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Most tanning beds are horizontal enclosures with a bench and canopy (lid) that house long, low-pressure fluorescent bulbs (100–200 watt) under an acrylic surface. The tanner is surrounded by bulbs when the canopy is closed. Modern tanning beds emit mostly UVA (the sun emits around 95% UVA and 5% UVB). One review of stu... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and was soon combined with paint to make luminescent paint, which was applied to clocks, airplane instruments, and the like, to be able to read them in the dark.
In 1914, Dr. Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and Dr. George S. Willis founded the Radium Luminous Material C... | 0 | Luminescence |
Spiral separators of the wet type, also called spiral concentrators, are devices to separate solid components in a slurry, based upon a combination of the solid particle density as well as the particle's hydrodynamic properties (e.g. drag). The device consists of a tower, around which is wound a sluice, from which slot... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The existence of the candoluminescence phenomenon and the underlying mechanism have been the subject of extensive research and debate since the first reports of it in the 1800s. The topic was of particular interest before the introduction of electric lighting, when most artificial light was produced by fuel combustion.... | 0 | Luminescence |
Solid chloroauric acid is a hydrophilic (ionic) protic solute. It is soluble in water and other oxygen-containing solvents, such as alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones. For example, in dry dibutyl ether or diethylene glycol, the solubility exceeds 1 M. Saturated solutions in the organic solvents often are the liquid ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Bene Meat Technologies a.s. was founded in 2020 by Mgr. Roman Kříž, who is the project leader. The main biologist of the scientific team is Jiří Janoušek and one of the external scientists involved in the ongoing research is the immunologist Prof. RNDr. Jan Černý, Ph.D. In 2022, the BMT research team consisted of 70 s... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Super-LumiNova granulated pigments are applied either by manual application, screen printing or pad printing. RC Tritech AG recommends up to application thickness in one or multiple layer(s). Over that, the ultraviolet light starts getting problems to effectively reach and activate the bottom of the deposited pigment... | 0 | Luminescence |
Tissue opacity is thought to be the result of light scattering due to heterogeneous refractive indices. Tissue clearing methods chemically homogenize refractive indices, resulting in almost completely transparent tissue. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In physics, amorphous magnet refers to a magnet made from amorphous solids. Below a certain temperature, these magnets present permanent magnetic phases produced by randomly located magnetic moments. Three common types of amorphous magnetic phases are asperomagnetism, speromagnetism and sperimagnetism, which correspond... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Most fluorophores are organic small molecules of 20–100 atoms (200–1000 Dalton; the molecular weight may be higher depending on grafted modifications and conjugated molecules), but there are also much larger natural fluorophores that are proteins: green fluorescent protein (GFP) is 27 kDa, and several phycobiliproteins... | 0 | Luminescence |
Insects that are psychrotrophic can survive cold temperatures through several general mechanisms (unlike opportunistic and chill susceptible insects): (1) chill tolerance, (2) freeze avoidance, and (3) freeze tolerance. Chill tolerant insects succumb to freezing temperatures after prolonged exposure to mild or moderate... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In control systems, hysteresis can be used to filter signals so that the output reacts less rapidly than it otherwise would by taking recent system history into account. For example, a thermostat controlling a heater may switch the heater on when the temperature drops below A, but not turn it off until the temperature... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Hydronium is an abundant molecular ion in the interstellar medium and is found in diffuse and dense molecular clouds as well as the plasma tails of comets. Interstellar sources of hydronium observations include the regions of Sagittarius B2, Orion OMC-1, Orion BN–IRc2, Orion KL, and the comet Hale–Bopp.
Interstellar hy... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The first sperm banks began as early as 1964 in Iowa, USA and Tokyo, Japan and were established for a medical therapeutic approach to support individuals who were infertile. As a result, over 1 million babies were born within 40 years.
