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All skimmers have key features in common: water flows through a chamber and is brought into contact with a column of fine bubbles. The bubbles collect proteins and other substances and carry them to the top of the device where the foam, but not the water, collects in a cup. Here the foam condenses to a liquid, which ca... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Under Lavoisiers original theory, all acids contained oxygen, which was named from the Greek ὀξύς (oxys: acid, sharp) and the root -γενής (-genes': creator). It was later discovered that some acids, notably hydrochloric acid, did not contain oxygen and so acids were divided into oxo-acids and these new hydroacids.
All ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The use of glucosinolate-containing crops as primary food source for animals can have negative effects if the concentration of glucosinolate is higher than what is acceptable for the animal in question, because some glucosinolates have been shown to have toxic effects (mainly as goitrogens and anti-thyroid agents) in l... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The limit for the ambient size of the bubble is set by the appearance of instabilities in the shape of the oscillating bubble.
The shape stability thresholds depend on changes in the radial dynamics, caused by different liquid viscosities or driving frequencies. If the frequency is decreased, the parametric instability... | 0 | Luminescence |
The membrane assembly consists of a pressure vessel with a membrane that allows feedwater to be pushed against it. The membrane must be strong enough to withstand the pressure. RO membranes are made in a variety of configurations. The two most common are spiral-wound and hollow-fiber.
Only part of the water pumped onto... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Classification of nerve damage was well-defined by Sir Herbert Seddon and Sunderland in a system that remains in use. The adjacent table details the forms (neurapraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis) and degrees of nerve injury that occur as a result of exposure to various temperatures.
Cryoneurolysis treatments that use... | 1 | Cryobiology |
PSCs-derived cells from patients are used in vitro to recreate specific pathologies. The specific cell type affected in the pathology is at the base of the model. For example, motoneurons are used to study spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and cardiomyocytes are used to study arrythmia. This can allow for a better understa... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Molecular inks are typically composed of small molecules that are coated onto a DPN tip and are delivered to the surface through a water meniscus. In order to coat the tips, one can either vapor coat the tip or dip the tips into a dilute solution containing the molecular ink. If one dip-coats the tips, the solvent mu... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Conceptually, the in vivo bioreactor was borne from complications in a repair method of bone fracture, bone loss, necrosis, and tumor reconstruction known as bone grafting. Traditional bone grafting strategies require fresh, autologous bone harvested from the iliac crest; this harvest site is limited by the amount of b... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
An article published in Nature Materials demonstrated cell efficiencies of 8.2% using a new solvent-free liquid redox electrolyte consisting of a melt of three salts, as an alternative to using organic solvents as an electrolyte solution. Although the efficiency with this electrolyte is less than the 11% being delivere... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The central part of a neutron generator is the particle accelerator itself, sometimes called a neutron tube. Neutron tubes have several components including an ion source, ion optic elements, and a beam target; all of these are enclosed within a vacuum-tight enclosure. High voltage insulation between the ion optical el... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Radium dials are watch, clock and other instrument dials painted with luminous paint containing radium-226 to produce radioluminescence. Radium dials were produced throughout most of the 20th century before being replaced by safer tritium-based luminous material in the 1970s and finally by non-toxic, non-radioactive st... | 0 | Luminescence |
Epibiotech developed an autologous dermal papilla cell that was scheduled to enter clinical trials at the end of 2023. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
A general definition of spherical harmonic super basis of a -multiplet problem can be expressed as
where the parentheses denote a 3-j symbol; K is the rank which ranges ; Q is the
