text stringlengths 105 19.5k | label int64 0 8 | label_text stringclasses 9
values |
|---|---|---|
** Based on F.W. Astons measurements of the masses of low-mass elements and Einsteins discovery that E=mc, Arthur Eddington proposes that large amounts of energy released by fusing small nuclei together provides the energy source that powers the stars.
** Henry Norris Russell notes that the relationship in the Hertzspr... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Currently, the sole method for treatment for those in organ failure is to await a transplant from a living or recently deceased donor. In the United States alone, there are over 100,000 patients on the organ transplant list waiting for donor organs to become available. Patients on the donor list can wait days, weeks, m... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Hypothermia usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. Thus, hypothermia risk factors include: substance use disorders (including alcohol ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Pan-O-GlcNAc antibodies that recognize the O-GlcNAc modification largely irrespective of the modified proteins identity are commonly used. These include RL2, an IgG antibody raised against O-GlcNAcylated nuclear pore complex proteins, and CTD110.6, an IgM antibody raised against an immunogenic peptide with a single ser... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Perfusion storage methods can mechanically injury the vascular endothelium of the kidney, which leads to arterial thrombosis or fibrin deposition after reimplantation. Hill noted that, in human kidneys, fibrin deposition in the glomerulus after reimplantation and postoperative function, correlated with the length of pe... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at atmospheric pressure), whereas its melting into liquid CO can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) at pressures and temperatures above the tr... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The stilbenoids are naturally occurring stilbene derivatives. Examples include resveratrol and its cousin, pterostilbene. The stilbestrols, which are structurally but not synthetically related to (E)-stilbene, exhibit estrogenic activity. Members of this group include diethylstilbestrol, fosfestrol, and dienestrol. Som... | 0 | Luminescence |
It is not necessary that the embryo transfer be performed on the female who provided the eggs. Thus another female whose uterus is appropriately prepared can receive the embryo and become pregnant.
Embryo transfer may be used where a woman who has eggs but no uterus and wants to have a biological baby; she would requir... | 1 | Cryobiology |
** Decision to construct the National Ignition Facility "beamlet" laser at LLNL is made.
** The START Tokamak fusion experiment begins in Culham. The experiment would eventually achieve a record beta (plasma pressure compared to magnetic field pressure) of 40% using a neutral beam injector. It was the first design that... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Dry spiral separators, capable of distinguishing round particles from nonrounds, are used to sort the feed by shape. The device consists of a tower, around which is wound an inwardly inclined flight. A catchment funnel is placed around this inner flight. Round particles roll at a higher speed than other objects, and so... | 5 | Separation Processes |
As the temperature decreases, further physiological systems falter and heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure all decrease. This results in an expected heart rate in the 30s at a temperature of .
There is often cold, inflamed skin, hallucinations, lack of reflexes, fixed dilated pupils, low blood pressure, pu... | 1 | Cryobiology |
A Woods lamp may be used to rapidly assess whether an individual is suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning as a consequence of antifreeze ingestion. Manufacturers of ethylene glycol-containing antifreezes commonly add fluorescein, which causes the patients urine to fluoresce under Wood's lamp. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Additionally the Weerman degradation could be executed with α,β-unsaturated carbonic acid amides. For example, acrylamide. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Rotary vacuum drum filter (RVDF), patented in 1872, is one of the oldest filters used in the industrial liquid-solids separation. It offers a wide range of industrial processing flow sheets and provides a flexible application of dewatering, washing and/or clarification.