Sperm banks provide the opportunity for individuals to have a child who otherwise wo... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Moving parts within machines, such as the components of a gear train, normally have a small gap between them, to allow movement and lubrication. As a consequence of this gap, any reversal in direction of a drive part will not be passed on immediately to the driven part. This unwanted delay is normally kept as small as... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Careful and detailed documentation concerning the characteristics of the starting materials (e.g. history of the cell line derivation and cell banking) and manufacturing process steps (e.g. procurement of tissue or cells and manipulation) must be maintained. The cellular part of every cell-based medicinal product must ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute concentration in cells. However, in order to be biologically viable they must easily penetrate and must not be toxic to cells. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Hysteretic models are mathematical models capable of simulating complex nonlinear behavior (hysteresis) characterizing mechanical systems and materials used in different fields of engineering, such as aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering. Some examples of mechanical systems and materials having hysteretic behav... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Vogel examined a metal sample which was allegedly given to Billy Meier by extraterrestrials, but by misinterpreting a graph on a test instrument, erroneously concluded it contained thallium, a rare metal. | 0 | Luminescence |
The timeline of solar neutrinos and their discovery dates back to the 1960s, beginning with the two astrophysicists John N. Bahcall and Raymond Davis Jr. The experiment, known as the Homestake experiment, named after the town in which it was conducted (Homestake, South Dakota), aimed to count the solar neutrinos arrivi... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The first transfer of an embryo from one human to another resulting in pregnancy was reported in July 1983 and subsequently led to the announcement of the first human birth 3 February 1984. This procedure was performed at the Harbor UCLA Medical Center under the direction of Dr. John Buster and the University of Calif... | 1 | Cryobiology |
HTK (branded as Custodiol® by Essential Pharmaceuticals LLC), has been presented by industry to surgeons as an alternative solution that exceeds other cardioplegias in myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. This claim relies on the single-dose administration of HTK compared with other multidose cardioplegias (MD... | 1 | Cryobiology |
O-GlcNAc has been found to slow protein aggregation, though the generality of this phenomenon is unknown.
Solid-phase peptide synthesis was used to prepare full-length α-synuclein with an O-GlcNAc modification at T72. Thioflavin T aggregation assays and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that this modified α... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation in patients of all ages as a long-term treatment. The dosage of lactulose for chronic idiopathic constipation is adjusted depending on the constipation severity and desired effect, from a mild stool softener to causing diarrhea. Lactulose is contraindicated in ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Under a given uni-axial mechanical stress , the flux density for a given magnetizing field strength may increase or decrease. The way in which a material responds to stresses depends on its saturation magnetostriction . For this analysis, compressive stresses are considered as negative, whereas tensile stresses are ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Tengion, Inc. is an American development-stage regenerative medicine company founded in 2003 with financing from J&J Development Corporation, HealthCap and Oak Investment Partners, which is headquartered in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Its goals are discovering, developing, manufacturing and commercializing a range o... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Histone proteins, the primary protein component of chromatin, are known to be modified by O-GlcNAc. O-GlcNAc has been identified on all core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The presence of O-GlcNAc on histones has been suggested to affect gene transcription as well as other histone marks such as acetylation and monoub... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Unlike the helium hydride ion, the neutral helium hydride molecule HeH is not stable in the ground state. However, it does exist in an excited state as an excimer (HeH*), and its spectrum was first observed in the mid-1980s.
The neutral molecule is the first entry in the Gmelin database. | 4 | Acids + Bases |
UVGI is often used to disinfect equipment such as safety goggles, instruments, pipettors, and other devices. Lab personnel also disinfect glassware and plasticware this way. Microbiology laboratories use UVGI to disinfect surfaces inside biological safety cabinets ("hoods") between uses. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The second approach of bioprinting is autonomous self-assembly. This approach relies on the physical process of embryonic organ development as a model to replicate the tissues of interest. When cells are in their early development, they create their own extracellular matrix building block, the proper cell signaling, an... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Additional helium atoms can attach to HeH to form larger clusters such as HeH, HeH, HeH, HeH and HeH.
The dihelium hydride cation, HeH, is formed by the reaction of dihelium cation with molecular hydrogen:
: + H → HeH + H
It is a linear ion with hydrogen in the centre.
The hexahelium hydride ion, HeH, is particularly ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Jiří Linhart (13 April 1924 – 6 January 2011) Nuclear fusion physicist and Czech Olympic swimmer. He competed in the men's 200 metre breaststroke at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He stayed on in London after which he took his PhD under the supervision of Denis Gabor. He was a pioneer of Nuclear Fusion, auth... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The magnetoelastic energy describes the energy storage due to elastic lattice distortions. It may be neglected if magnetoelastic coupled effects are neglected.