projection index of rank K which ranges from −K to +K. A cubic harmonic super basis where all the tensor operators are hermitian can be de... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Cell differentiation involves a transition from a proliferative mode toward differentiation mode. Directed differentiation consists in mimicking developmental (embryo's development) decisions in vitro using the stem cells as source material. For this purpose, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are cultured in controlled con... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The latest generation of radioluminescent materials is based on tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with half-life of 12.32 years that emits very low-energy beta radiation. It is used on wristwatch faces, gun sights, and emergency exit signs. The tritium gas is contained in a small glass tube, coated with a ph... | 0 | Luminescence |
The Landau theory of second-order phase transitions has been applied to magnetic phase transitions. The magnetic space group of disordered structure, , transitions to the magnetic space group of the ordered phase, . is a subgroup of , and keeps only the symmetries which have not been broken during the phase transition... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
* Avian myotubes: highly contractile skeletal myotubes cultured and differentiated in vitro on collagen-coated culture plates
* Cultured Meat (CM): cultured, cell based, lab grown, in vitro, clean meat obtained through cellular agriculture
* Human Bio-Artificial Muscle (BAM): formed through a seven day, in vitro tissue... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
H) tritium (T, hydrogen-3, H) fusion reactions are the most common accelerator based (as opposed to radioactive isotopes) neutron sources. In these systems, neutrons are produced by creating ions of deuterium, tritium, or deuterium and tritium and accelerating these into a hydride target loaded with deuterium, or deut... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
A sperm bank, semen bank, or cryobank is a facility or enterprise which purchases, stores and sells human semen. The semen is produced and sold by men who are known as sperm donors. The sperm is purchased by or for other persons for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy or pregnancies other than by a sexual partner. Spe... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The development of various methods of cryopreservation of bovine embryos improved embryo transfer technique considerably efficient technology, no longer depending on the immediate readiness of suitable recipients. Pregnancy rates are just slightly less than those achieved with fresh embryos. Recently, the use of cryopr... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In wine tasting, humans are least sensitive to the taste of sweetness (in contrast to sensitivity to bitterness or sourness) with the majority of the population being able to detect sugar or "sweetness" in wines between 1% and 2.5% residual sugar. Additionally, other components of wine such as acidity and tannins can m... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In DSSC, electrodes consisted of sintered semiconducting nanoparticles, mainly TiO or ZnO. These nanoparticle DSSCs rely on trap-limited diffusion through the semiconductor nanoparticles for the electron transport. This limits the device efficiency since it is a slow transport mechanism. Recombination is more likely to... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Hair multiplication or hair cloning is a proposed technique to counter hair loss. The technology to clone hair is in its early stages, but multiple groups have demonstrated pieces of the technology at a small scale with a few in commercial development.
Scientists previously assumed that in the case of complete baldnes... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Superferromagnetism is the magnetism of an ensemble of magnetically interacting super-moment-bearing material particles that would be superparamagnetic if they were not interacting. Nanoparticles of iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite (nominally FeOOH), often cluster and interact magnetically. These interactions change... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
In 1957, it was determined via DNA content that myoblasts proliferate, but myonuclei do not. Following this discovery, the satellite cell was experimentally uncovered by Mauro and Katz as stem cells which sit on the surface of the myofibre and have the capability to differentiate into muscle cells. Satellite cells prov... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Such attacks or threats against women who failed to wear hijab, dress "modestly" or otherwise threaten traditional norms have been reported in Afghanistan. In November 2008, extremists subjected girls to acid attacks for attending school. | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Under ideal conditions, implants should initiate the desired host response. Ideally, the implant should not cause any undesired reaction from neighboring or distant tissues. However, the interaction between the implant and the tissue surrounding the implant can lead to complications. The process of implantation of medi... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Larger scale reverse osmosis water purification units (ROWPU) exist for military use. These have been adopted by the United States armed forces and the Canadian Forces. Some models are containerized, some are trailers, and some are themselves vehicles.
