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BioScience has been languishing for years with no infobox or independent sources. Someone should really fix that (I'd do it myself but I'm sick of doing it for lots of other journals). Jinkinson talk to me 01:17, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
As Wikipedian in Residence at the Royal Society, the National Academy for the sciences of the UK, I am again pleased to say that the two Royal Society History of Science journals will be fully accessible for free for 2 days on March 25th and 26th. This is in conjunction with the Diversity in Science Edit-a-thon on 25 March. The event is held by the Royal Society and there are currently a couple of places available, as well as online participation which is very welcome, as are suggestions for articles relevant to the theme of "Diversity in Science" that need work, and topics that need coverage.
The journals will have full and free online access to all from 1am (GMT/UTC) on 25th March 2014 until 11pm (GMT/UTC) on 26th March 2014. Normally they are only free online for issues between 1 and 10 years old. They are:
The RS position is a "pilot" excercise, running between January and early July 2014. Please let me know on my talk page or the project page if you want to get involved or have suggestions. There will be further public events in May, as well as many for the RS's diverse audiences in the scientific community; these will be advertised first to the RS's emailing lists and Twitter feeds. Wiki at Royal Society John (talk) 17:33, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
Hi, I have started a discussion about the categorization of nursing journals here and the input of interested editors is welcome. Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 11:22, 27 March 2014 (UTC)
I am having trouble finding the impact factor for some T&F journals. However, I have discovered a PDF for 2013 impact factors and other information. Of course, this is still the 2012 impact factors.
And, here is the 2012 edition of this PDF - [1]. --- Steve Quinn (talk) 06:33, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
I believe that our dab page Historia is missing fr:Historia (revue), which is Historia (Q3138323), claiming a 1909 year of commencement. The French defaultlogic.com resource page uses ISSN 0998-0091, added back in 2006[2].
As far as I can see, that ISSN 0998-0091 is wrong, and it is allocated to a book series by the same/similar name published from Perpignan, France. Bibliothèque de Institut de recherche et d'histoire des textes (Q16338024)'s record calls it Collection Col.leccio Historia, and Stanford SearchWorks has two records which include that ISSN.
There is also Historia (Q15750593), which is included in the ERA journal list (as a 'C' ranked journal in 2010), and whose ISSNs given are 1270-0835 and 1625-6581, which report it was published by Éditions Tallandier (Q3237900), 1956-, 1995- and 2000- in various records, with one note that says "Mensuel. / Fait suite à [continues]: Historia. Historama." and the another also mentions ISSN 0018-2281 and ISSN 1283-453X. This and that say it commenced in June 1955. This has the very informative note: "Suite de : Historia, Historama. = ISSN 1255-8230 qui est une fusion de : Historia (1956) = ISSN 0018-2281 et de Historama, Histoire magazine = ISSN 0752-3408. - A comme supplément(s) : Le Point Historia = ISSN 1969-9859" [Continues Historia, Historama. ISSN 1255-8230, which was a merge of Historia (1956) ISSN 0018-2281 and Historama, Histoire magazine ISSN 0752-3408. Supplement blah blah ]. It seems the merge happened around 1995.
After consulting this, I am basicly ready to conclude that Historia (Q3138323) = Historia (Q15750593), it has had many different names over its long history, and someone needs to write it up , as the French article isnt very informative.
One issue is that Historia (Q3138323) is listed as published by Sophia Publications (Q16336113), where as Historia (Q15750593) is published by Éditions Tallandier (Q3237900). According to fr:Artémis (holding) and [3], they are both controlled by the Pinault family. My guess is Sophia was created during a restructure of Tallandier Éditions. John Vandenberg (chat) 08:32, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
This newspaper is at AFD. Although not an academic journal, the AFD discussion centers (among other things) on the possible use of this newspaper as an academic source, so this may be of interest to some editors here. --Randykitty (talk) 13:33, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
There's a discussion over the proper name for the category Philatelic journals editors here may be interested in. --Randykitty (talk) 19:16, 22 April 2014 (UTC)
If one or more of you would take a look at Psychological Injury and Law (Journal) I would greatly appreciate it. I am on the Board of Directors of the professional society that sponsors the journal and I am an occasional editor and one-time author in the journal. I therefore tried to be extra careful about WP:NPOV. If you see anything that looks slanted, biased, promotional, etc., please have at it! Many thanks - Mark D Worthen PsyD 17:07, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
@Markworthen:, I have created Psychological Injury and Law (Q16736827) in Wikidata, and added some of the information which was removed from the defaultlogic.com resource article, where possible. It is a good place to add details for things which do not yet have a defaultlogic.com resource article, such as the editor, organisation, etc, and it is also OK to all of the main editors, as each has a 'rank'. It is also a good place to collect the details where a conflict of interest is less burdensome, as you cant easily introduce bias in data, and then others can construct the prose around those facts free of suggestion from the person with the COI. Othertimes it is not an option to store details in Wikidata. e.g. impact factors are probably not able to be put into Wikidata - see d:Wikidata:Requests for deletions/Archive/2014/Properties/1; coverage in bibliographic databases was rejected at d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Creative_work#indexed in, etc. Like others here, I appreciate you notifying this WikiProject about your COI with the topic. Hopefully you create more articles about journals in your discipline area. Here are 'missing' English defaultlogic.com resource articles for periodicals, where we have an article in German Wikipedia, in French Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia, or Russian Wikipedia ;-) John Vandenberg (chat) 09:35, 29 April 2014 (UTC)
In order to migrate data from infoboxes to Wikidata, I need to avoid migrating template:infobox journal data when the article is about a different thing. As a result, my scripts now have a rule that if the infobox is more than 200 characters from beginning of the page content, I assume the infobox should be ignored. Below is a list of all articles with {{infobox journal}} that not on a 'journal' article.
Some of those might be able to be split to separate articles about only the journal, but in many cases the journal and society are not both separately notable. John Vandenberg (chat) 18:06, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
Can anybody cleanup this AfC draft before we send it into Main? I'd appreciate a check of the impact factor (best I could do was ResearchGate) and indexing (only Elsevier, really?) as well as the content (which is underreferenced and a bit peacocky). Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 19:51, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
Those of you involved in writing for, editing, or publishing journals may be interested in ORCID. ORCID is an open system of identifiers for people - particularly researchers and the authors of academic papers; but also contributors to other works, not least defaultlogic.com resource editors. ORCIDs are a bit like ISBNs for books or DOIs for papers. You can register for one, free, at As well as including your ORCID in any works to which you contribute, you can include it in your user page using {{Authority control}} thus:
{{Authority control|ORCID=0000-0001-5882-6823}} (that template can also include other identifies, such as VIAF and LCCN - there's an example on my user page). ORCID identifiers can also be added to biographical articles, either directly or via Wikidata. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:22, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
An original new way of making people think you're a respectable journal: look for a respectable title that folded long ago and claim you're the continuation and tht your new journal actually was established back in the 50s... --Randykitty (talk) 12:08, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
As of today, I am Wikipedian in Residence at ORCID. The role is described in Announcing ORCID's Wikipedian-in-Residence. Please let me know if I can assist you, in that or any other capacity. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:24, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
I created an article on Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. The impact factor seems low, but the journal seems respectable enough. If anyone can improve the article, that would be appreciated. I first encountered the journal as a reference for Wobbly hedgehog syndrome. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 04:14, 15 June 2014 (UTC):
o Active Wikiprojects: Wikiproject Medicine, WikiProject Video Games, Wikiproject Film
o Tech projects/Tools, which may be looking for either users or developers.
o Less known major projects: Wikinews, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, etc.
o Wiki Loves Parliaments, Wiki Loves Monuments, Wiki Loves ____
o Wikimedia thematic organisations, Wikiwomen's Collaborative, The Signpost
For more information or to sign up for one for your project, go to:
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Adikhajuria (talk) 09:33, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
I have started a discussion on the application of notability guidelines to academic journals at the Village Pump here. Opinions are welcome. --Randykitty (talk) 17:40, 3 July 2014 (UTC)
Could other editors look at Journal of International Translational Medicine? I am not sure that it is notable. I converted another editor's speedy to a prod to allow time for others to look at the article. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 16:13, 9 July 2014 (UTC)
I accepted Journal of Financial Studies. I think it's notable, but if you feel it isn't, please tag the article accordingly. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 23:03, 14 July 2014 (UTC)
The new impact factors are online (if you have access to the JCR, but publishers usually update their websites quite rapidly). Please also update any references when updating IFs: many articles have the IF not only in the infobox, but also in the text. The publication year needs to be changed to 2014, the title to "2013 JCR". Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 07:36, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
There's an article to be written here. I've started it, but it could be expanded to a much better article, and likely get a WP:DYK from it if we work fast enough. Not sure about how feasible it is to take to GA (or even FA status), but this one has more potential than a lot of things under the umbrella of WP:JOURNALS. Just dropping by to let you know I'm planning on working on this one (plus member journals) over the next few days. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 02:27, 8 September 2014 (UTC)
If you could please weigh in here. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 13:25, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
Hello there! As you may already know, most WikiProjects here on defaultlogic.com resource struggle to stay active after they've been founded. I believe there is a lot of potential for WikiProjects to facilitate collaboration across subject areas, so I have submitted a grant proposal with the Wikimedia Foundation for the "WikiProject X" project. WikiProject X will study what makes WikiProjects succeed in retaining editors and then design a prototype WikiProject system that will recruit contributors to WikiProjects and help them run effectively. Please review the proposal here and leave feedback. If you have any questions, you can ask on the proposal page or leave a message on my talk page. Thank you for your time! (Also, sorry about the posting mistake earlier. If someone already moved my message to the talk page, feel free to remove this posting.) Harej (talk) 22:47, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
Could other editors please look at International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets? I am not sure that the journal is notable. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 23:42, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
Many reputable organizations publish a journal of minor influence which do not meet even WP:NJOURNALS. How would anyone feel about them existing as categorized redirects to the organization's defaultlogic.com resource article?
Consider the Faculty Dental Journal of the Faculty of Dental Surgery. This organization is an influential authority on dental practices. This journal is their journal, and I presume it publishes excellent boring information which never will be critiqued in other third party sources and therefore will not meet Wikipedia's inclusion criteria.
Could the article on this journal persist as a redirect to the organization's article, but be categorized in Category:Dentistry journals? I presume that this journal is at least worth mentioning in that organization's article, and it probably could be listed in an article called "List of dentistry journals", but I agree it does not meet Wikipedia's inclusion criteria. However, it would be more useful to categorize it then mention it in odd places, yet categorization only happens for items with their own defaultlogic.com resource page. That page can be a redirect and still get the categorization.
Randykitty, any thoughts? You PROD'd the page. Blue Rasberry (talk) 14:11, 2 October 2014 (UTC)
I have been informed on my talk page, essentially the images I placed on series of articles have been replaced. These have become orphaned non-free images: File:ISI Web of knowledge logo.jpg; File:Search result from ISI Web of Knowledge image.jpg; and File:Web of science and web of knowledge.gif.
It may be that these images are dated. However, interestingly, I did a Google search for Web of Knowledge. There are almost no hits in the first 30 slots for Web of Knowledge. There are only links to Web of Science. Does anyone know if Web of Knowledge still exists? If not then we might need to do some rewriting on Web of Knowledge and Web of Science articles. Also, I won't have time to work on these until December. Sorry. --- Steve Quinn (talk) 05:11, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
OK. I may have found an answer on a Thomson Reuters' WoS page (click on link here) -- " --Steve Quinn (talk) 06:22, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
Also, I placed the first image mentioned above back into the article for historical purposes. It is now near the bottom of the Web of Knowledge article. --- Steve Quinn (talk) 06:22, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
Could someone please review this edit to Crossings (journal)? I believe that library and society sources are appropriate for establishing #1 defaultlogic.com Resource: Notability_(academic_journals). If the sources I have added are not appropriate (and I agree that they're minimal), let's either find better ones or PROD this article as non-notable.
I came across this in the course of updating defaultlogic.com Resource: WikiProject_Academic_Journals/List_of_missing_journals/A-C#C and need some help to avoid edit warring. Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 08:54, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 09:03, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
There's a discussion on the talk page of this journal article about the appropriateness of including raw data on the numbers of items published each year. Comments from knowledgeable editors here are welcome. --Randykitty (talk) 22:38, 25 October 2014 (UTC)
The discussion is here: Wikipedia_talk:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)#Impact_factor_of_journals_as_the_determining_factor_in_weight Comments would be appreciated by those who know a lot about this issue. Jinkinson talk to me 02:12, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
please weigh in here: Template talk:Infobox journal#Eigenfactor?. Fgnievinski (talk) 03:52, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
pls weigh in here: Talk:Impact_factor#rename to Impact Factor (capitalized). Fgnievinski (talk) 04:02, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
I have just created Category:Academic journals published in the United Kingdom, Category:Academic journals published in the United States, and the parent category Category:Academic journals by country of publication. Please help to deploy them, and populate the latter with sub-categories for other countries. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 16:18, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
Here's another interesting example: Acta Neurologica Belgica. It is the official journal of 8 (eight!) Belgian societies, but published by Springer Science+Business Media, a German company. Does that make it a German journal? No, wait, it's website says that is is published by Springer Milan, so it's an Italian journal... --Randykitty (talk) 17:19, 30 October 2014 (UTC)
isn't it time we start categorizing articles based on the importance for this project? plenty other projects already do so. Fgnievinski (talk) 02:36, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
Please see here: Talk:Academia#WikiProject Academia?. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 02:11, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
Discussion is here. Contributions thereto would be appreciated. Everymorning talk to me 00:20, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
First of all, please let me disclose my conflict of interest as I am an employee of Digital Science. I have requested an article on Digital Science here Resource: Requested_articles/Business_and_economics/Companies&stable=0&shownotice=1&fromsection=D#D and I just wish to highlight this request on this talk page. Many thanks. George K Digital Science (talk) 12:05, 24 November 2014 (UTC)
Discussion is here. I'm inclined to agree w/nom since it's not indexed in any of the really important databases and has no IF, but I'm not sure, which is why I haven't !voted. Everymorning talk to me 03:03, 5 December 2014 (UTC)). Your thoughts on and contributions to that would be most welcome! Thanks, -- Daniel Mietchen (talk) 02:14, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
This is a notice about Category:Academic Journals articles needing expert attention, which might be of interest to your WikiProject. It will take a while before the category is populated. Iceblock (talk) 18:05, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
Please beware, see: --Randykitty (talk) 09:22, 15 December 2014 (UTC)
On defaultlogic.com Resource: Articles_for_deletion/In_the_Sea_of_Sterile_Mountains:_The_Chinese_in_British_Columbia there is the question on whether the following two academic journals have notability:
And should publications from these journals (book reviews) count towards the notability of the book? WhisperToMe (talk) 15:00, 29 December 2014 (UTC)
defaultlogic.com Resource: Articles for deletion/Immunome Research. Discussion would be appreciated. Everymorning talk 23:57, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
The Royal Society of Chemistry (where I'm employed as Wikimedian in Residence, to declare my interest) have a new journal: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology [5], should anyone want to start an article. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 14:24, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
Pls see: Template_talk:Infobox_journal#Sponsor_field. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:12, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Category_talk:Academic_journals_published_by_university_presses#University presses or just universities?. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:14, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls help populate Category:Academic journals published by museums. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:21, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls see: defaultlogic.com Resource: Categories_for_discussion/Log/2015_January_8#Category:Open_content_publishing_companies. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:29, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Category_talk:Creative_Commons-licensed_journals#Non-diffusing subcategory of category open access journals. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:30, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls help populate Category:Continuous journals. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:53, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Talk:University_press#Most -- all? -- are nonprofit. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 08:12, 14 January 2015 (UTC) defaultlogic.com Resource: WikiProject X/Newsletter. Otherwise, this will be the last notification sent about WikiProject X.
Harej (talk) 16:56, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
I have these two H-Net reviews of books:
Do they pass WP:RS for use as sources about the respective books? WhisperToMe (talk) 16:32, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
Medical journal redirects to Public health journal which has a {{For}} template pointing to Medical literature § Journals. That seems backward to me. - - MrBill3 (talk) 08:53, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
Please help diffuse Category:Academic journals edited by students. Maybe a bot can move only members of Category:Law journals and of its child subcats? Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 01:51, 18 January 2015 (UTC)
Including independent research institutes, learned societies, museums, the government, universities; please help populate subcats of Category:Academic journals published by non-profit publishers. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 01:56, 18 January 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Template talk:Infobox journal#Categories. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 15:55, 18 January 2015 (UTC)
E.g., should Category:IEEE academic journals and Category:Oxford University Press academic journals? appear in Category:Academic journals by publisher TOO, or ONLY in Category:Academic journals published by learned societies respectively Category:Academic journals published by university presses? Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 15:34, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
thus also not journals (see serials and periodicals for background). e.g., AIP Conference Proceedings, Proceedings of SPIE, and possibly Journal of Physics: Conference Series (also known as IOP Conference Series). do we need an
{{infobox proceedings}}? Fgnievinski (talk) 03:45, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
I noticed that Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale is a member of multiple language categories: English-language journals, French-language journals, Chinese-language journals. I was going to correct that, replacing the three memberships with a single one in Category:Multilingual journals?, but I think that change would lose valuable information. Nowadays, very few journals don't accept contributions in English in addition to their primary language, so I suspect many entries in individual language categories are similarly misplaced and should in principle go in Multilingual journals. If we enforce the current categorization scheme, we'll end up basically with two very large sub-cats in Category:Academic journals by language, Category:English-language journals? and Multilingual journals?. That wouldn't be very useful. Can we make Multilingual journals? a non-diffusing sub-category of Academic journals by language? I.e., I'd like to insert
{{Non-diffusing parent category|Multilingual journals}} in Category:Academic journals by language, and
{{Non-diffusing subcategory|Academic journals by language|journals}} in Category:Multilingual journals?.
See defaultlogic.com Resource: Categorization#Non-diffusing subcategories for details. Fgnievinski (talk) 02:55, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
AltMetrics are now including defaultlogic.com resource citations in their scoring. I'm quoted in their announcement. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 13:47, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
There's a discussion at Talk:Education in Chemistry about whether or not information about the availability of a mobile app is encyclopedic or promotional and should be included in our articles on journals and magazines. More input is welcome. Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 08:15, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Talk:List of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers publications#Magazines vs. journals. Thx. Fgnievinski (talk) 01:46, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
Does the project have any guidance on the notability of academic societies? I recently de-prodded Florida Philosophical Association, which was established in 1955 and is associated with what looks to be a respectable e-journal (Florida Philosophical Review), and on reflection would like a second opinion on its notability. Espresso Addict (talk) 15:49, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
I found three so far: Norwegian, Brazilian, and South African; let me know if you're aware of others. It might help in gauging journal notability. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 19:02, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
See defaultlogic.com Resource: Categories for discussion/Log/2015 March 3#Category:Anesthesiology and palliative medicine journals. Everymorning talk 02:29, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
Is this journal notable? It's been declined twice already. However, this says the journal is indexed in Pubmed/Medline, so it seems like it might pass WP:NJOURNALS. What do others think? Everymorning talk 03:11, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
Hi. A debate is happening here about how the content of an article published in Annals of Human Genetics should be described. I'm saying we should use "academic research" to describe it, whereas another editor is suggesting "official legal work". Can we get some input on this from people who are familiar with debates about journals? Cordless Larry (talk) 08:02, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
Should this category, which currently contains a couple nephrology journals, be split into the category that already exists and Category:Nephrology journals as well? Or is it too difficult to draw a line between these two disciplines? Everymorning talk 02:27, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
Hi. There's a request for comment here on the use of academic journal articles to support the addition of material to an article, and whether the material breaches WP:REDFLAG and WP:NEOLOGISM. Input from those with expertise on academic sources would be welcome. Cordless Larry (talk) 10:02, 10 April 2015 (UTC)
Please see this AFC Help Desk topic where a new contributor needs help writing a new article about a scientific journal. Thanks Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 09:40, 9 April 2015 (UTC)
Please see Draft:Angelicum an article about a theology journal, the author is having difficulty demonstrating notability. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 15:40, 24 April 2015 (UTC)
This AFD may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Everymorning talk 14:13, 26 April 2015 (UTC)
An IP is trying to add some text to the article impact factor about "partial" IFs. I've never heard about this, although they just posted on my talk page two instances (both blog posts, albeit from a reputable organization and publisher) where this expression was used. Nevertheless, I am not convinced that we should include this in the article. Any opinions from other editors here are welcome. Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 17:05, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
This AFD may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Everymorning talk 10:45, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
Is there a bot already that helps with any of these, or could?
LeadSongDog come howl! 02:50, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
LeadSongDog come howl! 15:26, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
Should defaultlogic.com resource honor the journal title capitalization style preferred by its publisher? E.g., Chest is referred to consistently as CHEST [8]. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 15:36, 16 June 2015 (UTC)
ISO Abbreviation: Thorac Surg Clin Title: Thoracic surgery clinics As a general thing, publishers like their own titles to be in a higher-case form than we would use, as it serves their commercial purposes. Similarly, we do not preserve the all-caps routinely found in the headlines of New York Times articles when we cite them. The allcaps "MAN BITES DOG" would normally become sentencecase "Man bites dog" or at most titlecase "Man Bites Dog". LeadSongDog come howl! 16:05, 16 June 2015 (UTC)
There is a discussion going on at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philately#Philatelic magazines vs. Philatelic journals that may be of interest to participants in this project. --Randykitty (talk) 12:58, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
pls see Talk:Scholarly peer review/Draft (discussions). Fgnievinski (talk) 14:25, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
pls see Talk:Review journal#merge. thx Fgnievinski (talk) 15:17, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
See defaultlogic.com Resource: Articles for deletion/Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law. Everymorning talk 16:32, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Talk:Law review#Categorizing peer reviewed or not. Fgnievinski (talk) 15:41, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
A new copy-paste detection bot is now in general use on English Wikipedia. Come check it out at the EranBot reporting page. This bot utilizes the Turnitin software (ithenticate), unlike User:CorenSearchBot that relies on a web search API from Yahoo. It checks individual edits rather than just new articles. Please take 15 seconds to visit the EranBot reporting page and check a few of the flagged concerns. Comments welcome regarding potential improvements. These likely copyright violations can be searched by WikiProject categories. Use "control-f" to jump to your area of interest.--Lucas559 (talk) 22:28, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
Although strictly outside the scope of this wiki-project, I thought some of you could weigh in here: defaultlogic.com Resource: Categories_for_discussion/Log/2015_June_24#Category:Science_books. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 00:36, 30 June 2015 (UTC)
It looks like this article has become a target for stealth-spammers who have added information about numerous journals to the "Publishing case reports" section. This doesn't seem very relevant and I think it should be trimmed considerably. Others' thoughts? Everymorning talk 13:27, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
Is there an infobox for academic journal articles? --YO ? 06:33, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
Category:Academic journals edited by students seems to have a lot of magazines -- please help weed out. The ones that are peer-reviewed, most seem to fail the notability test (certainly in terms of indexing in selective bibliographic databases). Fgnievinski (talk) 03:57, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
In case you're familiar with Category:Recent changes boxes (see, e.g., defaultlogic.com Resource: WikiProject Medicine/Lists of pages), I've started Special:RecentChangesLinked/defaultlogic.com Resource: WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Lists_of_pages/All_pages, based on defaultlogic.com Resource: WikiProject Academic Journals/Lists of pages and its sub-pages. The selection of wikilinks listed in those sub-pages probably needs to be fine grained, by namespace (categories only, articles, etc.). Another idea is to have sub-pages split by subject area (e.g., Category:Physics journals, Category:Medical journals), in which case we'd need a bot to list all the pages in branch up to a certain depth. Fgnievinski (talk) 05:31, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
{{Recent changes in Academic Journals}}
Done! Enjoy! Put it on your userpage:
{{Recent changes in Academic Journals}}. DePiep (talk) 23:13, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Academic Journals/List of untagged articles. As per defaultlogic.com Resource: Bot requests#Academic journals may lack WPJournals template in their talk pages, "The category tree looks good for requesting the template be added. Note that some of the articles do not have talk pages." I think except for Category:Academic journal editors, the rest could be tagged by a bot; class=unsorted by default? Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 20:42, 18 July 2015 (UTC)
Pls see Talk:Hijacked journal#Articles about each hijacked journal?. Fgnievinski (talk) 23:39, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
See Talk:List_of_lists_of_academic_journals#Requested_move_21_July_2015. Would appreciate it if knowledgable editors would weigh in there. Everymorning talk 15:44, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
I believe this one could have a great DYK (e.g. DYK that... PHR was established by the US Surgeon General John Maynard Woodworth according to the National Quarantine Act of 1878?), but the prose section is under the 1,500 bytes requirements. Help with the expansion would be appreciated. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 21:05, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
In April of this year, someone created Category:Nephrology journals. I wanted to know if other contributors to this wikiproject thought this discipline was well-defined enough to warrant its own category. Previously Randykitty said that "Urology and nephrology are really closely intertwined, so it may be difficult to categorize some journals if we split this cat [i.e. the "urology journals" cat]." Everymorning (talk) 22:29, 19 August 2015 (UTC)
Would some of you please help me create Rhetoric & Public Affairs? I'd like it to be strong enough to avoid a possible AFD. Thank you.Zigzig20s (talk) 12:19, 23 August 2015 (UTC)
I just sent an email to the CASSI people to see if they have an API that supports CODEN queries directly. Hopefully they do, and we can update our infoboxes to give links of the form that would land us to the intended target [9].
I'll keep the project posted. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 15:58, 24 August 2015 (UTC)
Should Category:Bilingual journals be created? Note that Category:Bilingual newspapers already exists. Everymorning (talk) 21:25, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
Your feedback would be appreciated. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 15:28, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
E.g., should we do like this Talk:Astrophysical Journal or as in Talk:PNAS instead? fgnievinski (talk) 19:13, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
I just stumbled upon this website, and I have to say it's a wonderful resource, especially when it comes to looking up indexing information (searching by ISSN works best I find). Journals don't always list it, but there's a good chance it'll be on here! Not sure how complete it is, but I wish I had known about it much earlier. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 05:38, 30 August 2015 (UTC)
The draft Draft:Ecancermedicalscience is eligible to be deleted soon because it hasn't been edited in 6 months. I would appreciate it if other members of this WikiProject could weigh in on whether they think it meets NJOURNALS. Everymorning (talk) 22:11, 31 August 2015 (UTC)
Both of this have 'Medicine' for ISO 4. That can't be right, is it? I've seen "Medicine (Baltimore)" used for one those. Would that make "Medicine (Amsterdam)" for the other? Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 14:59, 19 August 2015 (UTC)
Another editor created Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing. I am not sure that the journal is notable. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 05:16, 4 September 2015 (UTC)
Reed Elsevier was renamed: Talk:RELX Group/Archives/2015#Two articles about the same company?. Ideally the article would have been just renamed. Not sure how to proceed. Please weigh in. Thanks. fgnievinski (talk) 03:08, 5 September 2015 (UTC)
Despite the long-standing consensus in this project that academic journals cannot (and hence should not) be reliably categorized as being published in a certain country (and even if this can be determined, this fact not being a defining characteristic of a journal), several categories named "Academic journals published in Foo country" are now around after a "no consensus" closure of the respective CfDs. I propose adding a recommendation to our journal writing guide to state that the project members do not recommend adding such categories to journal articles. Of course, we can not recommend removing such cats (that would be disruptive after the decision at CfD), but we certainly can recommend not to add them. After an appropriate amount of time has passed, we should take these cats to CfD again. --Randykitty (talk) 08:23, 31 August 2015 (UTC)
See defaultlogic.com Resource: Articles for deletion/Biotechnological Research. Everymorning (talk) 19:17, 6 September 2015 (UTC)
A few SPA/COI editors are arguing here that this article does not need to adhere to our writing guide (notably the inclusion of lists of the editorial board and contributors), because there exist some articles on other magazines/journals that should be cleaned first. The situation has spilled over to ANI (at defaultlogic.com Resource: Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#COI editing and personal attacks on Democracy & Nature and Talk:Democracy & Nature), where it has hardly received any attention except from the involved parties). Some independent knowledgeable eyes would be welcome. Thanks. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Randykitty (talk o contribs) 12:14, 8 September 2015?
We're having an RFC on whether to deprecate Template:Cite pmid or not. It's at Template_talk:Cite_pmid#RFC:_Should_template:cite_pmid_be_deprecated. Please comment there. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 09:05, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
Template:Cite doi allows editors to generate a citation from a digital object identifier. There is a discussion about whether to deprecate this template. Since doi's are used the sciences and this is a science WikiProject, I am inviting anyone here to comment. Blue Rasberry (talk) 14:27, 9 September 2015 (UTC)
Please weigh in at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Magazines#title_orig field (original title, if not in English). Thanks. fgnievinski (talk) 00:00, 10 September 2015 (UTC)
After a year or so, WP:JCW has been updated! And the people rejoiced everywhere!
I'll be compiling some Wikiproject-specific lists over the week to help us coordinate with Wikiprojects and deal with the backlog. Big thanks to @JLaTondre: for the new run. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 03:07, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
I've created Category:Lists of missing journals and made User:Headbomb's lists pages within that, for ease of discoverability and linking, and so that the lists won't disappear as talk pages are archived. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 12:47, 11 September 2015 (UTC)
Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 18:11, 2 September 2015 (UTC)
See today's deletion log, beginning with Journal of Physics and Applications. Everymorning (talk) 18:54, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
Another new journal for your attention: Molecular Systems Design & Engineering is published jointly by the the Royal Society of Chemistry (where I am Wikimedian in Residence) and the Institution of Chemical Engineers. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 13:09, 18 September 2015 (UTC)
We now have this page. Should be pretty self-explanatory, but we should also include someone on the main project page. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 18:33, 22 September 2015 (UTC)
This discussion may be of interest to some editors here. Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 09:39, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
A new article has been created about the Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. It has been flagged for notability concerns, so expert input would be welcomed. Cordless Larry (talk) 20:43, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
Can someone please help me expand The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education? Seems like an important journal, but please help me find more references. Thank you.Zigzig20s (talk) 14:39, 3 December 2015 (UTC)
The article Asia-pacific Journal of Cancer Therapeutics has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
While all constructive contributions to defaultlogic.com resource are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. HyperGaruda (talk) 22:13, 5 December 2015 (UTC)
Please comment at Wikipedia_talk:Notability_(media)#Introducing_notability_criteria_for_academic_journals. I expect that this is noncontroversial and an obvious next step in confirming the usefulness of WP:NJOURNAL. Blue Rasberry (talk) 16:28, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
I am the Communications Assistant at Speech-Language and Audiology Canada. Our defaultlogic.com resource page has been flagged as part of the WikiProject Academic Journals. I would like to move this page, as it is currently under our old name. The association was previously called the Canadian Association of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists, but it is now called Speech-Language and Audiology Canada.[13] Please let me know what steps I need to take to move this page. Currently, the talk page is locked for me. I believe this is because I'm not participating in the WikiProject. Any guidance would be much appreciated. Thanks.
SAC OAC (talk) 14:52, 4 January 2016 (UTC)SAC OAC
Thank you, Cordless Larry! SAC OAC (talk)
Since there's currently in a bug with RFD in the Article alerts, here's a notice of that discussion. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 14:27, 19 January 2016 (UTC)
I recently implemented (don't ask how the sausage was made) a 'citation density' (CD) column in our existing WP:JCW listings. It's defined as # of citations to the journal / # of defaultlogic.com resource pages the journal is cited in. I'm not sure if it's going to be of any use, but I figured I'd implement it to see if we have some trends. The CD seems to range between 1 (minimum possible value = every citation on a different page) and 2 for most journals, but some like Lloyd's List go as high as 45 for highly specialized articles. On the other hand ,we also have Myconet with a CD of 1, and it's cited 2740 times! Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 16:57, 22 January 2016 (UTC)
Very quickly, doing some stats on the 1000 most popular journal (n = 1005), I found
Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 17:30, 22 January 2016 (UTC)
Just to let you know, the compilation has recently been updated. I've cleaned up several entries related to PNAS and PLOS ONE, so it should make the two publications easier to dealt with in the future. I cleaned up others too, but there's too many to mention at this point. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 18:14, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
There's a discussion concerning this website/journal(s) at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine#WedMedCentral. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 23:52, 27 January 2016 (UTC)
I just complied a list of the 100 most impactful journal according to Google's H-index. The list can be found in the link above.
We are missing entries on
Additionally, we are missing dedicated article on
Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 14:00, 11 February 2016 (UTC)
Please comment there. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 15:08, 16 February 2016 (UTC)
There is a discussion here if that topic is of interest. It has been going on since Feb 26, but just wanted to make sure folks here are aware of it. fgnievinski (talk) 20:26, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
Hi! I was wondering if anyone knew anything about the Draft:The Dublin Review of Books? I'm not sure if it's a journal or a periodical, but I figured that it'd be worth asking here. I tried logging into my university's library to access Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, but my library's sign in is down at the moment (and oh joy, during finals week... that's going to be fun). Can someone help out with the draft? It was nominated for speedy fairly quickly after it was created and I've moved it to the draftspace. I haven't been able to get on as much this week due to finals and I just wanted to get a few eyeballs on this. I do see it mentioned in the media here and there, but it's going to need more than the brief cursory look I gave it in order to find if it'd pass GNG or NJOURNALS. Tokyogirl79 () 10:01, 11 March 2016 (UTC)
The journal titled Western North American Naturalist began in the year 2000 as a continuation of Great Basin Naturalist (1939-1999), retaining volume numbering, but both titles have different ISSN, OCLC, and other identifiers (see [14] and [15]). Both titles are also distinct entities on Wikidata. Is there an ideal way to denote both, and keep coherent Wikidata links? (Wikidata doesn't seem to associate with redirects). Thanks, --Animalparty! (talk) 19:39, 24 March 2016 (UTC)
See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Biography/Science_and_academia#guidelines_about_living_scientists--Alexmar983 (talk) 05:00, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
I've just asked for a tagging run at WP:BOTREQ#Tagging for WP Journals. It's mostly the same as we did in the past, but feel free to comment there. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 17:18, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
The only participants in this Afd are up till now the proposer (me) and the article creator. More views from knowledgeable editors are urgently needed. Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 15:01, 14 May 2016 (UTC)
Hello,
I think this one belongs to you.
From January 2016 onward, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is published by Elsevier and not by Wiley anymore. You can find the announcement here:. You can find the new website here:. Most of the articles are also free, and you don't have to go to ScienceDirect to get them.
In the defaultlogic.com resource article, I already changed the links in the box and under the external links. You could work on the rest of the article.
Cheers!
Georginho (talk) 21:23, 18 May 2016 (UTC)
There are a number of articles on NY entomological journals that have an intertwined history (some just simple renames) and that all basically consist of the same overly complicated table. See discussion here: Talk:Entomologica Americana (New York Entomological Society). Input from knowledgeable editors is welcome. --Randykitty (talk) 14:15, 20 May 2016 (UTC)
Hi; can I add the title of a new open access journal to the 'Ubiquity Press academic journals category' if it does not have an article? The journal is called 'Citizen Science: Theory and Practice'.Richard Nowell (talk) 00:05, 23 May 2016 (UTC)
FYI, as of May 25, Jeremy Berg named new "Science" editor-in-chief --->(link here)<--- ----Steve Quinn (talk) 21:13, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
According to [16] (see Table 1, p.2), it seems of all the metrics out there, WP:JCW/Popular1 seems to closely mirror PageRank sorting, especially if you include abbreviations and alternate spellings for our ranking.