There exists a preferred local distortion of the crystalline solid associated with the magnetization director m, .
For a simple model, one can assume this stra... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
IVF is expensive in China and not generally accessible to unmarried women. In August 2022, China's National Health Authority announced that it will take steps to make assisted reproductive technology more accessible, including by guiding local governments to include such technology in its national medical system.
Croat... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Sonoluminescence is a phenomenon that occurs when a small gas bubble is acoustically suspended and periodically driven in a liquid solution at ultrasonic frequencies, resulting in bubble collapse, cavitation, and light emission. The thermal energy that is released from the bubble collapse is so great that it can cause ... | 0 | Luminescence |
*Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
*Carnegie Institute
*Westinghouse Electric Corporation
*Gould-National Batteries, Inc.
*General Electrical Company | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
This compound is prepared by treatment of NaBAr′ in diethyl ether (EtO) with hydrogen chloride:
: NaBAr′ + HCl + 2 EtO → [H(OEt)] + NaCl
NaBAr′ is soluble in diethyl ether, whereas sodium chloride is not. Precipitation of sodium chloride thus drives the formation of the oxonium acid compound, which is isolable ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
This method is related to the downdraft, but uses a pump to power a spray nozzle, fixed a few inches above the water level. The spray action entraps and shreds the air in the base of the unit, similar to holding your thumb over a garden hose, which then rises to the collection chamber. In the United States, one company... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. This technique - which is often used in connection with in vitro fertilization (IVF) - may be used in humans or in other animals, in which situations... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Ordinarily, the probability of the triple-alpha process is extremely small. However, the beryllium-8 ground state has almost exactly the energy of two alpha particles. In the second step, Be + He has almost exactly the energy of an excited state of C. This resonance greatly increases the probability that an incoming al... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Psychrophiles are protected from freezing and the expansion of ice by ice-induced desiccation and vitrification (glass transition), as long as they cool slowly. Free living cells desiccate and vitrify between −10 °C and −26 °C. Cells of multicellular organisms may vitrify at temperatures below −50 °C. The cells may con... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Hand-counting is a cheap and easy to conduct method to estimate the liberation characteristics of a bulk sample wither originating from run-of-mine material, a waste dump or for example exploration trenching. Analysis of particles in the size range 10-100mm has been conducted on a total sample mass of 10 tonnes. By vis... | 5 | Separation Processes |
A 2006 project at University of California, Berkeley produced a design for inexpensive water disinfection in resource deprived settings. The project was designed to produce an open source design that could be adapted to meet local conditions. In a somewhat similar proposal in 2014, Australian students designed a system... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
There are a number of methods through which hypothermia is induced. These include: cooling catheters, cooling blankets, and application of ice applied around the body among others. As of 2013 it is unclear if one method is any better than the others. While cool intravenous fluid may be given to start the process, furth... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies tanning beds as "moderate risk" devices (changed in 2014 from "low risk"). It requires that devices carry a black box warning that they should not be used by individuals under the age of 18, but it has not banned their use by minors. , California, Delaware, the District... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
As the concentration of particles in a suspension is increased, a point is reached where particles are so close together that they no longer settle independently of one another and the velocity fields of the fluid displaced by adjacent particles, overlap. There is also a net upward flow of liquid displaced by the sett... | 5 | Separation Processes |
More sophisticated variants of sublimation apparatus include those that apply a temperature gradient so as to allow for controlled recrystallization of different fractions along the cold surface. Thermodynamic processes follow a statistical distribution, and suitably designed apparatus exploit this principle with a gra... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Fructose, along with glucose, is one of the principal sugars involved in the creation of wine. At time of harvest, there is usually an equal amount of glucose and fructose molecules in the grape; however, as the grape overripens the level of fructose will become higher. In wine, fructose can taste nearly twice as sweet... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
UV pinning enhances the management of drop size and image integrity, minimizing the unwanted mixing of drops and providing the highest possible image quality and the sharpest colour rendering.