The water is treated with a polymer to initiate coagulation. Next, ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The first tagged stamps of Canada were issued in 1962 with vertical phosphorescent bands. In 1972, fluorescent general tagging was introduced, initially as vertical bars, now normally on all four sides of the stamp. | 0 | Luminescence |
Various chemical and genetic strategies have been developed to manipulate O-GlcNAc, both on a proteome-wide basis and on specific proteins. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Most solid state acids are organic acids such as oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, etc. Examples of inorganic solid acids include silico-aluminates (zeolites, alumina, silico-aluminophosphate), and sulfated zirconia. Many transition metal oxides are acidic, including titania, zirconia, and niobia. ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The microscope setup is based on an inverted microscope design. An automated stage is used to record larger areas by mosaicing a series of single adjacent frames. The LED light is focused using a ball lens with a short focal length onto the sample surface in an oblique-angle cis-illumination scheme since standard micro... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Glycan arrays, like that offered by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG), National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG) and [http://www.zbiotech.com/ Z Biotech, LLC], contain carbohydrate compounds that can be screened with lectins, antibodies or cell receptors to define carbohydrate specificity and identify... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The NIF burning plasma, despite not occurring in an energy context, has been characterised as a major milestone in the race towards nuclear fusion power, with the perception that it could bring with it a better planet. The first controlled burning plasma has been characterized as a critical juncture on the same level a... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Indoor tanning is most popular with white females, 16–25 years old, with low-to-moderate skin sensitivity, who know other tanners. Studies seeking to link indoor tanning to education level and income have returned inconsistent results. Prevalence was highest in one German study among those with a moderate level of educ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
PUVA (psoralen and UVA) is an ultraviolet light therapy treatment for skin diseases: vitiligo, eczema, psoriasis, graft-versus-host disease, mycosis fungoides, large plaque parapsoriasis, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, using the sensitizing effects of the drug psoralen. The psoralen is applied or taken orally to sensit... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
MUSE system mainly serves as a low-cost alternative to traditional histological analysis for cancer diagnostics with simpler and less time-consuming techniques. By integrating microscopy and fresh tissue fluorescence staining into an automated optical system, the overall acquiring time needed for getting digital images... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The property by which some neurons do not return to their basal conditions from a stimulated condition immediately after removal of the stimulus is an example of hysteresis. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA or HDEHP) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (CHO)POH. The colorless liquid is a diester of phosphoric acid and 2-ethylhexanol. It is used in the solvent extraction of uranium, vanadium and the rare-earth metals. | 5 | Separation Processes |
In larger urban centres, studies have noted that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ+) populations are among the fastest-growing users of fertility care. IVF is increasingly being used to allow lesbian and other LGBT couples to share in the reproductive process through a technique called reciprocal IVF... | 1 | Cryobiology |
* Stilbene is used in manufacture of dyes and optical brighteners, and also as a phosphor and a scintillator.
* Stilbene is one of the gain mediums used in dye lasers. | 0 | Luminescence |
The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem. If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for t... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The major disadvantage to the DSSC design is the use of the liquid electrolyte, which has temperature stability problems. At low temperatures the electrolyte can freeze, halting power production and potentially leading to physical damage. Higher temperatures cause the liquid to expand, making sealing the panels a serio... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The basic room purge equation can be used only for purge scenarios. In a scenario where a liquid continuously evaporates from a container in a ventilated room, a differential equation has to be used:
where the ventilation rate has been adjusted by a mixing factor K:
*C = concentration of a gas
*G = generation rate
*V... | 5 | Separation Processes |
With further increases of temperature and density, fusion processes produce nuclides only up to nickel-56 (which decays later to iron); heavier elements (those beyond Ni) are created mainly by neutron capture. The slow capture of neutrons, the s-process, produces about half of elements beyond iron. The other half are... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Rewarming can be done with a number of methods including passive external rewarming, active external rewarming, and active internal rewarming. Passive external rewarming involves the use of a person's own ability to generate heat by providing properly insulated dry clothing and moving to a warm environment. Passive ext... | 1 | Cryobiology |
An endotransglucosylase is an enzyme which is able to transfer a saccharide unit from one saccharide to another. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Oleum is an important intermediate in the manufacture of sulfuric acid due to its high enthalpy of hydration. When SO is added to water, rather than dissolving, it tends to form a fine mist of sulfuric acid, which is difficult to manage. However, SO added to concentrated sulfuric acid readily dissolves, forming oleum w... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
A weak acid is a substance that partially dissociates when it is dissolved in a solvent. In solution there is an equilibrium between the acid, , and the products of dissociation.