A rotary vacuum filter consists of a large rotati... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Medical organizations recommend that patients protect themselves from UV radiation by using sunscreen. Five sunscreen ingredients have been shown to protect mice against skin tumors. However, some sunscreen chemicals produce potentially harmful substances if they are illuminated while in contact with living cells. The ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The Beckett skimmer has some similarities to the downdraft skimmer but introduced a foam nozzle to produce the flow of air bubbles. The name Beckett comes from the patented foam nozzle developed and sold by the Beckett Corporation (United States), although similar foam nozzle designs are sold by other companies outside... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Ex situ conservation, while helpful in humankinds efforts to sustain and protect our environment, is rarely enough to save a species from extinction. It is to be used as a last resort, or as a supplement to in situ conservation because it cannot recreate the habitat as a whole: the entire genetic variation of a species... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The vacuum ultraviolet (V‑UV) band (100–200 nm) can be generated by non-linear 4 wave mixing in gases by sum or difference frequency mixing of 2 or more longer wavelength lasers. The generation is generally done in gasses (e.g. krypton, hydrogen which are two-photon resonant near 193 nm) or metal vapors (e.g. magnesium... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
An acid attack, also called acid throwing, vitriol attack, or vitriolage, is a form of violent assault involving the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive substance onto the body of another "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill". Perpetrators of these attacks throw corrosive liquids at their ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
A cerebral organoid describes artificially grown, in vitro, miniature organs resembling the brain. Cerebral organoids are created by culturing human pluripotent stem cells in a three-dimensional structure using rotational bioreactor and develop over the course of months. The procedure has potential applications in the ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The inertia of a collapsing bubble generates high pressures and temperatures capable of ionizing a small fraction of the noble gas within the volume of the bubble. This small fraction of ionized gas is transparent and allows for volume emission to be detected. Free electrons from the ionized noble gas begin to interact... | 0 | Luminescence |
Magnetostrictive position sensors use the Wiedemann effect to excite an ultrasonic pulse. Typically a small magnet is used to mark a position along a magnetostrictive wire. The magnetic field from a short current pulse in the wire combined with that from the position magnet excites the ultrasonic pulse. The time requir... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Laboratories have developed grading methods to judge ovocyte and embryo quality. In order to optimise pregnancy rates, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos. Since 2009 where the first time-lapse microscopy system for IVF was approved for cli... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Mixer settlers are a class of mineral process equipment used in the solvent extraction process. A mixer settler consists of a first stage that mixes the phases together followed by a quiescent settling stage that allows the phases to separate by gravity. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Radical Polymerization is used in the curing of acrylic resins in the presence of UV in the industry. Light energy from UV breaks apart photoinitiaters, forming radicals. The radical then react with the polymers, forming polymers with radical groups that then react with additional monomers. The monomer chain extends un... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryopro... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Low-pressure mercury lamps are very similar to a fluorescent lamp, with a wavelength of 253.7 nm (1182.5 THz).
The most common form of germicidal lamp looks similar to an ordinary fluorescent lamp but the tube contains no fluorescent phosphor. In addition, rather than being made of ordinary borosilicate glass, the tube... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
A hysteresis is sometimes intentionally added to computer algorithms. The field of user interface design has borrowed the term hysteresis to refer to times when the state of the user interface intentionally lags behind the apparent user input. For example, a menu that was drawn in response to a mouse-over event may rem... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
In 2017, a Chinese Irish woman was targeted in an attack in Blackrock, Dublin, causing facial scars and eye damage. Another foreign woman was suspected of ordering the attack.
In 2018, Lithuanian criminals threw acid at a Garda (police officer).
In April 2019 in Waterford, three teenagers were attacked by two others, w... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
It is the time dependence which distinguishes spin glasses from other magnetic systems.
Above the spin glass transition temperature, T, the spin glass exhibits typical magnetic behaviour (such as paramagnetism).