Challenge:
Overcome the wetting problems that were causing UV-Curable inks to spread and cause ink droplets to bleed into each ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Tissue engineered heart valves offer certain advantages over traditional biological and mechanical valves:
* Living valve – The option of a living heart valve replacement is highly optimal for children as the live valve has the ability to grow and respond to its biological environment, which is especially beneficial fo... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs, are nuclear weapons that use energy released by a burning plasma's fusion reactions to produce part of their explosive yield. This is in contrast to pure-fission weapons, which produce all of their yield from a neutronic nuclear fission reaction. The first thermonucl... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Fung's famous exponential strain constitutive equation for preconditioned soft tissues is
with
quadratic forms of Green-Lagrange strains and , and material constants. is a strain energy function per volume unit, which is the mechanical strain energy for a given temperature. Materials that follow this law are known... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
One of the first companies to begin experimenting with hair cloning was Intercytex. Researchers at the company were convinced that their approach was the cure for baldness, and if the technology is fully developed, they can basically eliminate hair loss due to hereditary factors. This therapy would also eliminate the n... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Chloroauric acid is a strong eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Prolonged skin contact with chloroauric acid may result in tissue destruction. Concentrated chloroauric acid is corrosive to skin and must, therefore, be handled with appropriate care, since it can cause skin burns, permanent eye damage, and irritati... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
While many in vitro and in vivo studies have been tested in animal models, the translation from animal models to humans has not begun. Factors such as the size of surgical cut sites, duration of the procedure, and available resources and cost must all be considered. Synthetic nanomaterials have the potential to advance... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Radioluminescence occurs when an incoming particle of ionizing radiation collides with an atom or molecule, exciting an orbital electron to a higher energy level. The particle usually comes from the radioactive decay of an atom of a radioisotope, an isotope of an element which is radioactive. The electron then retur... | 0 | Luminescence |
Burning of the most abundant isotope of lithium, lithium-7, occurs by a collision of Li and a proton producing beryllium-8, which promptly decays into two helium-4 nuclei. The temperature necessary for this reaction is just below the temperature necessary for hydrogen fusion. Convection in low-mass stars ensures that l... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
There are three main components to the hybrid fusion fuel cycle: deuterium, tritium, and fissionable elements. Deuterium can be derived by the separation of hydrogen isotopes in seawater (see heavy water production). Tritium may be generated in the hybrid process itself by absorption of neutrons in lithium bearing co... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In the elastic hysteresis of rubber, the area in the centre of a hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated due to material internal friction.
Elastic hysteresis was one of the first types of hysteresis to be examined.
The effect can be demonstrated using a rubber band with weights attached to it. If the top of a rubber... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The usual measure of the strength of an acid is its acid dissociation constant (), which can be determined experimentally by titration methods. Stronger acids have a larger and a smaller logarithmic constant () than weaker acids. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, . Two key factors that contri... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
In 2010, NIF researchers conducted a series of "tuning" shots to determine the optimal target design and laser parameters for high-energy ignition experiments with fusion fuel. Net fuel energy gain was achieved in September 2013.
In April 2014, LLNL ended the Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE) program and directed the... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
21st Century Medicine (21CM) is a California cryobiological research company which has as its primary focus the development of perfusates and protocols for viable long-term cryopreservation of human organs, tissues and cells at temperatures below −100 °C through the use of vitrification. 21CM was founded in 1993.