The solvent (e.g. water) is omitted from this expression when its concentration is effectively unchanged by the process of acid dissociatio... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve foods. These compounds are typically sugars that are inexpensive and do not pose any toxicity concerns. For example, many (raw) frozen chicken products contain a sucrose and sodium phosphates solution in water. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Mass spectrometry identified S-GlcNAc as a post-translational modification found on cysteine residues. In vitro experiments demonstrated that OGT could catalyze the formation of S-GlcNAc and that OGA is incapable of hydrolyzing S-GlcNAc. Though a previous report suggested that OGA is capable of hydrolyzing thioglycosid... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The phenomenon appears to have been first described and the term "superferromagnatism" introduced by Bostanjoglo and Röhkel, for a metallic film system. A decade later, the same phenomenon was rediscovered and described to occur in small-particle systems. The discovery is attributed as such in the scientific literature... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
OFM was developed and is manufactured by Aroa Biosurgery Limited (New Zealand, formerly Mesynthes Limited, New Zealand) and was first patented in 2008 and described in the scientific literature in 2010. OFM is manufactured from sheep rumen tissue, using a process of decellularization to selectively remove the unwanted... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The spin ice model is only one subdivision of frustrated systems. The word frustration was initially introduced to describe a systems inability to simultaneously minimize the competing interaction energy between its components. In general frustration is caused either by competing interactions due to site disorder (see ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Commercial tanning services are banned in all states, except the Northern Territory where no salons are in operation. Private ownership of tanning beds is permitted. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Stilbene exists as two possible isomers known as (E)-stilbene and (Z)-stilbene. (Z)-Stilbene is sterically hindered and less stable because the steric interactions force the aromatic rings 43° out-of-plane and prevent conjugation. (Z)-Stilbene has a melting point of , while (E)-stilbene melts around , illustrating that... | 0 | Luminescence |
This effect was first seen by Russian physicists in the 1960s in A.F.Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, Leningrad, Russia. Subsequently, it was studied in semiconductors such as indium antimonide (InSb), germanium (Ge) and indium arsenide (InAs) by workers in West Germany, Ukraine (Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Ky... | 0 | Luminescence |
Hybrid nuclear fusion–fission (hybrid nuclear power) is a proposed means of generating power by use of a combination of nuclear fusion and fission processes.
The basic idea is to use high-energy fast neutrons from a fusion reactor to trigger fission in non-fissile fuels like U-238 or Th-232. Each neutron can trigger se... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Only recently also other extraction applications have been investigated, e.g. the large scale recovery of apolar organics on offshore oil platforms using the so-called Macro-Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) Technology. In such an application, where the SIR particles are contained in a packed bed, flow rates from 0.5 m ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
This method consists in exposing the cells to specific signaling pathways modulators and manipulating cell culture conditions (environmental or exogenous) to mimick the natural sequence of developmental decisions to produce a given cell type/tissue. A drawback of this approach is the necessity to have a good understan... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In New Zealand, indoor tanning is regulated by a voluntary code of practice. Salons are asked to turn away under-18s, those with type 1 skin (fair skin that burns easily or never tans), people who experienced episodes of sunburn as children, and anyone taking certain medications, with several moles, or who has had skin... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Winnowing is a process by which chaff is separated from grain. It can also be used to remove pests from stored grain. Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparation. In its simplest form, it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Galactan (galactosan) is a polysaccharide consisting of polymerized galactose. In general, galactans in natural sources contain a core of galactose units connected by α(1→3) or α(1→6), with structures containing other monosaccharides as side-chains.