If a magnetic field is applied as the sample is cooled to the transition temperature, magnetization of the s... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is criticised for giving select demographic groups disproportionate access to a means of creating a child possessing characteristics that they consider "ideal". Many fertile couples now demand equal access to embryonic screening so that their child can be just as healthy as one ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
One approach for generating the high voltage fields needed to accelerate ions in a neutron tube is to use a pyroelectric crystal. In April 2005 researchers at UCLA demonstrated the use of a thermally cycled pyroelectric crystal to generate high electric fields in a neutron generator application. In February 2006 rese... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
DPN is a direct write technique so it can be used for top-down and bottom-up lithography applications. In top-down work, the tips are used to deliver an etch resist to a surface, which is followed by a standard etching process. In bottom-up applications, the material of interest is delivered directly to the surface v... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Hysteresis manifests itself in state transitions when melting temperature and freezing temperature do not agree. For example, agar melts at and solidifies from . This is to say that once agar is melted at 85 °C, it retains a liquid state until cooled to 40 °C. Therefore, from the temperatures of 40 to 85 °C, agar can ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Bioinks are essential components of the bioprinting process. They are composed of living cells and enzymatic supplements to nurture an environment that supports the biological needs of the printed tissue. The environment created by the bioink allows for the cell to attach, grow, and differentiate into its adult form. C... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In the duodenum, gastric acid is neutralized by bicarbonate. This also blocks gastric enzymes that have their optima in the acid range of pH. The secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas is stimulated by secretin. This polypeptide hormone gets activated and secreted from so-called S cells in the mucosa of the duodenu... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The chute-type machine has a lower footprint and fewer moving parts which results in lower investment and operating costs. In general, it is more applicable to well liberated material and surface detection, because a double sided scanning is possible on a more reliable on the system. The applicable top size of the chut... | 5 | Separation Processes |
A hybrid scaffold is a skin substitute based on a combination of synthetic and natural materials. Examples of hybrid scaffolds are HYAFF and Laserskin. These hybrid scaffolds have been shown to have good in-vitro and in-vivo biocompatibilities and their biodegradability is controllable. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Post-treatment disinfection provides secondary protection against compromised membranes and downstream problems. Disinfection by means of ultraviolet (UV) lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens that evade the RO process. Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and am... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Since HeH cannot be stored in any usable form, its chemistry must be studied by forming it in situ.
Reactions with organic substances, for example, can be studied by creating a tritium derivative of the desired organic compound. Decay of tritium to He followed by its extraction of a hydrogen atom yields HeH which is th... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The twisting of a ferromagnetic rod through which an electric current is flowing when the rod is placed in a longitudinal magnetic field. It was discovered by the German physicist Gustav Wiedemann in 1858
. The Wiedemann effect is one of the manifestations of magnetostriction in a field formed by the combination of a l... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Black light is used extensively in non-destructive testing. Fluorescing fluids are applied to metal structures and illuminated with a black light which allows cracks and other weaknesses in the material to be easily detected.
In addition, if a leak is suspected in a refrigerator or an air conditioning system, a UV trac... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes.
If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduc... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The first time scientists were able to grow artificial hair follicles from stem cells was in 2010. Scientists at the Berlin Technical University in Germany took animal cells and created follicles by using them. As a result, they produced follicles "thinner than normal", but they were confident they could develop the ri... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Application of this discharge are usually seen where production of filter cakes that blind the filter media thoroughly and processes that have low solid concentration slurry. Pre coat discharge is used if slurry with very low solid concentration slurry is used that resulted in difficult cake formation or if the slurry ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The evolution of early reproductive proteins and enzymes is attributed in modern models of evolutionary theory to ultraviolet radiation. UVB causes thymine base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into thymine dimers, a disruption in the strand that reproductive enzymes cannot copy. This lead... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Bussard Ramjets are common plot devices in science fiction.
Larry Niven uses them in his Known Space setting to propel interstellar flight. Following a standard hi-tech faster/cheaper/better learning curve, he started with robot probes during the early stages of interstellar colonization and eventually plotted them as... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
A 2009 statement from the ASRM found no persuasive evidence that children are harmed or disadvantaged solely by being raised by single parents, unmarried parents, or homosexual parents. It did not support restricting access to assisted reproductive technologies on the basis of a prospective parents marital status or se... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Lasers have been used to indirectly generate non-coherent extreme UV (E‑UV) radiation at 13.5 nm for extreme ultraviolet lithography. The E‑UV is not emitted by the laser, but rather by electron transitions in an extremely hot tin or xenon plasma, which is excited by an excimer laser. This technique does not require a ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
HeH has long been conjectured since the 1970s to exist in the interstellar medium. Its first detection, in the nebula NGC 7027, was reported in an article published in the journal Nature in April 2019. | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The biocompatibility of surgically implanted foreign biomaterial refers to the interactions between the biomaterial and the host body tissue. Cell line as well as cell type such as fibroblasts can largely impact tissue responses towards implanted foreign devices by changing cell morphology. Thus the cell source as well... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
During differentiation, pluripotent cells make a number of developmental decisions to generate first the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) of the embryo and intermediate progenitors, followed by subsequent decisions or check points, giving rise to all the bodys mature tissues. The differentiation proc... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Thermonuclear fusion is the process of atomic nuclei combining or "fusing" using high temperatures to drive them close enough together for this to become possible. Such temperatures cause the matter to become a plasma and, if confined, fusion reactions may occur due to collisions with extreme thermal kinetic energies ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Radioluminescent paint was invented in 1908 by Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and originally incorporated radium-226. Radium paint was widely used for 40 years on the faces of watches, compasses, and aircraft instruments, so they could be read in the dark. Radium is a radiological hazard, emitting gamma rays that can penetr... | 0 | Luminescence |
Showy Indian clover, Trifolium amoenum, is an example of a species that was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in 1993 in the form of a single plant at a site in western Sonoma County. Seeds were harvested and the species grown in ex situ facilities.