An interesting factoid, I thought. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 02:33, 5 July 2016 (UTC)
I started an article on Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, a medical journal first published in 1887 or 1888. Ulrich's says that it is peer-reviewed. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 05:01, 13 July 2016 (UTC)
This journal is at AFD. More input of knowledgeable editors is welcome (defaultlogic.com Resource: Articles for deletion/Modern phytomorphology). Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 15:50, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
Anybody here ever heard of "paid-inclusion open access journals" I just discovered that we have a cat for that. The description on its talk page seems rather POV/OR to me. --Randykitty (talk) 22:46, 3 August 2016 (UTC)
Currently JAMA redirects to JAMA (journal), but given that Jama is a disambiguation page, is this a good idea? Should JAMA redirect to Jama instead? Would like to hear other editors' opinions on this. Everymorning (talk) 22:42, 9 August 2016 (UTC)
I am inviting participants in WikiProject Academic Journals to WikiConference North America to be held in San Diego Friday to Monday 7-10 October. Here are further details:
Discussion about the conference on-wiki could happen at meta:WikiConference North America.
I am one of the organizers for this event. If anyone has questions or comments, then conversation can happen here at this WikiProject also. I am advocating for topics related to the use of academic journals in defaultlogic.com resource to be well represented at this event. If any participants at this WikiProject wants to talk by video about the conference, I am available to meet by video chat if you email me. I might, for example, support anyone in making a presentation submission if you are unfamiliar with the wiki conference format. Thanks. Blue Rasberry (talk) 19:09, 10 August 2016 (UTC)
There are currently several AfD and CfD debates going on that really could need some input from knowledgeable editors. In one it is argued that inclusion of a journal in GScholar makes it notable, provided the journal is peer-reviewed. I would be interested to hear the opinions of editors here on this to see whether this reflects community consensus. A list of the different XfDs is on the main page of this project. Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 09:35, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
I've just created the Flexal virus article from a CC-BY 3.0 paper published in Archives of Clinical Microbiology, a relatively recently created open-access journal: is it suitable as a WP:RS for this sort of article? On a wider topic, what would be the best way to check journal reputation for recently-created online journals? Thanks, -- The Anome (talk) 11:37, 21 August 2016 (UTC)
This project's feedback would be appreciated in this discussion, as this could greatly (and positively) affect biological citations! Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 22:53, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
Just created this. Feel free to expand on it. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 22:52, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
I wanted to seek the opinion of other members of this project as to whether this edit was acceptable. Everymorning (talk) 01:00, 12 September 2016 (UTC)
An editor at this AfD has brought to my attention the fact that WP:NJournals in fact does not require inclusion in databases only counts for notability if that database if selective. Either this was overlooked when HJournals was written, or it has been edited out without anybody noticing. I'm currently traveling and cannot look into this, so I'm posting here so that perhaps other interested editors can have a look. I'll cross-post to the talk page of NJournals. --Randykitty (talk) 22:27, 12 September 2016 (UTC)
Pulsus Group recently was acquired by OMICS and since then there ahs been a lot of activity at this article. I've undone most proposed changes (not all), but I'd appreciate some fresh eyes to see whether I'm not being unreasonably strict. Thanks! --Randykitty (talk) 14:21, 6 October 2016 (UTC)
I hope it is right forum for discussion. Pulsus Group and Future Medicine are independent publishers and different business models, we should not combine with OMICS sources . As you know OMICS Publishing Group is a negative attack article. Jessie1979 (talk) 07:36, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
Please see Wikipedia talk:Citing sources#Journal citation with templates should be preferred for a discussion on modifying the provisions of defaultlogic.com Resource: Citing sources, specifically section WP:CITEHOW, to allow and encourage journal citations using citation templates even if an article already uses a consistent system without templates. --Anomalocaris (talk) 07:51, 28 October 2016 (UTC)
See
Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 16:49, 29 October 2016 (UTC)
Greetings WikiProject Academic Journals/Archive 4 Members!
This is a one-time-only message to inform you about a technical proposal to revive your Popular Pages list in the that I think you may be interested in reviewing and perhaps even voting for:
If the above proposal gets in the Top 10 based on the votes, there is a high likelihood of this bot being restored so your project will again see monthly updates of popular pages.
Further, there are over 260 proposals in all to review and vote for, across many aspects of wikis.
Thank you for your consideration. Please note that voting for proposals continues through December 12, 2016.
Best regards, Stevietheman -- Delivered: 17:51, 7 December 2016 (UTC)
There has been some edit warring going on at Explore: The Journal of Science & Healing regarding how the journal and its editors should be described. Additional eyes over there would be appreciated. Everymorning (talk) 15:40, 9 December 2016 (UTC)
FYI, participants in this WikiProject may be interested in the ongoing MFD discussion for WP:NJOURNALS, which can be found at defaultlogic.com Resource: Miscellany for deletion/defaultlogic.com Resource: Notability (academic journals). Best, -- Notecardforfree (talk) 19:13, 11 December 2016 (UTC)
Both of these articles could use some extra eyes. Be warned that the discussion at Ufahamu is especially acrimonious. --Randykitty (talk) 10:29, 1 January 2017 (UTC)
There are lots of discussion concerning WP:NJOURNALS, including proposed changes to it, many of which would substantially change the longstanding wording. Please comment there. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 21:15, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
Jeffrey Beall's blog about predatory publishing has disappeared in its entirety. According to this, this is due to a decision by Beall himself, not hacking or such. Our problem is that posts on Beall's blog (), especially his lists of predatory journals, publishers, and impact ranking services (but also individual blog posts), are the main sources (sometimes the only ones) that provide criticism in our articles on some of these predatory publishers/journals. All those links are currently dead (and in the past two days, some editors already started removing them!) I would expect that most content can still be found on the WayBack machine, so it is urgent that all these references get rescued by adding archive-url parameters to them. I'm up till my ears in work in RL, so all help is welcome! Thanks. --Randykitty (talk) 09:29, 18 January 2017 (UTC)
We hope that an academic journal format may also encourage non-Wikipedians to contribute who would otherwise not. Therefore, please consider:
If you want to know more, we recently published an editorial describing how the journal developed.[3] Alternatively, check out the journal's About or Discussion pages.
Additionally, the WikiJournal of Science is just starting up under a similar model and looking for contributors. Firstly it is seeking editors to guide submissions through external academic peer review and format accepted articles. It is also encouraging submission of articles in the same format as Wiki.J.Med. If you're interested, please come and discuss the project on the journal's talk page, or the general discussion page for the WikiJournal User group.
T.Shafee(Evo&Evo)talk 10:33, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
I've had an idea for WP:JCW and facilitate our work. Please comment there. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 23:23, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
Template:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has been nominated for merging with Template:IEEE councils. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. --Jax 0677 (talk) 19:13, 10 March 2017 (UTC)
I was thinking recently how there is no one, universal lists of journals in any discipline, and where we (Wikipedia in general and this WikiProject in particular) fit into this. Here are my thoughts:
I am thinking I could start improving a list of journals in my field (list of sociology journals) but I would appreciate comments regarding how a good list in our field, one that good aim for a WP:FAL status eventually, should look like. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:05, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
Hi, I posted a query on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Academic Journals/Writing guide, maybe it would have been better if I had posted it here. Please let me know if you have any thoughts! Thanks TheBigPikachu (talk) 18:40, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
I will be making (assuming my proposal is accepted) a presentation on JCW at Wikimania 2017, in Montreal.
If you are interested in attending, please sign up! Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 12:56, 7 April 2017 (UTC)
A user requested review at Draft:Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. I thought that I would notify this board. Blue Rasberry (talk) 14:27, 18 April 2017 (UTC)
Is Draft:Image Analysis & Stereology notable? Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 11:30, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
For those who have not yet run across it, there is an initative abroad to open up citation data, with WMF involvement, tied to the OpenCitations initiative. As this is now approaching the point where half of all academic publications have released citations under CC0, it may be about time to capture and display status for publications in an {{Infobox Journal}} parameter . This could be bot-populated fairly easily (see the FAQ for more.) Comments? LeadSongDog come howl! 17:38, 15 May 2017 (UTC) defaultlogic.com Resource: WikiProject Academic Journals/Archive 4/Popular pages with a list of the most-viewed pages over the previous month that are within the scope of WikiProject Academic Journals.
We've made some enhancements to the original report. Here's what's new:
We're grateful to Mr.Z-man for his original Mr.Z-bot, and we wish his bot a happy robot retirement. Just as before, we hope the popular pages reports will aid you in understanding the reach of WikiProject Academic Journals, and what articles may be deserving of more attention. If you have any questions or concerns please contact us at m:User talk:Community Tech bot.
Warm regards, the Community Tech Team 17:15, 17 May 2017 (UTC)
Please comment at Talk:philoSOPHIA. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 11:46, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
Please comment. This will possibly affect our writing guide at WP:JWG. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 04:39, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
I've added a section on how to deal with landmark papers to the guide. Feel free to refine the language. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 17:10, 7 June 2017 (UTC)
Would an attempt to write an article about the African Journal of Disability - - be worthwhile or a waste of time? Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 15:08, 11 June 2017 (UTC)
Although perhaps only tangential relevant to this project, people here might be interested in the discussion at defaultlogic.com Resource: Articles for deletion/Stanley Aronowitz bibliography, which bears on lists of academic books and journal articles. --Randykitty (talk) 21:17, 4 July 2017 (UTC)
Citation management tool Zotero now has two Wikidata translators. Not only does it read metadata from Wikidata items about works, so you can add them to your Zotero library, but it can export metadata in a format understood by QuickStatements, enabling users to more easily create Wikidata items about the works already in their Zotero libraries. Since Zotero can already read metadata about works from other websites, or data files such as BibTeX and COinS, it can now be used as an intermediary to import that data. See d:Wikidata:Zotero. The translator was developed at the recent WikiCite event in Vienna. Andy Mabbett (Pigsonthewing); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 11:06, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
This AfD was closed. I have requested a relist, so that editors knowledgeable about academic journals also can participate. --Randykitty (talk) 11:04, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
A paid editor would like to add to the Allen Meadors article that he is an associate editor of a journal called Frontiers in Public Health. See the discussion here. It seems that the journal has 3,279 editors(!), 702 of whom are associate editors. Is it worth mentioning such a positon in a biographical article, given that the journal has so many editors? It hardly sounds like a selective position. Cordless Larry (talk) 21:23, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
A request for advice/guidance: my research field has recently seen the appearance of two new journals, the Journal of Combinatorial Algebra (published by the European Mathematical Society; indexed in MathSciNet; three issues have appeared) and Algebraic Combinatorics (to be published by the Centre Mersenne; no issues have yet appeared, but it has been the subject of an article in Inside Higher Ed). Both are obviously reputable institutions. I'm not a regular editor of defaultlogic.com resource articles about journals; do these (yet) meet the basic notability requirements for Wikipedia? If not, what's the usual time-frame for notability in this kind of situation?
Thanks, JBL (talk) 20:25, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
From many discussions at Wikimania, myself, DGG, and several others felt this infobox was a prime candidate for conversion to Wikidata. I've started a discussion at the link above. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 01:32, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
Team is there a Manual of Style for Academic Journals? Can this be listed in main page. Also please advise if Infobox for Journals be added to the project page.--Wikishagnik (talk) 13:55, 12 August 2017 (UTC)
If you have comments, please make them. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 16:26, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
Please participate in this discussion. This is related to the creation of a magazine-equivalent to WP:JCW. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 00:04, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 04:52, 29 August 2017 (UTC)
"Education" and "Educational" don't show in the LTWA lookup. I've seen them both abbreviate to "Edu." and "Educ."--not sure whether/when it's consistent. Please {{ping}} if you can help. czar 18:24, 31 August 2017 (UTC)
In the LTWA lookup, "medical" corresponds to "méd." with the accent. Is this correct? Medical Teacher would be "Méd. Teach."? czar 19:23, 31 August 2017 (UTC)
Could someone please review Draft:Romanian Journal of History and International Studies? The draft says the journal is peer-reviewed, but I cannot tell whether it is notable. Eastmain (talk o contribs) 03:33, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
Would it be okay if you guys put this predatory journal list on the front page of your project, asking contributors to check the publisher of an academic journal against this list? It may be useful for people who use academic journals as sources and/or write about them. User:Drmies gave me a heads up on this page. WhisperToMe (talk) 18:56, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
Could someone (@DGG:/@Randykitty:?) look up the impact factors for
And update the articles accordingly? Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 13:54, 2 September 2017 (UTC)
Is there a guide to handling Italian titles? The English equivalents for Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica are abbreviated, but no dice in the LTWA czar 21:03, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
"Its" isn't an article or conjunction--should it be included in the journal's ISO 4? czar 01:26, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
I just created Knowledge-Based Systems (journal), and was confused about what the ISO abbreviation for its title is. The automated tool that now is linked to at the top of new articles says it should be Knowledge-Based Syst. (I guess), but the NLM catalog entry says it should be Knowl. Based Syst. Which one is right? Everymorning (talk) 03:19, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
Manage research, learning and skills at defaultlogic.com. Create an account using LinkedIn to manage and organize your omni-channel knowledge. defaultlogic.com is like a shopping cart for information -- helping you to save, discuss and share. | http://www.defaultlogic.com/learn?s=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Archive_4 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 10,406 | 54.12 |
package require tclreadline proc ::tclreadline::prompt1 {} { return "[lindex [split [info hostname] "."] 0] [lindex [split [pwd] "/"] end] % " } ::tclreadline::Loop }You can access your Tcl command line history using vi or emacs-style keystrokes by creating a .inputrc file in your home directory and putting a line it it that says "set editing-mode vi" or "set editing-mode emacs".Older stuff appears below:The readline procs can be used to create for instance a basic Tcl sh with command completion:
package require tclreadline # This proc returns the larges common startstring in a list, e.g.: # for {list link} it will return li]} { if {$subword eq [lindex $matches 0]} break; set word $subword set subword [string range [lindex $matches 0] 0 [string length $word]] } return [list $word $matches] } } readline::history read ~/.sh_history ; # read saved history # unknown should behave as in an interactive tclsh set tcl_interactive 1 ; info script "" # save history before exit use hide instead if rename so no _exit is show in [info commands] interp hide {} exit proc exit {args} { readline::history write ~/.sh_history interp invokehidden {} exit } # Define completion proc # The completion proc is called from readline with the arguments: # line: The complete line in the readline buffer # word: The word that is being completed # start: The start index of the word in line # end: The end index of the word in line # # A completion proc returns a list with two elements # 0: The text that will replace the word that is being completed # 1: A list of all possible matches for the word that is currently being completed proc complete {line word start end} { set matches {} if {[string index $word 0] eq {$}} { # variable completion set var_name [string range $word 1 end] foreach var [uplevel #0 [list info vars ${var_name}*]] { lappend matches \$[set var] } } elseif {$word eq $line} { # command completion set matches [uplevel #0 [list info commands $word*]] foreach ns [namespace children ::] { if {[string match $word* $ns]!=0} { lappend matches $ns } } } else { foreach file [glob -nocomplain $word*] { string map [list [file normalize ~] ~] $file lappend matches [string map {{ } {\ }} $file] } foreach file [glob -nocomplain -type hidden $word*] { string map [list [file normalize ~] ~] $file lappend matches [string map {{ } {\ }} $file] } } # suppress space if {[llength $matches] == 1} { return [list [lindex $matches 0] [list {}]] } return [::readline::largest_common_substring $word $matches] } # register compeletion proc, completion can be disabled by readline::completion {} readline::completion complete # command loop while {1} { set command [readline::readline "([file tail [pwd]]) % "] while {![info complete $command]} { set command $command\n[readline::readline "> "] } readline::history add $command catch [eval $command] result if {($result ne "") && ([string range $command end-1 end] ne ";;")} { puts $result } }Notes slebetman notes that for the Win32 platform, readline is not necessary as native tclsh on Win32 already have line editing capability including history and history substitution (which I believe is due to DOSKEY). People usually want readline for Tcl when they are on Unix.MJ agrees that on Windows it is not necessary per se, but I like a consistent interface in my application regardless if it is run on Linux or Windows. Readline keyboard shortcuts have a tendency to stick in your fingers, which makes working with a Windows CLI application painful. Also note that the code below should be easy to adapt to Linux (probably only removing the __declspec(dllexport)) giving you a binding to readline on Linux.MJ -- In the previous build an access violation occured on the free(line_read) this was caused by the fact that the dll linked to msvcr70.dll and msvcrt.dll at the same time. malloc was used from the one dll and free from the other resulting in a crash. The current dll at the url above only links to msvcrt.dll, solving the problem.MJ -- 14/08/2006 -- The newer version includes history modification commands and allows the readline completion to be performed by a Tcl proc. This allows integration into your own Tcl programs where the default readline completions don't make sense. It has been tested on Windows, but should be easy to adapt to Linux. A built for Windows compiled against 8.4.13 with stubs enabled can be downloaded from the URL above.MJ -- When calling readline::readline, no event processing in the eventloop will take place. This is something to keep in mind when including this in GUI apps. It can be worked around by executing readline in a different thread from everything else. See [2].Codetclreadline.tcl
load [file dirname [info script]]/tclreadline01.dll]} { set word $subword if {$subword eq [lindex $matches 0]} { break; } set subword [string range [lindex $matches 0] 0 [string length $word]] } return [list $word $matches] } }pkgIndex.tcl
package ifneeded tclreadline 0.1 \ [list source [file dirname [info script]]/tclreadline.tcl]
See also:
- eltclsh
- liboop
- Miscellaneous Tcl procs (Dillinger)
- Objective C / Tcl library
- Pure-tcl readline
- Pure-tcl readline2
- rdl
- readline extension TclRl
- readline extension tclsh-readline
- readline-like function support for Tk (Miguel)
- tclreadline
- rlwrap
- [libtecla]
For those on Linux (and probably most other Unix-like platforms) who don't want to bother building an extension, rlwrap [3] can provide readline editing with:
rlwrap tclshThere are other command history filters. These are programs which sit between the user's shell and a program and attempt to provide a history mechanism to commands which have no such capability. One that used to be mentioned is "ile". The master site for the latest version of ile that I knew was is
# Rename your tclsh8.6 binary to tclsh8.6.exe then create the following wrapper script mv tclsh8.6 tclsh8.6.exe cat > tclsh8.6 <<EOF #!/bin/bash bin=$(readlink -f $0).exe if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then exec socat READLINE,history=$HOME/.tclsh_history EXEC:$bin,pty,ctty else exec $bin $* fiThe same can be usefully done for wish. | http://wiki.tcl.tk/12192 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | refinedweb | 953 | 58.01 |
Technical Support
On-Line Manuals
CARM User's Guide
Discontinued
#include <stddef.h>
int offsetof (
structure, /* structure to use */
member); /* member to get offset for */
The offsetof macro calculates the offset of the member structure element from the beginning of the
structure. The structure argument must specify the
name of a structure. The member argument must
specify the name of a member of the structure.
The offsetof macro returns the offset, in bytes, of the
member element from the beginning of struct
structure.
#include <stddef.h>
struct index_st
{
unsigned char type;
unsigned long num;
unsigned ing len;
};
typedef struct index_st index_t;
void main (void) {
int x, y;
x = offsetof (struct index_st, len); /* x = 5 */
y = offsetof (index_t, num); /* y =. | http://www.keil.com/support/man/docs/ca/ca_offsetof.htm | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 119 | 60.45 |
About The Author
Chris is a software developer working with Ruby, Rails and Android. In 2010, he founded Plymouth Software where he designs and builds applications for the web … More about Chris
To follow this tutorial, you’ll need the code from the previous article. If you want to get started right away, grab the code from GitHub and check out the _tutorial_part1 tag. using this:
$ git clone git://github.com/cblunt/BrewClock.git $ cd BrewClock $ git checkout tutorial_part_1
Once you’ve checked out the code on GitHub, you’ll need to import the project into Eclipse:
- Launch Eclipse and choose File → Import…
- In the Import window, select “Existing Projects into Workspace” and click “Next.”
- On the next screen, click “Browse,” and select the project folder that you cloned from GitHub.
- Click “Finish” to import your project into Eclipse.
After importing the project into Eclipse, you might receive a warning message:
Android required .class compatibility set to 5.0. Please fix project properties.
If this is the case, right-click on the newly imported “BrewClock” project in the “Project Explorer,” choose “Fix Project Properties,” and then restart Eclipse.
Getting Started With Data Storage
Currently, BrewClock lets users set a specific time for brewing their favorite cups of tea. This is great, but what if they regularly drink a variety of teas, each with their own different brewing times? At the moment, users have to remember brewing times for all their favorite teas! This doesn’t make for a great user experience. So, in this tutorial we’ll develop functionality to let users store brewing times for their favorite teas and then choose from that list of teas when they make a brew.
Further Reading on SmashingMag:
- Getting The Best Out Of Eclipse For Android Development
- Guidelines For Mobile Web Development
To do this, we’ll take advantage of Android’s rich data-storage API. Android offers several ways to store data, two of which we’ll cover in this article. The first, more powerful option, uses the SQLite database engine to store data for our application.
SQLite is a popular and lightweight SQL database engine that saves data in a single file. It is often used in desktop and embedded applications, where running a client-server SQL engine (such as MySQL or PostgreSQL) isn’t feasible.
Every application installed on an Android device can save and use any number of SQLite database files (subject to storage capacity), which the system will manage automatically. An application’s databases are private and so cannot be accessed by any other applications. (Data can be shared through the
ContentProvider class, but we won’t cover content providers in this tutorial.) Database files persist when the application is upgraded and are deleted when the application is uninstalled.
We’ll use a simple SQLite database in BrewClock to maintain a list of teas and their appropriate brewing times. Here’s an overview of how our database schema will look:
+-------------------------------------+ | Table: teas | +------------+------------------------+ | Column | Description | +------------+------------------------+ | _ID | integer, autoincrement | | name | text, not null | | brew_time | integer, not null | +------------+------------------------+
If you’ve worked with SQL before, this should look fairly familiar. The database table has three columns: a unique identifier (
_ID), name and brewing time. We’ll use the APIs provided by Android to create the database table in our code. The system will take care of creating the database file in the right location for our application.
Abstracting the Database
To ensure the database code is easy to maintain, we’ll abstract all the code for handling database creation, inserts and queries into a separate class,
TeaData. This should be fairly familiar if you’re used to the model-view-controller approach. All the database code is kept in a separate class from our
BrewClockActivity. The Activity can then just instantiate a new
TeaData instance (which will connect to the database) and do what it needs to do. Working in this way enables us to easily change the database in one place without having to change anything in any other parts of our application that deal with the database.
Create a new class called
TeaData in the BrewClock project by going to File → New → Class. Ensure that
TeaData extends the
android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper class and that you check the box for “Constructors from superclass.”
The
TeaData class will automatically handle the creation and versioning of a SQLite database for your application. We’ll also add methods to give other parts of our code an interface to the database.
Add two constants to
TeaData to store the name and version of the database, the table’s name and the names of columns in that table. We’ll use the Android-provided constant
BaseColumns._ID for the table’s unique id column:
// src/com/example/brewclock/TeaData.java import android.app.Activity; import android.content.ContentValues; import android.content.Context; import android.database.Cursor; import android.database.DatabaseUtils; import android.provider.BaseColumns; public class TeaData extends SQLiteOpenHelper { private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "teas.db"; private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1; public static final String TABLE_NAME = "teas"; public static final String _ID = BaseColumns._ID; public static final String NAME = "name"; public static final String BREW_TIME = "brew_time"; // … }
Add a constructor to
TeaData that calls its parent method, supplying our database name and version. Android will automatically handle opening the database (and creating it if it does not exist).
// src/com/example/brewclock/TeaData.java public TeaData(Context context) { super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION); }
We’ll need to override the
onCreate method to execute a string of SQL commands that create the database table for our tea. Android will handle this method for us, calling
onCreate when the database file is first created.
On subsequent launches, Android checks the version of the database against the
DATABASE_VERSION number we supplied to the constructor. If the version has changed, Android will call the
onUpgrade method, which is where you would write any code to modify the database structure. In this tutorial, we’ll just ask Android to drop and recreate the database.
So, add the following code to
onCreate:
// src/com/example/brewclock/TeaData.java @Override public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) { // CREATE TABLE teas (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, name TEXT NOT NULL, brew_time INTEGER); String sql = "CREATE TABLE " + TABLE_NAME + " (" + _ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " + NAME + " TEXT NOT NULL, " + BREW_TIME + " INTEGER" + ");"; db.execSQL(sql); } @Override public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) { db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + TABLE_NAME); onCreate(db); }
Next, we’ll add a new method to
TeaData that lets us easily add new tea records to the database. We’ll supply the method with a name and brewing time for the tea to be added. Rather than forcing us to write out the raw SQL to do this, Android supplies a set of classes for inserting records into the database. First, we create a set of
ContentValues, pushing the relevant values into that set.
With an instance of
ContentValues, we simply supply the column name and the value to insert. Android takes care of creating and running the appropriate SQL. Using Android’s database classes ensures that the writes are safe, and if the data storage mechanism changes in a future Android release, our code will still work.
Add a new method,
insert(), to the
TeaData class:
// src/com/example/brewclock/TeaData.java public void insert(String name, int brewTime) { SQLiteDatabase db = getWritableDatabase(); ContentValues values = new ContentValues(); values.put(NAME, name); values.put(BREW_TIME, brewTime); db.insertOrThrow(TABLE_NAME, null, values); }
Retrieving Data
With the ability to save data into the database, we’ll also need a way to get it back out. Android provides the
Cursor interface for doing just this. A
Cursor represents the results of running a SQL query against the database, and it maintains a pointer to one row within that result set. This pointer can be moved forwards and backwards through the results, returning the values from each column. It can help to visualize this:
SQL Query: SELECT * from teas LIMIT 3; +-----------------------------------+ | _ID | name | brew_time | +-----------------------------------+ | 1 | Earl Grey | 3 | | 2 | Green | 1 | <= Cursor | 3 | Assam | 5 | +-------+-------------+-------------+
In this example, the Cursor is pointing at the second row in the result set (Green tea). We could move the Cursor back a row to represent the first row (Earl Grey) by calling
cursor.moveToPrevious(), or move forward to the Assam row with
moveToNext(). To fetch the name of the tea that the Cursor is pointing out, we would call
cursor.getString(1), where
1 is the column index of the column we wish to retrieve (note that the index is zero-based, so column 0 is the first column, 1 the second column and so on).
Now that you know about Cursors, add a method that creates a
Cursor object that returns all the teas in our database. Add an
all method to
TeaData:
// src/com/example/brewclock/TeaData.java public Cursor all(Activity activity) { String[] from = { _ID, NAME, BREW_TIME }; String order = NAME; SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase(); Cursor cursor = db.query(TABLE_NAME, from, null, null, null, null, order); activity.startManagingCursor(cursor); return cursor; }
Let’s go over this method in detail, because it looks a little strange at first. Again, rather than writing raw SQL to query the database, we make use of Android’s database interface methods.
First, we need to tell Android which columns from our database we’re interested in. To do this, we create an array of strings—each one of the column identifiers that we defined at the top of
TeaData. We’ll also set the column that we want to order the results by and store it in the
order string.
Next, we create a read-only connection to the database using
getReadableDatabase(), and with that connection, we tell Android to run a query using the
query() method. The
query() method takes a set of parameters that Android internally converts into a SQL query. Again, Android’s abstraction layer ensures that our application code will likely continue to work, even if the underlying data storage changes in a future version of Android.
Because we just want to return every tea in the database, we don’t apply any joins, filters or groups (i.e.
WHERE,
JOIN, and
GROUP BY clauses in SQL) to the method. The
from and
order variables tell the query what columns to return on the database and the order in which they are retrieved. We use the
SQLiteDatabase.query() method as an interface to the database.
Last, we ask the supplied Activity (in this case, our
BrewClockActivity) to manage the Cursor. Usually, a Cursor must be manually refreshed to reload any new data, so if we added a new tea to our database, we would have to remember to refresh our Cursor. Instead, Android can take care of this for us, recreating the results whenever the Activity is suspended and resumed, by calling
startManagingCursor().
Finally, we’ll add another utility method to return the number of records in the table. Once again, Android provides a handy utility to do this for us in the
DatabaseUtils class:
Add the following method,
count, to your
TeaData class:
// src/com/example/brewclock/TeaData.java public long count() { SQLiteDatabase db = getReadableDatabase(); return DatabaseUtils.queryNumEntries(db, TABLE_NAME); }
Save the
TeaData class, and fix any missing imports using Eclipse (Source → Organize Imports). With our data class finished, it’s time to change BrewClock’s interface to make use of the database!
Modify BrewClock’s Interface to Allow Tea Selection
The purpose of storing preset teas and brew times is to let the user quickly select their favorite tea from the presets. To facilitate this, we’ll add a
Spinner (analogous to a pop-up menu in desktop interfaces) to the main BrewClock interface, populated with the list of teas from
TeaData.
As in the previous tutorial, use Eclipse’s layout editor to add the Spinner to BrewClock’s main interface layout XML file. Add the following code just below the
LinearLayout for the brew count label (around line 24). Remember, you can switch to the “Code View” tab along the bottom of the window if Eclipse opens the visual layout editor.
<!-- /res/layout/main.xml --> <!-- Tea Selection --> <LinearLayout android: <Spinner android: </LinearLayout>
In the
BrewClockActivity class, add a member variable to reference the Spinner, and connect it to the interface using
findViewById:
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java protected Spinner teaSpinner; protected TeaData teaData; // … public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // … teaData = new TeaData(this); teaSpinner = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.tea_spinner); }
Try running your application to make sure the new interface works correctly. You should see a blank pop-up menu (or Spinner) just below the brew count. If you tap the spinner, Android handles displaying a pop-up menu so that you can choose an option for the spinner. At the moment, the menu is empty, so we’ll remedy that by binding the Spinner to our tea database.
Data Binding
When Android retrieves data from a database, it returns a
Cursor object. The Cursor represents a set of results from the database and can be moved through the results to retrieve values. We can easily bind these results to a view (in this case, the Spinner) using a set of classes provided by Android called “Adapters.” Adapters do all the hard work of fetching database results from a
Cursor and displaying them in the interface.
Remember that our
TeaData.all() method already returns a Cursor populated with the contents of our teas table. Using that Cursor, all we need to do is create a
SimpleCursorAdapter to bind its data to our
teaSpinner, and Android will take care of populating the spinner’s options.
Connect the Cursor returned by
teaData.all() to the Spinner by creating a
SimpleCursorAdapter:
// com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // … Cursor cursor = teaData.all(this); SimpleCursorAdapter teaCursorAdapter = new SimpleCursorAdapter( this, android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item, cursor, new String[] { TeaData.NAME }, new int[] { android.R.id.text1 } ); teaSpinner.setAdapter(teaCursorAdapter); teaCursorAdapter.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item); }
Notice that we’ve made use of Android’s built-in
android.R object. This provides some generic default resources for your application, such as simple views and layouts. In this case, we’ve used
android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item, which is a simple text label layout.
If you run the application again, you’ll see that the spinner is still empty! Even though we’ve connected the spinner to our database, there are no records in the database to display.
Let’s give the user a choice of teas by adding some default records to the database in BrewClock’s constructor. To avoid duplicate entries, we’ll add only the default teas if the database is empty. We can make use of TeaData’s
count() method to check if this is the case.
Add code to create a default set of teas if the database is empty. Add this line just above the code to fetch the teas from
teaData:
// com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // … // Add some default tea data! (Adjust to your preference :) if(teaData.count() == 0) { teaData.insert("Earl Grey", 3); teaData.insert("Assam", 3); teaData.insert("Jasmine Green", 1); teaData.insert("Darjeeling", 2); } // Code from the previous step: Cursor cursor = teaData.all(this); // … }
Now run the application again. You’ll now see that your tea Spinner has the first tea selected. Tapping on the Spinner lets you select one of the teas from your database!
Congratulations! You’ve successfully connected your interface to a data source. This is one of the most important aspects of any software application. As you’ve seen, Android makes this task fairly easy, but it is extremely powerful. Using cursors and adapters, you can take virtually any data source (from a simple array of strings to a complex relational database query) and bind it to any type of view: a spinner, a list view or even an iTunes-like cover-flow gallery!
Although now would be a good time for a brew, our work isn’t over yet. While you can choose different teas from the Spinner, making a selection doesn’t do anything. We need to find out which tea the user has selected and update the brew time accordingly.
Read Selected Tea, and Update Brew Time
To determine which tea the user has selected from our database,
BrewClockActivity needs to listen for an event. Similar to the
OnClickListener event that is triggered by button presses, we’ll implement the
OnItemSelectedListener. Events in this listener are triggered when the user makes a selection from a view, such as our Spinner.
Enable the
onItemSelectedListener in
BrewClockActivity by adding it to the class declaration. Remember to implement the interface methods
onItemSelected() and
onNothingSelected():
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java public class BrewClockActivity extends Activity implements OnClickListener, OnItemSelectedListener { // … public void onItemSelected(AdapterView<?> spinner, View view, int position, long id) { if(spinner == teaSpinner) { // Update the brew time with the selected tea’s brewtime Cursor cursor = (Cursor) spinner.getSelectedItem(); setBrewTime(cursor.getInt(2)); } } public void onNothingSelected(AdapterView<?> adapterView) { // Do nothing } }
Here we check whether the spinner that triggered the
onItemSelected event was BrewClock’s
teaSpinner. If so, we retrieve a Cursor object that represents the selected record. This is all handled for us by the
SimpleCursorAdapter that connects
teaData to the Spinner. Android knows which query populates the Spinner and which item the user has selected. It uses these to return the single row from the database, representing the user’s selected tea.
Cursor’s
getInt() method takes the index of the column we want to retrieve. Remember that when we built our Cursor in
teaData.all(), the columns we read were
_ID,
NAME and
BREW_TIME. Assuming we chose Jasmine tea in
teaSpinner, the Cursor returned by our selection would be pointing at that record in the database.
We then ask the Cursor to retrieve the value from column 2 (using
getInt(2)), which in this query is our
BREW_TIME column. This value is supplied to our existing
setBrewTime() method, which updates the interface to show the selected tea’s brewing time.
Finally, we need to tell the
teaSpinner that
BrewClockActivity is listening for
OnItemSelected events. Add the following line to
BrewClockActivity’s
onCreate method:
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java public void onCreate() { // … teaSpinner.setOnItemSelectedListener(this); }
That should do it! Run your application again, and try selecting different teas from the Spinner. Each time you select a tea, its brew time will be shown on the countdown clock. The rest of our code already handles counting down from the current brew time, so we now have a fully working brew timer, with a list of preset teas.
You can, of course, go back into the code and add more preset teas to the database to suit your tastes. But what if we released BrewClock to the market? Every time someone wanted to add a new tea to the database, we’d need to manually update the database, and republish the application; everyone would need to update, and everybody would have the same list of teas. That sounds pretty inflexible, and a lot of work for us!
It would be much better if the user had some way to add their own teas and preferences to the database. We’ll tackle that next…
Introducing Activities
Each screen in your application and its associated code is an
Activity. Every time you go from one screen to another, Android creates a new Activity. In reality, although an application may comprise any number of screens/activities, Android treats them as separate entities. Activities work together to form a cohesive experience because Android lets you easily pass data between them.
In this final section, you’ll add a new Activity (
AddTeaActivity) to your application and register it with the Android system. You’ll then pass data from the original
BrewClockActivity to this new Activity.
First, though, we need to give the user a way to switch to the new Activity. We’ll do this using an options menu.
Options Menus
Options menus are the pop-up menus that appear when the user hits the “Menu” key on their device. Android handles the creation and display of options menus automatically; you just need to tell it what options to display and what to do when an option is chosen by the user.