Galactan derived from Anogeissus latifolia is primarily α(1→6), but ga... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Organoid formation generally requires culturing the stem cells or progenitor cells in a 3D medium. Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell subtypes, and they enable understanding the processes of development and disease progression. Therefore organoids derived from stem cells enabl... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Accurate determination of core temperature often requires a special low temperature thermometer, as most clinical thermometers do not measure accurately below . A low temperature thermometer can be placed in the rectum, esophagus or bladder. Esophageal measurements are the most accurate and are recommended once a perso... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The human gut-on-a-chip contains two microchannels that are separated by the flexible porous Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-coated membrane lined by the gut epithelial cells: Caco-2, which has been used extensively as the intestinal barrier. Caco-2 cells are cultured under spontaneous differentiation of its parental cell, ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Drug cartels such as the Los Zetas are known to use acid on civilians. For example, In the 2011 San Fernando massacre, Los Zetas members took away children from their mothers, and shot the rest of the civilians in a bus. The women were taken to a warehouse where many other women were held captive. Inside a dark room, t... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
A solar-powered desalination unit produces potable water from saline water by using a photovoltaic system to supply the energy. Solar power works well for water purification in settings lacking grid electricity and can reduce operating costs and greenhouse emissions. For example, a solar-powered desalination unit desig... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Natural-synthetic hybrid polymers are based on the synergic effect between synthetic and biopolymeric constituents. Gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) has become a popular biomaterial in the field of bioprinting. GelMA has shown it has viable potential as a bioink material due to its suitable biocompatibility and readily tun... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Glow sticks are used for outdoor recreation, often used at night for marking. Scuba divers use diving-rated glow sticks to mark themselves during night dives, and then can turn off bright diving lights. This is done to enable visibility of bioluminescent marine organisms, which cannot be seen while a bright dive light ... | 0 | Luminescence |
* Intracoronary Administration of Bone Marrow-Derived Progenitor Cells: an in vivo technique in which progenitor cells derived from bone marrow are administered into an infarct artery to differentiate into functional cardiac cells and recover contractile function after an acute, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, thus... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The equilibrium shapes of bubbles expanding and contracting on capillaries (blunt needles) can exhibit hysteresis depending on the relative magnitude of the maximum capillary pressure to ambient pressure, and the relative magnitude of the bubble volume at the maximum capillary pressure to the dead volume in the system.... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
3D cell-culture models exceed 2D culture systems by promoting higher levels of cell differentiation and tissue organization. 3D culture systems are more successful because the flexibility of the ECM gels accommodates shape changes and cell-cell connections – formerly prohibited by rigid 2D culture substrates. Neverthel... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
As a scientist with the American Red Cross, Fahy was the originator of the first practical method of cryopreservation by vitrification and the inventor of computer-based systems to apply this technology to whole organs. Before joining Twenty-First Century Medicine, he was the chief scientist for Organ, Inc and of LRT, ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Neutron generators find application in semiconductor production industry. They also have use cases in the enrichment of depleted uranium, acceleration of breeder reactors, and activation and excitement of experimental thorium reactors.
In material analysis neutron activation analysis is used to determine concentration ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Managing populations based on minimizing mean kinship values is often an effective way to increase genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding within captive populations. Kinship is the probability that two alleles will be identical by descent when one allele is taken randomly from each mating individual. The mean kins... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The Venetian blind design is a type of electrostatic direct collector. The Venetian Blind design name comes from the visual similarity of the ribbons to venetian window blinds. Designs in the early 1970s by William Barr and Ralph Moir used repeating metal ribbons at a specified angle as the ion collector plates. These... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei, usually deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes), combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorpti... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
This energy barrier is given by the electric potential energy:
where
:ε is the permittivity of free space;
:q, q are the charges of the interacting particles;
:r is the interaction radius.
A positive value of U is due to a repulsive force, so interacting particles are at higher energy levels as they get closer. A negat... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Research centered on three plasma confinement designs; the stellarator headed by Lyman Spitzer at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, the toroidal pinch or Perhapsatron led by James Tuck at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the magnetic mirror devices at the Livermore National Laboratory led by Richard F. Pos... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Martin Fleischmann of the University of Southampton and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah hypothesized that the high compression ratio and mobility of deuterium that could be achieved within palladium metal using electrolysis might result in nuclear fusion. To investigate, they conducted electrolysis experiments u... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
A second type of electrostatic converter initially proposed by Post, then developed by Barr and Moir, is the Periodic Electrostatic Focusing concept. Like the Venetian Blind concept, it is also a direct collector, but the collector plates are disposed in many stages along the longitudinal axis of an electrostatic focus... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Germicidal lamps are used to sterilize workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. If the quartz envelope transmits shorter wavelengths, such as the 185 nm mercury emission line, they can also be used wherever ozone is desired, for example, in the sanitizing systems of hot tubs and aquariu... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Probiotics are increasingly being used in numerous dairy products such as ice cream, milk powders, yoghurts, frozen dairy desserts and cheese due to their important health benefits. But, low viability of probiotic bacteria in the food still remains a major hurdle. The pH, dissolved oxygen content, titratable acidity, s... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The use of natural materials in scaffolds has its disadvantages. Usually, they are expensive, not available in large quantities and they have the risk of disease transmission. This has led to the development of synthetic scaffolds.
