
Fibroblast-populated Skin Substitutes are scaffolds which contain fibroblasts that are able to proliferate and produce extracellular matrix and growth factors within 2 to 3 weeks. This creates a matrix similar to that of a dermis.
Commercially available types are for example:
* Dermagraft
* Apligraf
* Orcel
* Polyact... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
DEHPA can be used to extract lanthanides (rare earths) from aqeuous solutions, it is commonly used in the lanthanide sector as an extraction agent. In general the distribution ratio of the lanthanides increase as their atomic number increases due to the lanthanide contraction. It is possible by bringing a mixture of la... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar groups that are part of other molecules, so cause agglutination of particular cells or precipitation of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Lectins have a role in recognition at the cellular and molecular level and play numerous roles in biol... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Cryosurgery is also used to treat internal and external tumors as well as tumors in the bone. To cure internal tumors, a hollow instrument called a cryoprobe is used, which is placed in contact with the tumor. Liquid nitrogen or argon gas is passed through the cryoprobe. Ultrasound or MRI is used to guide the cryoprobe... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) is a low cost, low aspect ratio compact tokamak reactor design, aiming for a 9 Tesla field at the plasma centre.
It is considered a step after ITER on the path to a fusion power plant.
Because of the high neutron irradiation damage expected, non-insulating superconducting coils ar... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
RiAFP refers to an antifreeze protein (AFP) produced by the Rhagium inquisitor longhorned beetle. It is a type V antifreeze protein with a molecular weight of 12.8 kDa; this type of AFP is noted for its hyperactivity. R. inquisitor is a freeze-avoidant species, meaning that, due to its AFP, R. inquisitor prevents its b... | 1 | Cryobiology |
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