However, rather than hard-coding our labels into the menu itself, we’ll make use of Android string resources. String resources let you maintain all the human-readable strings and labels for your application in one file, calling them within your code. This means there’s only one place in your code where you need to change strings in the future.
In the project explorer, navigate to “res/values” and you will see that a strings.xml file already exists. This was created by Eclipse when we first created the project, and it is used to store any strings of text that we want to use throughout the application.
Open strings.xml by double clicking on it, and switch to the XML view by clicking the strings.xml tab along the bottom of the window.
Add the following line within the
<resources>…</resources> element:
<!-- res/values/strings.xml --> <resources> <!-- … --> <string name="add_tea_label">Add Tea</string> </resources>
Here you’ve defined a string,
add_tea_label, and its associated text. We can use
add_tea_label to reference the string throughout the application’s code. If the label needs to change for some reason in the future, you’ll need to change it only once in this file.
Next, let’s create a new file to define our options menu. Just like strings and layouts, menus are defined in an XML file, so we’ll start by creating a new XML file in Eclipse:
Create a new Android XML file in Eclipse by choosing File → New → Other, and then select “Android XML File.”
Select a resource type of “Menu,” and save the file as main.xml. Eclipse will automatically create a folder, res/menu, where your menu XML files will be stored.
Open the res/menus/main.xml file, and switch to XML view by clicking the “main.xml” tab along the bottom of the window.
Add a new menu item,
add_tea.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <menu xmlns: <item android: </menu>
Notice the
android:title attribute is set to
@string/add_tea_label. This tells Android to look up
add_tea_label in our strings.xml file and return the associated label. In this case, our menu item will have a label “Add Tea.”
Next, we’ll tell our Activity to display the options menu when the user hits the “Menu” key on their device.
Back in BrewClockActivity.java, override the
onCreateOptionsMenu method to tell Android to load our menu when the user presses the “Menu” button:
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater(); inflater.inflate(R.menu.main, menu); return true; }
When the user presses the “Menu” button on their device, Android will now call
onCreateOptionsMenu. In this method, we create a
MenuInflater, which loads a menu resource from your application’s package. Just like the buttons and text fields that make up your application’s layout, the main.xml resource is available via the global
R object, so we use that to supply the
MenuInflater with our menu resource.
To test the menu, save and run the application in the Android emulator. While it’s running, press the “Menu” button, and you’ll see the options menu pop up with an “Add Tea” option.
If you tap the “Add Tea” option, Android automatically detects the tap and closes the menu. In the background, Android will notify the application that the option was tapped.
Handling Menu Taps
When the user taps the “Add Tea” menu option, we want to display a new Activity so that they can enter the details of the tea to be added. Start by creating that new Activity by selecting File → New → Class.
Name the new class
AddTeaActivity, and make sure it inherits from the
android.app.Activity class. It should also be in the
com.example.brewclock package:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java package com.example.brewclock; import android.app.Activity; import android.os.Bundle; public class AddTeaActivity extends Activity { @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); } }
This simple, blank Activity won’t do anything yet, but it gives us enough to finish our options menu.
Add the
onOptionsItemSelected override method to
BrewClockActivity. This is the method that Android calls when you tap on a
MenuItem (notice it receives the tapped
MenuItem in the item parameter):
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch(item.getItemId()) { case R.id.add_tea: Intent intent = new Intent(this, AddTeaActivity.class); startActivity(intent); return true; default: return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } }
With this code, we’ve told Android that when the “Add Tea” menu item is tapped, we want to start a new Activity; in this case,
AddTeaActivity. However, rather than directly creating an instance of
AddTeaActivity, notice that we’ve used an
Intent. Intents are a powerful feature of the Android framework: they bind Activities together to make up an application and allow data to be passed between them.
Intents even let your application take advantage of any Activities within other applications that the user has installed. For example, when the user asks to display a picture from a gallery, Android automatically displays a dialogue to the user allowing them to pick the application that displays the image. Any applications that are registered to handle image display will be shown in the dialogue.
Intents are a powerful and complex topic, so it’s worth reading about them in detail in the official Android SDK documentation.
Let’s try running our application to test out the new “Add Tea” screen.
Run your project, tap the “Menu” button and then tap “Add Tea.”
Instead of seeing your “Add Tea” Activity as expected, you’ll be presented with a dialogue that is all too common for Android developers:
Although we created the
Intent and told it to start our
AddTeaActivity Activity, the application crashed because we haven’t yet registered it within Android. The system doesn’t know where to find the Activity we’re trying to run (remember that Intents can start Activities from any application installed on the device). Let’s remedy this by registering our Activity within the application manifest file.
Open your application’s manifest file, AndroidManifest.xml in Eclipse, and switch to the code view by selecting the “AndroidManifest.xml” tab along the bottom of the window.
The application’s manifest file is where you define global settings and information about your application. You’ll see that it already declares
.BrewClockActivity as the Activity to run when the application is launched.
Within
<application>, add a new
<activity> node to describe the “Add Tea” Activity. Use the same
add_tea_label string that we declared earlier in strings.xml for the Activity’s title:
<!-- AndroidManifest.xml --> <application …> … <activity android: </application>
Save the manifest file before running BrewClock again. This time, when you open the menu and tap “Add Tea,” Android will start the
AddTeaActivity. Hit the “Back” button to go back to the main screen.
With the Activities hooked together, it’s time to build an interface for adding tea!
Building The Tea Editor Interface
Building the interface to add a tea is very similar to how we built the main BrewClock interface in the previous tutorial. Start by creating a new layout file, and then add the appropriate XML, as below.
Alternatively, you could use Android’s recently improved layout editor in Eclipse to build a suitable interface. Create a new XML file in which to define the layout. Go to File → New, then select “Android XML File,” and select a “Layout” type. Name the file add_tea.xml.
Replace the contents of add_tea.xml with the following layout:
<!-- res/layouts/add_tea.xml --> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns: <TextView android: <EditText android: <TextView android: <SeekBar android: <TextView android: </LinearLayout>
We’ll also need to add some new strings to strings.xml for the labels used in this interface:
<!-- res/values/strings.xml --> <resources> <!-- … --> <string name="tea_name_label">Tea Name</string> <string name="brew_time_label">Brew Time</string> </resources>
In this layout, we’ve added a new type of interface widget, the SeekBar. This lets the user easily specify a brew time by dragging a thumb from left to right. The range of values that the SeekBar produces always runs from zero (0) to the value of
android:max.
In this interface, we’ve used a scale of 0 to 9, which we will map to brew times of 1 to 10 minutes (brewing for 0 minutes would be a waste of good tea!). First, though, we need to make sure that
AddTeaActivity loads our new interface:
Add the following line of code to the Activity’s
onCreate() method that loads and displays the
add_tea layout file:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.add_tea); }
Now test your application by running it, pressing the “Menu” button and tapping “Add Tea” from the menu.
You’ll see your new interface on the “Add Tea” screen. You can enter text and slide the SeekBar left and right. But as you’d expect, nothing works yet because we haven’t hooked up any code.
Declare some properties in
AddTeaActivity to reference our interface elements:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java public class AddTeaActivity { // … /** Properties **/ protected EditText teaName; protected SeekBar brewTimeSeekBar; protected TextView brewTimeLabel; // …
Next, connect those properties to your interface:
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // … // Connect interface elements to properties teaName = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.tea_name); brewTimeSeekBar = (SeekBar) findViewById(R.id.brew_time_seekbar); brewTimeLabel = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.brew_time_value); }
The interface is fairly simple, and the only events we need to listen for are changes to the SeekBar. When the user moves the SeekBar thumb left or right, our application will need to read the new value and update the label below with the selected brew time. We’ll use a
Listener to detect when the SeekBar is changed:
Add an
onSeekBarChangedListener interface to the
AddTeaActivity class declaration, and add the required methods:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java public class AddTeaActivity extends Activity implements OnSeekBarChangeListener { // … public void onProgressChanged(SeekBar seekBar, int progress, boolean fromUser) { // TODO Detect change in progress } public void onStartTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {} public void onStopTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {} }
The only event we’re interested in is
onProgressChanged, so we need to add the code below to that method to update the brew time label with the selected value. Remember that our SeekBar values range from 0 to 9, so we’ll add 1 to the supplied value so that it makes more sense to the user:
Add the following code to
onProgressChanged() in AddTeaActivity.java:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java public void onProgressChanged(SeekBar seekBar, int progress, boolean fromUser) { if(seekBar == brewTimeSeekBar) { // Update the brew time label with the chosen value. brewTimeLabel.setText((progress + 1) + " m"); } }
Set the SeekBar’s listener to be our
AddTeaActivity in
onCreate:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // … // Setup Listeners brewTimeSeekBar.setOnSeekBarChangeListener(this); }
Now when run the application and slide the SeekBar left to right, the brew time label will be updated with the correct value:
Saving Tea
With a working interface for adding teas, all that’s left is to give the user the option to save their new tea to the database. We’ll also add a little validation to the interface so that the user cannot save an empty tea to the database!
Start by opening strings.xml in the editor and adding some new labels for our application:
<!-- res/values/strings.xml --> <string name="save_tea_label">Save Tea</string> <string name="invalid_tea_title">Tea could not be saved.</string> <string name="invalid_tea_no_name">Enter a name for your tea.</string>
Just like before, we’ll need to create a new options menu for
AddTeaActivity so that the user can save their favorite tea:
Create a new XML file, add_tea.xml, in the res/menus folder by choosing File → New and then Other → Android XML File. Remember to select “Menu” as the resource type.
Add an item to the new menu for saving the tea:
<!-- res/menus/add_tea.xml --> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <menu xmlns: <item android: </menu>
Back in
AddTeaActivity, add the override methods for
onCreateOptionsMenu and
onOptionsItemSelected, just like you did in
BrewClockActivity. However, this time, you’ll supply the add_tea.xml resource file to the
MenuInflater:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater(); inflater.inflate(R.menu.add_tea, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch(item.getItemId()) { case R.id.save_tea: saveTea(); default: return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } }
Next, we’ll add a new method,
saveTea(), to handle saving the tea. The
saveTea method first reads the name and brew time values chosen by the user, validates them and (if all is well) saves them to the database:
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java public boolean saveTea() { // Read values from the interface String teaNameText = teaName.getText().toString(); int brewTimeValue = brewTimeSeekBar.getProgress() + 1; // Validate a name has been entered for the tea if(teaNameText.length() < 2) { AlertDialog.Builder dialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(this); dialog.setTitle(R.string.invalid_tea_title); dialog.setMessage(R.string.invalid_tea_no_name); dialog.show(); return false; } // The tea is valid, so connect to the tea database and insert the tea TeaData teaData = new TeaData(this); teaData.insert(teaNameText, brewTimeValue); teaData.close(); return true; }
This is quite a hefty chunk of code, so let’s go over the logic.
First, we read the values of the EditText
teaName and the SeekBar
brewTimeSeekBar (remembering to add 1 to the value to ensure a brew time of between 1 and 10 minutes). Next, we validate that a name has been entered that is two or more characters (this is really simple validation; you might want to experiment doing something more elaborate, such as using regular expressions).
If the tea name is not valid, we need to let the user know. We make use of one of Android’s helper classes,
AlertDialog.Builder, which gives us a handy shortcut for creating and displaying a modal dialog window. After setting the title and error message (using our string resources), the dialogue is displayed by calling its
show() method. This dialogue is modal, so the user will have to dismiss it by pressing the “Back” key. At this point, we don’t want to save any data, so just return
false out of the method.
If the tea is valid, we create a new temporary connection to our tea database using the
TeaData class. This demonstrates the advantage of abstracting your database access to a separate class: you can access it from anywhere in the application!
After calling
teaData.insert() to add our tea to the database, we no longer need this database connection, so we close it before returning
true to indicate that the save was successful.
Try this out by running the application in the emulator, pressing “Menu” and tapping “Add Tea.” Once on the “Add Tea” screen, try saving an empty tea by pressing “Menu” again and tapping “Save Tea.” With your validation in place, you’ll be presented with an error message:
Next, try entering a name for your tea, choosing a suitable brew time, and choosing “Save Tea” from the menu again. This time, you won’t see an error message. In fact, you’ll see nothing at all.
Improving the User Experience
While functional, this isn’t a great user experience. The user doesn’t know that their tea has been successfully saved. In fact, the only way to check is to go back from the “Add Tea” Activity and check the list of teas. Not great. Letting the user know that their tea was successfully saved would be much better. Let’s show a message on the screen when a tea has been added successfully.
We want the message to be passive, or non-modal, so using an
AlertDialog like before won’t help. Instead, we’ll make use of another popular Android feature, the
Toast.
Toasts display a short message near the bottom of the screen but do not interrupt the user. They’re often used for non-critical notifications and status updates.
Start by adding a new string to the strings.xml resource file. Notice the
%s in the string? We’ll use this in the next step to interpolate the name of the saved tea into the message!
<!-- res/values/strings.xml --> <string name="save_tea_success">%s tea has been saved.</string>
Modify the code in
onOptionsItemSelected to create and show a
Toast pop-up if the result of
saveTea() is
true. The second parameter uses of
getString() interpolate the name of our tea into the
Toast message. Finally, we clear the “Tea Name” text so that the user can quickly add more teas!
// src/com/example/brewclock/AddTeaActivity.java // … switch(item.getItemId()) { case R.id.save_tea: if(saveTea()) { Toast.makeText(this, getString(R.string.save_tea_success, teaName.getText().toString()), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); teaName.setText(""); } // …
Now re-run your application and try adding and saving a new tea. You’ll see a nice
Toast pop up to let you know the tea has been saved. The
getString() method interpolates the name of the tea that was saved into the XML string, where we placed the
%s.
Click the “Back” button to return to the application’s main screen, and tap the tea spinner. The new teas you added in the database now show up as options in the spinner!
User Preferences
BrewClock is now fully functional. Users can add their favorite teas and the respective brewing times to the database, and they can quickly select them to start a new brew. Any teas added to BrewClock are saved in the database, so even if we quit the application and come back to it later, our list of teas is still available.
One thing you might notice when restarting BrewClock, though, is that the brew counter is reset to 0. This makes keeping track of our daily tea intake (a vital statistic!) difficult. As a final exercise, let’s save the total brew count to the device.
Rather than adding another table to our teas database, we’ll make use of Android’s “Shared Preferences,” a simple database that Android provides to your application for storing simple data (strings, numbers, etc.), such as high scores in games and user preferences.
Start by adding a couple of constants to the top of BrewClockActivity.java. These will store the name of your shared preferences file and the name of the key we’ll use to access the brew count. Android takes care of saving and persisting our shared preferences file.
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java protected static final String SHARED_PREFS_NAME = "brew_count_preferences"; protected static final String BREW_COUNT_SHARED_PREF = "brew_count";
Next, we’ll need to make some changes to the code so that we can read and write the brew count to the user preferences, rather than relying on an initial value in our code. In
BrewClockActivity’s
onCreate method, change the lines around
setBrewCount(0) to the following:
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java public void onCreate() { // … // Set the initial brew values SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = getSharedPreferences(SHARED_PREFS_NAME, MODE_PRIVATE); brewCount = sharedPreferences.getInt(BREW_COUNT_SHARED_PREF, 0); setBrewCount(brewCount); // … }
Here we’re retrieving an instance of the application’s shared preferences using
SharedPreferences, and asking for the value of the
brew_count key (identified by the
BREW_COUNT_SHARED_PREF constant that was declared earlier). If a value is found, it will be returned; if not, we’ll use the default value in the second parameter of
getInt (in this case, 0).
Now that we can retrieve the stored value of brew count, we need to ensure its value is saved to
SharedPreferences whenever the count is updated.
Add the following code to
setBrewCount in
BrewClockActivity:
// src/com/example/brewclock/BrewClockActivity.java public void setBrewCount(int count) { brewCount = count; brewCountLabel.setText(String.valueOf(brewCount)); // Update the brewCount and write the value to the shared preferences. SharedPreferences.Editor editor = getSharedPreferences(SHARED_PREFS_NAME, MODE_PRIVATE).edit(); editor.putInt(BREW_COUNT_SHARED_PREF, brewCount); editor.commit(); }
Shared preferences are never saved directly. Instead, we make use of Android’s
SharedPreferences.Editor class. Calling
edit() on
SharedPreferences returns an
editor instance, which can then be used to set values in our preferences. When the values are ready to be saved to the shared preferences file, we just call
commit().
With our application’s code all wrapped up, it’s time to test everything!
Run the application on the emulator, and time a few brews (this is the perfect excuse to go and make a well-deserved tea or two!), and then quit the application. Try running another application that is installed on the emulator to ensure BrewClock is terminated. Remember that Android doesn’t terminate an Activity until it starts to run out of memory.
When you next run the application, you’ll see that your previous brew count is maintained, and all your existing teas are saved!
Summary
Congratulations! You’ve built a fully working Android application that makes use of a number of core components of the Android SDK. In this tutorial, you have seen how to:
- Create a simple SQLite database to store your application’s data;
- Make use of Android’s database classes and write a custom class to abstract the data access;
- Add option menus to your application;
- Create and register new Activities within your application and bind them together into a coherent interface using Intents;
- Store and retrieve simple user data and settings using the built-in “Shared Preferences” database.
Data storage and persistence is an important topic, no matter what type of application you’re building. From utilities and business tools to 3-D games, nearly every application will need to make use of the data tools provided by Android.
Activities
BrewClock is now on its way to being a fully functional application. However, we could still implement a few more features to improve the user experience. For example, you might like to develop your skills by trying any of the following:
- Checking for duplicate tea name entries before saving a tea,
- Adding a menu option to reset the brew counter to 0,
- Storing the last-chosen brew time in a shared preference so that the application defaults to that value when restarted,
- Adding an option for the user to delete teas from the database.
Solutions for the Activities will be included in a future branch on the GitHub repository, where you’ll find the full source-code listings. You can download the working tutorial code by switching your copy of the code to the
tutorial_2 branch:
# If you’ve not already cloned the repository, # you’ll need to do that first: # $ git clone git://github.com/cblunt/BrewClock.git # $ cd BrewClock $ git checkout tutorial_2
I hope you’ve enjoyed working through this tutorial and that it helps you in designing and building your great Android applications. Please let me know how you get on in the comments below, or feel free to drop me an email.
Thanks to Anselm for his suggestions and feedback!
| https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2011/03/get-started-developing-for-android-with-eclipse-reloaded/ | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 7,230 | 55.44 |
How about taking an OO approach i.e. changing the type to DeletedComment, e.g. using STI? This eliminates the code smell of conditionals in a partial.
Unless I'm overlooking something, it seems like you have some duplicate code in the video:
def comments Comment.where(commentable: commentable, parent_id: id) end def child_comments Comment.where(parent: self) end
While they use slightly different
where's the end result will be the same. The
commentable: commentable condition is unnecessary, as there should never exist a comment that has a different commentable than its parent.
If you're using Postgres you're likely to run into an issue with this solution due to the following columns being generated when creating the schema:
t.bigint "user_id", null: false t.string "commentable_type", null: false t.bigint "commentable_id", null: false
This means when you delete a comment you get the following error:
ERROR: null value in column "user_id" violates not-null constraint
The workaround that I've implemented is to add a
deleted column that defaults to
false on the
This means we can set deleted to true:
comment.rb
def destroy update(deleted: true) end
_comment.html.erb
<% if comment.deleted == true %> <h5 class="text-semibold">[Deleted]</h5> <p>[deleted]</p> <% else %> <h5 class="text-semibold"><%= comment.user.name %> posted:</h5> <%= simple_format(comment.body) %> <% end %>
I use your approach, but if the comment has no parents, I simply delete the record. No reasons to keep it poluting the UI
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Week 11
-
INPUT DEVICES
Group Assignment
Measure the analog levels and digital signals in an input device.
Individual Assignment
Measure something: add a sensor to a microcontroller board that you have designed and read it.
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
This week, the group assignment is well documented on the page of Abdon Troche in this link.
Measure of angle (INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT)
This week, I wanted to measure angle positions with a encoder and a board made by myself. This is a rotary encoder that I could get. This have 20 pulses by revolution and is very cheap.
After read lots of tutorials, I finally figured out how to design the board. This circuit includes a Attiny44, the connections to an FTDI communication and the ports needed to program it.
The next image, shows part of the schematic design and the connection with the encoder.
The schematic has to be modified, to include resistors of 0 Ohm, due to mi board needs a lot of bridges.
Unfortunately, I couldn't connect the Modela MDX-20 with the PC. At this moment is too late to ask someone. even with mods, I was no able to mill my board. Well. I will find the solution to make my board next week.
It was really disappointing. But, I could work on the software until my board finally can be milled.
The next step is build a mockup to my final project. This way I can try read the angles with the encoder and later control the actuator to align again the parts.
I don't want to waste time. So, I write a sketch to read the angles. Due to I don't have my board yet, i used an Arduino. (I know, I know... is just for the moment. I will make my board as soon as possible).
The code looks like this:
const int channelPinA = 2; const int channelPinB = 3; const int buttonPin = 9; // boton de reseteo const int timeThreshold = 5; long timeCounter = 0; const int maxSteps = 41; volatile int ISRCounter = 20;// inicia la cuenta a la mitad int counter = 20; // inicia la cuenta a la mitad int buttonState = HIGH; //estado de boton de reseteo bool IsCW = true; void setup() { pinMode(channelPinA, INPUT_PULLUP); pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); //seteo de pin como ingreso Serial.begin(9600); attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(channelPinA), doEncodeA, CHANGE); attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(channelPinB), doEncodeB, CHANGE); } void loop() { if (counter != ISRCounter) { counter = ISRCounter; Serial.println((counter-20)*9); } delay(100); buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); if (buttonState != HIGH) { // resetea el conteo //Serial.println("press"); ISRCounter = 20; } } void doEncode(); } } void doEncode(); } }
Finally, this program works like this.
UPDATE
Once, I was able to use the CNC machine, I could make my board. The PCB milled looked like this.
After that, I soldered the components to the board. But, due to this design you have many zero resistors, it was a lot of work (at least for me, a mechanic guy :).
Later, I tried to use mi previous code, but I noticed that mi use of interrupts was not adecuate for an Attiny44. So, I changed the code based on many sources, and learning so much in the process.
The goal of this code is fade a LED (conected to pin PA7), according the value of the rotation of the encoder. At the beginnings I tried to connect the LED to the pin PA3, but the LED didn't fade. Later, I found on Google, that I was using the wrong pin. Fade a LED require an PWM pin. I had to search into the datasheet to ensure pins with PWM enabled.
Finally the code is this:
#include "avr/interrupt.h" #define LED 7 #define wheelA 0 #define wheelB 1 bool previousB = false; volatile int portReading = 0; volatile int value = 50; volatile bool update = true; int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is void setup() { pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); //PWM LED output pinMode(wheelA, INPUT_PULLUP); //Inputs for rotary channels pinMode(wheelB, INPUT_PULLUP); GIMSK = 0b01000000; //turn on pin change (Page 47 Datasheet) PCMSK0 = 0b00000011; //turn on interrupts for pin 13 (PCINT0) and 12 (PCINT1) (Page 48 Datasheet) sei(); //turn interrupts on } void loop() { if (update) { update = false; brightness = brightness + value; //Up to 255; analogWrite(LED, brightness); delay(1000); } } /* Pin change interrupt vector */ ISR (PCINT0_vect) { //read the port quickly, masking out other pins portReading = PINA & 01; //read channel A if ( (portReading & (1 << wheelA)) == 0) { //determine what part of the waveform we are on if (previousB) value++; else value--; } else { if (previousB) value--; else value++; } //record b channel for use next time round previousB = (portReading & (1 << wheelB)) == 0; update = true; //tell the main loop that a rotation has happened }
And the result is this:
It was a very interesting week.
Files of this assignment:
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Unreal Engine 4 C++ Tutorial
In this Unreal Engine 4 tutorial, you will learn how to create C++ classes and expose variables and functions to the editor.
Blueprints is a very popular way to create gameplay in Unreal Engine 4. However, if you’re a long-time programmer and prefer sticking to code, C++ is for you! Using C++, you can also make changes to the engine and also make your own plugins.
In this tutorial, you will learn how to:
- Create C++ classes
- Add components and make them visible to Blueprints
- Create a Blueprint class based on a C++ class
- Add variables and make them editable in Blueprints
- Bind axis and action mappings to functions
- Override C++ functions in Blueprints
- Bind an overlap event to a function
Please note that this is not a tutorial on learning C++. Instead, this tutorial will focus on working with C++ in the context of Unreal Engine.
Getting Started
If you haven’t already, you will need to install Visual Studio. Follow Epic’s official guide on setting up Visual Studio for Unreal Engine 4. (Although you can use alternative IDEs, this tutorial will use Visual Studio as Unreal is already designed to work with it.)
Afterwards, download the starter project and unzip it. Navigate to the project folder and open CoinCollector.uproject. If it asks you to rebuild modules, click Yes.
Once that is done, you will see the following scene:
In this tutorial, you will create a ball that the player will control to collect coins. In previous tutorials, you have been creating player-controlled characters using Blueprints. For this tutorial, you will create one using C++.
Creating a C++ Class
To create a C++ class, go to the Content Browser and select Add New\New C++ Class.
This will bring up the C++ Class Wizard. First, you need to select which class to inherit from. Since the class needs to be player-controlled, you will need a Pawn. Select Pawn and click Next.
In the next screen, you can specify the name and path for your .h and .cpp files. Change Name to BasePlayer and then click Create Class.
This will create your files and then compile your project. After compiling, Unreal will open Visual Studio. If BasePlayer.cpp and BasePlayer.h are not open, go to the Solution Explorer and open them. You can find them under Games\CoinCollector\Source\CoinCollector.
Before we move on, you should know about Unreal’s reflection system. This system powers various parts of the engine such as the Details panel and garbage collection. When you create a class using the C++ Class Wizard, Unreal will put three lines into your header:
#include "TypeName.generated.h"
UCLASS()
GENERATED_BODY()
Unreal requires these lines in order for a class to be visible to the reflection system. If this sounds confusing, don’t worry. Just know that the reflection system will allow you to do things such as expose functions and variables to Blueprints and the editor.
You’ll also notice that your class is named
ABasePlayer instead of
BasePlayer. When creating an actor-type class, Unreal will prefix the class name with A (for actor). The reflection system requires classes to have the appropriate prefixes in order to work. You can read about the other prefixes in Epic’s Coding Standard.
That’s all you need to know about the reflection system for now. Next, you will add a player model and camera. To do this, you need to use components.
Adding Components
For the player Pawn, you will add three components:
- Static Mesh: This will allow you to select a mesh to represent the player
- Spring Arm: This component operates like a camera boom. One end will be attached to the mesh and the camera will be attached to the other end.
- Camera: Whatever this camera sees is what Unreal will display to the player
First, you need to include headers for each type of component. Open BasePlayer.h and then add the following lines above
#include "BasePlayer.generated.h":
#include "Components/StaticMeshComponent.h" #include "GameFramework/SpringArmComponent.h" #include "Camera/CameraComponent.h"
#include "CoreMinimal.h" #include "GameFramework/Pawn.h" #include "Components/StaticMeshComponent.h" #include "GameFramework/SpringArmComponent.h" #include "Camera/CameraComponent.h" #include "BasePlayer.generated.h"
If it is not the last include, you will get an error when compiling.
Now you need to declare variables for each component. Add the following lines after
SetupPlayerInputComponent():
UStaticMeshComponent* Mesh; USpringArmComponent* SpringArm; UCameraComponent* Camera;
The name you use here will be the name of the component in the editor. In this case, the components will display as Mesh, SpringArm and Camera.
Next, you need to make each variable visible to the reflection system. To do this, add
UPROPERTY() above each variable. Your code should now look like this:
UPROPERTY() UStaticMeshComponent* Mesh; UPROPERTY() USpringArmComponent* SpringArm; UPROPERTY() UCameraComponent* Camera;
You can also add specifiers to
UPROPERTY(). These will control how the variable behaves with various aspects of the engine.
Add
VisibleAnywhere and
BlueprintReadOnly inside the brackets for each
UPROPERTY(). Separate each specifier with a comma.
UPROPERTY(VisibleAnywhere, BlueprintReadOnly)
VisibleAnywhere will allow each component to be visible within the editor (including Blueprints).
BlueprintReadOnly will allow you to get a reference to the component using Blueprint nodes. However, it will not allow you to set the component. It is important for components to be read-only because their variables are pointers. You do not want to allow users to set this otherwise they could point to a random location in memory. Note that
BlueprintReadOnly will still allow you to set variables inside of the component, which is the desired behavior.
EditAnywhereand
BlueprintReadWriteinstead.
Now that you have variables for each component, you need to initialize them. To do this, you must create them within the constructor.
Initializing Components
To create components, you can use
CreateDefaultSubobject<Type>("InternalName"). Open BasePlayer.cpp and add the following lines inside
ABasePlayer():
Mesh = CreateDefaultSubobject<UStaticMeshComponent>("Mesh"); SpringArm = CreateDefaultSubobject<USpringArmComponent>("SpringArm"); Camera = CreateDefaultSubobject<UCameraComponent>("Camera");
This will create a component of each type. It will then assign their memory address to the provided variable. The string argument will be the component’s internal name used by the engine (not the display name although they are the same in this case).
Next you need to set up the hierarchy (which component is the root and so on). Add the following after the previous code:
RootComponent = Mesh; SpringArm->SetupAttachment(Mesh); Camera->SetupAttachment(SpringArm);
The first line will make
Mesh the root component. The second line will attach
SpringArm to
Mesh. Finally, the third line will attach
Camera to
SpringArm.
Now that the component code is complete, you need to compile. Perform one of the following methods to compile:
- In Visual Studio, select Build\Build Solution
- In Unreal Engine, click Compile in the Toolbar
Next, you need to set which mesh to use and the rotation of the spring arm. It is advisable to do this in Blueprints because you do not want to hard-code asset paths in C++. For example, in C++, you would need to do something like this to set a static mesh:
static ConstructorHelpers::FObjectFinder<UStaticMesh> MeshToUse(TEXT("StaticMesh'/Game/MyMesh.MyMesh"); MeshComponent->SetStaticMesh(MeshToUse.Object);
However, in Blueprints, you can just select a mesh from a drop-down list.
If you were to move the asset to another folder, your Blueprints wouldn’t break. However, in C++, you would have to change every reference to that asset.
To set the mesh and spring arm rotation within Blueprints, you will need to create a Blueprint based on BasePlayer.
Subclassing C++ Classes
In Unreal Engine, navigate to the Blueprints folder and create a Blueprint Class. Expand the All Classes section and search for BasePlayer. Select BasePlayer and then click Select.
Rename it to BP_Player and then open it.
First, you will set the mesh. Select the Mesh component and set its Static Mesh to SM_Sphere.
Next, you need to set the spring arm’s rotation and length. This will be a top-down game so the camera needs to be above the player.
Select the SpringArm component and set Rotation to (0, -50, 0). This will rotate the spring arm so that the camera points down towards the mesh.
Since the spring arm is a child of the mesh, it will start spinning when the ball starts spinning.
To fix this, you need to set the rotation of the spring arm to be absolute. Click the arrow next to Rotation and select World.
Afterwards, set Target Arm Length to 1000. This will place the camera 1000 units away from the mesh.
Next, you need to set the Default Pawn Class in order to use your Pawn. Click Compile and then go back to the editor. Open the World Settings and set Default Pawn to BP_Player.
Press Play to see your Pawn in the game.
The next step is to add functions so the player can move around.
Implementing Movement
Instead of adding an offset to move around, you will move around using physics! First, you need a variable to indicate how much force to apply to the ball.
Go back to Visual Studio and open BasePlayer.h. Add the following after the component variables:
UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite) float MovementForce;
EditAnywhere allows you to edit
MovementForce in the Details panel.
BlueprintReadWrite will allow you to set and read
MovementForce using Blueprint nodes.
Next, you will create two functions. One for moving up and down and another for moving left and right.
Creating Movement Functions
Add the following function declarations below
MovementForce:
void MoveUp(float Value); void MoveRight(float Value);
Later on, you will bind axis mapppings to these functions. By doing this, axis mappings will be able to pass in their scale (which is why the functions need the
float Value parameter).
Now, you need to create an implementation for each function. Open BasePlayer.cpp and add the following at the end of the file:
void ABasePlayer::MoveUp(float Value) { FVector ForceToAdd = FVector(1, 0, 0) * MovementForce * Value; Mesh->AddForce(ForceToAdd); } void ABasePlayer::MoveRight(float Value) { FVector ForceToAdd = FVector(0, 1, 0) * MovementForce * Value; Mesh->AddForce(ForceToAdd); }
MoveUp() will add a physics force on the X-axis to
Mesh. The strength of the force is provided by
MovementForce. By multiplying the result by
Value (the axis mapping scale), the mesh can move in either the positive or negative directions.
MoveRight() does the same as
MoveUp() but on the Y-axis.
Now that the movement functions are complete, you need to bind the axis mappings to them.
Binding Axis Mappings to Functions
For the sake of simplicity, I have already created the axis mappings for you. You can find them in the Project Settings under Input.
Add the following inside
SetupPlayerInputComponent():
InputComponent->BindAxis("MoveUp", this, &ABasePlayer::MoveUp); InputComponent->BindAxis("MoveRight", this, &ABasePlayer::MoveRight);
This will bind the MoveUp and MoveRight axis mappings to
MoveUp() and
MoveRight().
That’s it for the movement functions. Next, you need to enable physics on the Mesh component.
Enabling Physics
Add the following lines inside
ABasePlayer():
Mesh->SetSimulatePhysics(true); MovementForce = 100000;
The first line will allow physics forces to affect
Mesh. The second line will set
MovementForce to 100,000. This means 100,000 units of force will be added to the ball when moving. By default, physics objects weigh about 110 kilograms so you need a lot of force to move them!
If you’ve created a subclass, some properties won’t change even if you’ve changed it within the base class. In this case, BP_Player won’t have Simulate Physics enabled. However, any subclasses you create now will have it enabled by default.
Compile and then go back to Unreal Engine. Open BP_Player and select the Mesh component. Afterwards, enable Simulate Physics.
Click Compile and then press Play. Use W, A, S and D to move around.
Next, you will declare a C++ function that you can implement using Blueprints. This allows designers to create functionality without having to use C++. To learn this, you will create a jump function.
Creating the Jump Function
First you need to bind the jump mapping to a function. In this tutorial, jump is set to space bar.
Go back to Visual Studio and open BasePlayer.h. Add the following below
MoveRight():
UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite) float JumpImpulse; UFUNCTION(BlueprintImplementableEvent) void Jump();
First is a float variable called
JumpImpulse. You will use this when implementing the jump. It uses
EditAnywhere to make it editable within the editor. It also uses
BlueprintReadWrite so you can read and write it using Blueprint nodes.
Next is the jump function.
UFUNCTION() will make
Jump() visible to the reflection system.
BlueprintImplementableEvent will allow Blueprints to implement
Jump(). If there is no implementation, any calls to
Jump() will do nothing.
BlueprintNativeEventinstead. You’ll learn how to do this later on in the tutorial.
Since Jump is an action mapping, the method to bind it is slightly different. Close BasePlayer.h and then open BasePlayer.cpp. Add the following inside
SetupPlayerInputComponent():
InputComponent->BindAction("Jump", IE_Pressed, this, &ABasePlayer::Jump);
This will bind the Jump mapping to
Jump(). It will only execute when you press the jump key. If you want it to execute when the key is released, use
IE_Released instead.
Up next is overriding
Jump() in Blueprints.