When producing synthetic scaffolds there is full control over their properties. For exam... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Because the bubble collapse occurs within microseconds, the hot spot theory states that the thermal energy results from an adiabatic bubble collapse. In 1950 it was assumed that the bubble internal temperatures were as high as 10,000 K at the collapse of a spherical symmetric bubble. In the 1990s, sonoluminescence spec... | 0 | Luminescence |
Researchers have also been able to develop alginate microcapsules with an altered form of alginate with enhanced biocompatibility and higher resistance to osmotic swelling.
Another approach to increasing the biocompatibility of the membrane biomaterial is through surface modification of the capsules using peptide and ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Julie Elizabeth Gough is a Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering at The University of Manchester. She specializes on controlling cellular responses at the cell-biomaterial interface by engineering defined surfaces for mechanically sensitive connective tissues. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Select filter cloth based on the type filter aid used (refer Filter aid selection), adjust the advancing knife to optimize the knife advance rate per drum revolution. (Detail explained in Advance blade section) | 5 | Separation Processes |
Attempts to create organs in vitro started with one of the first dissociation-reaggregation experiments where Henry Van Peters Wilson demonstrated that mechanically dissociated sponge cells can reaggregate and self-organize to generate a whole organism. In the subsequent decades, multiple labs were able to generate dif... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet radiation has a number of applications. The following table gives some uses of specific wavelength bands in the UV spectrum.
* 13.5 nm: Extreme ultraviolet lithography
* 30–200 nm: Photoionization, ultraviolet photoelec... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Regenerative medicine has been studied by dentists to find ways that damaged teeth can be repaired and restored to obtain natural structure and function. Dental tissues are often damaged due to tooth decay, and are often deemed to be irreplaceable except by synthetic or metal dental fillings or crowns, which requires f... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Glycation (non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the covalent attachment of a sugar to a protein, lipid or nucleic acid molecule. Typical sugars that participate in glycation are glucose, fructose, and their derivatives. Glycation is the non-enzymatic process responsible for many (e.g. micro and macrovascular) complications... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Amylopectin-based fibers have been fabricated mainly by blending native or modified starches with polymers, plasticizers, cross-linkers, or other additives. Most amylopectin-based fibers are fabricated by electro-wet-spinning, however, the method is demonstrated to be suitable for starches with amylopectin content belo... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
*Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light via electro-luminescence.
*Phosphors, materials that emit light when irradiated by higher-energy electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation
*Laser, and lamp industry
*Phosphor thermometry, measuring temperature using phosphorescence
*Thermoluminescence dating
*Thermolumines... | 0 | Luminescence |
The basic room purge equation is used in industrial hygiene. It determines the time required to reduce a known vapor concentration existing in a closed space to a lower vapor concentration. The equation can only be applied when the purged volume of vapor or gas is replaced with "clean" air or gas. For example, the e... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Fluorescent materials are also very widely used in numerous applications in molecular biology, often as "tags" which bind themselves to a substance of interest (for example, DNA), so allowing their visualization.
Thousands of moth and insect collectors all over the world use various types of black lights to attract mot... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
A group of researchers at Georgia Tech made dye-sensitized solar cells with a higher effective surface area by wrapping the cells around a quartz optical fiber. The researchers removed the cladding from optical fibers, grew zinc oxide nanowires along the surface, treated them with dye molecules, surrounded the fibers b... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Very hot objects emit UV radiation (see black-body radiation). The Sun emits ultraviolet radiation at all wavelengths, including the extreme ultraviolet where it crosses into X-rays at 10 nm. Extremely hot stars (such as O- and B-type) emit proportionally more UV radiation than the Sun. Sunlight in space at the top of ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
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