The Wollemi pine is another example of a plant that is being... | 1 | Cryobiology |
* Directed Placement – Directly print various materials onto existing nano and microstructures with nanoscale registry
* Direct Write – Maskless creation of arbitrary patterns with feature resolutions from as small as 50 nm and as large as 10 micrometres
* Biocompatible – Subcellular to nanoscale resolution at ambient ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Ultraviolet lamps are used to sterilize workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. Commercially available low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps emit about 86% of their radiation at 254 nanometers (nm), with 265 nm being the peak germicidal effectiveness curve. UV at these germicidal wavelength... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Recent studies on acid attacks in Cambodia found the victims were almost equally likely to be men or women (48.4% men, 51.6% women). As with India, rates of acid attacks in Cambodia have generally increased in the past decades, with a high rate of 40 cases reported for 2000 that started the increasing trend. According ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
A third confinement principle is to apply a rapid pulse of energy to a large part of the surface of a pellet of fusion fuel, causing it to simultaneously "implode" and heat to very high pressure and temperature. If the fuel is dense enough and hot enough, the fusion reaction rate will be high enough to burn a significa... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
O-GlcNAc is generally a dynamic modification that can be cycled on and off various proteins. Some residues are thought to be constitutively modified by O-GlcNAc. The O-GlcNAc modification is installed by OGT in a sequential bi-bi mechanism where the donor sugar, UDP-GlcNAc, binds to OGT first followed by the substrate ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Using the addition theorem of tensor operators, the product of a rank n tensor and a rank m tensor can generate a new tensor with rank n+m ~ |n-m|. Therefore, a high rank tensor can be expressed as the product of low rank tensors. This convention is useful to interpret the high rank multipolar exchange terms as a "mult... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Cryosurgery (with cryo from the Ancient Greek ) is the use of extreme cold in surgery to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue; thus, it is the surgical application of cryoablation.
Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, especially a variety of benign and malignant skin condi... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Vitrification (, via French ) is the full or partial transformation of a substance into a glass, that is to say, a non-crystalline amorphous solid. Glasses differ from liquids structurally and glasses possess a higher degree of connectivity with the same Hausdorff dimensionality of bonds as crystals: dim = 3. In the pr... | 1 | Cryobiology |
There are specific industrial uses of glow sticks, which are often used as a light source in circumstances where electric lighting and LEDs are not best suited. For example, in the mining industry, glow sticks are required for emergency evacuation in the case of a gas leak. Use of an electric light source in this case ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Strontium aluminate phosphors produce green and aqua hues, where green gives the highest brightness and aqua the longest glow time. Different aluminates can be used as the host matrix. This influences the wavelength of emission of the europium ion, by its covalent interaction with surrounding oxygens, and crystal field... | 0 | Luminescence |
"Fast ignition" appeared in the late nineties, as part of a push by LLE to build the Omega EP system, which finished in 2008. Fast ignition showed dramatic power savings and moved ICF into the race for energy production. The HiPER experimental facility became dedicated to fast ignition.