Overriding Functions in Blueprints
Compile and then close BasePlayer.cpp. Afterwards, go back to Unreal Engine and open BP_Player. Go to the My Blueprints panel and hover over Functions to display the Override drop-down. Click it and select Jump. This will create an Event Jump.
Next, create the following setup:
This will add an impulse (JumpImpulse) on the Z-axis to Mesh. Note that in this implementation, the player can jump indefinitely.
Next, you need to set the value of JumpImpulse. Click Class Defaults in the Toolbar and then go to the Details panel. Set JumpImpulse to 100000.
Click Compile and then close BP_Player. Press Play and jump around using space bar.
In the next section, you will make the coins disappear when the player touches them.
Collecting Coins
To handle overlaps, you need to bind a function to an overlap event. To do this, the function must meet two requirements. The first is that the function must have the
UFUNCTION() macro. The second requirement is the function must have the correct signature. In this tutorial, you will use the OnActorBeginOverlap event. This event requires a function to have the following signature:
FunctionName(AActor* OverlappedActor, AActor* OtherActor)
Go back to Visual Studio and open BaseCoin.h. Add the following below
PlayCustomDeath():
UFUNCTION() void OnOverlap(AActor* OverlappedActor, AActor* OtherActor);
After binding,
OnOverlap() will execute when the coin overlaps another actor.
OverlappedActor will be the coin and
OtherActor will be the other actor.
Next, you need to implement
OnOverlap().
Implementing Overlaps
Open BaseCoin.cpp and add the following at the end of the file:
void ABaseCoin::OnOverlap(AActor* OverlappedActor, AActor* OtherActor) { }
Since you only want to detect overlaps with the player, you need to cast
OtherActor to
ABasePlayer. Before you do the cast, you need to include the header for
ABasePlayer. Add the following below
#include "BaseCoin.h":
#include "BasePlayer.h"
Now you need to perform the cast. In Unreal Engine, you can cast like this:
Cast<TypeToCastTo>(ObjectToCast);
If the cast is successful, it will return a pointer to
ObjectToCast. If unsuccessful, it will return
nullptr. By checking if the result is
nullptr, you can determine if the object was of the correct type.
Add the following inside
OnOverlap():
if (Cast<ABasePlayer>(OtherActor) != nullptr) { Destroy(); }
Now, when
OnOverlap() executes, it will check if
OtherActor is of type
ABasePlayer. If it is, destroy the coin.
Next, you need to bind
OnOverlap().
Binding the Overlap Function
To bind a function to an overlap event, you need to use
AddDynamic() on the event. Add the following inside
ABaseCoin():
OnActorBeginOverlap.AddDynamic(this, &ABaseCoin::OnOverlap);
This will bind
OnOverlap() to the OnActorBeginOverlap event. This event occurs whenever this actor overlaps another actor.
Compile and then go back to Unreal Engine. Press Play and start collecting coins. When you overlap a coin, the coin will destroy itself, causing it to disappear.
In the next section, you will create another overridable C++ function. However, this time you will also create a default implementation. To demonstrate this, you will use
OnOverlap().
Creating a Function’s Default Implementation
To make a function with a default implementation, you need to use the
BlueprintNativeEvent specifier. Go back to Visual Studio and open BaseCoin.h. Add
BlueprintNativeEvent to the
UFUNCTION() of
OnOverlap():
UFUNCTION(BlueprintNativeEvent) void OnOverlap(AActor* OverlappedActor, AActor* OtherActor);
To make a function the default implementation, you need to add the
_Implementation suffix. Open BaseCoin.cpp and change
OnOverlap to
OnOverlap_Implementation:
void ABaseCoin::OnOverlap_Implementation(AActor* OverlappedActor, AActor* OtherActor)
Now, if a child Blueprint does not implement
OnOverlap(), this implementation will be used instead.
The next step is to implement
OnOverlap() in BP_Coin.
Creating the Blueprint Implementation
For the Blueprint implementation, you will call
PlayCustomDeath(). This C++ function will increase the coin’s rotation rate. After 0.5 seconds, the coin will destroy itself.
To call a C++ function from Blueprints, you need to use the
BlueprintCallable specifier. Close BaseCoin.cpp and then open BaseCoin.h. Add the following above
PlayCustomDeath():
UFUNCTION(BlueprintCallable)
Compile and then close Visual Studio. Go back to Unreal Engine and open BP_Coin. Override On Overlap and then create the following setup:
Now whenever a player overlaps a coin, Play Custom Death will execute.
Click Compile and then close BP_Coin. Press Play and collect some coins to test the new implementation.
Where to Go From Here?
You can download the completed project here.
As you can see, working with C++ in Unreal Engine is quite easy. Although you’ve accomplished a lot so far with C++, there is still a lot to learn! I’d recommend checking out Epic’s tutorial series on creating a top-down shooter using C++.
If you’re new to Unreal Engine, check out our 10-part beginner series. This series will take you through various systems such as Blueprints, Materials and Particle Systems.
If there’s a topic you’d like me to cover, let me know in the comments below! | https://www.raywenderlich.com/185-unreal-engine-4-c-tutorial | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 3,031 | 58.69 |
On 21/04/21 15:30 +0100, Jonathan Wakely wrote: Here's a simpler patch which just removes the #error and renames the REQUIRE macro to USE. This still dumps the whole of <semaphore.h> and <limits.h> in the global namespace when <semaphore> is included, but we'll have to live with that for the 11.1 release. I'm just finishing testing this on various targets and will push to trunk. I'd like to backport it to gcc-11 too, to fix PR100179. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: patch.txt Type: text/x-patch Size: 2422 bytes Desc: not available URL: <> | https://gcc.gnu.org/pipermail/libstdc++/2021-April/052389.html | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 108 | 85.08 |
The most basic Continuous Integration process is called a commit pipeline. This classic phase, as its name says, starts with a commit (or push in Git) to the main repository and results in a report about the build success or failure. Since it runs after each change in the code, the build should take no more than 5 minutes and should consume a reasonable amount of resources.
This tutorial is an excerpt taken from the book, Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins written by Rafał Leszko. This book provides steps to build applications on Docker files and integrate them with Jenkins using continuous delivery processes such as continuous integration, automated acceptance testing, and configuration management. In this article, you will learn how to create Continuous Integration commit pipeline using Docker.
The commit phase is always the starting point of the Continuous Delivery process, and it provides the most important feedback cycle in the development process, constant information if the code is in a healthy state. A developer checks in the code to the repository, the Continuous Integration server detects the change, and the build starts. The most fundamental commit pipeline contains three stages:
- Checkout: This stage downloads the source code from the repository
- Compile: This stage compiles the source code
- Unit test: This stage runs a suite of unit tests
Let’s create a sample project and see how to implement the commit pipeline.
This is an example of a pipeline for the project that uses technologies such as Git, Java, Gradle, and Spring Boot. Nevertheless, the same principles apply to any other technology.
Checking out code from the repository is always the first operation in any pipeline. In order to see this, we need to have a repository. Then, we will be able to create a pipeline.
Creating a GitHub repository
Creating a repository on the GitHub server takes just a few steps:
- Go to the page.
- Click on New repository.
- Give it a name, calculator.
- Tick Initialize this repository with a README.
- Click on Create repository.
Now, you should see the address of the repository, for example,.
Creating a checkout stage
We can create a new pipeline called calculator and, as Pipeline script, put the code with a stage called Checkout:
pipeline { agent any stages { stage("Checkout") { steps { git url: '' } } } }
The pipeline can be executed on any of the agents, and its only step does nothing more than downloading code from the repository. We can click on Build Now and see if it was executed successfully.
Note that the Git toolkit needs to be installed on the node where the build is executed.
When we have the checkout, we’re ready for the second stage.
Compile
In order to compile a project, we need to:
- Create a project with the source code.
- Push it to the repository.
- Add the Compile stage to the pipeline.
Creating a Java Spring Boot project
Let’s create a very simple Java project using the Spring Boot framework built by Gradle.
Spring Boot is a Java framework that simplifies building enterprise applications. Gradle is a build automation system that is based on the concepts of Apache Maven.
The simplest way to create a Spring Boot project is to perform the following steps:
- Go to the page.
- Select Gradle project instead of Maven project (you can also leave Maven if you prefer it to Gradle).
- Fill Group and Artifact (for example, com.leszko and calculator).
- Add Web to Dependencies.
- Click on Generate Project.
- The generated skeleton project should be downloaded (the calculator.zip file).
The following screenshot presents the page:
Pushing code to GitHub
We will use the Git tool to perform the commit and push operations:
In order to run the git command, you need to have the Git toolkit installed (it can be downloaded from).
Let’s first clone the repository to the filesystem:
$ git clone
Extract the project downloaded from into the directory created by Git.
If you prefer, you can import the project into IntelliJ, Eclipse, or your favorite IDE tool.
As a result, the calculator directory should have the following files:
$ ls -a . .. build.gradle .git .gitignore gradle gradlew gradlew.bat README.md src
In order to perform the Gradle operations locally, you need to have Java JDK installed (in Ubuntu, you can do it by executing sudo apt-get install -y default-jdk).
We can compile the project locally using the following code:
$ ./gradlew compileJava
In the case of Maven, you can run ./mvnw compile. Both Gradle and Maven compile the Java classes located in the src directory.
You can find all possible Gradle instructions (for the Java project) at.
Now, we can commit and push to the GitHub repository:
$ git add . $ git commit -m "Add Spring Boot skeleton" $ git push -u origin master
After running the git push command, you will be prompted to enter the GitHub credentials (username and password).
The code is already in the GitHub repository. If you want to check it, you can go to the GitHub page and see the files.
Creating a compile stage
We can add a Compile stage to the pipeline using the following code:
stage("Compile") { steps { sh "./gradlew compileJava" } }
Note that we used exactly the same command locally and in the Jenkins pipeline, which is a very good sign because the local development process is consistent with the Continuous Integration environment. After running the build, you should see two green boxes. You can also check that the project was compiled correctly in the console log.
Unit test
It’s time to add the last stage that is Unit test, which checks if our code does what we expect it to do. We have to:
- Add the source code for the calculator logic
- Write unit test for the code
- Add a stage to execute the unit test
Creating business logic
The first version of the calculator will be able to add two numbers. Let’s add the business logic as a class in the src/main/java/com/leszko/calculator/Calculator.java file:
package com.leszko.calculator; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class Calculator {
int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}
To execute the business logic, we also need to add the web service controller in a separate file src/main/java/com/leszko/calculator/CalculatorController.java:
package com.leszko.calculator; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
class CalculatorController {
@Autowired
private Calculator calculator;
@RequestMapping(“/sum”)
String sum(@RequestParam(“a”) Integer a,
@RequestParam(“b”) Integer b) {
return String.valueOf(calculator.sum(a, b));
}
}
This class exposes the business logic as a web service. We can run the application and see how it works:
$ ./gradlew bootRun
It should start our web service and we can check that it works by navigating to the browser and opening the page. This should sum two numbers ( 1 and 2) and show 3 in the browser.
Writing a unit test
We already have the working application. How can we ensure that the logic works as expected? We have tried it once, but in order to know constantly, we need a unit test. In our case, it will be trivial, maybe even unnecessary; however, in real projects, unit tests can save from bugs and system failures.
Let’s create a unit test in the file src/test/java/com/leszko/calculator/CalculatorTest.java:
package com.leszko.calculator; import org.junit.Test; import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
public class CalculatorTest {
private Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
@Test
public void testSum() {
assertEquals(5, calculator.sum(2, 3));
}
}
We can run the test locally using the ./gradlew test command. Then, let’s commit the code and push it to the repository:
$ git add . $ git commit -m "Add sum logic, controller and unit test" $ git push
Creating a unit test stage
Now, we can add a Unit test stage to the pipeline:
stage("Unit test") { steps { sh "./gradlew test" } }
In the case of Maven, we would have to use ./mvnw test.
When we build the pipeline again, we should see three boxes, which means that we’ve completed the Continuous Integration pipeline:
Placing the pipeline definition inside Jenkinsfile
All the time, so far, we created the pipeline code directly in Jenkins. This is, however, not the only option. We can also put the pipeline definition inside a file called Jenkinsfile and commit it to the repository together with the source code. This method is even more consistent because the way your pipeline looks is strictly related to the project itself.
For example, if you don’t need the code compilation because your programming language is interpreted (and not compiled), then you won’t have the Compile stage. The tools you use also differ depending on the environment. We used Gradle/Maven because we’ve built the Java project; however, in the case of a project written in Python, you could use PyBuilder. It leads to the idea that the pipelines should be created by the same people who write the code, developers. Also, the pipeline definition should be put together with the code, in the repository.
This approach brings immediate benefits, as follows:
- In case of Jenkins’ failure, the pipeline definition is not lost (because it’s stored in the code repository, not in Jenkins)
- The history of the pipeline changes is stored
- Pipeline changes go through the standard code development process (for example, they are subjected to code reviews)
- Access to the pipeline changes is restricted exactly in the same way as the access to the source code
Creating Jenkinsfile
We can create the Jenkinsfile and push it to our GitHub repository. Its content is almost the same as the commit pipeline we wrote. The only difference is that the checkout stage becomes redundant because Jenkins has to checkout the code (together with Jenkinsfile) first and then read the pipeline structure (from Jenkinsfile). This is why Jenkins needs to know the repository address before it reads Jenkinsfile.
Let’s create a file called Jenkinsfile in the root directory of our project:
pipeline { agent any stages { stage("Compile") { steps { sh "./gradlew compileJava" } } stage("Unit test") { steps { sh "./gradlew test" } } } }
We can now commit the added files and push to the GitHub repository:
$ git add . $ git commit -m "Add sum Jenkinsfile" $ git push
Running pipeline from Jenkinsfile
When Jenkinsfile is in the repository, then all we have to do is to open the pipeline configuration and in the Pipeline section:
- Change Definition from Pipeline script to Pipeline script from SCM
- Select Git in SCM
- Put in Repository URL
After saving, the build will always run from the current version of Jenkinsfile into the repository.
We have successfully created the first complete commit pipeline. It can be treated as a minimum viable product, and actually, in many cases, it’s sufficient as the Continuous Integration process. In the next sections, we will see what improvements can be done to make the commit pipeline even better.
To summarize, we covered some aspects of the Continuous Integration pipeline, which is always the first step for Continuous Delivery. If you’ve enjoyed reading this post, do check out the book, Continuous Delivery with Docker and Jenkins to know more on how to deploy applications using Docker images and testing them with Jenkins.
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Is your Enterprise Measuring the Right DevOps Metrics? | https://hub.packtpub.com/creating-a-continuous-integration-commit-pipeline-using-docker-tutorial/ | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | refinedweb | 1,935 | 54.22 |
Application update prompt using Cimbalino Windows Phone Toolkit
This article explains how to create a simple 'Check for updates' prompt that checks the user has the latest version of your application installed.
Windows Phone 8
Introduction
This article demonstrates how to create a "Check for updates" prompt for an application. This is useful because it encourages users to update their apps even if they've ignored system notifications to do so; thereby reducing the number of people using older, less functional, and less stable versions of your app.
The code example compares the installed version of the application to the version currently available on the marketplace. If there is a newer version available, the user will be prompted and taken to the marketplace page for the application. The example has additional code to determine whether the user has already been prompted to update the app, and to control the rate at which they should be reminded if they chose to ignore an update request.
Note: The article Checking for updates from inside a Windows Phone app explains from first principles how the Cimbalino Windows Phone Toolkit determines whether an update is required.
Prerequisites
The only prerequisite for this example is you'll need to install the excellent "Cimbalino Windows Phone Toolkit". This can be done using nuget or can be downloaded from here (for more information see How to install Cimbalino Windows Phone Toolkit packages).
Setting up the manifest file
There are a few things that you'll need to set up in your application's manifest file. Firstly you'll need to ensure that the ProductID in the manifest matches the App ID of your published application (this can be found on the details tab for your application on the Windows Phone Developer Dashboard portal). This is set automatically by the Marketplace when you publish your application but you will need to manually set it when testing/developing to allow the check to work.
You also need to make sure that you update the version number in you manifest every time you update the application otherwise the checks will fail.
Create the Update Reminder Class
The ApplicationUpdateReminder class acts as a wrapper for the services used to check the marketplace for updates, the prompt, and the code that defines the re-prompting behaviour.
Add this class to your Windows Phone Project.
public class ApplicationUpdateReminder
{
public string CurrentVersion { get; set; }
public int? RecurrencePerUsageCount { get; set; }
public string MessagePrompt { get; set; }
public string MessageTitle { get; set; }
public int UpdateRejectedCount
{
get
{
return _rejectCount;
}
}
private int _usageCount = 0;
private int _rejectCount = 0;
private string _MessagePrompt;
private string _MessageTitle;
private const string LAUNCH_COUNT = "LAUNCH_COUNT";
private const string REJECT_UPDATE_COUNT = "REJECT_UPDATE_COUNT";
private const string MESSAGE_PROMPT = "Do you want to install the new version now?";
private const string MESSAGE_TITLE = "Update Available";
public ApplicationUpdateReminder()
{
LoadState();
}
private void LoadState()
{
this._usageCount = AppSettings.Read<int>(LAUNCH_COUNT, 0);
_usageCount++;
this._rejectCount = AppSettings.Read<int>(REJECT_UPDATE_COUNT, 0);
}
private void StoreState()
{
AppSettings.Write(LAUNCH_COUNT, _usageCount);
AppSettings.Write(REJECT_UPDATE_COUNT, _rejectCount);
}
public void Notify()
{
if (RecurrencePerUsageCount.HasValue)
{
if (_usageCount >= RecurrencePerUsageCount.Value)
{
_usageCount = 0; //reset because check has been fired;
CheckForUpdates();
}
}
else
{
CheckForUpdates();
}
StoreState();
}
private async void CheckForUpdates()
{
try
{
var _informationService = new MarketplaceInformationService();
var _applicationManifestService = new ApplicationManifestService();
var result = await _informationService.GetAppInformationAsync();
var appInfo = _applicationManifestService.GetApplicationManifest();
Version myVersion;
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(CurrentVersion))
{
myVersion = new Version(appInfo.App.Version);
}
else
{
myVersion = new Version(CurrentVersion);
}
var updatedVersion = new Version(result.Entry.Version);
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(MessageTitle))
{
_MessageTitle = MESSAGE_TITLE;
}
else
{
_MessageTitle = MessageTitle;
}
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(MessagePrompt))
{
_MessagePrompt = MESSAGE_PROMPT;
}
else
{
_MessagePrompt = MessagePrompt;
}
if (updatedVersion > myVersion)
{
if (MessageBox.Show(_MessagePrompt, _MessageTitle, MessageBoxButton.OKCancel) == MessageBoxResult.OK)
{
new MarketplaceDetailTask().Show();
}
else
{
_rejectCount++;
}
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
//Log the error somehow
}
}
public void ForceCheckForUpdates()
{
CheckForUpdates();
}
}
Setting up the reminder class
We now need to setup the reminder class for use. Firstly add a public property for the ApplicationUpdateReminder class in App.xaml.cs:
public ApplicationUpdateReminder updateReminder;
Then add the following code to the App class constructor:
This will check for updates every third time the application is run.
Checking for updates
The code for checking your app is now quite straightforward. In your page constructor, add one of the following code snippets:
//this will use the RecurrencePerUsageCount
(App.Current as App).updateReminder.Notify();
// this will ignore RecurrencePerUsageCount
(App.Current as App).updateReminder.ForceCheckForUpdates();
PLEASE NOTE : The update reminder class assumes that the device will have an active internet connection otherwise the check will fail with error. To avoid this, use the following code to check for internet connectivity:
//this should go at the top of the page
using Microsoft.Phone.Net.NetworkInformation
//this will use the RecurrencePerUsageCount
if(NetworkInterface.GetIsNetworkAvailable())
{
(App.Current as App).updateReminder.Notify();
}
// this will ignore RecurrencePerUsageCount
if(NetworkInterface.GetIsNetworkAvailable())
{
(App.Current as App).updateReminder.ForceCheckForUpdates();
}
Downloads
You can download the source code for this example here File:CheckForUpdatesSource.zip
Summary
This is an easy way to ensure that all users are running the latest version of your app and can really help with reviews like "the app is broke" when users are running older versions of your app. There is also an UpdateRejectedCount property that you could use to disable the application after a specified number of update rejections if you wished. - Review
Hi Iestyn
Interestingly, we also have Checking for updates from inside a Windows Phone app which explains the inner working of MarketplaceInformationService - and indeed the author updated Cimbalino with the code. However that article only covers the process from "first principles" and introduces Cimbalino/MarketplaceInformationService - it doesn't actually show how to use it. So from my perspective this is a very useful article.
What I'd like to do is propose a name change to differentiate the articles, and cross link them. How about "App update notification using Cimbalino Windows Phone Toolkit"? I'd then update this to explain the other article, and in the other article explain the how to.
I would also like to change the licencing of the uploaded file from Nokia standard T&Cs to very permissive MIT licence. Are you OK with that?
RegardsH
hamishwillee (talk) 06:08, 29 October 2013 (EET)
I Jones - RE:Hamishwillee - Review
Hi HamishThat all sounds good to me. What do you need me to do?
I Jones (talk) 11:00, 29 October 2013 (EET)
Hamishwillee - think about "reprompting"
Hi Iestyn
I've renamed the page, and I'll do the other suggestions over the coming days.
One thing you could do is consider where this code should be executed. If you run it every time the app is run then the user may update, but they may find it annoying and just remove the app or stop using it. This would be disappointing if the reason they stopped is just because their internet connection is unreliable (and perhaps only temporarily). Could you perhaps add code to show how to do this prompting after every 5 uses (say) until they've updated.
For bonus points ... wrap this up in a library making the refresh notification rate configurable and also making it easy for others to translate the strings. If you go this far, I'd suggest hosting it on github.
RegardsH
hamishwillee (talk) 08:06, 30 October 2013 (EET)
Hamishwillee - ... and even disable the appIt might also be worth saying a few words /options about what to do if they won't update the app. I don't know what the store says, but perhaps it would be OK to actually block continuing the app.
hamishwillee (talk) 08:10, 30 October 2013 (EET)
I Jones - RE:Hamishwillee - ReviewI've updated the article with your suggestions, the whole process is now integrated into a class. I'm having issues with updating the source code zip file examples though.
I Jones (talk) 13:56, 31 October 2013 (EET)
Hamishwillee - Thanks.
Hi Thanks! I hope to review this again very shortly and provide more feedback if needed. In the meantime, I've sent you my email address in a private message - so you can email me the zip and I'll see if I can upload.
regardsH
hamishwillee (talk) 05:32, 1 November 2013 (EET)
Saramgsilva - Same article
Hello,
Pedro Lamas wrote this article is similar goal, but don´use cimbalino... you could write your article in the same article, updating that.
saramgsilva (talk) 20:16, 2 November 2013 (EET)
Hamishwillee - Sara, yes we know
Hi Sara
True, and I made the point in my review up the top.
In an ideal world we would merge, however this article is much more simple than Pedro's, and in my opinion merging would actually be less useful for developers because "understanding how it works" is not actually necessary to using it ... and makes the story more complicated. On the other hand, I don't want to cut back Pedro's interesting article to make it more functional. So as a compromise I'm cross linking them (in progress)
Iestyn, please email me the file to upload
RegardsH
hamishwillee (talk) 09:01, 4 November 2013 (EET)
Hamishwillee - Subedited/Reviewed
Hi Iestyn,
Firstly thanks for your updates. Make sense to me and address my concern - much appreciated.
I gave it a further subedit to improve the introduction and add cross links to the other article. I also added a little more explanation in some of the sections. Can you please check that you're still OK with it.
All then that is missing is the code example file.
regardsH
hamishwillee (talk) 09:23, 4 November 2013 (EET)
Galazzo -
Hello,
I tested the code, also run the sample code.
I was publishing the App with this update, but just before click submit I had a doubt and did the last test, turn off all internet connections.
Well I did good as the App crash! I used also a try catch, but nothing.
Is it a known issue? Do I'm wronging something ? Anyway worth to deepen that as if I published the App in that way it would be no good at all, so worth to know how to manage that.
Can you tell more info about that?
More is not clear if to align the product ID to Dev Portal must be done just to test the App then restore the old product ID or can be published with the new product ID.
This is very important to know, as changing the product ID, you are not able to install the new app over the old. You must delete it then install again with the new product ID. This could be frustrating in "developer mode" but not a problem if you know the behavior. But what happens when published ? Does user have to uninstall the app after this update?
This is another aspect to clarify very good. In that moment I don't feel to risk to update my App until all aspect are not clear. As the solution is very interesting, can you please provide more information and tell your experience with published App?
Thanks,Sebastiano
galazzo (talk) 00:05, 18 December 2013 (EET)
I Jones - RE:Galazzo -
Hi Sebastiano
Thanks for your interest in the article. I've added a few extra comments on AppID and internet connections. Please take a look and let me know what you think.
As for my experience with a published app, it's working well in apps I've deployed. The users don't need to uninstall and re install as this taken care of by the marketplace.I also have code in my App.Xaml.cs to check for Internet Connectivity before any connection. It uses the NetworkInformation.GetIsNetworkAvailable() method to set a private variable and update when a change event is raised. This saves checking the device status every time and improves performance.
I Jones (talk) 15:43, 7 January 2014 (EET)
Hamishwillee - Should the network check be in the component?
Hi Iestyn
Thanks for the update - lets see what Sebastiano says.
BTW, would it make sense to run the network check within the component - one less thing for users to remember when trying this code?
RegardsH
hamishwillee (talk) 01:31, 8 January 2014 (EET) | http://developer.nokia.com/community/wiki/Application_update_prompt_using_Cimbalino_Windows_Phone_Toolkit | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 2,012 | 55.24 |
Event Details
.
How do I get an invoice or receipt?
On completion of your registration, you will receive an email confirmation with details of your registration including the balance due, if any. If there is a balance due, the confirmation email is your invoice. FoxHedgeLtd.com/Training.html. SEUs and PDUs for this class?
Scrum Alliance members can claim 16 SEU's for this class.
PMPs can claim 16 PDUs for this class.
When & Where
Washington Dulles Airport Marriott
45020 Aviation Drive
Dulles,
VA 20166-7506
Monday, February 5, 2018 at 9:00 AM - Tuesday, February 6, 2018 at 5:00 PM (EST)
Add to my calendar
Organizer
FoxHedge Ltd
FoxHedge is committed to delivering dependable, quality public classes. Since our inception in 2007, we have never cancelled a class.
Instructor: Jim York, CST, CEC Master Training (CSM) - Dulles, VA with Jim YorkShare Tweet | https://www.eventbrite.com/e/certified-scrum-master-training-csm-dulles-va-with-jim-york-tickets-39594488180 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | refinedweb | 144 | 64.51 |
Why Does Struct Datatype Encroach Namespace?
There's something odd about struct as in Golang, Racket Scheme lisp, C. Normaly, datatype doesn't become a name in namespace, but struct does.
For example, here's struct in golang:
type Circle struct { x float64 y float64 r float64 }
Notice that now
Circle is a new name in namespace.
You use it like this
// declare var myCir Circle // set values myCir.x = 2 myCir.y = 7 myCir.r = 1
or
// use type inference and literal expression myCir := Circle{2, 7, 1} // assign individual field myCir.x = 4
Struct is basically a list of key/value pairs. It is essentially same as hash table, dictionary, associative list, from a interface point of view.
Now, notice, when you create a hash table (in Python, Perl, JavaScript object), you don't actually create a new datatype. Instead, the language provides the hashtable datatype. You just assign it to variable names. For example:
# python myCir = {"x":2, "y":7, "r":1} print myCir
// JavaScript const myCir = {x:2, y:7, r:1}; console.log(myCir);
Although there's some difference between struct and hashtable/dictionary, in that struct is fixed number of items, but still, it's curious every struct creates a new type, new name in namespace, even though they are actually the same type, namely, a fixed hashtable.
why can't golang simply do this, without creating a new type:
myCir := { x float64 = 2 y float64 = 7 r float64 = 1 }
You might think because of the C heritage that golang followed. But Racket Scheme lisp also has struct, and also introduce a new name to namespace for every struct defined. Worse, it adds a name for every field of the struct too. If you define a struct with n fields, you get n extra names in namespace. 〔〕 (Racket is that way may also due to history, from Scheme, and from existing lisps of 1970s.)
The question here is, why is struct that way? Simply out of history, or is there some technical reason in language design, other than social and convention?
Note here, the other thing that introduces a name is function definition/declaration. Perhaps, a possible clean design is to only allow variable declaration to introduce names.
Answer
Yuri Khan gave a excellent answer. (see comment, reposted here)
The type of an array in a statically typed language is relatively simple: it is either “array of N elements of type T”, or “dynamically sized array of elements of type T”. In C, they are spelled as T x[N] and T x[] or T*, respectively. Names can be introduced using typedef but are often deemed unnecessary. Even with nested or multidimensional arrays, the notation is still quite compact.
Structs, on the other hand, can have multiple members of different and complex types. One can imagine a statically typed language where structs have no names by default. In such a hypothetical language, you can say:var john: record name: string; birthdate: record year: integer; month: integer; day: integer; end; end;
(This notation is actually valid Pascal.)
Look: we've spent 8 lines just to declare a variable. We'll have to repeat all that boilerplate every time we want to accept a person as a function argument, and we'll have to update every repetition of that when we decide we'd like to also know the gender of our persons. Guess what we do? We assign it a name, to save typing.
Requiring a name for every struct type also makes it possible to introduce name-based type matching: in order for a parameter to be usable with a function, its type must exactly match the type of the argument. On the other hand, with anonymous structs, the compiler has to implement structural matching, where types are deemed equivalent if they are both structs and have fields of the same names and types, memberwise. Moreover, the programmer also has to perform structural matching in their head.
I am not familiar with Racket, but I recognize the problem of field names from Haskell. In Haskell, a record type introduces one name for the type, and one name for each field, and all of that gets dumped into the module namespace. This makes it very inconvenient to have a Point record with fields x and y.
The static syntax of function declaration is a historical artifact of languages which lacked first-class functions, where you couldn't have function-valued variables and constants. I agree that in a functional language one could require the declaration of functions to be written in constant or variable declaration syntax; however, syntactic distinction makes code more readable.
In summary, each struct/record provide a particularly shaped data structure. Each field can have particular type. It is of great convenience, both to compiler and programer, to have a name for that structure, for easy identification of that particular shaped structure (without needing pattern matching), easy testing equality, easy defining a new var with the same struct.
Struct is like Java Class, but without methods. Each java Class definition also introduces a name.
Why didn't the hashtable, dictionary, types also introduce a new name for each? Because, the nature and purpose of dictionary is that, the keys are dynamic and changes all the time. If the keys are fixed, then it becomes a struct/record, and then thus more need to identify them as that particular shaped datatype, so, a name name, or name of the type, is convenient. In other words, each struct, is a structure, or record, kinda used like a fixed type of data base.
Then, the question is, why doesn't Python, Ruby, perl, JavaScript, elisp, not have the struct/record datatype? Probably because, for dynamically typed language, there's less need for a fixed shape structure.
Why does Racket, a dynamic language, has struct then? Probably because, at this point of discourse, it's just a matter of choice, a choice that does not necessary have a perfect answer. It can go both ways. | http://xahlee.info/comp/struct_datatype_and_namespace.html | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | refinedweb | 1,009 | 62.98 |
Multi-stage multi-bet game, gaming device and methodDownload PDF
Info
- Publication number
- US6612927B1US6612927B1 US09709922 US70992200A US6612927B1 US 6612927 B1 US6612927 B1 US 6612927B1 US 09709922 US09709922 US 09709922 US 70992200 A US70992200 A US 70992200A US 6612927 B1 US6612927 B1 US 6612927B1
- Authority
- US
- Grant status
- Grant
- Patent type
-
- Prior art keywords
- stage
- game
- hand
- step
- machine
- invention relates to games in general, and particularly to gaming machines allowing wagers to be placed on a game, and more particularly to an innovative casino-type gaming machine which allows wagers on a plurality of game levels.
There are many ways in which multiple wagers may be placed on different gaming machines. In one of the simplest forms, a player may make a variable wager on a specific bet. On a single line slot machine for example, as the player inputs additional coins into the machine (per play) the payouts for the single payline is multiplied by the number of coins bet. Often the higher awards increase beyond the given multiple, offering a bonus for betting more coins on this single payline. The same type of multiple coin bet is also well known in video poker, where a typical bet is one to five coins on each hand played. In such a video poker game, the paytable is multiplied by the number of coins bet with a substantial bonus being given for a Royal Flush when five coins are bet.
In other gaming machines, there are multiple bets that can be made on different outcomes. In a multiline slot machine for example, a wager can be made on each of a plurality of paylines. Typically, each payline is paid according to a paytable (also referred to as a “payout table”) that is similar for each payline. A single spin of the reels yields a result on each payline which is paid if it matches a winning combination on the paytable.
The above two techniques have been combined, providing multiple paylines and multiple coins per payline. The pay for each payline is multiplied by the number of coins bet on that payline with certain bonuses available when a higher number of coins per payline are wagered.
Additionally, there have been games such as Double-Down Stud poker which allow a player to place an additional bet on a game that is already in progress. There have been games such as Play-It-Again poker which allow a player to make a new bet on a re-play of a starting hand.
Thus, it can be appreciated that there have been poker games, for instance, which allow a player to bet on multiple hands where each of the plurality of hands is generated from a single initial deal, followed by independent draws or re-deals for each hand that received a bet. In each case, the bets that are made are considered to be made on a game of chance, and paid if there is a winning result.
In broad overview, the present invention in one aspect allows the placing of multiple bets on different stages of a game. The game is comprised of a plurality of stages. Each operation of the game begins with the operation of a first stage. Depending on the outcome of the first stage the game may be over, or there may be an operation of a second stage. The second stage operation may be totally independent of the first stage, or may have dependencies on first stage events or data, e.g., the achievement of a “winning” first stage. As will be understood throughout this invention disclosure, “winning” is just one form of possible advancement to the next level. For example, one aspect of the invention includes a “special card” (Free Ride) which permits advancement even if a “losing” condition is presented at a level.
Depending on the outcome of the second stage, the game may be over or there may be an operation of a third stage. This sequence continues until the game ends or until the final (nth) stage has been operated, at which time the game ends.
It should be appreciated that not every stage will operate in each game, and that the lowest stages will operate the most often while the highest stages will operate the least often.
As noted above, the present invention furthermore allows the player to place wagers on different stages of the multi-stage game. Each stage of the game may typically have its own paytable or payout scheme, and its own expected return. A bet made on a stage of the game which is not played is lost in one contemplated form of the invention. Thus, at the highest stages the bets made are lost very often, without even playing that stage of the game, because most games will end before getting to the highest stage bet. Due to this architecture, there is much greater opportunity for large wins in games which get to the highest stages. This makes for a more exciting gaming experience, because as the players watch the game successfully continue through the various stages, the expectation of what may be won at each stage usually increases.
Embodiments shown herein are generally constructed such that the player specifies at the outset of the game the number of stages or levels to bet on. For instance, bets are made on a first level, a second level, and up to the number of levels specified by the player. While this is one preferred embodiment which gives the player action at all levels up to the highest level bet, it is envisioned that the player could be allowed to arbitrarily choose which levels to bet without departing from the invention. So too, it is contemplated that the game could allow for a new bet as stages are achieved.
Certain contemplated embodiments also have a structure that any “Win” on a given stage advances the game to the next stage. Other contemplated embodiments have different game rules for continuing from stage to stage, and operate under those rules for a given stage.