In 20... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In scanning electron microscopes a focused beam of electrons impinges on a sample and induces it to emit light that is collected by an optical system, such as an elliptical mirror. From there, a fiber optic will transfer the light out of the microscope where it is separated into its component wavelengths by a monochro... | 0 | Luminescence |
Another option studied was using decellularized biological scaffolds and seeding them with their corresponding cells in vitro. In 2000, Steinhoff implanted a decellularized sheep pulmonary valve scaffold seeded with sheep endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. Dohmen then created a decellularized cryopreserved pulmonary... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Solid acids are acids that are insoluble in the reaction medium. They are often used as heterogeneous catalysts. | 4 | Acids + Bases |
In chemical separation processes, a mass separating agent (MSA) is a chemical species that is added to ensure that the intended separation process takes place. It is analogous to an energy separating agent, which aids separations processes via addition of energy. An MSA may be partially immiscible with one or more mixt... | 5 | Separation Processes |
An increasingly popular method of cleaning windows is the "water-fed pole" system. Instead of washing windows with conventional detergent, they are scrubbed with purified water, typically containing less than 10 ppm dissolved solids, using a brush on the end of a pole wielded from ground level. RO is commonly used to p... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Ultraviolet radiation is helpful in the treatment of skin conditions such as psoriasis and vitiligo. Exposure to UVA, while the skin is hyper-photosensitive, by taking psoralens is an effective treatment for psoriasis. Due to the potential of psoralens to cause damage to the liver, PUVA therapy may be used only a limit... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
With the help of lithography techniques, it is possible to fabricate sub-micrometer size magnetic islands whose geometric arrangement reproduces the frustration found in naturally occurring spin ice materials. Recently R. F. Wang et al. reported the discovery of an artificial geometrically frustrated magnet composed of... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Sensor-based sorting has been introduced by Wotruba and Harbeck as an umbrella term for all applications where particles are singularly detected by a sensor technique and then rejected by an amplified mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic process. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Nuclear DNA is injured during cold storage of kidneys. Lazarus showed that single stranded DNA breaks occurred within 16 hours in hypothermically stored mice kidneys, with the injury being inhibited a little by storage in Collins or Sacks solutions. This nuclear injury differed from that seen in warm injury when double... | 1 | Cryobiology |
There are a great variety of applications of the hysteresis in ferromagnets. Many of these make use of their ability to retain a memory, for example magnetic tape, hard disks, and credit cards. In these applications, hard magnets (high coercivity) like iron are desirable, such that as much energy is absorbed as possibl... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Systems with rate-independent hysteresis have a persistent memory of the past that remains after the transients have died out. The future development of such a system depends on the history of states visited, but does not fade as the events recede into the past. If an input variable cycles from to and back again, ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Lattice confinement fusion (LCF) is a type of nuclear fusion in which deuteron-saturated metals are exposed to gamma radiation or ion beams, such as in an IEC fusor, avoiding the confined high-temperature plasmas used in other methods of fusion. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
3D organ printing technology permits the fabrication of high degrees of complexity with great reproducibility, in a fast and cost-effective manner. 3D printing has been used in pharmaceutical research and fabrication, providing a transformative system allowing precise control of droplet size and dose, personalized medi... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Magnetomechanical effects connect magnetic, mechanical and electric phenomena in solid materials.
* Magnetostriction
* Inverse magnetostrictive effect
* Wiedemann effect
* Matteucci effect
* Guillemin effect
Magnetostriction is thermodynamically opposite to inverse magnetostriction effect. The same situation occurs ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Research has prompted many solutions to the increasing incidence of acid attacks in the world. Bangladesh, whose rates of attack have been decreasing, is a model for many countries, and they follow Bangladesh's lead in many legislative reforms. However, several reports highlighted the need for an increased, legal role ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Although the metabolism of fructose and glucose share many of the same intermediate structures, they have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Fructose is metabolized almost completely in the liver in humans, and is directed toward replenishment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis, while much of... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The significance of sources of FODMAPs varies through differences in dietary groups such as geography, ethnicity, and other factors. Commonly used FODMAPs comprise the following:
* oligosaccharides, including fructans and galactooligosaccharides
* disaccharides, including lactose
* monosaccharides, including fructose
*... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Professor Reddi discovered that bone induction is a sequential multistep cascade involving chemotaxis, mitosis, and differentiation. Early studies in his laboratory at the University of Chicago and National Institutes of Health unraveled the sequence of events involved in bone matrix-induce bone morphogenesis. Using ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In a handful of cases, a woman with vaginal aplasia has received a successful vagina transplant donated by her mother. The first such case is believed to have occurred in 1970, with no signs of rejection taking place after three years. In at least one case, a woman who received such a transplant was able to conceive a... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The helium hydrogen ion is isoelectronic with molecular hydrogen ().
Unlike the dihydrogen ion , the helium hydride ion has a permanent dipole moment, which makes its spectroscopic characterization easier. The calculated dipole moment of HeH is 2.26 or 2.84 D. The electron density in the ion is higher around the helium... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Alpha-glucosidases are enzymes involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen into their monomers.
They catalyze the cleavage of individual glucosyl residues from various glycoconjugates including alpha- or beta-linked polymers of glucose. This enzyme convert complex sugars into simpler one... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Vaginal aplasia is a rare medical condition in which the vagina does not form properly before birth. Those with the condition may have a partially formed vagina, or none at all. The condition is typically treated by reconstructive surgery. First a space is surgically created where the vagina would typically exist. T... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In addition to converters using electrodes, pure inductive magnetic converters have also been proposed by Lev Artsimovich in 1963, then Alan Frederic Haught and his team from United Aircraft Research Laboratories in 1970, and Ralph Moir in 1977.