In 2001 the United States, China... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In 1951 Ivy Mike, part of Operation Ivy, became the first detonation of a thermonuclear weapon, yielding 10.4 megatons of TNT using liquid deuterium. Cousins and Ware built a toroidal pinch device in England and demonstrated that the plasma in pinch devices is inherently unstable. In 1953 The Soviet Union tested its RD... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Subject to any regulations restricting who can obtain donor sperm, donor sperm is available to all people who, for whatever reason, wish to have a child. These regulations vary significantly across jurisdictions, and some countries do not have any regulations. When an individual finds that they are barred from receivin... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Stripping works on the basis of mass transfer. The idea is to make the conditions favorable for the component, A, in the liquid phase to transfer to the vapor phase. This involves a gas–liquid interface that A must cross. The total amount of A that has moved across this boundary can be defined as the flux of A, N. | 5 | Separation Processes |
This method is the same as the above but where two (or more) solvents are used. This relies on both "compound A" and "impurity B" being soluble in a first solvent. A second solvent is slowly added. Either "compound A" or "impurity B" will be insoluble in this solvent and precipitate, whilst the other of "compound A"/"i... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Galactogen is a polysaccharide of galactose that functions as energy storage in pulmonate snails and some Caenogastropoda. This polysaccharide is exclusive of the reproduction and is only found in the albumen gland from the female snail reproductive system and in the perivitelline fluid of eggs.
Galactogen serves as an... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The Weermann degradation could be executed with α-hydroxy-substituted carbonic acid amides. For example, sugar. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Mini-bulk tests are conducted with 1-100t of samples on industrial scale sensor-based ore sorters. The size fraction intervals to be treated are prepared using screen classifications. Full capacity is established then with each fraction and multiple cut-points are programmed in the sorting software. After creating mult... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The intention of the attacker is often to cause shame and pain rather than to kill the victim. In Britain, such attacks, particularly those against men, are believed to be underreported, and as a result many of them do not show up in official statistics. Some of the most common motivations of perpetrators include:
* Pe... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The medical effects of acid attacks are extensive. As a majority of acid attacks are aimed at the face, several articles thoroughly reviewed the medical implications for these victims. The severity of the damage depends on the concentration of the acid and the time before the acid is thoroughly washed off with water or... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
In the case of oxide copper ore, a heap leaching pad will dissolve a dilute copper sulfate solution in a weak sulfuric acid solution. This pregnant leach solution (PLS) is pumped to an extraction mixer settler where it is mixed with the organic phase (a kerosene hosted extractant). The copper transfers to the organic... | 5 | Separation Processes |
In aqueous solution it is a weak acid, having a pK of 3.7:
Isocyanic acid hydrolyses to carbon dioxide and ammonia:
Dilute solutions of isocyanic acid are stable in inert solvents, e.g. ether and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
At high concentrations, isocyanic acid oligomerizes to give the trimer cyanuric acid and cyamelide... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The oldest form of mineral processing practiced since the Stone Age is hand-picking. Georgius Agricola also describes hand-picking is his book De re metallica in 1556. Sensor-based sorting is the automation and extension to hand picking. In addition to sensors that measure visible differences like color (and the furthe... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Ultraviolet absorbers are molecules used in organic materials (polymers, paints, etc.) to absorb UV radiation to reduce the UV degradation (photo-oxidation) of a material. The absorbers can themselves degrade over time, so monitoring of absorber levels in weathered materials is necessary.
In sunscreen, ingredients that... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Direct experimental evidence of altermagnetic band structure in semiconducting MnTe and metallic RuO was first published in 2024. Many more materials are predicted to be altermagnets – ranging from insulators, semiconductors, and metals to superconductors. Altermagnetism was predicted in 3d and 2d materials with both ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
In 1933 Vincenzo Bisceglie made the first attempt to encapsulate cells in polymer membranes. He demonstrated that tumor cells in a polymer structure transplanted into pig abdominal cavity remained viable for a long period without being rejected by the immune system.
Thirty years later in 1964, the idea of encapsulating... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Photosensitizers are dye compounds that absorb the photons from incoming light and eject electrons, producing an electric current that can be used to power a device or a storage unit. According to a new study performed by Michael Grätzel and fellow scientist Anders Hagfeldt, advances in photosensitizers have resulted i... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Organisms ranging from bacteria, yeast, fungi, insects, invertebrates, and lower and higher plants have enzymes that can make trehalose.