In one aspect of the invention, it is a principal objective to provide a method of playing a game, where a player is initially provided with a first stage game of chance upon which a first wager is placed by the player, and a second stage game of chance upon which a second wager is placeable. As previously noted, the game stages can be the same type of game (e.g., slots), or different games (e.g., slots, cards, dice, roulette, etc.).
Each stage has a “winning” condition and a “losing” condition. That is, there is an established criterion or criteria whereby the player may advance from one stage to the next, or may not. As used throughout this disclosure, and in the claims, “winning” and “losing” are to be considered synonymous with advancing or terminating, unless otherwise stated.
The first stage game is played, with a determination of whether a winning/advancement or losing/terminating condition is presented. If a winning condition is presented by the first stage game as played, then the player advances to the second stage game, assuming a bet has been previously placed for that stage. If a losing condition is presented by the first stage game as played, however, the game is over and any second wager (or higher) is lost. It will be understood that in some embodiments a loss condition could be presented by simply achieving a condition where only part of a wager placed on a given level may be returned, i.e., a player wagered 5 on a level but only achieved a return of 3. So too, all of the bet need not be lost as a terminating/losing condition.
In the event that the first stage presents a winning condition and there is a wager for the second stage, then the second stage game is played. There follows a determination as to which of the winning and losing conditions is presented by the second stage game as played. These steps are repeated for as many stages as are provided by the game if all have been bet upon, or as many stages as have actually been bet upon if fewer than all, again assuming a winning/advancement condition has been met for each preceding stage.
In a preferred form the foregoing method of playing a game includes the step of providing a payout for a winning condition at the second stage, or more preferably providing a payout for a winning condition at each stage. The payout can be based upon the amount of a respective wager at a respective stage, and advantageously includes an increase by a multiplier for a payout at a respective stage, with the multiplier increasing for each successive stage.
In another aspect of the invention, the foregoing method is adapted for operating a processor-controlled gaming machine. In this application of the invention, gameplay elements are provided in a manner that can be visualized by a player, such as on a video display screen, or in some three dimensional format where the gameplay elements can be tracked (such as on a board with an electronic interface), just to name two ways of such visualization. In this form of the invention, a mechanism for a wager input from the player is also provided, along with a mechanism for game operational input from the player, such as to start play.
There is a first stage game of chance upon which a first wager is placed by the player, and at least a second stage game of chance upon which a second wager is placeable. Each stage has a winning/advancement condition and a losing/terminating condition. In the preferred form of the invention, all wagers are placed before play begins at the first stage level.
This gaming machine displays at least the first stage game using at least some of the gameplay elements. For instance, using a video monitor as an example, a first slot machine may be displayed (or first display of cards, or dice, etc.). More than one stage may be displayed at a time (e.g., a plurality of slot machine representations stacked one on top of another on the display). The first stage game is then played, with the previously described determination of which of the winning and losing conditions is presented by the first stage game as played. Again, if a winning condition is presented, the player advances to the second stage game, but if a losing condition is presented by the first stage game as played, the game is over and at least some (and most preferably all) of the second (and any subsequent) wager is lost.
If not already displayed, and assuming there has been an advancing condition met at the first stage and a bet placed on the second stage, the second stage game of chance is displayed (or, for instance, activated if already displayed). This second stage is played, with a determination of which of the winning and losing conditions is presented by the second stage game as played. If there is a winning condition, this form of the invention provides a payout for the second stage, as well as for any subsequent consecutive stage for which there is a winning condition, and a wager placed thereon.
One embodiment of this method as applied to a gaming machine provides a set of differing gameplay element indicia, such as facets of a die. A subset of at least one match indicia against which a set of dice are to be matched in the course of play is established, such as a random selection of die faces (e.g., three die numbers against which tossed dice are to be matched. In a preferred form of this dice gaming machine, first, second, third and successive stages up to said nth stages are displayed together as discrete arrays on a visual display.
The dice are initially tossed in one embodiment, and beginning with at least the second stage game, a determination is made as to whether any match is made between the match indicia and the dice tossed. At least one match comprises a winning condition for a stage being played, in this embodiment. If a match is not made, then the unmatched indicium is removed from further play. The game ends when no matches are made at a given level, again assuming that a wager has been made up to and including that level.
Yet another aspect of the invention is providing a feature which is subject to random allocation to a stage in the course of play, with the feature if allocated enabling a next stage to be played regardless of whether a winning condition has otherwise been presented. The feature, referred to herein as a “Free Ride,” therefore constitutes or comprises a so-called winning/advancement condition. Of course, a wager still needs to have been placed on the next stage which is subject to being so enabled for play by the Free Ride feature.
A video card game comprises yet another form of the invention. Here, a video display device is driven by a cpu having a program. A wager input mechanism registers a wager placed by a player, with the wager including an ability to register bets upon successive stages of the game. A first deck of playing cards comprised of cards of suit and rank is generated by the program, with the program establishing a first array for display of a subset of the deck (i.e., a hand) of cards randomly selected from the deck.
A first stage hand of cards is dealt. The card game could be one in which the hand as so dealt is not subject to a draw, or the player can select cards to discard, with a new card taking the place of any discarded. In either event, the hand ultimately becomes set, and a determination is made as to whether the hand of cards presents a winning/advancement condition based upon a preset hierarchical ranking of card arrangements relating to suit and rank. As in the situations noted above, subsequent hands of cards are dealt if a winning condition is presented by the previous hand, provided a bet has been registered for each successive stage. If a losing condition is presented by a stage, or a stage is reached upon which no wager has been made, the game is over. Bets on any higher stage are lost if a losing condition is presented, as is the bet on the stage for which the losing condition is registered. A payout output based upon the wager and predetermined values for a stage is preferably provided according to a preset hierarchical ranking of card arrangements relating to suit and rank. The payout output can include payout tables which are different for at least some of the stages, and may further include a multiplier for at least some of the stages, with the multiplier increasing for successively higher stages.
In a video slot machine version of the invention, a plurality of rotatable reels is generated by the computer program, each of the reels being comprised of a plurality of different indicia. Each of the reels is caused by the program to appear to rotate and then randomly stop to thereby yield a display of certain indicia as a spin. If an advancement condition is presented on the first stage spin, a second stage spin occurs if a bet has been registered for that second stage spin, and so forth. The first stage spin can be visually displayed as a first set of reels in a first array, with the second stage spin likewise visually displayed as a second set of reels in a second array, and successive stage spins each so displayed as further sets of reels in successive respective arrays, with a plurality of arrays being displayed together on the visual display. Alternatively, one set of reels could be repeatedly spun for each stage. Payouts and multipliers can be provided in like manner to that described above for the card game embodiment, or as otherwise may be desired. One variant of the slot machine version of the invention has the multiplier for the games nth stage spin (the last possible level) randomly selected by the program from a predetermined table of multipliers, where at least most of the multipliers are greater than a multiplier for any previous stage. This random multiplier can advantageously be displayed, or physically embodied, as a wheel having segments with the multipliers displayed in respective segments of the wheel. The wheel is caused to rotate and come to a stop with the random multiplier at a designated stop point.
Of course, the foregoing invention as described in a video slot machine embodiment could be readily embodied in a standard mechanical slot machine. Likewise, the video dice game is readily adapted to a table-type game format, as is the video card game contemplated above.
In the same vein, a gaming machine coming within the scope of one aspect of the invention broadly comprises a gaming unit having at least first and second stages of play, each stage having an advancement condition and a non-advancement condition. Some kind of interface mechanism with the gaming unit allows gameplay input for a player, with the gameplay input including wagering input allowing the player to register a bet upon one or more stages of play.
An operational device operates the gaming unit, upon player input including an operational command. The operational device determines which of the conditions is presented by a first stage as played, and if an advancement condition is presented, then advancing the gaming unit to the second stage, but if a non-advancement condition is presented, the game is over and at least a portion, and preferably all, of any second stage bet registered is lost. Play continues for a successive stage up to a predetermined nth stage if an advancement condition is determined for that next stage to be reached, and a bet has been previously registered for that successive stage. Again, the stages of play can be games which are of the same type of game, or different types of games. These can also be games that have not yet been invented.
These aspects of the invention, along with other aspects, advantages, objectives and accomplishments of the invention, will be further understood and appreciated upon consideration of the following detailed description of certain present embodiments of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a video screen representation highlighting three paylines of a stage of a video slot machine embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a video screen representation similar to FIG. 1 highlighting five paylines;
FIG. 3 is a video screen representation of a three stage slot machine embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a representation of a paytable of winning combinations for the slot machine presented in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a representation of a continuation of the paytable of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is another video screen representation of the slot machine embodiment of FIG. 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is another video screen representation of the slot machine embodiment of FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is another video screen representation of the slot machine embodiment of FIG. 3;
FIG. 9 is another video screen representation of the slot machine embodiment of FIG. 3;
FIGS. 10a-10 e present a flow chart of a method of operating a three stage video slot machine gaming machine of the type of embodiment of FIG. 3;
FIG. 11 is a representation highlighting a bonus multiplier wheel for use in a video slot machine embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 12a-12 c present flow charts of a method of operating a video slot machine gaming machine embodiment of the present invention using the bonus multiplier wheel of FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is a video screen representation highlighting a multi-stage poker gaming machine embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a video screen representation highlighting a first stage result on the poker machine embodiment of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 is a video screen representation highlighting a second stage of the poker machine embodiment shown in FIG. 13;
FIG. 16 is a video screen representation highlighting a third stage of the poker machine embodiment of FIG. 13;
FIG. 17 is a video screen representation highlighting another multi-stage poker gaming machine embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a representation of a paytable of winning combinations of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17;
FIG. 19 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17;
FIG. 20 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17;
FIG. 21 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17;
FIG. 22 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17;
FIG. 23 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17;
FIG. 24 is a video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 17, but with a different opening hand shown using a “Free Ride” card;
FIG. 25 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 24;
FIG. 26 is another video screen representation of the poker gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 24;
FIGS. 27a-27 f present a flow chart of a method of operating a draw poker video gaming machine of the present invention;
FIG. 28 is a video screen representation of a multi-stage video dice gaming machine embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 29 is a video screen representation highlighting a first stage or roll of the dice of the dice gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 28;
FIG. 30 is a video screen representation of a second stage of the play of the dice gaming machine embodiments of FIG. 28;
FIG. 31 is a video screen representation of a third stage of the play of the dice gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 28;
FIG. 32 is a video screen representation of a fourth stage of the play of the dice gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 28;
FIG. 33 is another video screen representation of the dice gaming machine embodiment of FIG. 28; and
FIGS. 34a-34 d present flow charts for a method of operating a video dice gaming machine of the present invention.
Four different embodiments of the present invention are described herein, with some noted variations in certain cases. The first embodiment is a three stage, multi-line, multi-coin video slot machine. The same game format (slots) with the same paytable is operated on three stages, with increasing payout multipliers at each stage providing an increasing amount to win at the higher stages. The “spin” at each stage is independent of the previous stages.
The second embodiment is a multi-stage Five-Card Stud poker game. Each stage is again independent of the previous stage. However, a separate paytable is used for each stage in this embodiment. A variation of this game is also shown which uses the same paytable on each stage, but combined with a mechanism to increase the “hit” rate.
The third embodiment is a Draw poker game that combines the concepts shown in the Stud poker game with the decisions and optimal play analysis that are integral to Draw poker. The final embodiment is a dice game which has been adapted to provide a high dependency between the first stage and the next stages.
While each of these embodiments uses a single game format, or type, to play from stage to stage, as noted above, it is clearly anticipated that the invention may be used with a first game type as a first stage, with a subsequent stage or stages being of a different game type, e.g., a single line slot stage, then a multi-line slot stage, then a Stud poker stage, etc. Thus, it should be appreciated that similar or different games of chance may be staged together, and the invention is not limited to the types of games shown here, and would encompass any conceivable other game, such as roulette, craps, baccarat, keno, and so on. It will also be apparent to one of skill in the art how to use the invention in live games with dealers (i.e., table games), notwithstanding the particular embodiments described herein relating to gaming machines.
Triple-Strike Slots
A first embodiment of this invention takes the form of a multi-stage slot machine. This may be done on a video screen with the presentation of a video slot machine, or may be accomplished with mechanical spinning reels, for instance. In a mechanical embodiment, the stages may be played sequentially on the same reels, or on physically separate reels. It is also adaptable for combinations of video slots and mechanical spinning reel slots, where some stages are played on the video slots and some stages are played on mechanical spinning reels.
In this first embodiment, there are three video slot machines (stages) vertically disposed on a video screen (although it will be apparent how to adapt this technique to any number of desired stages). In this embodiment, each machine has the same symbols, symbol frequency, hit rate and payout percentage. Of course, other embodiments may use different hit rates and frequencies, if not entirely different symbols and game themes from stage to stage.
In this first embodiment, the criterion for advancing from one stage to the next is any win on the current stage. It is envisioned that other criteria may be used in other embodiments, such as a special symbol, which while only paying in certain configurations, would advance a player to the next level anytime it appeared in the game.
Turning now to FIG. 1, the first embodiment has each stage as a five-reel, five-line video slot machine. This is of a type of slot machine often called “Australian style.” This machine allows the player to make a wager on one to five paylines, and allows a bet from one to nine coins bet on each payline for a maximum of forty-five coins bet per game. FIG. 1 shows the first three paylines, with payline 1 drawn horizontally across the center symbols, payline two drawn across the upper symbols and payline three drawn across the lower symbols.
FIG. 2 is the same as FIG. 1, with fourth and fifth paylines added. The fourth payline is in the shape of the letter “V” while the fifth payline is an inverted “V”. It is well known by those skilled in the art how to design such a machine with more or fewer paylines, and more or fewer coins per line. It is also well known in the art, and envisioned for this type of game, to include special bonuses or bonus rounds for certain symbol combinations. Certain combinations have been included for this purpose in the present description, but the special bonuses and bonus rounds have been replaced by fixed awards for clarity of presentation.
FIG. 3 shows a screen with three stages displayed. For each game played, the player selects from one to fifteen paylines (i.e., five paylines times three stages) to play or “activate”. The player operates the machine by pressing (actuating) buttons through the use of a touchscreen display, some pointing device, or through the use of corresponding mechanical pushbutton switches. The player may repeatedly press the “Select Lines” button 12 in FIG. 3 to select one to fifteen lines. One may also press the “Select 5 Lines”, “Select 10 Lines” or “Select 15 Lines” buttons (14, 15 and 16, respectively) to select all lines of the first, first and second or all three machines respectively. As used herein, “machine” refers to each separate slot display 18, 19, 20 (which will variously be referred to as machine, stage and level). Selecting from one to five lines will activate the lines on the lower machine 18 and allow a “spin” (play) on the lower machine 18. Selecting from six to ten lines will activate the five lines on the lower machine and one to five lines on the second machine 19. This will then allow a spin on the first machine 18; if there is any winner on the first machine 18, a spin on the second machine will then follow. All amounts won on the second machine 19 are multiplied by two (2×) in this version (see window 22).
Selecting from eleven to fifteen lines will activate the five lines on the first machine 18, the five lines on the second machine 19 and from one to five lines on the third machine 20. This will then allow a spin on the first machine 18, and if there is a winner on the first machine, then a spin on the second machine 19 (with 2× payout following). If there is any winner on the second machine 19, that will allow a spin on the third machine 20. All amounts won on the third machine 20 are multiplied by four (4×) in this version (see window 23).
In this particular embodiment, the “hit rate” (percentage of games that have any win) is carefully set just over 50%. This allows each stage (18, 19 and 20) to have a multiplier that is twice that of the previous stage, and result in a reasonable expected payout for the player and reasonable expected return for the operator (e.g., gaming establishment). More stages could be added in a manner described without departing from the invention. Also, vastly different hit rates and multipliers could be used, separate paytables for each stage that do not scale evenly may be used, and other variations thereon will be readily apparent to those of skill in this art.
It should be noted that bets on the second machine 19 (lines six through ten) and the third machine 20 (lines eleven through fifteen) will be lost if a machine at a stage (level) below it does not result in a win, in this embodiment. This is considered offset in the mind of the player by game multipliers (2× and 4× respectively) when these machines do get a chance to spin. This increased opportunity for winnings when these upper stage machines get to spin adds a great deal of excitement and anticipation for the player.
Once the player has selected the number of lines, he or she specifies how many coins are to be wagered for each of the selected lines. As is well known in the art, all payouts are multiplied by the number of coins bet per payline. The player may repeatedly press the “Coins Per Line” button 25 (FIG. 3) to select one to nine coins-per-line. The total bet is the product of the number of lines selected (button 12) and the number of coins-per-line, and is shown in the “Total Bet” meter 26.
FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show the paytables indicating the available winning combinations and rules governing those combinations. These paytables may be displayed at any time by pressing the “Pays” button 28 (shown, e.g., in FIG. 3). The “Help” button 29 may be pressed at any time for an overall description of the rules of the game and its operation. Again, these buttons, their operation and related programming, are well known.
Once the specifics of the bet are selected as described above, the player presses the “Spin Reels” button 30, which will initially spin the reels on the first slot machine 18. If there is no winning combination on any active (bet) payline then the game is over and the entire bet is lost, including any amount bet on the other machines 19, 20. If there is any winning combination on an active payline of the first machine 18, then the machine display will first show all winning paylines followed by a pattern of cycling through the individual winning combinations.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show how the game cycles through multiple winning combinations of the first machine 18. In FIG. 6, the single “WILD” symbol is shown as a winner on payline 1. The machine draws boxes, for instance, around the winning symbols on the payline. In the payout information window 21 to the right of the first machine 18, the top line calls out “Line 1: 2 Coins”. This indicates the two coins awarded for one “WILD” symbol on payline 1, as confirmed by the paytable in FIG. 4. After showing the display of FIG. 6 for a few seconds, the machine shows the display of FIG. 7, which calls out the next winning combination. FIG. 7 shows three cow symbols on payline 5 (in boxes). The top line of the payout information window 21 now calls out “Line 5:5 Coins” in recognition of the five coins won for the three cows on the fifth payline (confirmed by the paytable in FIG. 5).
For both FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the second line of the payout information window 21 shows the total number of coins from all pays of the first machine (in this case “SubTotal: 7” consisting of the two coins from the first payline and the five coins from the fifth payline). The lower half of the payout information window 21 then shows the total pay of the machine, times the machine multiplier, which for the first machine is one (1×).
This results in a “Total” of seven coins for the lower machine. The “Total Won” meter 36 on the right edge of the screen shows this seven coin figure in FIG. 7. FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 show the second machine 19 “lit up” and ready to spin as a result of the win on the first machine 18.
As a result of winning on machine 18, the player is now allowed to spin the reels of the second machine 19, provided that a bet was placed on at least one of lines six through ten. The reels on the second machine 19 are spun by again pressing the “Spin Reels” button 30. If there is no winning combination on the reels of the second machine 19, then the game is over. In that case, any bet made on the third machine 20 (lines eleven through fifteen) is lost, and the winnings from the first machine 18 are paid to the player. The game pays the awarded credits from first machine 18 then restarts, becoming ready to take another bet.
In the case of a winning combination on the second machine 19, then it may have an overall display similar to FIG. 8. With only a single winning combination on the second machine, the machine boxes the “7's” symbol on its first payline, and shows in the second stage, payout information window 22 that one coin was won for a “SubTotal” of one coin on the second machine 19. Since all pays on the second machine are multiplied by two in this version (multiplier 2×), this results in a total pay of two coins on the second machine 19. The “Total Won” meter 36 is now updated to nine coins, which comprises the seven coins won from the first machine 18, plus the two coins won from the second machine. Since the player bet five coins on the second machine 19 (one each on lines six through ten), this second machine result is actually a net loss of three coins. However, because it was not a total loser (zero coins won), the player is now entitled to spin the third machine 20 if a bet was placed on any of lines eleven through fifteen. FIG. 8 shows the third machine 20 lit up and ready to spin as a result of the two coin win on the second machine.
Once again, the reels on the third machine are spun by pressing the “Spin Reels” button 30. If there is no winning combination on the reels of the third machine 20, then the game is over. In that case, the winnings from the two other machines are paid to the player, and the game recycles for a new bet.
A winning combination is shown on the third machine 20 in FIG. 9. With only a single winning combination on the third machine 20, the machine boxes the three “7's” symbols on its first payline, and shows in the third stage payout information window 23 that twenty-five coins were won, for a “SubTotal” of twenty-five coins on the third machine 20. Since all “pays” on the third machine are multiplied by four (multiplier 4× for this version), this results in a total pay of one hundred coins on the third machine 20. The “Total Won” meter 36 is now updated to 109 coins, to include the 100 coins won from the third machine. With the third and final machine having been played, the total winnings of 109 coins are now added to the total credits meter 37, and the game is ready to restart and receive another bet.
The “Max Bet Spin” button 39 (shown in FIGS. 3 through 9) provides a one touch solution which will cause all fifteen lines to be selected with nine coins bet per line and spin the reels on the first machine 18, assuming enough credits are available. It is the same as pressing the “Select Lines” button 12 until “15” is selected, then pressing the “Coins Per Line” button 25 until “9” is selected, then “Spin Reels” button 30.
The above-described embodiment of a gaming slot machine is operationally summarized in the flow charts of FIGS. 10A-E. FIG. 10A generally describes the start-up of the Triple-Strike Slots game. First, an assessment of whether credit(s) are present is undertaken beginning at step 150. If none is present, then a check is made as to whether the player has inserted the relevant coin, credit card, etc., for the necessary credit(s) at step 151. If so, then at step 152 the credit(s) are registered and displayed at the “Total Credits” meter 37 (e.g., FIG. 3). All available player buttons are then activated for initiation of play at 155.
At this stage, the player enters a set-up loop where the player may choose to add more credits or proceed with play at step 156. If credits are added, these are registered (on the meter display 37) at step 158, and the program loops back to step 156 (via 155).
The “Coins Per Line” button 25 can alternatively be engaged from step 156, causing the coins-per-line setting to be modified (as indicated at meter 40, FIG. 3), as well as updating the value of the “Total Bet” window 26, as indicated at step 159. Once again, the program loops back to step 156.
Back at step 156, the player then can choose the lines upon which to bet through operation of general “Select Lines” button 12. This causes the graphics program to highlight the lines being designated at step 160. Alternatively, the special “Select Lines” buttons 14 through 16 could be used out of step 156, also resulting in a registration of the line group selected (at step 161), then an update of the graphics at step 160.
From step 160, the number of lines bet is registered on lines-bet meter 41 (e.g., FIG. 3), and updated if the lines bet has been modified up or down, as indicated at step 162. The “Total Bet” window 26 is also updated in view of the lines being bet. The player is then returned to step 156.
Once the player has input the parameters of the wager, then the “Spin Reels” button 30 is engaged. It should be noted that the foregoing selection sequence as to coins and lines to bet need not follow the order indicated.
The player has the option of skipping all of the line and coins-per-line selections, through resort to the “Max Bet Spin” button 39. A subroutine will then execute at step 165 to assess the total credits the player has provided, and determine the maximum number of coins per line and the maximum number of lines (per an embedded look-up table) which can be played for the credit quantity shown in total credits meter 37, up to a fixed maximum for the game. The graphics are updated accordingly at step 166 to show the lines being bet (as at step 160), with a similar update of the coins-per-line meter 40, lines-bet meter 41 and “Total Bet” meter 26, all as indicated at step 167.
From either the actuation of the “Spin Reels” button 30 or the “Max Bet Spin” button 39, the selection buttons for player input are then deactivated and the amount bet is subtracted at step 168, with the remaining credits updated on the “Total Credits” meter 37. The display graphics then shows the reels spinning at the first stage/level/machine 18 (step 169). The reel stop positions are selected in a random manner (step 170), with the graphics displaying the final symbols coming into view for each reel in sequence (steps 171 a through 171 e).
Turning now to FIG. 10B, the program then assesses whether there is any winning combination presented by the reels in their stop positions, taken in view of the paytable (FIGS. 4 and 5) and the lines bet, as indicated at step 175. If there is no winner, the game goes to a “Game Over” sequence (step 176 a), described hereafter. If there is a winner, then the winning line(s) are graphically highlighted on the display (step 177), the amount won is totaled and shown in the “SubTotal” area of the first stage payout information window 21 (step 178), and the “SubTotal” amount is increased by the applicable multiplier (step 179), which in this first embodiment is 1× for stage one. This total for machine one is displayed in payout information window 21. The “Total Won” meter 36 is accordingly updated (step 180).
An assessment is then made as to whether the player has bet on any lines of the second stage/level/machine 19, as noted at step 182. If not, then the game goes to the “Game Over” sequence (step 176 b). If a stage-two bet has been registered, then the player “Spin Reels” button 30 is reactivated at step 183. Machine two 19 is graphically highlighted on the display (e.g., see FIG. 6), which may include flashing the button 30 or the like to alert the player to continue play (step 184).
While waiting for the player to spin the second stage (machine two 19), like all other points that the program waits for input, a check is made at 187 to see if additional credits have been purchased by the player. If more credits are input, they are registered on the “Total Credits” meter 37 (step 188), and the player is looped back to step 187. Ultimately, the “Spin Reels” button 30 is actuated by the player at step 187, and play on the second machine 19 commences.
The button 30 is then deactivated (step 189), the second machine reels are graphically shown spinning (step 190), and the sequence of steps 170 and 171 a through 171 e described with respect to the first machine 18 is repeated, except now as related to the second machine 19, as shown in steps 191 and 192 a through 192 e.
As shown in FIG. 10C, steps 195 and 197 through 200 then repeat the process for the second machine described in steps 175 and 177 through 180, respectively, with regard to the first machine. Note that step 199 increases the “Sub-Total” by 2× in this version, and the payout information window 22 is utilized.
If a bet has been registered for lines on the third machine 20 (step 202), the “Spin Reels” button 30 is again activated (step 203), machine 20 is graphically highlighted on the display (e.g., see FIG. 8), which may include flashing the button 30 or the like to alert the player to continue play (step 204), and the player is again given the option of adding more credits, or alternatively simply advancing to play the third stage (step 207). If more credits are input, they are registered on the “Total Credits” meter 37 (step 208), and the player is looped back to step 207. Ultimately, the “Spin Reels” button 30 is actuated by the player at step 207, and play on the third machine 20 commences.
The “Spin Reels” button is once more deactivated (step 209), and steps 210, 211 and 212 a through 212 e repeat steps 169, 170 and 171 a through 171 e, respectively, this time for the third machine 20.
As shown in FIG. 10D, steps 215 and 217 through 220 then repeat the process for the third machine 20 described in steps 175 and 177 through 180, respectively, with regard to the first machine 18. Note that step 219 increases the “Sub-Total” by 4× in this version, and the payout information window 23 is utilized (e.g., see FIG. 9).
FIG. 10E depicts the “Game Over” sequence out of either step 176 a or 176 b. If out of step 176 a, the program “dims” the game display with a “GAME OVER” message (step 222). An assessment is made as to whether there are any credits in the “Total Won” meter 36 at step 223. If not, the player is returned to the start up sequence step 150 from step 224.
If there are credits won, then the “Total Won” credits are added to the “Total Credits” meter 37, accompanied by a bang, knocker or other exciting sound, as indicated at step 225. If the “Game Over” sequence is engaged out of step 176 b, then the program cycles through step 225 then 224, and returns to step 150.
Analysis of Certain Architecture of the Triple-Strike Slots Game
The multi-stage slot machine gaming machine embodiment being described has, as a base component, a single slot machine which is then adapted for a plurality of stages. The first step in the construction of the single machine of the game is to select the paying combinations for the stage, and then to lay out the symbols on the five reels in a manner to achieve the desired hit rate. The “hit rate” (percentage of games with at least one winning combination) in this embodiment is of importance, because getting a hit (or any win) is the criterion used to advance to the subsequent stage. In this first embodiment, it was decided to use the same machine at each stage with a doubling of the rewards for each successive level. If the “hit rate” for such a configuration was set at exactly 50%, then the expected return percentage would be the same for each level. If the “hit rate” was less than 50%, then the player would get a lower expected return at each successive level, which is not desirable in general. Moreover, certain gaming jurisdictions require that each additional coin bet on a game have the same or greater expected return than the previous coin.
If the “hit rate” is set at just over 50%, then each successive stage will have a slightly greater return than the previous stage, which is desirable to provide the player with an incentive to play more coins per game. While it is easy to mathematically determine that the “hit rate” of any payline will be 18.64% in the described first embodiment, a more thorough analysis is needed to determine the “hit rate” when five lines are played. This is due to multiple winners on different lines on certain spins. While the single line “hit rate” may be mathematically determined using the quantities of each symbol on each reel, the five-line “hit rate” requires knowledge of the actual layout of each reel strip to take into account which pays will occur.
The first embodiment described above uses reel strips with thirty stop positions laid out as shown in Table 1.
With thirty stops on each of five reels, there are a total of 305 or 24,300,000 possible combinations. To determine the “hit rate” for this set of reel strips, a computer analysis well known to the art is used to evaluate each of the 24,300,000 combinations of the five reels. For each combination, the symbols are analyzed across each of the five paylines in comparison with the paytables and rules shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. For each of the 24,300,000 combinations, if one or more of the paylines has a winning combination or if a scatter pay is present, then a hit counter is incremented. The analysis shows that for the reel strips of Table 1 with the paytable information provided in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, 12,569,760 of the 24,300,000 combinations of the five reels result in a win, providing a 51.73% “hit rate.”
Table 2 shows the number of times each symbol appears on each of the five reels. This frequency data is used in combination with Table 3 to determine the payout percentage.
Table 3 shows a table of the available “pays” along with the necessary information to determine the payout percentage of the game. To provide the correct analysis, it should be clear that all “pays,” except the “Scatter” pay of three “Scattered Dice” symbols, will only pay left to right. That is, the indicated combination must be shown on successive reels starting with Reel 1 (see FIG. 1). The “WILD” symbol may substitute for any symbol except the “Bonus (Drum)” symbol and the “Scatter (Dice)” symbol. The “Scatter” pay will pay for three dice symbols anywhere in the fifteen symbol visible display area. The “Scatter” pay will pay all paylines in addition to the highest pay on each line. On each payline, only the highest combination is paid. For the purposes of the math table of Table 3, if there are two ways to make the same highest pay value, then the combination using more symbols is used (e.g. “WILD-WILD-WILD-Banana-Any” is counted as four bananas instead of three “WILDs”, both of which pay 50 coins).
The “Occurrences” column of Table 3 is created using the Table 2 frequency data and enumerating each way to create that combination. Some examples are shown for clarity:
5 “WILD” 1×1×1×1×1=1
One “Wild” symbol on each reel results in one Occurrence of five “WILD.”
4 “WILD” 1×1×1×1×(2+2)=4
One “WILD” symbol on each of the first four reels and either a Drum or a Dice symbol on the fifth reel (any other symbol will result in five of that symbol instead of four wild).
3 “WILD” 1×1×1×3×30=90
One “WILD” symbol on each of the first three reels and a Drum on the fourth reel and any symbol on the fifth reel (any other symbol but a Drum on the fourth reel results in four or five of that symbol).
5 “7's” ((1+3)×(1+4)×(1+2)×(1+1)×(1+2))−1=359
Either a “WILD” or “7” on each reel, not counting the number of ways (one) to have five “WILDs.”
4 “7's” ((1+3)×(1+4)×(1+2)×(1+1)×(30−1−2))−(1×1×1×1×(30−1−2))=3213
The first component is the number of combinations with either a “WILD” or a “7” on each of the first four reels with any symbol except “WILD” or “7” on the fifth reel. This component includes combinations that have four “WILDs” which either pay as four “WILDs” or five of some other symbol, which need to be subtracted off. The second component is the number of combinations that have four “WILDs” on the first four reels that were part of the first component.
3 Bananas ((1+5)×(1+1)×(1+5)×(30−1−4)×30)−((1×1×1×(30−1−4)×30)=53250
The first component is the number of combinations with either a “WILD” or banana on each of the first three reels, with any symbol except a “WILD” or banana on the fourth reel and any symbol on the fifth reel. This component includes combinations that begin with three “WILDs,” which will pay as three “WILDs” or, four of some other symbol or five of some other symbol. The combinations with three “WILDs” are subtracted off in the second component which includes the number of combinations that contain “WILD” on the first three reels, any symbol but “WILD” or Banana on the fourth reel, and any symbol on the fifth reel.
3 Scattered Dice (5×3)×30×(2×3)×30×(2×3)=486,000
Each of the five Dice on the first reel qualifies for the “Scatter” pay in any of three positions (upper position, center position and lower position). This is multiplied by the thirty stops representing any position on the second reel, multiplied by the two Dice times three positions on the third reel, multiplied by the thirty stops of the fourth reel, multiplied by the two Dice times three positions on the fifth reel.
All other counts in the “Occurrences” column are calculated in a similar manner.
The “Probability” column for each row of Table 3 is computed by dividing the “Occurrences” in that row by the total number of combinations which is 24,300,000.
The EV or “Expected Value” for each row is computed by multiplying the “Pay” amount times the “Probability” for that row. The return from a single stage of this machine is computed by taking the sum of all EV entries, which is 0.906239712, or a 90.62% return. The payout percentage can be modified by modifying the Column 2 “Pay” values and the corresponding paytable, as is well known in the art. The payout percentage may also be modified by changing the symbol frequencies shown in Table 2, and corresponding reel strips of Table 1. Care must be taken to keep the “hit rate” at the desired level while changing the payout percentage. This is also well known in the art, and is often the preferred method used to alter payout percentage, because when this method is used, the player cannot tell from the paytable which machine has a higher return, or for that matter know for sure that machines are set at different payout percentages.
Building now upon the single stage machine so described, Table 4 shows how the return for the multi-stage version of the game is computed. The first column shows the “Stage” for which the return is being computed. The second column shows the probability of a hit on the specified stage. In this first embodiment, this is the “hit rate” of a single stage of the machine, which is the criterion for moving up to the next stage. The third column shows the probability of playing the specified stage (as opposed to losing all bets on that stage without play). This is “1” for the first stage (the first stage is always played), and for the other stages is computed by multiplying the probability of playing the previous stage (third column, one line above) times the probability of a hit on the previous stage (second column, one line above). For Stage 2, this is 1×0.51727=0.51727. For the third stage this is 0.51727×0.51727=0.26757.
The fourth column shows the multiplier for all “pays” on the specified stage. This multiplier provides a reward that more than offsets the losses for the times that the stage is not played. The fifth column shows the EV for the machine on the specified stage, which is the same for each identical machine in this embodiment. The sixth column shows the overall EV of the specified stage, and is computed by multiplying the third through fifth columns together. This is because the EV of a stage (fifth column) has to be scaled up by the payoff multiplier (fourth column) and reduced by taking into account the probability of playing that stage (third column). The seventh column shows the cumulative EV when one, two or three stages are played. This is the average of the sixth column of the specified level and all levels above it. When only one stage is played the cumulative EV is the same as the EV of that stage. When two stages are played, the cumulative EV is the average of the EV of the first stage and the second stage. When all three stages are played, the cumulative EV is the average of the EV of the first stage, second stage and third stage. This results in an overall expected return of 93.79% when all three stages (fifteen lines) are played.
A Variation on Triple-Strike Slots
In a modification to the first embodiment above, a fourth stage is added allowing the player to wager on one to twenty lines. Instead of offering a fixed 8× multiplier on the fourth stage, however, after any win on the fourth stage the multiplier is randomly selected from a range of 4× to 50×, with weighted frequencies selected such that the overall value of the multiplier is about 8×. Each time that a spin on the fourth stage results in any win, the game goes through a selection process that presents a multiplier of 4× to 50× to the player. One method of presentation is to select the multiplier and show it on the screen to the player. Table 5 shows a table of weighted entries that are used for this purpose. After a win on the fourth stage of this game, the machine uses its RNG (random number generator) to select an integer from 1 to 29. This number is “looked up” in the second column of Table 5 (titled “Values”), and the corresponding value in the first column (titled “Multiplier”) is used as the stage multiplier for that spin. The third through fifth columns of Table 5 are used to determine the EV of the fourth stage multiplier in the same manner used in Table 3.