The magnetic compression-expansion direct energy converter is analogous to... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Active metabolism of glucose with production of bicarbonate has been demonstrated by Pettersson and Cohen.
Pettersson studies were on the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by kidneys during 6 day hypothermic perfusion storage and he found that the kidneys consumed glucose at 4.4 μmol/g/day and fatty acids at 5.8 μm... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Although there was already a main project (magnetic mirror) at the University of California, scientist W. R. Baker began research into the pinch effect at UCRL, Berkeley in 1952. Two years later, Stirling Colgate began research on shock-heating at UCRL, Livermore. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
H. Schwartz observed in 1955 that the decay of the tritium molecule = should generate the helium hydride ion with high probability.
In 1963, F. Cacace at the Sapienza University of Rome conceived the decay technique for preparing and studying organic radicals and carbenium ions. In a variant of that technique, exoti... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Staying dry and wearing proper clothing help to prevent hypothermia. Synthetic and wool fabrics are superior to cotton as they provide better insulation when wet and dry. Some synthetic fabrics, such as polypropylene and polyester, are used in clothing designed to wick perspiration away from the body, such as liner soc... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Using a catalytic chemical reaction from titanium dioxide and UVC exposure, oxidation of organic matter converts pathogens, pollens, and mold spores into harmless inert byproducts. However, the reaction of titanium dioxide and UVC is not a straight path. Several hundreds of reactions occur prior to the inert byproducts... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
In 2008, a California physician transferred 12 embryos to a woman who gave birth to octuplets (Suleman octuplets). This led to accusations that a doctor is willing to endanger the health and even life of people in order to gain money. Robert Winston, professor of fertility studies at Imperial College London, had called... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The winnowing-fan (λίκνον [líknon], also meaning a "cradle") featured in the rites accorded Dionysus and in the Eleusinian Mysteries: "it was a simple agricultural implement taken over and mysticized by the religion of Dionysus," Jane Ellen Harrison remarked. Dionysus Liknites ("Dionysus of the winnowing fan") was wake... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Cryoneurolysis, also referred to as cryoanalgesia, is a medical procedure that temporarily blocks nerve conduction along peripheral nerve pathways. The procedure, which inserts a small probe to freeze the target nerve, can facilitate complete regeneration of the structure and function of the affected nerve. Cryoneuroly... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Insects most often use sugars or polyols as cryoprotectants. One species that uses cryoprotectant is Polistes exclamans (a wasp). In this species, the different levels of cryoprotectant can be used to distinguish between morphologies. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Tissue engineering aims to generate functional constructs which could replace or improve damaged or infected tissues or whole organs. Many of these constructs lead to infected tissue around the implant area. Coating these materials in amylopectin allows reduction in this infectious reaction. Since amylopectin is mainly... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In December 2020, the Chinese experimental nuclear fusion reactor HL-2M achieved its first plasma discharge. In May 2021, Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) announced a new world record for superheated plasma, sustaining a temperature of 120 M°C for 101 seconds and a peak of 160 M°C for 20 seconds. In... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Germicidal UV for disinfection is most typically generated by a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a strong emission line at 254 nm, which is within the range of wavelengths that demonstrate strong disinfection effect. The optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to 260 nm.
Mercury vapor lamps ma... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
UV water treatment devices can be used for well water and surface water disinfection. UV treatment compares favourably with other water disinfection systems in terms of cost, labour and the need for technically trained personnel for operation. Water chlorination treats larger organisms and offers residual disinfection,... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
The experimental determination of a value is commonly performed by means of a titration. A typical procedure would be as follows. A quantity of strong acid is added to a solution containing the acid or a salt of the acid, to the point where the compound is fully protonated. The solution is then titrated with a strong ... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
When Deutsche Post of the GDR expanded automated mail processing in the 1980s, they did not use luminescent tagging, but used sideways illumination to identify the shadows of the stamp perforation in order to position mail items in cancelling and sorting machinery. Red light was used for this purpose, giving a good con... | 0 | Luminescence |
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