In nature, trehalose can be found in plants, and microorganisms. In animals, trehalose is prevalent in shrimp, and also in insects, including grasshoppers, locusts, butterflies, and ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
When clearing gases, an often used and mostly working method for clearing large particles is to blow it into a large chamber where the gas's velocity decreases and the solid particles start sinking to the bottom. This method is used mostly because of its cheap cost. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Hubel was elected as an ASME Fellow in 2008, and a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2012. She was named a Cryofellow of the Society for Cryobiology in 2021. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Many risks and challenges must still be addressed and explored before tissue engineered heart valves can fully be clinically implemented:
* Contamination – Particular source materials can foster a microbiological environment that is conducive to the susceptibility of viruses and infectious diseases. Anytime an external... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Flow rate of the liquid phase and molar fractions of the desired compound in it are and .
Flow rate of the vapour phase and molar fractions of the desired compound in it are and . | 5 | Separation Processes |
As mentioned above, the CCE separates cells based on their sedimentation property but not specific features (e.g. surface protein, cell shape). It cannot separate different types of cells which have similar sedimentation properties. This means that previous purification needs to be done for mixed cell type sample. The ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Another type of innovative neutron generator is the inertial electrostatic confinement fusion device. This neutron generator avoids using a solid target which will be sputter eroded causing metalization of insulating surfaces. Depletion of the reactant gas within the solid target is also avoided. Far greater operation... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
OFM comprises more than 24 collagens (most notably types I and III), but also contains many growth factors, polysaccharides and proteoglycans that naturally exist as part of the extracellular matrix and play important roles in wound healing and soft tissue repair. The composition includes more than 150 different protei... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Phosphorescent materials were discovered in the 1700s, and people have been studying them and making improvements over the centuries. The development of strontium aluminate pigments in 1993 was spurred on by the need to find a substitute for glow-in-the-dark materials with high luminance and long phosphorescence, espec... | 0 | Luminescence |
Cryoimmunotherapy, also referred to as cryoimmunology, is an oncological treatment for various cancers that combines cryoablation of tumor with immunotherapy treatment. In-vivo cryoablation of a tumor, alone, can induce an immunostimulatory, systemic anti-tumor response, resulting in a cancer vaccine—the abscopal effec... | 1 | Cryobiology |
UV pinning is the process of applying a dose of low intensity ultraviolet (UV) light to a UV curable ink (UV ink). The lights wavelengths must be correctly matched to the inks photochemical properties. As a result, the ink droplets move to a higher viscosity state, but stop short of full cure. This is also referred ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Generally, the main process in a rotary vacuum drum filter is continuous filtration whereby solids are separated from liquids through a filter medium by a vacuum. The filter cloth is one of the most important components on a filter and is typically made of weaving polymer yarns. The best selection of cloth can increase... | 5 | Separation Processes |
In organic carboxylic acids, an electronegative substituent can pull electron density out of an acidic bond through the inductive effect, resulting in a smaller value. The effect decreases, the further the electronegative element is from the carboxylate group, as illustrated by the following series of halogenated buta... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
When stored as a powder at 4 °C or below, IPTG is stable for 5 years. It is significantly less stable in solution; Sigma recommends storage for no more than a month at room temperature. IPTG is an effective inducer of protein expression in the concentration range of 100 μmol/L to 3.0 mmol/L. , a mutant that over-produc... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Isocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the structural formula HNCO, which is often written as . It is a colourless, volatile and poisonous substance, with a boiling point of 23.5 °C. It is the predominant tautomer and an isomer of cyanic acid (aka. cyanol) ().
The derived anion of isocyanic acid is the same as the ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Cryoneurolysis is performed with a cryoprobe, which is composed of a hollow cannula that contains a smaller inner lumen. The pressurized coolant (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen) travels down the lumen and expands at the end of the lumen into the tip of the hollow cannula. No coolant exits the cryoprob... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Directed differentiation is a bioengineering methodology at the interface of stem cell biology, developmental biology and tissue engineering. It is essentially harnessing the potential of stem cells by constraining their differentiation in vitro toward a specific cell type or tissue of interest. Stem cells are by defin... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
An anode ray (also positive ray or canal ray) is a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. Later work on anode rays by Wilhelm Wien and J. J. Thomson led to the developme... | 0 | Luminescence |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.