Table 6 is a modified version of Table 4, with the fourth stage added showing the overall payout percentage of this modified game is 95.43% with all twenty lines played. Also note that the payout percentage on the fourth stage is 100.34%. A bet on this particular stage has a positive expectation for the player. This bet (on lines sixteen through twenty) is only allowed in conjunction with the negative-expectation bets (i.e., less than 100%) on the first fifteen lines, thus resulting in an overall negative expectation of a 95.43% return.
To add even more excitement to the presentation of the foregoing fourth stage, another variation of this four stage game adds a mechanical wheel for selection of the multiplier for wins on the fourth stage. Adams, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,823,874 and 5,848,932, and Telnaes, U.S. Pat. No. 4,448,419, may be referred to for detail on such bonus sequences and indicia. The wheel 42 shown in FIG. 11 has sixteen sections, although any number of visible sections may be used. Table 7 uses the same multiplier values as shown in Table 5, but allocates these values to the sixteen sections of the mechanical wheel of FIG. 11.
The above-described embodiment of a gaming slot machine having four stages and a random number multiplier on the fourth stage is operationally summarized in the flow charts of FIGS. 12A-12C. The program for this Multi-Strike Slots variation embodiment is substantially the same as that previously described with respect to FIGS. 10A through 10E. Accordingly, and keeping with the same convention used throughout this application, like numbers are used to describe like steps. The changes made to the previously-described program will therefore only be discussed as to this version.
Turning first to FIG. 12A, Multi-Strike Slots follows the same programming as set forth in the flow charts of FIGS. 10A through 10C for Triple-Strike Slots, and up through step 220. Step 232 begins a sequence for a fourth stage/level/machine, with steps 233, 234, 237 and 238 corresponding to steps 183, 184, 187 and 188, respectively, except as now related to a fourth machine. Note that in the event of no bet on the fourth machine (step 232), a “Game Over” sequence is then engaged at step 176 c.
As in the other levels, the “Spin Reels” button is once more deactivated (step 239), and steps 240, 241 and 242 a through 242 e repeat steps 169, 170 and 171 a through 171 e, respectively, this time for the fourth machine. Turning to FIG. 12B, steps 245, 247 and 248 then repeat the process for the fourth machine described in steps 175, 177 and 178, respectively, with regard to the first machine 18.
Step 249 will now initiate a sequence for a multiplier to be applied to the fourth level in this version. First, a number is randomly selected from a table provided for the fourth level multiplier at step 249. The bonus wheel 42 (FIG. 11) may then be graphically “spun” at step 250, and stopped on the previously selected number from step 249, as indicated at step 253. A mechanical wheel of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,823,874 and 5,848,932 can likewise be advantageously employed. This multiplier factor is then displayed (step 254), and the “Sub-Total” amount for the fourth level is then increased by this factor and displayed as a “Total” for the fourth machine (step 255), with the latter sum then added to the “Total Won” meter 36 amount for display, as shown in step 256. The game then proceeds from step 256 to “Game Over” sequence 176 c. The “Game Over” sequence shown at FIG. 12C for this version is the same as that previously described, except for reflecting the path from point 11 (rather than from point 9 in the previous version).
Triple-Strike Stud Poker
Another embodiment uses this multi-stage game technique for the play of video poker. This second embodiment adapts a Five-Card Stud game with hit rates under 50% and over 50%. The invention may also be used to adapt many other poker games, including Five-Card Draw poker, Double Down Stud poker (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,100,137 and 5,167,413) and Big Split poker (disclosed by the inventors herein in a pending U.S. patent application) among others.
In this second embodiment, there are three stages of Five-Card Stud poker. This game pays on any hand that is one pair or better. It will be seen that about 49.88% of hands in Five-Card Stud poker rank as one pair or higher. For this game with a “hit rate” under 50%, it would be undesirable to use 2× and 4× multipliers on the second and third stages respectively, since this would make the return of these stages lower than the first stage. This means that a player wagering more money would get a lower expected return, which is undesirable to the proprietor of the game who wants to encourage as high a wager as possible, but may also run afoul of regulations in certain gaming jurisdictions, which require equal or higher return for each coin wagered on a single game. There are many ways that the game may be modified to cause the higher stages to have a higher payout, of which two will be shown here.
In the first version of this poker embodiment, a separate paytable is used for each stage of the game, as shown in FIG. 13. In FIG. 13, it is clear that the Hand #2 (51) paytable has all pays from the Hand #1 (50) paytable multiplied by 2×, except for the “4 of a Kind” which goes from 50 to 200, thus providing additional return that will more than offset the “hit rate” being under 50%. Likewise, the Hand #3 (52) paytable has all pays from the Hand #2 paytable multiplied by 2× except for the “Full House”, which goes from 50 to 150, which again more than offsets the “hit rate” being under 50%. This will become clear in the analysis shown below, if not already evident.
Referring still to FIG. 13, the player uses the “Select Number of Hands” button 54 to select a bet on one to three hands (stages) 50, 51 and 52. The game may be configured with more or less stages (number of hands) without departing from the invention. The “Coins per Hand” button 55 is then used to wager from one to five coins per hand. This range of coins may be modified to any acceptable range, as is well known in the art. The “Deal Hand” button 56 will cause the game to deal out Hand #1 (50) from a standard fifty-two card deck of playing cards. While this game uses a standard deck of cards of rank and suit, other embodiments may use one or more “Jokers.” Still other embodiments may use certain cards, such as Deuces, as wild cards. Even more broadly, while this second embodiment is a poker game, other card games or different games of chance will be readily adaptable to use with the overall inventive concept, as previously noted.
FIG. 14 shows the game screen after one coin was bet on three hands, and a first stage hand has been dealt. The hand shown contains a pair of 5's, which pays one coin for a “Low Pair” (highlighted on the Hand #1 (50) paytable). The one coin won is shown in the “Total Won” meter 58. As a result of achieving any win on Hand #1, Hand #2 (51) may now be played. If Hand #1 (50) was a loser (less than one pair), then the game would be over and the wagers on Hand #2 (51) and Hand #3 (52) would be lost without playing those stages.
Having won Hand #1 (50), however, the player presses the “Deal Hand” button 56 and a second hand is dealt as is shown in FIG. 15. In this hand 51, the player has received another pair of 5's, which now pays two coins as called out in the Hand #2 (51) paytable. The “Total Won” meter 58 is updated to three (one coin from Hand #1 plus two coins from Hand #2). As a result of a win on Hand #2, Hand #3 (52) may now be played. If Hand #2 (51) had been a loser (less than one pair), then the game would be over and the wager on Hand #3 lost.
The player once again presses the “Deal Hand” button 56 after success at stage two, and a third hand (52) is dealt as is shown in FIG. 16. This hand has a pair of tens and a pair of deuces for “Two Pair.” The paytable shows that two pair pays twelve coins when achieved on Hand #3 (as opposed to six coins on hand #2 or three coins on hand #1). The “Total Won” meter 58 is updated to “15,” and the game is over since all hands wagered on have been played. The total win of fifteen credits is added to the “Credits” meter 59, advancing the meter from “177” to “192” (from an arbitrary start of “180”).
Analysis of Triple-Strike Stud Poker Game
Table 8 shows how the calculation of certain architecture of the payout percentage (expected return) of the first stage of this second embodiment is computed. This table is for a one coin bet. It is well known in the art how to expand this for a higher number of coins bet per hand, and for the inclusion of bonuses for a higher number of coins.
The number of possible five card poker hands from a fifty-two card deck is known as “52 choose 5” and is computed with the following formula:
The first column of Table 8 shows the rank of all hands in this Five-Card Stud game. The second column shows the pay value for this ranking on Hand #1 (each hand 50, 51 and 52 having a separate paytable). The third column (“Occurrences”) is the number of times a particular hand occurs in the 2,598,960 possible five card poker hands dealt from a standard deck. This “Occurrence” tabulation is well known to those skilled in the art, and may be derived by analyzing each of the 2,598,960 hands with a computer program, also well known. The fourth column shows the probability of playing Hand #1 when a bet is placed on this hand. For Hand #1 this probability is 1.0, since the first hand will always be played when it is bet on. The fifth column shows the probability of receiving the hand called out in the first column. This is computed by dividing the “Occurrences” (third column) by the 2,598,960 total number of possible hands.
The sixth column is the product of the fourth and fifth columns, which is the probability of getting a particular hand on this stage (for the first stage it is the same as the fifth column since the first stage is always played). The seventh column is the expected value contribution EV, which is the product of the second column pay and the sixth column probability of achieving the given hand on the current stage. The sum of all EV contributions provides the expected return of 0.916288 or 91.63%. This expected return may be modified by making modifications to the “Pay” values in the second column of Table 8, as is well known in the art.
Table 9 shows a similar analysis for Hand #2 (51) (the second stage of this game). The second column now has the Hand #2 paytable showing all values doubled from the Hand #1 paytable with the Four of a Kind going from 50 to 200. The fourth column, “Probability of Playing This Stage” is the probability of getting any “hit” (one pair or higher) on the first stage. This is computed by adding up all of the fifth column values from Table 8 except for “Bust,” or by subtracting the probability of a “Bust” (0.50117739) from 1.0, resulting in a first stage hit rate of 0.498822606 or 49.88%. The sum of the EV components on the second stage is 0.9261078, indicating a 92.61% expected return. This higher expected return than the first stage is a result of the 200 coin Four of a Kind value more than offsetting the “hit rate” which is slightly under 50%. This expected return may, again, be modified by making modifications to the “Pay” values.
Table 10 shows a similar analysis for Hand #3 (52) (the third stage of this game).
The second column now has the Hand #3 paytable showing all values doubled from the Hand #2 paytable with the Full House going from 50 to 150. The “Probability of Playing This Stage” is the probability of getting any “hit” (one pair or higher) on the first and second stages. This is the square of the 0.498822606 “hit rate” of the first stage since a “hit” is required on both the first and second stages in order to play the third stage. The fourth column value may also be computed by subtracting the probability of getting a “Bust” on the first stage (0.50117739) and the probability of getting a “Bust” on the second stage (0.249998614) from 1.0 (i.e., 1−0.50117739−0.249998614=0.248823992). The sum of the EV components on the third stage is 0.941849, indicating a 94.18% expected return. This higher expected return than the second stage likewise is a result of the 150 coin Full House value more than offsetting the second stage “hit rate” which is slightly under 50%. Once again, the expected return may be modified by making modifications to the “Pay” values.
Table 11 shows the return of betting on one, two or three stages in this poker game of the second embodiment. For the “Stage” called out in the first column, the second column shows the EV for that stage taken from Tables 8, 9, and 10. The third column is the EV of an entire multi-stage game with a bet on the number of stages in the first column. This is the average of the selected second column level and all levels above (i.e., the average EV of all those stages in the multi-stage game). The expected return of the entire game when a player plays all three stages is 0.928081203 or 92.81%.
A Variation on Triple-Strike Stud Poker
This modification of the Triple-Strike Stud poker game introduces a “Free Ride” feature. This feature is used to increase the “hit rate” of the basic game without making any other modifications to the game (such as which hands pay). This feature provides a greater flexibility in setting the “hit rate” than is available by simply setting which rank is the lowest pay. Using normal poker game construction techniques, one would typically have to include more paying hands to increase the “hit rate.” In the game of the above second embodiment, the highest nonpaying hand to add would be “Ace High,” which would add almost 20% to the hit rate as shown in Table 12. Paying on all hands that have an Ace (referred to as “Ace High”) would bring the hit rate up from 49.88% to 69.23%, which is far beyond the goal of just over 50%. Another variance could require “Ace-King” high as the minimum hand, which would bring the hit rate to 56.32%, which is still a very large increase.
In this modified embodiment, a “Free Ride” feature is added to the game wherein in some of the hands, on a random basis, a “Free Ride” indicia will be displayed, advantageously with an accompanying sound. When the “Free Ride” is indicated, the hand will be dealt as usual and paid according to the paytable, but the game will automatically advance to the next hand that was wagered on, whether or not the player wins the current hand.
Using this feature, multiple stages of this game can be constructed with a natural hit rate under 50%, yet use the same paytable for all stages with multipliers for each stage.
Another advantage of the “Free Ride” feature is that it is not necessary to modify paytable values to increase the “hit rate.” It is well known in the art that as additional “pays” are allowed to increase the “hit rate,” other pay values or frequencies will need to be decreased to offset the amount paid out on the new values. The “Free Ride” introduces a method of raising the “hit rate” of a game without any other modification to the payout of the game through the use of “hits” that award no coins/credits. This is important for the purpose of adapting games with paytables that are already familiar to the players. It is also a valuable tool that gives the game designer more flexibility in the creation of a game.
Table 8 is still representative of the first stage of this “Free Ride” version. In this modified embodiment, the “Free Ride” is offered on sixteen of every one thousand hands (based on a random number for each hand), or 1.6% of the hands played. This will increase the “hit rate” of the stage. Using more than 1.6% “Free Rides” will provide a greater increase, while using less than 1.6% will provide a smaller increase in the “hit rate.” Because the “Free Ride” offers no benefit when playing on the highest hand that has been wagered on (there being no “next hand” to advance to) it is not offered on the final hand.
Table 13 shows how the“hit rate” is determined for the first stage of Table 8 that includes a 1.6% “Free Ride.” The first line shows the “hit rate” that is achieved for first stage hands, 0.4988. The second line shows the sixteen in one thousand probability of the “Free Ride” being offered. The third line shows the probability of losing on the first stage. This is the “Bust” probability taken from Table 8. The fourth line is the product of the second and third lines, showing the probability of getting a “Free Ride” on a “Busted” hand. This is the additional “hit rate” component, since winning hands that receive the Free Ride are already figured into the first line. The fifth line is the sum of the first and fourth lines and is the resulting “hit rate” for the first stage including the “Free Ride” feature which is 0.506841 or 50.68%.
The second stage of the “Free Ride” variation is now represented by Table 14, which is similar to Table 9. The differences are in the “Pay” values, which are now exactly twice (2× multiplier) the “Pay” values from Table 8, and the fourth column “Probability of Playing This Stage”, which is now the 0.506841 value, computed in Table 13.
The third stage for the “Free Ride” variation is represented by Table 15, which is similar to Table 10. Again, the differences are in the “Pay” values, which are now exactly twice (2× multiplier), the “Pay” values from Table 14, and the fourth column “Probability of Playing This Stage”, which is now 0.25688825, which is the square of the 0.506841 “hit rate” of the first stage.
Finally, Table 16 is a similar table to Table 11, showing the overall payout percentage of the one, two and three stage versions of this “Free Ride” game. The increase in overall payout is a little over 1.2% when going from one to three stages. This range may be increased using a higher “Free Ride” percentage, or decreased using a lower “Free Ride” percentage. One skilled in the art will appreciate that changing the payout range using this independent “Free Ride” percentage provides much better precision and flexibility for setting this range than the paytable modification method used in the unmodified second embodiment.
Multi-Strike Five-Card Draw Poker
Five-Card Draw poker is a very popular casino game and is offered in many variations including Jacks or Better, Joker Poker, Deuces Wild and various “bonus” type Jacks or Better versions, among others. While it is within the scope of the invention to use any poker game with paytables and/or multipliers that provide the increased reward on the higher stages, or to use different variations of poker or even other games of chance on different levels, this third embodiment will use a well known game with its well known paytables. It will also use multipliers to increase the reward on the higher levels.
Many of the popular Five-Card Draw poker games have hit rates in the 40% to 50% range, including Jacks or Better, Deuces Wild and the many “bonus” poker variations that are popular today in the marketplace. Since most gaming jurisdictions require that video poker be played from a “fair” deck of cards, it has become widely -known that a player can determine the payout percentage of a video poker machine by looking at its paytable. This has resulted in a growing popularity of this type of game. In this embodiment of the invention, a multiple stage Five-Card Draw poker game is constructed, also using the “Free Ride” feature previously discussed to maintain the familiar paytable. It will be shown that the frequency of the “Free Ride” feature can be used to achieve a similar payout percentage in the multi-stage game as the player may expect from the familiar paytable.
FIG. 17 shows the current (third) embodiment four-stage 9-6 Jacks or Better game. The game uses the familiar paytable shown in FIG. 18, which may be displayed by pressing the “Pay Table” button 65 shown in FIG. 17. The player presses the “Select Number of Hands” button 66 to designate a bet on one to four hands (stages) of this game. This third embodiment of course may be constructed with a lesser or greater number of stages than four, without departing from the invention.
The player presses the “Coins per Hand” button 67 to select a bet ranging from one to five coins per hand. Those skilled in the art understand how to allow the range of coins bet to be broader or narrower or how to add bonuses for higher bets.
The “Total Bet” is the product of the “Select Number of Hands” and “Coins per Hand” values, and is displayed in the “Total Bet” window 68. The player then presses the “Deal/Draw” button 70 to deal out a hand on the first stage 71. The buttons shown in FIG. 17 are video buttons for use with a touchscreen display. A pointing device such as a mouse or trackball, physical pushbutton switches and the like may be used in addition to or instead of the video buttons shown. If the player wishes to bet the maximum twenty coins on a game, he or she may press the “Max Bet Deal” button 76 which has the same result as pressing the “Select Number of Hands” button 66 until “4” is shown, followed by pressing the “Coins per Hand” button 67 until “5” is shown, followed by pressing the “Deal/Draw” button 70.
After receiving the initial hand, the player may hold one or more cards by using the touchscreen to indicate which cards are to be discarded. FIG. 19 shows the display after the player elects to hold only the Jack of Spades 80 from the hand dealt in FIG. 17. FIG. 19 shows the word “Held” above the Jack of Spades 80 that was selected to be held. The player then presses the “Deal/Draw” button 70 to replace the other four cards.
FIG. 20 shows a possible result of the draw. The draw results in a Three of a Kind. The Three of a Kind awards three coins as shown in the FIG. 18 paytable. The three coin award multiplied by the Hand #1 (71) multiplier of 1× X is shown to total three coins in the first stage payout information window 84 to the right of Hand #1 in FIG. 20. This three coin sub-total is shown in the “Total Won” meter 85 of FIG. 20. If Hand #1 was a loser instead of getting “Jacks or Better” (as was accomplished with a hand of Three of a Kind), the game would be over and the bets on Hand #2 (72), Hand #3 (73) and Hand #4 (74) would be lost without playing those hands.
However, as a result of obtaining a winning hand, the bet made on Hand #2 (72) will now be played. Five cards are dealt randomly from a separate (new) deck of fifty-two cards in the Hand #2 position. FIG. 20 shows that the cards dealt to Hand #2 (72) include a pair of Queens 81, which already ranks above the “Jacks or Better” level required to win. A skilled player would hold the pair of Queens, and press the “Deal/Draw” button 70.
FIG. 21 shows one possible result of this second draw. In FIG. 21, a third Queen was drawn to Hand #2 resulting in Three of a Kind, which as seen on Hand #1, awards three coins. FIG. 21 shows that this three coin award is multiplied by the 2× multiplier for Hand #2, which results in a six coin total win from Hand #2. The coins awarded are shown in the second stage payout information window 87 to the right of Hand #2 (72). The “Total Won” meter 85 is now updated to show nine coins won, which is the sum of the three coins won on Hand #1 and the six coins won on Hand #2. If Hand #2 was a loser instead of getting “Jacks or Better” (as was accomplished with a hand of Three of a Kind), the game would be over and the bets on higher level hands would be lost.
Since a winning hand was achieved on Hand #2, the bet made on Hand #3 (73) will now be played. Five cards are again dealt randomly from a new deck in the Hand #3 position (73). FIG. 21 shows that the cards dealt to Hand #3 include two pair, which already is above the “Jacks or Better” level required to win. A skilled player would hold the two pair and press the “Deal/Draw” button 70.
FIG. 22 shows one possible result of this third draw. In FIG. 22, Hand #3 was not improved, resulting in two pair which awards two coins. FIG. 22 shows that this two coin award is multiplied by the 4× multiplier for Hand #3, which results in an eight coin total win from Hand #3. These numbers are shown in the third stage payout information window 88 to the right of Hand #3 (73). The “Total Won” meter 85 is now updated to show seventeen coins won, which is the sum of the three coins won on Hand #1, the six coins won on Hand #2 and the eight coins won on Hand #3.
As a result of obtaining a winning hand on Hand #3, the bet made on Hand #4 (74) will now be played. Five cards are again dealt randomly from a new deck in the Hand #4 (74) position. FIG. 22 shows that the cards dealt to Hand #4 include three Jacks, which already is above the “Jacks or Better” level required to win. The three Jacks are held by the player and the “Deal/Draw” button 70 is again pressed.
FIG. 23 shows one possible result of this fourth draw. In FIG. 23, Hand #4 (74) becomes a Full House as a result of drawing a pair of fours. A Full House awards nine coins as seen in FIG. 18. FIG. 23 shows that this nine coin award is multiplied by the 8× multiplier for Hand #4, which results in a seventy-two coin total win from Hand #4. These numbers are shown to the right of Hand #4 (74) in the fourth stage payout information window 89. The “Total Won” meter is now updated to show eighty-nine coins won which is the sum of coins won on all levels. The game is over as a result of playing all hands on which bets were placed. The credits shown in the “Total Won” meter 85 are added to the “Total Credits” window 77 taking this value to “285.”
Multi-Strike Five-Card Draw Poker with “Free Ride”
In another example of the foregoing embodiment of Five-Card Draw poker, the same “Free Ride” feature that was described for Five-Card Stud poker is used to increase the hit rate without having to modify the popularly known paytable. FIG. 24 shows that the “Free Ride” card 90 was dealt to the player in Hand #1 (71). The game makes an exciting sound when the card is dealt to alert the player that Hand #2 (72) will be available whether or not a win is achieved on Hand #1. After showing the FIG. 24 display for a few seconds to allow the special sound to complete, the “Free Ride” card 90 is replaced by another randomly selected card and the remainder of the hand is dealt to the player in usual fashion.
FIG. 25 shows this completed hand along with a “Free Ride” indicator 91 on the left edge of the screen. As in the previous example, the player will hold desired cards and draw replacements for those cards not held. A skilled player would hold the 7, 10 and Jack of Diamonds, and then press the “Deal/Draw” button 70.
FIG. 26 shows that the cards drawn did not result in a win. The first stage payout information window 84 now shows a zero coin win with “Free -Ride” being indicated as the reason for advance. As a result of the “Free Ride” on Hand #1 (71), five cards are now dealt for Hand #2 (72). Play would continue from level to level as long as there is a winning hand, or “Free Ride” on each level, as previously described.
Analysis of Certain Architecture of the Multi-Strike Five-Card Draw Poker Game
Part I—Review of “Standard Video Poker”
This analysis is of a “standard video Draw poker” game, which will then be related to Multi-Strike Five-Card Draw poker for a one coin wager per hand. It is well known by those skilled in the art how to expand this to more coins bet, and how to add bonuses for higher bets.
Those skilled in the art of video poker development know that a Five Card Draw poker game with the paytable shown in Table 17 has an expected return of 99.54398%. This payout percentage is what the game will return in the long run with “Optimal Play”. This game is usually referred to as 9-6 Jacks or Better. This is because most Jacks or Better games (without Four-of-a-Kind bonuses) use the same paytable except for the Full House and Flush awards which are modified to change the payout percentage. It is well known that a 9-6 Jacks or Better (awarding nine coins for Full House and six coins for Flush) provides a 99.54% return.
Unlike the previous embodiments, Draw poker has a skill element that requires decisions by the player on each hand. The game is designed such that the payout percentage will be reached over the long run when the game is played optimally. Each non-optimal play lowers the expected return (although it could result in a higher short term result). Each of the 2,598,960 possible hands may be played thirty-two ways by holding none, or any combination of the five initial cards dealt. Using expected value analysis of the thirty-two combinations can determine the best play for any given hand. One skilled in the art is readily able to construct the table in Table 17 by writing a computer program that performs this analysis on each of the 2,598,960 hands.
To further clarify this method, one of the possible 2,598,960 hands is examined, and in particular, the hand shown in FIG. 19: Jack of Spades, 10 of Hearts, 9 of Diamonds, 8 of Clubs and 4 of Hearts. To find the best way to play a hand, one computes the expected value of each of the thirty-two ways to play the hand. Here, two of the thirty-two ways to hold the hand of FIG. 19 are analyzed. In one case, the Jack-10-9-8 four card straight is held. The second case will be holding just the Jack of Spades.
Table 18 shows the expected return for holding the Jack-10-9-8 four card straight. The first two columns show all possible rankings and their pay value. The third column shows the number of occurrences of each of these possible ranks when drawing to this exact situation (i.e., given the initial five cards, the cards that were held and the suits and rank of the remaining forty-seven cards). The computation of this third column may be exhaustively determined by analyzing each possible resulting hand, but is usually done by an analysis of the combinations of the held and remaining cards, which may be computed more quickly. In this example of drawing one card, it is easy to see that any of the four outstanding Queens or 7's result in eight possible straights, and the three outstanding Jacks would result in a pair of Jacks. All other draw cards would result in a “Bust”. The fourth column shows the “Probability” of drawing to the specified rank, which is computed by dividing the third column “Occurrences” count by the forty-seven total ways to draw this hold combination. The fifth column “EV” is the product of the “Pay” value of second column and the “Probability” value of fourth column. The sum of EV components results in a 0.744681 expected return for this play. That is, on average, this hold will yield 74.47% of the amount bet in the long run.
Table 19 shows a similar analysis for the case where just the Jack is held from the same hand shown in FIG. 19. The “Occurrences” column now, involves 178,365 different resulting hands when only 1 card is held. This number of combinations is “47 choose 4” which is stated by the formula:
This specifies the number of combinations of forty-seven cards taken four cards at a time. As stated above, these “Occurrences” are found by a well known/readily obtained computer program that either exhaustively analyzes each of the 178,365 draw combinations in conjunction with the Jack of Spades, or by an analysis of the combinations of the held and remaining cards. The expected return of holding the Jack of Spades is computed in Table 19 in a manner similar to that used in Table 18, resulting in a 47.93% expected return in the long run. Analyzing the other thirty ways to play this hand results in an even lower expected return than the “Jack Hold” of Table 19. Therefore, the best play for this particular hand is to hold the four card Straight analyzed in Table 18.
The analysis program that iterates over each of the 2,598,960 hands finds the best of the thirty-two possible holds, and keeps a running sum of the expected return for these optimal holds (for the sample hand of FIG. 19, 0.744681 would be added to this sum). The sum of all optimal hold expected returns is then divided by 2,598,960 to determine the expected return for the game. The fifth column of Table 17 shows this result of 0.99543983 along with the contribution from each type of hand.
Part II—Modification of Analysis for Multi-Strike Game
In playing a multi-stage Draw Poker game of the present invention, the optimal hold is no longer necessarily the hold that will provide the highest expected return for the current hand, but is rather the hold that will provide the highest expected return on the remainder of the multi-stage game (including the current hand). As with standard Draw poker, the expected return of thirty-two hold combinations must be examined. The expected return of any hold combination now has two components. The first component is the expected return of the current hand (which is the expected return as calculated in Table 18, times the current stage multiplier). The second component is the expected return of the remainder of the game given that hold combination. The second component is the product of the “Probability” of any win on the current stage (for the current hold combination) and the expected return of remaining stages. This sum may be represented as:
Simply stated, the second component is the value of “staying alive” by getting any win. For certain hands at certain stages, it will be advantageous to hold a combination with a lower EVstd due to its higher HRch.
The EVremain component drives an analysis of the game from the “top down.” That is, for games with four stages bet, the analysis is done for the fourth stage, then using the result from the fourth stage to set the EVremain value, the analysis may be done for the third stage and so on. For each stage, EVremain is a constant value determined from the analysis of the stage above it.
For the fourth stage, the second component of the Equation 1 sum drops out, because EVremain is zero since there are no subsequent stages. This means that the EVch for any given hold is eight times EVstd, which means that standard 9-6 strategy is optimal, and will provide a return of 0.99543983*8=7.96351864.
Before looking at the third stage analysis, it is important to understand the effect of the “Free Ride” feature. For the examples given here, a “Free Ride” rate of seventy-three per one thousand hands is used, or 7.3%. This value was carefully selected to arrive at a total “hit rate” (natural plus “Free Ride”) of slightly over 50%, as will be shown later. Those skilled in the art will see that this rate may be increased or decreased as desired to affect the “hit rate” and expected return. The “Free Ride” is randomly selected for 7.3% of the hands when there is a bet on a higher hand. On hands that receive a “Free Ride” card, the second component of the Equation 1 sum becomes a constant, since HRch is 1.0 for all holds (i.e., one will “hit” or advance to the next level 100% of the time regardless of the hold combination). This means that the best hold combination for hands that have been given a “Free Ride” will match the standard strategy.
To analyze the first three stages, one looks at each of the 2,598,960 possible initial five card hands. For each hand, the thirty-two possible hold combinations will need to be analyzed to determine the best EVch hold using Equation 1 and the best standard play hold using the method of Table 18 (EVstd). For many hands, the same hold will yield the highest EVch and the highest EVstd. The expected return for a given initial hand is now given by Equation 2:
The first component of Equation 2 represents the hands that do not receive a “Free Ride.” The “No Free Ride” probability of 0.927 is used to weight the expected return that is computed using the formula of Equation 1. The second component represents the hands that receive a “Free Ride. The “Free Ride” probability of 0.073 is used to weight the return that will result by using the standard 9-6 strategy when a “Free Ride” is awarded on this hand.
For Levels one through three, the expected return is computed by adding the EV123 values for each of the 2,598,960 possible starting hands and dividing by 2,598,960. This expected return has the return of levels above it embedded within its value.
It is helpful to look at how EVchbest is found for a particular hand. For the hand shown in FIG. 19, we now use the data from Table 18 and Table 19 to compare the Evch for the hold of the four card Straight vs. holding the Jack on the third stage. To do this we use Equation 1:
Taking the Hit Rate (HRch) for holding Jack-10-9-8=1−(36/47)=0.234043 (from Table 18):
The Hit Rate (HRch) for Holding Jack=1−(118550/178365)=0.335352 (from Table 19).
The EVch for the other thirty hold combinations is lower than for holding just the Jack, therefore, EVchbest=4.84253 resulting from holding the four card Straight. From Table 18 and Table 19 it can be seen that EVstdbest=0.744681 for this hand (also hold the straight). Therefore, the expected return on the third stage of this initial five-card hand is:
The sum of all of the EV123 values divided by 2,598,960 for the third stage results in an expected return of 7.95080267. This is the number of coins expected to be won in the remainder of any game that reaches the third stage (i.e. return of third and fourth stages combined).
The second stage is analyzed identically as the third stage, however EVremain is now 7.95080267 and MULTstage is now 2. Looking at the hand of FIG. 19, one now has the following calculations:
Hold Jack-10-9-8: EV ch=(0.744681*2)+(0.234043*7.95080267)=3.3501917
When the hand of FIG. 19 is analyzed on the second stage, it is now better to hold just the Jack rather than Jack-10-9-8, therefore EVchbest is 3.6249136. The EVstdbest is still 0.744681 as Jack-10-9-8 is the best standard play on any stage of the game. The expected return of this hand on the second level (including the expected return of levels three and four) EV123 for this hand is computed as:
A computer program known to those of skill in the art is used to find that the sum of all of the EV123 values divided by 2,598,960 for the second stage results in an expected return of 5.96916633. This is the number of coins a player is expected to win in the remainder of any game that reaches the second stage (i.e. return of second third, and fourth stages combined).
The first stage is analyzed identically as the second and third stages, however EVremain is now 5.96916633 and MULTstage is now 1. Looking at the hand of FIG. 19, we now have the following calculations:
When the hand of FIG. 19 is analyzed on the first stage, it is again better to hold just the Jack rather than Jack-10-9-8, therefore EVchbest is 2.481070. The EVstdbest is still 0.744681 as Jack-10-9-8 is the best standard play on any stage of the game. The expected return of this hand on the first level (including the expected return of levels two, three and four) EV123 for this hand is computed as:
The sum of all of the EV123 values divided by 2,598,960 for the first stage results in an expected return of 3.995391. This is the number of coins a player is expected to win in a four stage game for which a four coin bet is made. Dividing this value by the four coin bet results in an expected return of 0.998848 or 99.88%. By setting the “Free Ride” percentage at 7.3% for the four stage game, the expected return of 99.54% of this standard game was increased to 99.88% to give a player an incentive to learn the modified optimal play strategy dictated by the EVch analysis.
In order to determine the actual amount paid out on each level as well as the independent return of coins bet on that level, it is useful to maintain several running sums while working through each of the 2,598,960 possible hands. The following equation is calculated for each hand, and a sum of these values is maintained:
EVstdbest=EV of best hold combination using standard (Table 18) analysis
EVSTDchbest=Standard (Table 18) analysis EV of best hold for maximizing Equation 1.
For each hand, if there is no “Free Ride”, it will be held to maximize EVch using Equation 1. The FRoff value is used to weight the standard (Table 18 method) EV of this best hold (called EVSTDchbest)). If there is a “Free Ride”, then the optimal play is to hold the combination that gives the highest standard EV. The FRon is used to weight this value. For the example hand of FIG. 19, on the first stage or second stage, this would give the following equation:
The EVSTDchbest and EVstdbest values come from Table 19 and Table 18, respectively.
For each stage, for each of the 2,598,960 hands, these EVplayedhand components are added together and the sum is divided by 2,598,960. This indicates the payout of hands played on that level. These values are shown in the second column of Table 20.
In a manner similar to Equation 3, the HRch hit rate components are weighted and added to result in the hit rate shown in the third column of Table 20. The fourth column of Table 20 shows the probability of playing a hand on a given level, which is 1.0 on the first level, and for the other levels, is the product of the third and fourth columns of the level below. The fifth column shows the stage multiplier for the given level. The sixth column is the actual return for a particular level, which is the product of the second, fourth and fifth columns. The seventh column is expected return for the rest of a game that has reached the current stage. For the fourth stage, this is the product of the second column (return) and fifth column (multiplier). For the lower levels, it is the product of the second and fifth columns (which represents the Expected Pay for playing the current level) plus the third column (hit rate on current level) times the seventh column of the next higher level. This seventh column value is the same as the sum of the EV123 values previously discussed.
It is easily seen in Table 20 that on lower levels some of the column 2 return is sacrificed to increase the column 3 hit rate to allow more frequent play of the lucrative upper levels as seen in column 6.
Finally, when only two or three stages are bet, the analysis must be done again from the beginning, starting with the top stage and working down. The results for two or three stages are not inferable from the Table 20 data, but need to be developed independently.
It should be clear that a single stage game (i.e., a bet on only the first level) is no different than the standard 9-6 Jacks or Better game.
This third embodiment of a multi-stage draw poker gaming machine is operationally summarized in the flow charts of FIGS. 27A-27F. FIG. 27A generally describes the start-up of the Multi-Strike Five-Card Draw Poker game embodiment, which is initially quite similar to that of the first (slots) embodiment. First, an assessment of whether credit(s) are present is undertaken beginning at step 270. If none is present, then a check is made as to whether the player has inserted the relevant coin, credit card, etc., for the necessary credit(s) at step 271. If so, then at step 272 the credit(s) are registered and displayed at the “Total Credits” meter 77 (e.g., FIG. 17). All available player buttons are then activated for initiation of play at 275.
At this stage, the player enters a set-up loop where the player may choose to add more credits or proceed with play at step 276. If credits are added, these are registered on the meter display 77 at step 277. The cards displayed from a previous hand, along with any stage total(s) and subtotal(s) reflected in the payout information window(s), and “Total Won” meter 85 are all cleared for the new game (step 278). The program loops back to step 276.
The “Coins per Hand” button 67 can alternatively be engaged from step 276, causing the coins-per-hand setting to be modified (as indicated at meter 64, FIG. 17), as well as updating the value of the “Total Bet” window 68, as indicated at step 279. Once again, the program loops back to step 276 through steps 278 and 275.
Back at step 276, the player then can choose the “Select Number of Hands” button 66 to input this aspect of his or her wager. This likewise causes the “Total Bet” to be so modified, as well as displaying the number of hands bet at meter 63, all as indicated at step 280. Graphics are also updated at step 281 to highlight the hands which are now “active” (i.e., potentially playable). Steps 278 and 275 then follow in the loop back to step 276.
Once the player has input the parameters of the wager, then the “Deal Draw” button 70 is engaged. It should be noted that the foregoing selection sequence as to coins and hands to bet need not follow the order indicated.
The player has the option of skipping all of the hands and coins per hand selections, through resort to the “Max Bet Deal” button 76. A subroutine will then execute at step 285 to assess the total credits the player has provided, and then determine the maximum number of coins per hand and the maximum number of hands (per an embedded look-up table) which can be played for that credit quantity, up to a fixed maximum for the game. The graphics are updated accordingly at steps 286 and 287 to show the hands being bet, coins-per-hand and total bet (as at steps 279 and 280). Steps 288 and 289 then follow, and are the same as steps 281 and 278, respectively.
From either the actuation of the “Deal Draw” button 70 or the “Max Bet Deal button 76, the selection buttons for player input are then deactivated and the amount bet is subtracted at step 291, with the remaining credits updated on the “Total Credits” meter 77. The main game play sequence is then begun (step 292).
The program randomly “shuffles” the deck to establish a playing order for the fifty-two regular playing cards (used in this version) at step 293 (FIG. 27B). A determination is made as to whether the second stage/level/hand is “active” (bet upon) at step 295. If it is not, the program proceeds to step 300 described below. If it is, then a subroutine is engaged for a “Free Ride” card (this version including this added feature). Beginning at step 296, a random selection process (discussed above) determines whether the “Free Ride” is available or not. If it is, then the “Free Ride” card is caused to be registered in one of the first five positions representing the order of the cards in the shuffled deck for the cards of the first hand (step 297), and the “Free Ride” feature will be available (as described hereafter). If it is not, then no “Free Ride” card is displayed, and the “Free Ride” feature is not available.
From either step 296 or 297, the program then “deals” (step 300) the cards for the hand, displaying the cards graphically in the five spaces allotted in the first hand 71. A check is made in the course of the foregoing deal to determine if one of the dealt cards is a “Free Ride” card at step 301. If it is (i.e., the “Free Ride” feature is available), then the “Free Ride” card is caused to be displayed in the space corresponding to its placement in the order, as indicated at step 302. Whereupon there is an audio cue also provided, and much rejoicing is heard throughout the land (step 303). After a suitable interval, the “Free Ride” card is caused to be replaced by the next regular playing card in the deck order (step 304), and a “Free Ride” icon is displayed next to the level (as seen at 91 in FIG. 25).
From step 304, or step 301 if no “Free Ride” is detected, the program then performs an evaluation of the dealt hand (step 308) to determine if a winning hand is presented, using the paytable hierarchy discussed with regard to FIG. 18, or more simply, is a pair of “Jacks or Better” presented (step 309)? If a winning hand is presented, then from step 309 a message is graphically displayed indicating the hand “rank” along with an audio sound acknowledging to the player that a winner is already in hand (with or without rejoicing, as desired, rejoicing being player dependent), as set forth in step 310. From either step 309 or 310, the program then advances to step 315.
Step 315 provides multiple options to the player at this juncture. The player may choose to add more credits, for example, which if elected results in an update to the “Total Credits” meter 77 at step 314, then looping back to step 315.
The player can also choose which cards to hold/discard at this point. A card that is to be held is selected (step 316) and then tagged as “held” (step 317) (e.g., see FIG. 19 and related discussion). Cards previously selected for being held can likewise be de-selected (step 318). From either step 317 or 318, the process loops back to step 315.
When the player has exercised whatever of the foregoing options are desired, if any, from step 315, the “Deal/Draw” button 70 is again actuated. This results in the removal from the graphic display of any card not designated as “held” (step 320). Each card removed is replaced with the next card in the deck order, as indicated at step 321. A re-evaluation of the hand now presented takes place at steps 322 and 325, similar to that of steps 308 and 309. If a winning hand is presented (again with reference to the paytable of FIG. 18), the type of winner is identified (e.g., “Three Of A Kind,”) graphically for the player in the payout information window 84, along with the number of coins/credits won as a sub-total, all as indicated in step 326. That sub-total is increased by the stage multiplier (which in the case of the first level, is 1×) and displayed as a “total” for the first hand, at step 327. From here, the first hand total is added to the “Total Won” meter amount at 85 (e.g., FIG. 20) (step 328).
If a winning hand is not presented at step 325, then a check is made as to whether the “Free Ride” icon is registered for the level at step 329. If it is, a message is displayed in payout information window 84 that the “Free Ride” feature is being employed to advance to the next stage/level/hand (step 330). If the “Free Ride” is not registered, then the game is over, and progresses to a “Game Over” sequence 331.
Out of steps 328 or 330, the program determines if the second stage/level/hand is “active,” i.e., bet upon (step 332). If it is not, the player is sent to the “Game Over” sequence (step 331). If it is active, however, then it is on to the next level.
Referring to FIG. 27C, play and operation continue substantially similar to that described with respect to that of the first level. A “new” deck is “shuffled,” (step 333). As in the first level, a determination is then made as to whether the third stage/level/hand is “active” (bet upon) at step 335. Steps 335 through 337, 340 through 344 and 348 through 350 are the same as their respective counterpart steps (295 et seq.) discussed with regard to the play of the first hand, albeit now in view of second level play.
From step 349 or step 350, a “draw” sequence is again executed as described with respect to the first hand, beginning at step 355. This includes the option of adding more credits (update of credit meter at step 354), and the selection of cards to be “held” via steps 356 through 358 (corresponding to steps 316 through 318, respectively, described above). Once card selection is completed at step 355, previously described steps 320 through 322, and 325 through 332 are repeated, but for this second stage/level/hand, through respective steps 360 through 362, and 365 through 372. At this point, either the game is over, and the player is routed to the “Game Over” sequence (step 371), or the player advances to another hand that has been bet upon, and play advances to the third stage/level/hand out of step 372, shown in FIG. 27D.
Referring now to FIG. 27D (and, e.g., FIG. 21), play continues for the third hand in the same manner as that described for the first and second hands, albeit now in view of third level play. Accordingly, and for ease of description, steps described as to the first level are related to their corresponding steps in the third level by grouping the respective steps as follows: 293/373, 295-297/375-377, 300-304/380-384, 308-310/388-390, 314-318/394-398, 320-322/400-402, 325-332/405-412. At this point, either the game is over, and the player is routed to the “Game Over” sequence (step 411), or the player advances to another hand that has been bet upon, and play advances to the fourth stage/level/hand out of step 412, shown in FIG. 27E.
Play of the fourth hand is similar to that described above, except that no “Free Ride” is available (this being the last hand in this particular embodiment of the game). Accordingly (and using the same convention for grouping like steps of the first and fourth levels for ease of description), cards are “shuffled” at step 413/293, dealt at step 420/300, and the hand is evaluated at step 428/308. If a winning hand is present (step 429/309), then a message is displayed at step 430/310.
Beginning with step 435, a “draw” sequence is again executed as described with respect to the first hand. In this fourth level, steps described for the first level draw sequence correspond to their fourth level counterparts as follows: 314-318/434-438, 320-322/440-442, and 325-328/445-448. Since there is no fifth level, the game proceeds to the “Game Over” sequence out of step 448 or step 445 at step 451.
The “Game Over” sequence is set forth in FIG. 27F. A “GAME OVER” message is displayed by the graphics (step 452). The “Total Won” amount (meter 85 in FIG. 20) is checked, and if greater than zero (step 453), the credit(s) amassed as represented on the meter 85 are added to the “Total Credits” meter 87 at step 454. The player, and the game, are both returned to the game start up sequence out of step 453 (if nothing won) or step 454.
Bunco
Bunco, sometimes called Bunko, Bonko or Bonco, is a dice game that dates back to the mid 1800's in the United States. While there are many variations that are currently played, what follows is what appear to be very popular rules of the game.
Bunco is typically played in groups of eight to twenty players, usually women and occasionally couples as a social event. A group typically meets once a month, and plays at multiple tables of four players. Players seated across from each other are partners although it is typical to change partners for each game played. Each table has three dice that are passed around from player to player.
The game is played in “rounds”. The first round starts with all tables rolling for a “point” of one. The dice move clockwise to each person at the table who gets to roll the dice. A team scores one point for each die that matches the current point (one in this case). Each time one or more dice match the current point, the player's team scores and the player continues to roll. If the player gets all three dice to match on a number other than the current point then that team scores five points and the player continues to roll. If the player gets all three dice to match the current point they yell out “Bunco” and the team is awarded twenty-one points.
Once a player rolls the dice showing no points, the turn ends. Each round continues with the dice going from player to player around the table. The game ends when a player at the first or head table reaches twenty-one points, which is usually indicated by ringing a hand-bell to signal all the tables that the round is over. At this point the players change partners and rotate through the tables based on the winners and losers, and the next game would play with a “point” of two.
This fourth embodiment of the current invention consists of a dice game that is loosely based on an individual player's turn during a round of Bunco. While this game may be played in a casino with live dealers (as is done with the casino game of Craps) or on a gaming machine that propels real physical dice, the preferred embodiment is on a video gaming machine.
Unlike the version of Bunco described above, in this fourth embodiment there may be up to three points which the player is trying to roll. Instead of being a single number, any number that has been rolled on every stage of the current game is an active point. On the first roll, each number that appears on a die becomes a point, for a possible total of three points if all three dice are different (that is, all six possible numbers are points for the first roll). On the second roll, the player must roll one or more points matching the first roll to keep the game going. Any numbers that were rolled on both the first and second rolls remain points for the third roll. The player continues to roll until no dice match a number found in all previous rolls, or until the highest stage upon which a bet has been placed is rolled.
FIG. 28 shows a display of this fourth embodiment. A maximum of seven stages or rolls of the dice per game is provided. The game may allow more or fewer stages without departing from the invention. Each stage (level) of the game represents a roll of the dice as described above. The player may place a bet on from one to seven stages or lines. The player may bet from one to five coins per stage in this version. Of course, it is anticipated that different numbers of coins per stage could be allowed. Also, the player could be allowed to place bets on different stages at random, rather than from the bottom up. For that matter, the player could be allowed to make different size wagers on different stages at will, without departing from the invention.
Referring to FIG. 28, the “Select Lines” button 100 is pressed to select from one to seven stages to bet on. The “Coins per Line” button 101 is pressed to indicate the number of coins to bet on each line. The player then presses the “Roll Dice” button 102 to roll the dice for the first stage.
FIG. 29 shows a game in progress after the first roll. This roll of 3-4-6 is placed in the first stage area 105 next to the applicable line of the paytable 106 for that stage (0,0,0,32). For each stage there are four paytable values. These values are for rolling one, two or three points or for rolling “Bunco,” which is achieved when all three dice match one number which is an active point. Only the highest value is paid at each stage, so a “Bunco” does not also pay for three points matched. For the first roll (with all six numbers active) any combination of three matching dice is a “Bunco.” Scoring a “Bunco” is the only way to win the first level bet, although in this game the player automatically advances to the second stage. It is envisioned that other embodiments could set the active points in advance of the first roll which would then require a match on the first roll to continue. A first stage “Bunco” awards thirty-two coins. The machine highlights the appropriate paytable value in the “3 points matched” column for this roll and shows the remaining points under the first stage line (107).
The player presses the “Roll Dice” button 102 for the second stage, and a possible result is shown in FIG. 30. The roll of 1-4-6 matches two of the three points that were established in the first roll. Thus, the points “4” and “6” remain “alive,” i.e., in play (107). The point of “3” from the first roll is no longer alive because it does not appear in the second roll. The three dice are placed on the second stage line 108 next to the applicable paytable 106 values for that stage. The game highlights the “2 points matched” value in the paytable indicating that one coin is awarded for matching two points on the second stage. The “Total So Far” meter 110 is updated to show the total of one coin won at this point (zero coins on the first stage and one coin on the second stage). The window 107 under the first stage now shows that only the “4” and the “6” remain as active points.
The player presses the “Roll Dice” button 102 for the third stage and a possible result is shown in FIG. 31. The roll of 1-1-6 matches one of the two points that were alive after the second roll. Thus, only the point “6” remains alive (107). The point of “4” from the first two rolls is no longer alive because it does not appear in the third roll. The three dice are placed on the third stage line 112 next to the paytable values for that stage. The game highlights the “1 point matched” value in the paytable indicating that two coins are awarded for matching one point on the third stage. The “Total So Far” meter 110 is updated to show the total of three coins won at this point (zero coins on the first stage, one coin on the second stage and two coins on the third stage). The window 107 under the first stage now shows that only the “6” remains as an active point.
The player presses the “Roll Dice” button 102 for the fourth stage and a possible result is shown in FIG. 32. The roll of 1-4-5 does not match the point of “6,” which was the only point left alive. While “4” was an active point after the first two rolls, the absence of a “4” on the third roll took it out of play as a point, and thus was of no value in the fourth roll. As a result of matching no points the game is over. The “Total So Far” meter 110 value of three coins is copied to the “Paid” window 114, and this is added to the credits counter 115 taking it from an arbitrary“865” to “868” credits.
It should be noted that in the example shown, the bets for levels above the fourth level were lost without those levels being played. As is intuitive and will be shown in the following analysis, the higher the level, the less often it will be played. This is offset by offering the player very large awards for very modest events on these higher levels when they are played.
It should also be noted that while the slot machine and poker embodiments previously discussed have stages that are independent games that allow advancing to the next stage upon winning, this fourth Bunco embodiment is an ongoing game with stages that, as a result of the nature of the game, also involve multi-stage betting working with an evolving game. This game is not limited to advancing to the next stage only with a win, since the game will always play the second stage if two or more stages have been bet upon, even though, except for a first stage “Bunco”, the player will not win on the first stage.
FIG. 33 shows another Bunco game at its conclusion. The first roll of 1-5-5 established only two points as a result of the duplicate 5's. The second roll of 1-3-3 kept only the point of “1” alive. The third roll of 1-1-1 is “Bunco” scoring fourteen coins. The fourth roll of 3-4-6 does not match the point of “1”, and thus ends the game. A total of fifteen coins were won on this game (one for matching one point on the second stage and fourteen for “Bunco” on the third stage).
Looking at FIG. 33, the “Max Bet/Roll Dice” button 116 is also seen. This button 116 establishes the maximum bet, which in this embodiment is thirty-five coins, (seven stages times five coins per stage) and then rolls the dice for the first stage. Pressing this button 116 is the same as pressing the “Select Lines” button 100 until seven lines are selected, and then pressing the “Coins per Line” button 101 until five coins per line are selected, and then finally pressing the “Roll Dice” button 102 to roll the dice for the first stage.
Shown in the upper right section of FIG. 33 are the bonuses for games that achieve two “Buncos” and three “Buncos”: “75” coins and “2500” coins respectively. These bonuses add excitement to the game, as well as the opportunity to win a more sizable award than is available from the seven stages of the game.
The foregoing Bunco gaming machine is operationally summarized in the flow charts of FIGS. 34A through 34D. FIG. 34A generally describes the start-up of the Multi-Strike BUNCO game embodiment, which is initially quite similar to that of the first (slots) embodiment. First, an assessment of whether credit(s) are present is undertaken beginning at step 460. If none is present, then a check is made as to whether the player has inserted the relevant coin, credit card, etc., for the necessary credit(s) at step 461. If so, then at step 462 the credit(s) are registered and displayed at the “Credits” meter 115 (e.g., FIG. 28). All available player buttons are then activated for initiation of play at 465.
At this stage, the player enters a set-up loop where the player may choose to add more credits or proceed with play at step 466. If credits are added, these are registered on the meter display (115) at step 468. The program loops back to step 466.
The “Coins per Line” button 101 can alternatively be engaged from step 466, causing the coins-per-line setting to be modified (as indicated at meter 103, FIG. 28), as well as updating the value of the “Total Bet” window 104, and the paytable information window 106, all as indicated at step 469. Once again, the program loops back to step 466.
Back at step 466, the player can choose the “Select Lines” button 100 to input this aspect of his or her wager. Graphics are updated at step 470 to highlight the lines which are now “active” (i.e., potentially playable). This likewise causes the lines bet meter 111 and “Total Bet” 104 to be so modified, all as indicated at step 472. The program once again loops back to step 466.
Once the player has input the parameters of the wager, then the “Roll Dice” button 102 is engaged. It should be noted that the foregoing selection sequence as to coins and lines to bet need not follow the order indicated.
The player has the option of skipping all of the lines and coins-per-line selections, through resort to the “Max Bet Roll Dice” button 116 (FIG. 33). A subroutine will then execute at step 475 to assess the total credits the player has provided, and determine the maximum number of coins per line and the maximum number of lines (per an embedded look-up table) which can be played for that credit quantity, up to a fixed maximum for the game. The graphics are updated accordingly at steps 476 and 477 to show the lines being bet, coins-per-lines and total bet (as at steps 469, 470 and 472). Either out of step 477 or after actuation of the “Roll Dice” button 102, the player selection buttons are deactivated (step 478), the sum of the wager is subtracted from the “Credits” meter 115 and the new amount is displayed. The game then progresses to a main play sequence (step 479).
The dice are rolled at step 480, as shown in FIG. 34B. The program assesses whether this is the first roll of the game (step 482). If it is the first roll, then “Match these POINTS” window 107 (e.g., see FIG. 29) is activated at step 483, and a determination is made as to how many different numbers are presented by the rolled dice (step 484). The different “Points” are then displayed in the window 107, depending on whether there are one, two or three different numbers (steps 485 a through 485 c). The graphics of the program generates copies of the dice rolled, with a color hue to indicate a “Point Made” at step 488, and the dice are displayed in the current stage/level/roll (step 489), which here is the first level 105.
If this is not the first roll of the game (step 482), then copies of the dice just rolled are generated at step 490. The program executes a comparison of the numbers (dice) in the window 107 (which are the Points to match), with the dice just rolled at step 491. If there is a match, the graphics of the program colors a copy (or copies) of the matching die rolled with a hue to indicate a “Point Made” at step 492. For each match not made, the die (dice) is colored with a hue to indicate that no match/Point was made (step 493), and the dice are displayed as so hued in the current stage/level/roll (step 489).
From step 489, another comparison is then made at step 495 between the current roll and the Point(s) to be matched/made. Each Point in the window 107 is assessed as to a match on a die (number) of the current roll at step 496. If at step 496 there is no match for a Point, it is removed from the game and the graphics of window 107 are updated accordingly, at step 498. The program then assesses whether there is any Point remaining (step 497), and the game proceeds to a “Bunco” determination if the answer to the foregoing is positive. If there are no Points remaining (window 107), the player is passed to a “Game Over” sequence at step 500.
The “Bunco” assessment is set forth in FIG. 34C. The program first assesses whether a “Bunco” has been rolled at step 501. If the evaluation is positive, then the graphics highlight the “BUNCO” pay (see, e.g., 113 in FIG. 33) for the current level (step 502). That “BUNCO” pay amount is added to the “Total So Far” meter 110 at step 503.
The program then determines whether two “Bunco's” had previously been rolled in the same game at step 506. If “yes,” then the “Triple BUNCO BONUS” is highlighted on the screen (step 507), and the predetermined amount for that bonus is added to the “Total So Far” meter 110 at step 508.
If two “Bunco's” have not been registered at step 506, the program makes a determination as to whether one “Bunco” had previously been scored at step 510. If “yes,” then the “Double BUNCO BONUS” is highlighted on the screen (step 512), and the predetermined amount for that bonus is added to the “Total So Far” meter 110 at step 513.
Back at step 501, if a “Bunco” has not been rolled, then a count is made of the number of rolled dice that match any of the remaining Points in the window 107 (step 515). That count is used to highlight the appropriate pay for that level for that number of points in the paytable information window as indicated at step 516. That amount is added to the meter 110 at step 517.
Out of either step 508, 513 or 517, the player then advances to step 520, which is a program assessment as to whether all lines that have been bet on have been played. If all have been played, then the game is over and the “Game Over” sequence is engaged out of step 521.
If all possible lines have not been played, then the player is given the option of adding more credits and/or continuing through actuation of the “Roll Dice” button 102 at step 525. If the choice is to add credits, then the “Credits” meter is so updated at step 526, and the player is looped back to step 525. If the choice is to roll, then another round is started (step 527) upon actuation of the button 102, whereupon the sequence of events beginning at step 480 recommences.
Once all lines have been played or there are no Points left in the window 107 (i.e., no match at a level), then the “Game Over” sequence of FIG. 34D is engaged. A “GAME OVER” message is displayed at step 530, and a determination is made as to whether the “Total So Far” meter 110 shows any credits (i.e., any winnings for the game) at step 531. Any winnings as shown in meter 110 are then added to the total “Credits” meter 115 (step 532), and the player and the program are returned to the game start sequence at step 460.
Analysis of Certain Architecture of the Bunco Embodiment
The mathematical payout percentage of this fourth embodiment is determined by breaking down the different possible combinations for each of the seven stages. This will be done for one coin per line only, as it is well known by those skilled in the art how to expand this result for multiple coins per line, as well as the inclusion of bonus values, if desired. The first stage is fairly easy to analyze. There are three possible types of outcome of the first roll: “Bunco” (equivalent to one point established), two points established or three points established. There are two hundred and sixteen possible combinations of three dice computed by multiplying the possible combinations of each die: 6×6×6=216. The number of occurrences of “Bunco” or three dice that match are six. This is computed as 6×1×1 because the first die can take any of the six numbers, then the second die must match that number and the third die must also match that number. Three points are established when all three of the dice have a different number showing, and is computed by 6×5×4=120 because the first die can take on any value while the second die can take on any of the five remaining values that don't match the first die, and the third die can then take on any of the remaining values that don't match the first two dice.
This leaves ninety occurrences of a combination that results in two points (216-6-120=90). The ninety occurrences of two points can also be computed directly as follows: There are three forms that a roll resulting in two points may take: XYX, XXY or YXX. The combinations for these are as follows:
XYX=6×5×1=30 First can be any, second must not match first, third must match first.
XXY=6×1×5=30 First can be any, second must match first, third must not match first.
YXX=5×6×1=30 First can be any but X, second can be any, third must match second.
Table 21 organizes the data described above. The first column indicates the number of points established by the first roll. The second column shows the value paid for that result. The third column shows the “Occurrences” of that result which was determined above. The fourth column is the probability of that result, which is the occurrence count divided by 216, the number of possible outcomes. The fifth column is the Expected Value component from each pay, which is the product of the paytable value times the probability of receiving that value. The sum of all EV components is the expected return of the stage, which is 88.89%. If only stage one was played, then the expected return to the player would be 88.89%. The payout percentage may be modified by making a change to the second column “Pay” value, which would also change in the paytable. For example, changing the pay for “Bunco” (one point established) from “32” to “33” would result in a 91.67% expected return. Unlike the slot machine example, the “Occurrence” data is locked into the rules of the game, and any change to the payout will be apparent to the player. It must be done by modifying the paytable as described above, or by changing the rules of the game.
The second stage of the game has three separate analyses based on the number of points established in the first stage of the game. The “Occurrences” for each row in Table 22 (the fourth column) are calculated in the same manner as shown for the first stage and will not be elaborated on further. The first column of Table 22 states the number of points alive at the start of the second stage. This table has three separate analyses based on whether one, two or three points were alive at the start of the second stage.
The second column shows the combination being enumerated. The three possible points are called “A”, “B” and “C”. “x” indicates a die that matches no point. The “Comb. Column” shows the makeup of the dice for that line of the table. For example, AAA is three dice matching point “A”. The BBA is two dice matching point “B” and one die matching point “A”, and this can occur in any order. The third column indicates the amount paid for the specified combination. This is based on the second stage paytable line of 1,1,2,6 (e.g., FIG. 30) awarding one coin for matching one or two points, two coins for matching three points in a non-“Bunco” combination and six coins for all three dice matching the same point (“Bunco”). The fourth column indicates the number of occurrences of the specified combination out of the possible two hundred and sixteen combinations. The fifth column is the probability of that occurrence and is the quotient of the occurrences and the two hundred and sixteen possible combinations. The sixth column is called “Probability of Start Condition”. This is the probability of starting the second stage with the number of points shown in the first column. This number is taken directly from Table 21.
The seventh column is the probability of the specified “Result” occurring, which is the product of the fifth and sixth columns. This result is due to the need for the probability of the sixth column to start the stage with the number of points specified in the first column, as well as the need for the probability of the combination, which is given in the fifth column.
The eighth column is the expected value contribution from this combination which is computed as the product of the “Pay” value times the seventh column “Probability of this Result”. The sum of all values in the eighth column provides the expected return which is 92.28%.
The ninth column is the number of points still alive after the roll. This is represented by the number of unique capitalized letters in the second column combination.
The last four columns are used to determine the probability of the number of points alive at the end of the stage. The seventh column “Probability of This Result” value is copied to the column that corresponds to the ninth column “Points Alive” number. For example, for AAA there is one point alive which results in the 0.00013 value to be copied from the seventh column to the eleventh column, which is the column that calculates the “Probability that Points Left=1”.
The bolded numbers at the bottom of the last four columns of Table 22 tally the probability of ending the second round with the number of Points specified at the head of the column. For example, of the games that play a second stage (which is all games in this embodiment), 24.31% will finish the second stage with two points active.
Table 23 provides a similar analysis for the third stage of the game. The first two columns are the same. The third column has been modified to reflect the 2-2-5-14 (e.g., FIG. 31) paytable values for the third stage. The fourth column is the same as Table 22.
The fifth column uses the “Probability of Start Condition” for the specified number of points taken from the bottom of Table 22. Those numbers at the bottom of Table 22 show the probability of ending the second stage with zero, one, two or three points. The values in the rest of the columns are calculated in the same manner as was described for Table 22.
Looking at the sum of the “EV” column, it is clear that the expected return for the third stage of the game is 90.24%. The right four columns are used to compute the probability of zero, one, two or three points remain alive after the third stage. Note that the sum of these probability values does not total 1.0, but rather 0.79102. The additional component is the 0.20898 found at the bottom of Table 22 under “Probability that Points Left=0”. This represents games that ended after two stages and thus are not reflected in the stage three ending breakdown. In the same manner, the 0.3821 probability of ending the game in the third stage will not be included in the stage four ending breakdown.
The analysis for stages four through seven is done in a manner identical to stage three. The comparable tables for these stages are therefore not shown.
The analysis provided thus far does not include the bonuses for two “Buncos” and three “Buncos” occurring in the same game. The probability of getting a second or third “Bunco” in a game must be analyzed on a stage by stage basis, with the expected value of such awards added to the EV of the stage in which the bonus occurs.
A double “Bunco” award is given on a particular stage when the second “Bunco” in a game is achieved in that stage. It is not possible to get a double “Bunco” in the first stage. In the second stage, the only way to achieve a double “Bunco” bonus is to roll a “Bunco” on each of the first two stages. On the third stage, one could get “Bunco” on the first and third stage, or the second and third stage (the first and second stage is the case noted above of getting a double “Bunco” on the second stage). The shorthand xBB is used to indicate no “Bunco” on the first stage followed by “Bunco” on the second and third stages, while similarly BxB indicates “Bunco” on the first and third stages with no “Bunco” on the second stage.
Table 24 shows the combinations that will result in a double “Bunco” on the seventh stage. Note that all combinations must have the second “Bunco” occur as the seventh stage because if the second “Bunco” occurred earlier then it would be attributed to the earlier stage.
Working through the cases in Table 24, it is found that as a result of symmetry, the probability of each of these components to a seventh level double “Bunco” is identical. Likewise, there are five ways of identical probability to achieve a sixth level double “Bunco” bonus and the two ways mentioned above to achieve a third level double “Bunco” bonus have identical probability.
In order to compute the probability of the required components, there is a need to use three values that were computed earlier. In Table 21, the probability of a “Bunco” on the first roll is shown to be 0.027777778. The “x” components in the first line of Table 24 is the probability of staying alive in a game that has established one point, by rolling anything but a “Bunco”. This is found by taking the second and third lines of Table 22 (AAx and Axx) and adding the probability of those rolls (fourth column), which results in a total of 0.416666667. Finally, there is the probability of rolling a “Bunco” while one point is alive. This is shown in the first line of Table 22 (AAA) as 0.00462963. Using these values, one may construct the double “Bunco” probability table of Table 25.
The first column of Table 25 shows the game “Stage” for which the probability of double “Bunco” is being computed. The second column is the “Number of Forms” a double “Bunco” may take on that stage (such as the six forms shown for the seventh stage in Table 24). The third column shows the “Sample Form” being computed for the stage. The fourth through tenth columns are the probability components matching the respective letters in the third column forms. The eleventh column is the “Probability” of getting a double “Bunco” on that level which is the product of the second column form count and all probability components (“Comp.” 1 through 7).
The analysis for the “Triple Bunco Bonus” is similar to the “Double Bunco Bonus.” Table 26 shows all of the possible forms of a seventh level “Triple Bunco Bonus.”
Using the same symmetry that was used for the double “Bunco” calculation, one arrives at Table 27.
Table 28 shows the expected return from the double “Bunco” and triple “Bunco” awards. The first column shows the game “Stage”. The second column shows the “75” coin pay for the “Double Bunco Bonus”. The third column shows the “Double Bunco Probability” computed in Table 25 for each stage. The fourth column computes the expected return“(EV) for double “Buncos” on the given stage by multiplying the “Pay” (second column) times the “Probability” (third column). The fifth through seventh columns compute the triple “Bunco” expected return in the same manner as was used for “Double Bunco” in the second through fourth columns.
Finally, the overall EV of each stage and the overall EV of multi-stage games is shown in Table 29. The first column indicates the “Stage” number. The second column shows the expected return for the base game stage which was generated for the first three stages in Table 21, Table 22, and Table 23. The third and fourth column show the “Double” and “Triple Bunco” bonus EV components generated in Table 28. The fifth column is the total EV for the stage, which is created by adding the EV components in the second, third and fourth columns. The sixth column is the EV of an entire multi-stage game that bet on the number of stages in the first column. This is the average of the fifth column in the current row and all rows above (i.e., the average EV of all stages in the multi-stage game). The expected return of the entire game when a player plays all seven stages is 0.927423292 or 92.74%.
It will additionally be noted that the invention further contemplates a training program for players of these games, particularly in the video game versions. Such training programs are designed to teach players not only the fundamentals of game play, but to optimize game playing strategy, as with visual and aural cues for the player, replay options, and the like. Representative training programs are disclosed in applicants' co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/539,286, filed Mar. 30, 2000, and that disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference.
Thus, while the invention has been disclosed and described with respect to certain embodiments, those of skill in the art will recognize modifications, changes, other applications and the like which will nonetheless fall within the spirit and ambit of the invention, and the following claims are intended to capture such variations. | https://patents.google.com/patent/US6612927 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 25,542 | 66.78 |
This document contains official content from the BMC Software Knowledge Base. It is automatically updated when the knowledge article is modified.
PRODUCT:
BMC Discovery
COMPONENT:
BMC Discovery 11.1
APPLIES TO:
BMC Discovery 11.1
PROBLEM:
If you create a relationship class in a custom namespace (i.e. other than BMC.CORE), and then create or edit a sync mapping in Discovery to populate that relationship during the Discovery CMDB sync, then after the Discovery CMDB sync is run more than once, there will be duplicate entries for this relationship instead of it being updated.
This behaviour is seen in Discovery 11.1.0.3
SOLUTION:
This has been recorded as defect DRUD1-20234. A fix is tentatively scheduled for 11.1.05 and 11.2.
It is also worth noting a previous defect DRUD1-16687. That defect showed behaviour similar to this, but affected CIs in a class with a custom namespace rather than relationships as this one does. That was reported in an earlier version of BMC Discovery and fixed in 11.1.0.0 and later.
Article Number:
000135405
Article Type: | https://communities.bmc.com/docs/DOC-94491 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 184 | 60.72 |
Agenda
See also: IRC log
<fjh> Hal will scribe next week
<fjh> Reminder TPAC questionnaire and registration
<fjh> Approve 3 August 2010 minutes
<fjh>
RESOLUTION: Minutes from 3 August 2010 approved.
member-only summary of this discussion prepared by W3 team is available.
<fjh>
<fjh> w3c patent policy -
<fjh> 6. may be suspended with respect to any licensee when licensor is sued by licensee for infringement of claims essential to implement any W3C Recommendation;
<fjh>
<fjh>
<fjh> art at the time the specification becomes a Recommendation.
<fjh> Hal asks if normative but optional portion of specification is essential
<fjh> Different conformance clauses can require different optional portions, no?
<rigo>
<fjh>
<fjh>.
<tlr> ACTION: thomas to propose ECC-related refactoring of spec [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-621 - Propose ECC-related refactoring of spec [on Thomas Roessler - due 2010-08-17].
<fjh>
<fjh>
<tlr>
<tlr>
<tlr>
<tlr> ACTION: thomas to propose wording for response to EXI WG on LC-2386 LC-2387 [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-622 - Propose wording for response to EXI WG on LC-2386 LC-2387 [on Thomas Roessler - due 2010-08-17].
RESOLUTION: Accept Thomas' proposal in
<fjh>
<fjh>
<fjh> ACTION-600?
<trackbot> ACTION-600 -- Thomas Roessler to draft proposal of how update to 1.0 schema will work practically for existing implementations -- due 2010-08-10 -- PENDINGREVIEW
<trackbot>
<fjh> proposed RESOLUTION: WG agrees the 1.0 schema changes the type on X509SerialNumber from Integer to String. Make corresponding changes to version 1.1 of the specification; include the updated schema in the 1.1 publication.
<fjh> proposed RESOLUTION: WG accepts schema update plan per
<fjh> magnus asks how this will work with old implementations after change, wants more time to investigate
<tlr> +1 to best practices
<csolc> +1
<brich>scott suggests update best practice to not pull schema at runtime
<fjh> ACTION: magnus to review schema update plan, [recorded in]
<trackbot> Created ACTION-623 - Review schema update plan, [on Magnus Nystrom - due 2010-08-17].
<tlr> action-623 due 2010-08-25
<trackbot> ACTION-623 Review schema update plan, due date now 2010-08-25
<fjh> what would happen to existing implementations that use integer with schema changed to string
<fjh> tlr notes possible concern with schema aware EXI
<tlr> tlr: please consider what happens if we (a) update the schema that sits at the namespace URI, and (b) replace it with an XHTML document that points at a new schema
<brich> Brian notes issue with object models that build off the schema
<brich> Brian notes that the on-the-wire format is not changing, object model can change locally, do we now ship the new schema, refer to new schema, how to communicate both within and without the toolsets
<brich> scantor: concern that errors in schema are not being addressed, need to balance interop with correctness
<brich> bal: published a schema for 1.0, would prefer updated schema for 1.0 with new URI
<brich> scantor: still need what the best practice should be to make recommendation
<brich> tlr: not going through errata process, as the spec update process will effectively perform a schema update
qnameAware parameter
pratik asked in email: I also think we should change the "Element" to maybe "QNElement" or how about "QNameInText" ?
<brich> scantor: wrestling with conciseness vs explicit expression
<brich> scantor: important to express elements, qualified attributes, unqualified attributes...would like a term to refer to all 3
<brich> scantor: not in favor of #2, due to capitalization issues in various editors
<brich> scantor: perhaps need additional input from group? more think time? get feedback?
<brich> fjh: Need addl review
<brich> fjh: Add to draft
Removing id function - id()
id function will only work if ID defined in DTD
from minutes -
<brich> scantor: IDness is a streaming issue
document -
<brich> scantor: relative vs absolute XPath
<brich> scantor: would use ID in referenced in enveloped signatures
scantor notes could still have id for Reference but not for XPath
<brich> pdatta: XPath ID seems to be tied to DTD IDs
<Ed_Simon> Maybe fjh was thinking of the concern I had wrt to referencing <Object> element content; I think that is mainly a separate issue.
<brich> scantor: DOM tells me its an ID, but the DTD doesn't = excluded?
<brich> scantor: DOM is used to resolve IDs, not URIResolvers?
<brich> meiko: looking at XPath reference, do see issues with streamability, may need to exclude from streaming profile
proposed RESOLUTION: remove id() from Streamable XPath Profile
<brich> scantor: does streaming always imply one-pass?
<brich> pdatta: no, may not be one-pass | http://www.w3.org/2010/08/10-xmlsec-minutes.html | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | refinedweb | 759 | 51.82 |
Extremely Easy Ext.Direct integration with PHP
Extremely Easy Ext.Direct integration with PHP
*** Compatible with ExtJS 4 ***
This is an updated / refactored version of "Easy Ext.Direct integration with PHP"
How to use:
1) PHP
PHP Code:
<?php
require 'ExtDirect.php';
class Server
{
public function date( $format )
{
return date( $format );
}
}
ExtDirect::provide( 'Server' );
?>
2) HTML:
Code:
<script type="text/javascript" src="ext-direct.php?javascript"></script>
3) JavaScript:
Code:
Ext.php.Server.date( 'Y-m-d', function(result){ alert( 'Server date is ' + result ); } );
What are you waiting for the download?
It includes:
ExtDirect.php - This is the file you include in your PHP script.
example.php - This is a working sample (PHP part).
example.html - The HTML and JavaScript parts of the working sample.
In the next post, I tell you about the features and configuration options.
Thanks.
The current latest version is ExtDirect_2011-11-08.zip, which you can download below:
Last edited by j.bruni; 8 Nov 2011 at 5:31 PM. Reason: New version available (November 8, 2011)
Features
Features
Thanks, Khebs!
You haven't seen nothing yet!
Look at the Features
- API declaration with several classes (not limited to a single class)
- API "url", "namespace" and "descriptor" settings ("ExtDirect" class assigns them automatically if you don't)
- Two types of API output format: "json" (for use with Ext Designer) and "javascript" (default: json)
- You choose if the "len" attribute of the actions will count only the required parameters of the PHP method, or all of them (default: all)
- You choose whether inherited methods will be declared in the API or not (default: no)
- You choose whether static methods will be declared in the API or not (default: no)
- Instantiate an object if the called method is static? You choose! (default: no)
- Call the class constructor with the actions parameters? You choose! (default: no)
- "debug" option to enable server exceptions to be sent in the output of API action results (default: off)
- "utf8_encode" option to automatically apply UTF8 encoding in API action results (default: off)
Learn how to use all these configuration options in the next post. It is so simple!
Hey! Forgot to mention in the features list:
- Handles forms
- Handles file uploads
Configuration - How To
Configuration - How To
Easy.
If the configuration option name is "configuration_name" and the configuration value is $value, use this syntax:
PHP Code:
ExtDirect::$configuration_name = $value;
Now, let's see the available configuration options:
- name: api_classes
- type: array of strings
- meaning: Name of the classes to be published to the Ext.Direct API
- default: empty
- comments: This option is overriden if you provide a non-empty $api_classes parameter for the "ExtDirect::provide" method. Choose one or another. If you want to declare a single class, you can set $api_classes as a string, instead of an array.
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$api_classes = array( 'Server', 'OtherClass', 'StoreProvider' );
- type: string
- meaning: Ext.Direct API attribute "url"
- default: $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']
- comments: Sometimes, PHP_SELF is not what we want. So, it is possible to specify the API URL manually.
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$url = '/path/to/my_php_script.php';
- type: string
- meaning: Ext.Direct API attribute "namespace"
- default: "Ext.php"
- comments: Feel free to choose your own namespace, according to ExtJS rules for it.
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$namespace = 'Ext.Dharma';
- type: string
- meaning: Ext.Direct API attribute "descriptor"
- default: "Ext.php.REMOTING_API"
- comments: Feel free to choose your own descriptor, according to ExtJS rules for it, and to the chosen namespace.
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$descriptor = 'Ext.Dharma.REMOTING_API';
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to count only the required parameters of a method for the API "len" attribute
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$count_only_required_params = true;
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to include static methods in the API declaration
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$include_static_methods = true;
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to include inherited methods in the API declaration
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$include_inherited_methods = true;
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to create an object instance of a class even if the method being called is static
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$instantiate_static = true;
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to call the action class constructor sending the action parameters to it
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$constructor_send_params = true;
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to allow exception detailed information in the output
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$debug = true;
- type: boolean
- meaning: Set this to true to pass all action method call results through utf8_encode function
- default: false
- examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$utf8_encode = true;
- type: string
- meaning: API output format - available options are "json" (good for Ext Designer) and "javascript"
- default: "json"
- comments: Another way to enforce "javascript" output is to append the "?javascript" query string in the end of your PHP script URL; do this in the HTML <script> tag that refers to your API
examplePHP Code:
ExtDirect::$default_api_output = "javascript";
Yes i was playing with it, very good indeed.. and nice one w/ json & javascript
nothing is much simpler than this.. thanks for sharing!
Thanks J. Saw your response in your other post, skipped over here, and like what I see. Thanks for sharing with everyone. Andy')); ?>) | http://www.sencha.com/forum/showthread.php?102357-Extremely-Easy-Ext.Direct-integration-with-PHP&p=480079&mode=linear | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 858 | 53.81 |
canny_edge_detection 1.0.2
canny_edge_detection: ^1.0.2 copied to clipboard
An edge detection library.
Use this package as a library
Depend on it
Run this command:
With Dart:
$ dart pub add canny_edge_detection
With Flutter:
$ flutter pub pub add canny_edge_detection
This will add a line like this to your package's pubspec.yaml (and run an implicit
dart pub get):
dependencies: canny_edge_detection: ^1.0.2
Alternatively, your editor might support
dart pub get or
flutter pub get.
Check the docs for your editor to learn more.
Import it
Now in your Dart code, you can use:
import 'package:canny_edge_detection/canny_edge_detection.dart'; | https://pub.dev/packages/canny_edge_detection/install | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | refinedweb | 101 | 58.38 |
Two Houses Solution Codeforces
This:.
There is a city in which Dixit lives. In the city, there are nn houses. There is exactly one directed road between every pair of houses. For example, consider two houses A and B, then there is a directed road either from A to B or from B to A but not both. The number of roads leading to the ii-th house is kiki.
Two houses A and B are bi-reachable if A is reachable from B and B is reachable from A. We say that house B is reachable from house A when there is a path from house A to house B.
Dixit wants to buy two houses in the city, that is, one for living and one for studying. Of course, he would like to travel from one house to another. So, he wants to find a pair of bi-reachable houses A and B. Among all such pairs, he wants to choose one with the maximum value of |kA−kB||kA−kB|, where kiki is the number of roads leading to the house ii. If more than one optimal pair exists, any of them is suitable.
Since Dixit is busy preparing CodeCraft, can you help him find the desired pair of houses, or tell him that no such houses exist?
In the problem input, you are not given the direction of each road. You are given — for each house — only the number of incoming roads to that house (kiki).
You are allowed to ask only one type of query from the judge: give two houses A and B, and the judge answers whether B is reachable from A. There is no upper limit on the number of queries. But, you cannot ask more queries after the judge answers “Yes” to any of your queries. Also, you cannot ask the same query twice.
Once you have exhausted all your queries (or the judge responds “Yes” to any of your queries), your program must output its guess for the two houses and quit.
See the Interaction section below for more details.
Input
The first line contains a single integer nn (3≤n≤5003≤n≤500) denoting the number of houses in the city. The next line contains nn space-separated integers k1,k2,…,knk1,k2,…,kn (0≤ki≤n−10≤ki≤n−1), the ii-th of them represents the number of incoming roads to the ii-th house.Interaction
To ask a query, print “? A B” (1≤A,B≤N,A≠B)(1≤A,B≤N,A≠B). The judge will respond “Yes” if house B is reachable from house A, or “No” otherwise.
To output the final answer, print “! A B”, where A and B are bi-reachable with the maximum possible value of |kA−kB||kA−kB|. If there does not exist such pair of houses A and B, output “! 0 0”.
After outputting the final answer, your program must terminate immediately, otherwise you will receive Wrong Answer verdict.
You cannot ask the same query twice. There is no upper limit to the number of queries you ask, but, you cannot ask more queries after the judge answers “Yes” to any of your queries. Your program must now output the final answer (“! A B” or “! 0 0”) and terminate.
If you ask a query in incorrect format or repeat a previous query, you will get Wrong Answer verdict.
After printing a query do not forget to output the end of the line and flush the output. Otherwise, you will get the Idleness limit exceeded error. To do this, use:
- fflush(stdout) or cout.flush() in C++;
- System.out.flush() in Java;
- flush(output) in Pascal;
- stdout.flush() in Python;
- see documentation for other languages.
Examples: Two Houses Solution Codeforces
input
3 1 1 1 Yes
output
? 1 2 ! 1 2
input
4 1 2 0 3 No No No No No No
output
? 2 1 ? 1 3 ? 4 1 ? 2 3 ? 4 2 ? 4 3 ! 0 0
Note
In the first sample input, we are given a city of three houses with one incoming road each. The user program asks one query: “? 1 2”: asking whether we can reach from house 11 to house 22. The judge responds with “Yes”. The user program now concludes that this is sufficient information to determine the correct answer. So, it outputs “! 1 2” and quits.
In the second sample input, the user program queries for six different pairs of houses, and finally answers “! 0 0” as it is convinced that no two houses as desired in the question exist in this city.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long int ll;
typedef unsigned long long int ull;
typedef unsigned long int ul;
typedef long double ld;
typedef double d;
typedef pair <int, int> ii;
typedef pair <ll, ll> pll;
typedef vector<ll> vll;
typedef vector<int> vi;
typedef priority_queue<ll> pqll;
typedef priority_queue<int> pqi;
typedef set<ll> sll;
typedef set<int> si;
typedef unordered_set<int> usi;
typedef unordered_set<ll> usll;
typedef multiset<ll> msll;
typedef multiset<int> msi;
typedef unordered_multiset<int> umsi;
typedef unordered_multiset<ll> umsll;
typedef map<ll, ll> mll;
typedef map<int, int> mi;
typedef unordered_map<int, int> umi;
typedef unordered_map<ll, ll> umll;
typedef multimap<ll, ll> mmll;
typedef multimap<int, int> mmi;
typedef unordered_multimap<int, int> ummi;
typedef unordered_multimap<ll, ll> ummll;
#define speed ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(NULL); cout.tie(NULL);
#define pb push_back
#define pf push_front
#define mp make_pair
#define fs first
#define sd second
#define all(x) x.begin(), x.end()
#define REP(i, a, b) for (ll i=a; i=b; i–)
#define TRAV(a, v) for (auto a : v)
#define file ifstream cin (“Input.txt”); ofstream cout (“Output.txt”);
const long long int MOD = 1e9+7;
const long long int INF = 1e18;
const long double EPS = 1e-9;
int main()
{
speed;
int n;
cin >> n;
ii k[n];
REP(i, 0, n)
{
cin >> k[i].fs;
k[i].sd = i+1;
}
sort (k, k+n);
string resposta;
for (int i=n-1; i>=0; i–)
{
if (i == k[i].fs)
continue;
for (int j=0; j<i; j++)
{
cout << “? “ << k[i].sd << ‘ ‘ << k[j].sd << endl << flush;
cin >> resposta;
if (resposta[0] == ‘Y’)
{
cout << “! “ << k[i].sd << ‘ ‘ << k[j].sd << endl;
return 0;
}
}
break;
}
cout << “! 0 0\n”;
return 0;
}
Also Read
- [Solution] GCD Sum Codeforces Round #711
- [Solution] Christmas Game Codeforces Round #711
- [Solution] Bananas in a Microwave Codeforces Round #711
- [Solution] Planar Reflection Codeforces Round #711
- [Solution] Box Fitting Codeforces Round #711
Two Houses Solution Codeforces
4 thoughts on “[Solution] Two Houses Codeforces Round #711” | https://www.techinfodiaries.com/two-houses-solution-codeforces/ | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 1,110 | 72.56 |
Asked by:
Enable Recycle Bin on mapped network drives
General discussion
A few years ago I discovered how redirected user profile folders in Windows get Recycle Bin protection, even when the folders are redirected to a network location. This was a huge find for me, and I used this feature to add Recycle Bin coverage to some of my mapped network drives. I shared this information on another forum here:
Today I figured out a better way to achieve the same goal that doesn't rely on user profile folder redirection, and am sharing that information for other users to try out. You might want to take a look at these forum topics for additional information:
-
-
-
-
The standard disclaimer applies - this might break stuff. I've only tested in Windows 8, and my testing is limited. Try this at your own risk.
This is what I've learned (or think I've learned - I might be wrong):
- Windows Vista and later store the configuration settings for the Recycle Bin for redirected user profile folders in this registry key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder
- Under this key are separate keys for each redirected folder that is protected by the Recycle Bin. The keys contain the configuration information for each protected folder, and are named to match the GUIDs for "Known Folders." A list of the Known Folder to GUID mappings is available in one of the links above.
- The registry also contains a list of "known folders" at this location: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions
So, I reasoned that if I could create my own custom "known folder," I could add that to the list of folders that were protected by the Recycle Bin and protect any mapped network drive I wanted. So I looked at the list of existing "known folders" and created a key that was similar to the Documents key. I then fiddled with the values in the key until I narrowed it down to the minimum number needed to make the recycle bin work.
This .reg file will protect a mapped X: drive with a ~50GB recycle bin. You should modify the file to fit your needs:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{9147E464-33A6-48E2-A3C9-361EFD417DEF}] "RelativePath"="X:\\" "Category"=dword:00000004 "Name"="XDrive" [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\{9147E464-33A6-48E2-A3C9-361EFD417DEF}] "MaxCapacity"=dword:0000c7eb "NukeOnDelete"=dword:00000000
A few things of note:
- The GUID in the above .reg file {9147E464-33A6-48E2-A3C9-361EFD417DEF} came from this PowerShell command: "{"+[guid]::NewGUID().ToString().ToUpper()+"}"
- Each "known folder"/Recycle Bin combination requires a unique GUID. If you don't want to use PowerShell to generate a GUID, you can use an online GUID generator.
- I don't know what the "Category" value does, but the key I copied had it set to 4, and that works, so I didn't test any other values.
- The "Name" value is required, but is not the name that will be shown if you right-click on the Recycle Bin and select properties. (At least not in my environment.) In my environment, the name that is shown is the name of the network drive.
- Making this change adds a "Location" tab to the properties page of your mapped network drives. I suspect this could be removed by changing the "Category" value, but didn't bother to find out.
- I only tested with mapped network drives. I suspect this would work with UNC paths as well, but I didn't bother testing.
I hope you're as excited to find this as I was to figure it out. Let me know if this works for you. I now plan to deploy the registry keys with Group Policy Preferences and will update this forum post with any information I discover.
Best regards
--Russel
Update: I am now using Group Policy Preferences to deploy the needed registry keys, and all my mapped network drives are now protected by the recycle bin.
Update 2: I have tested now with UNC paths, and this works fine. I still use mapped network drives, but if your environment requires UNC paths instead, you can use them. Note however that if you have a mapped network drive that points to a UNC path, and you protect the UNC path with a registry change, if a user deletes a file from the mapped network drive that points to that UNC path, the file will be permanently deleted. See below for more details.
- Edited by Russel Riley Friday, September 26, 2014 1:13 PM
All replies
Hello there,
I was playing around with this and after it moves the files in the folder to the network share it deletes the folder from the users PC. How do I go about undoing this change? I attempted to remove the registry entries but that did not work.
Thank you
Hi Nnyan,
I'm not sure what you've done in your environment, but from the context of your post, it sounds like you've redirected a user profile folder to a network share. When you move a user profile folder (like c:\<username>\documents) to another location, Windows prompts you if you would like to move the files. If you click yes, it moves them to the new location. To move the files back, just move the files back. If you want them to be available in both locations, just move them to the network location and make them available offline.
HTH
-Russel
Hello,
Thanks for sharing this.
But under Win7 it does not work.
Although your previous trick () works better, but with the only limitation that once you move the folder to another location (ex savedGame moves from M:\ to N:\) the original mounted drive (M:\) is not longer protected with the recycled bin.
I played with the Shell Folder entry in the registry but this had no influence.
Laurent
Bravo to you for uncovering functionality that actually works. I love this kind of stuff.
I don't have time to experiment with it yet, but I will. For now, some questions...
Did you get it to work with UNC paths? How do the registry entries (e.g., RelativePath) have to differ in order to accomplish that?
Also, when you do Properties on the Recycle Bin namespace (in the Navigation - left - pane of Explorer), do your "new" recycle bins show up there? And once established can that dialog be used to change the max size?
Might the Category entry set the "Optimize this folder for" setting to "General items", which will affect how Explorer displays it? That's just a guess.
Good job figuring this stuff out!
-Noel
Hi Noel,
Thanks for the compliment. It works fine with UNC paths. Just change the RelativePath from X:\ to \\fileserver\share. (If you use a .reg file as in the example above, you'll have to escape the back slashes, so probably \\\\fileserver\\share would be correct.)
One caveat when using UNC paths vs drive letters: Suppose your users have z:\ mapped to \\fileserver\share, and you have the UNC path protected with the recycle bin. If a user deletes a file from the mapped drive, it will be permanently deleted. I haven't experimented with using 2 registry settings for the same location - one with a mapped drive letter and one with a UNC path, but I suspect it would work just fine.
When I display the Recycle Bin properties, I get a regular window listing my network locations (X: and Y:) along with all the redirected profile folders. It works just like normal. But in my case, since my settings are defined by Group Policy Preferences, any changes I make here get overwritten by Group Policy.
As for the "Catergory" entry, I never bothered to find out. Once I got it working, I just called it good.
Best regards,
-Russel
This is what I do as a domain policy.
On the DC I already have various logon batch files set up in the User Configuration\policies\Windows settings\Scripts which typically have things like
net use r: \\hv1\company_docs
Rather than scattering new policies around, I've simply added to this batch file, for this drive:
rem add company_docs to local recycle bin
reg add HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /f
reg add HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /v RelativePath /t REG_SZ /d R:\ /f
reg add HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /v Category /t REG_DWORD /d 00000004 /f
reg add HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /v Name /t REG_SZ /d RDrive /f
reg add HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /f
reg add HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /v MaxCapacity /t REG_DWORD /d 0000c7eb /f
reg add HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\{BB6CC368-07C4-4EF1-B600-6BBF588505A6} /v NukeOnDelete /t REG_DWORD /d 00000000 /f
This seems to work perfectly (on Win 7 clients), so thankyou for a brilliant solution.
One minor thing: Since I haven't created an equivalent logoff script to remove these registry entries, what I don't know is what happens on logins after the first one. There doesn't seem to be any unexpected effects, I suppose reg add just fails silently if the keys already exist.
Richard
I haven't had the issue you're describing. How are your share permissions and NTFS permissions? On my shares, I enable Change and Read for Everyone. At the NTFS level, I grant Modify permissions to the security group that controls access to the share. Also, what is hosting your shares? I've only tried this with a Windows machine hosting my shares - never on a NAS or other storage device.
--Russel
Great find.
What about non-Windows clients hitting a Windows Server share via Samba, i.e. Macs? We're getting more and more Mac users and after another Mac user just deleted an entire directory that we had to restore I need to see about getting this to work with all clients.
thanks!
The script works great with clients on windows 7, iuse it on a production environment with Samba4.
The problem its, XP dont do nothing with the script, this not works on xp clients i think.
Any suggestions?.
Another problem its the users pemissions, users need permission for write the registry of local machine.
For Linux search for samba vfs-objects recycle, it can help you.
Sorry for my language, im speak spanish.
Hi there,
i justed tried to do the trick but i get an Access denied error when i delete something on the Network drive.
What can i do? Someone else had this issue?
Martin
Reinitializing the offline file cache might solve this issue:
Even though the article was written for XP, the registry entry works in Windows 7:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\NetCache
Key Name: FormatDatabase
Key Type: DWORD
Key Value: 1?
Hi,
I don't think the MaxCapacity setting pre-allocates any storage. It just lets the recycle bin grow to that size before automatically deleting files, but I haven't tested this.
As far as the "shared" recycle bin goes, I have the same issue, but at a much smaller scale. I haven't implemented this in a production environment - just my home, so I only see files deleted by members of my family. I think the best you could do would be to create one recycle bin per share and have one share per department. Or you might be able to create a recycle bin for folders deeper down the file tree, but I'm not sure.
Consider this scenario:
- You setup a file server with \\server\share
- You create the registry keys to protect \\server\share
- You create a folder in \\server\share\department\otherFolder
- You create a separate registry key to protect the \\server\share\department\otherFolder path
In this scenario, I don't know what would happen. When a file from \\server\share\department\otherFolder get deleted, it might get moved to the recycle bin all the way up at the share, or all the way down in the otherFolder. I also don't know what kind of permissions would be required to clean out the recycle bin, or whose machine winds up doing the cleaning.
I suspect you could find some combination of settings that would create a unique recycle bin for each share, but I just haven't tried to find the answer.
--Russel
Thank you for your reply Russel, I didn’t mention this in the previous post, but we did try creating the Recycle Bins at the network user-folder path instead of the root. See the 2 examples below for the results.
Example 1: Network Recycle Bins
\\server\share\user\documents (from folder redirection)
\\server\share (manually created)
- IIn this case (as mentioned in the previous post), everyone end’s up having a “shared” Recycle Bin, so everyone sees all of the files other people have deleted in their own “conglomerated” view when they look in their Recycle Bin. This leads to a very busy and full Recycle Bin and end users raising questions why files they didn’t delete show up in their Recycle Bin.
Example 2: Network Recycle Bins
\\server\share\user\documents (from folder redirection)
\\server\share\user (manually created)
- IIn this case, users do end up with their own “conglomerated” view in their Recycle Bin (i.e., no more seeing all the files other people have deleted), BUT there are 2 negatives to this configuration:
- Only files within the folder \\server\share\user are protected with Recycle Bin, so other “common” folders in the root of the share aren’t protected via Recycle Bin.
- And when files are deleted from \\server\share\user\documents, because they are protected twice by the Recycle Bin (once from folder redirection and once from the manually created Recycle Bin at the user-folder level), 2 copies of the deleted files appear in the “conglomerated” view of the Recycle Bin. This lead to users asking why they had duplicate files showing up for the majority of files they deleted. They often got confused thinking there were different versions of the files instead of duplicates.
- Edited by ColoradoState Tuesday, December 23, 2014 4:01 PM
I am also getting an access error, on computers not using offline files. What is the best way to undo the registry entries (too much time has passed to restore the registry) ?
Thanks.
I don’t have any information about your access error. But removing the registry entries can be done by adding a ‘-‘ in front of the key name in a .reg file. Note that if you followed the steps above to create these registry settings, there are 2 parts, one that is applied to the Computer side (required Administrative credentials) and the other which is done on the User side (per user). Here are examples using the ‘-‘ sign in a registry file to remove/clean up the GUIS keys you created.
Computer / Administrative side:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{<your GUID>}]
User side:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[-HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\{<your GUID>}]
FANTASTIC work Russel !
This is extremely helpful.
I've turned your work into a Bat Script that will automatically make the reg file.Just copy and paste the following into notepad
It creates a unique guid each time it is run, so no worries on overlaps.
and save it as "Network Recycling Bin - auto make registry file.bat"
echo off
REM ========== MAIN FUNCTION ========================
Call :CreateREGfile
PAUSE
goto :eof
REM ========== SUB FUNCTIONS ========================
:CreateREGfile
set /p RelativePath=Enter current mapped path of drive (e.g. X:\FileShare\D_Drive):
REM replace \ with \\ (for reg value its a requirement)
Set RelativePath=%RelativePath:\=\\%
set /p MaxBinSize_Dec=Enter max size (in mb) (eg 11gb=11000):
call :toHex %MaxBinSize_Dec% MaxBinSize_Hex
Set outputREG="Network Recycling Bin - %RelativePath:~0,1% Drive (%MaxBinSize_Dec%mb).reg"
call :MakeGUID_VBS NewGUID
REM echo My new GUID : %NewGUID%
echo Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 > %outputREG%
echo [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\%NewGUID%] >> %outputREG%
echo "RelativePath"="%RelativePath%" >> %outputREG%
echo "Category"=dword:00000004 >> %outputREG%
echo "Name"="NetworkDrive2RecyclingBin_%NewGUID:~1,5%" >> %outputREG%
REM The "Name" value is required, but is not the name that will be shown if you right-click on the Recycle Bin and select properties. That will be autoset to the network drive name.
echo.>> %outputREG%
echo [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\%NewGUID%] >> %outputREG%
echo "MaxCapacity"=dword:%MaxBinSize_Hex% >> %outputREG%
echo "NukeOnDelete"=dword:00000000 >> %outputREG%
goto :eof
:MakeGUID_VBS
echo set obj = CreateObject("Scriptlet.TypeLib") > TEMP_generateGUID.vbs
echo WScript.Echo obj.GUID >> TEMP_generateGUID.vbs
FOR /F "usebackq tokens=*" %%rin (`CSCRIPT "TEMP_generateGUID.vbs"`)DO SET RESULT=%%r
set %1=%RESULT%
del TEMP_generateGUID.vbs
goto :eof
:toDec
:: todec hex dec -- convert a hexadecimal number to decimal
:: -- hex [in] - hexadecimal number to convert
:: -- dec [out,opt] - variable to store the converted decimal number in
SETLOCAL
set /a dec=0x%~1
( ENDLOCAL & REM RETURN VALUES
IF "%~2" NEQ "" (SET %~2=%dec%)ELSE ECHO.%dec%
)
EXIT /b
:toHex
:: eg call :toHex dec hex -- convert a decimal number to hexadecimal, i.e. -20 to FFFFFFEC or 26 to 0000001A
:: -- dec [in] - decimal number to convert
:: -- hex [out,opt] - variable to store the converted hexadecimal number in
::Thanks to 'dbenham' dostips forum users who inspired to improve this function
:$created 20091203 :$changed 20110330 :$categories Arithmetic,Encoding
:$source
SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
set /a dec=%~1
set "hex="
set "map=0123456789ABCDEF"
for /L %%Nin (1,1,8)do (
set /a "d=dec&15,dec>>=4"
for %%Din (!d!)do set "hex=!map:~%%D,1!!hex!"
)
rem !!!! REMOVE LEADING ZEROS by activating the next line, e.g. will return 1A instead of 0000001A
rem for /f "tokens=* delims=0" %%A in ("%hex%") do set "hex=%%A"&if not defined hex set "hex=0"
( ENDLOCAL & REM RETURN VALUES
IF "%~2" NEQ "" (SET %~2=%hex%)ELSE ECHO.%hex%
)
EXIT /b
:eof
- Edited by WillTurner Monday, April 6, 2015 9:43 AM formatting
First of all thank you for sharing your knowledge!
But ... I have exactly the same issue. When deleting a file Windows first asks whether I want to move it to the recycle bin, then it tells me in another dialog I need permission (granted by administrator) and shows a retry button. Then clicking retry fails as the file is already deleted. It does not matter whether Explorer runs as administrator anyways as the behavior is the same.
I assume that this is related to that the remote sharing the drive is on a Linux machine and not NTFS at all - as you were pointing out you never tried that - or did you actualy try that in the meantime?
Also the workaround provided by ColoradoState did not do the trick.
I'm pretty sure you've got an issue with the permissions on your file share. I don't run Linux file servers and probably won't ever, so I don't think I'll be able to find a solution. Keep in mind that you need write permission at the share level as well at the file system level.
--Russel
Thanks for your reply.
That indeed sounds like a permission issue - but the permissions to write and delete are obviously there as I am able to create and delete files without any problem - but maybe I am missing something here. I have as well tried that with a shared NTFS host drive (though still mapped through VirtualBox on a Linux host) with the same result.
I have created a more broadly formulated question at Stack Exchange covering this issue some days ago - if you would like to follow check:
Thank you for posting this. I am about to implement, but first wanted to research the category. Thinking it might literally be the KF_CATEGORY value. If so, the values per TechNet are:
KF_CATEGORY_VIRTUAL = 1,
KF_CATEGORY_FIXED = 2,
KF_CATEGORY_COMMON = 3,
KF_CATEGORY_PERUSER = 4
The TechNet "KF_CATEGORY enumeration" page describes these, including that many features including redirection are not available for categories 1 and 2.
Awesome!!! THx for finding/creating this procedure.
Will be giving it a try.
also thx! everyone, who help with the other little tweaks!
I'v been looking for something like this.
There are paid solutions, but expensive. Unless someone knows of a cheap alternative.
Free is always best.
This feature should be automatically builtin to servers.
THX!!!! ALL!!!
SAMBA vfs might be a way to go for linux fileshares. It veers away from Russels approach but gives you the same recovery ability. Samba Recycle Bin.
BTW, awesome find Russel. Will be applying it to a number of situations.
Sorry for the late post, almost a year later :)
Nick
Hi,
I have two mapped network drive. The (Z:) and (Y:). Network path is: \\192.168.0.1\Programs and \\192.168.0.1\Documents. I can just set one shared folder in registry. :S
Pls help, how can I set the second mapped network in recycle bin?
Thanks, David
- Edited by LiteCross91 Tuesday, April 19, 2016 9:43 AM
The exact same registry keys work for me on Windows 10. Have you tried rebooting? Also, if you want to protect multiple network locations, you need to write more than one registry key with different GUIDs. So from the example above where you need a key in HKLM and one in HKCU, you'd need a second key in HKLM and a second one in HKCU. You add multiple keys by replacing the GUID with one of your own.
--Russel
- Edited by Russel Riley Tuesday, April 19, 2016 1:00 PM
FANTASTIC work Russel !
This is extremely helpful.
I've turned your work into a Bat Script that will automatically make the reg file.
It creates a unique guid each time it is run, so no worries on overlaps.
Just copy and paste the following into notepad
and save it as "Network Recycling Bin - auto make registry file.bat"
echo off
.
.
EXIT /b
:eof
- Edited by LiteCross91 Wednesday, April 20, 2016 6:44 AM
Hi Russel,
Great work! I have tested it on Windows 7, 8, 8.1,10 and it works fine!
It does not work if my mapped network drive uses a DFS path.
For example i have W:\ and the path is \\mydomain.local\share1.
If i go to w:\folder1 in the properties - DFS tab i see \\myservername\folder1. I tried to create regedit key with relative path \\myservername\folder1 but don't work.
Have you any idea?
Thanks
Fabio
Hi Fabio,
I haven't tried using a DFS share, but if you're accessing the share using a mapped network drive, I'd guess you'll need a registry key where the RelativePath value is set to W:\, and not \\mydomain.local\share1. From what I've been able to gather, the recycle bin functionality is handled by Windows Explorer, and has nothing to do with the file server, but like I said, I haven't tried it on a DFS share.
-Russel
Such a brilliant solution. Thank You!
But, I've got two small a gripes with it.
- Security (which I should be able to test, but haven't come around doing). Lazy me asks if someone already got an answer.
On a common work area with this enabled. If a user deletes a file inside a restricted folder (we presume the file has inherited security from the folder it was created), it is moved to the $Recycle as intended. But can people who didn't have access before through the folder ACL now access the file trough the Recycle Bin?
- I had really big troubles getting it to work on a shared drive (UNC or Mapped). I rebooted, logoff and logged on. Couldn't get it to work "move this to the recycle bin", the file was only offered to be Delete. Until by pure trial and error took Task Manager and forced Explorer.exe to quit. Then restarted Explorer; and it started working! I suspect some cache thingy is to suspect here. Any one know how to solve this one? Can't force close the Explorer process if going company LAN with this one, to get it working :-)
My environment is for the moment humming along on:
Microsoft Windows 10 Pro
10.0.14393 Build 14393
Thanks a lot Russel!
I'm on Windows 10 Pro 64 bit.
I have discovered that to have the trick to behave properly on a 64 bit Windows also when deleting files using a 32 bit program, we need to set also the corresponding Wow6432Node keys.
I was using an old file manager available only in the 32 bit version and deleting a file prompted for a permanent deletion while deleting from the Windows File manager prompted, as expected, for moving it to the recycle bin.
Building on your example:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FolderDescriptions\{9147E464-33A6-48E2-A3C9-361EFD417DEF}] "RelativePath"="X:\\" "Category"=dword:00000004 "Name"="XDrive" [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Wow6432Node\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket\KnownFolder\{9147E464-33A6-48E2-A3C9-361EFD417DEF}] "MaxCapacity"=dword:0000c7eb "NukeOnDelete"=dword:00000000
HTH
Gianni
- Edited by Gianni1962 Sunday, March 19, 2017 8:50 PM more details
-
Hello everybody,
thank you so much for this great tricks. I have just one small question: the procedure does not work for network drives without write access. Is there any workaround?Best regards, Louis | https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/windows/en-US/a349801f-398f-4139-8e8b-b0a92f599e2b/enable-recycle-bin-on-mapped-network-drives | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 4,290 | 62.17 |
title
associated author
next title
associated author
etc.
The problem I'm having is with my showBooksByTitle and showBooksByAuthor functions. Right now this code returns only exact matches and also prints an empty newline and a new line with some spaces and a ().
Of course any help is greatly appreciated. This is my first year programming. I've included the whole code just to be safe that I'm not leaving out anything that could be the problem.
#include <iostream> #include<string> #include<fstream> #include<cstring> using namespace std; struct Book { string title; string author; }; const int ARRAY_SIZE = 1000; Book books [ARRAY_SIZE]; int loadData (string); void showAll (int); int showBooksByAuthor (int, string); int showBooksByTitle (int, string); int main() { //Declare variables string pathname; string title; string name; string word; int count; char response; //ask user for pathname cout << "What is the path of the library file? "; cin >> pathname; cout << endl; count = loadData(pathname); //input data into arrays loadData(pathname); cout << endl << count << " records loaded successfully." << endl << endl; //Show user menu cout << "Please enter Q to Quit, A to search for the Author, T to search for the Title, " << endl << "or S to Show all: "; cin >> response; switch(response) { case 'q': break; case 'Q': break; case 'a': cout << endl << "Please enter author's name: "; cin >> name; showBooksByAuthor(count, name); break; case 'A': cout << endl << "Please enter author's name: "; cin >> name; showBooksByAuthor(count, name); break; case 't': cout << endl << "Please enter all or part of the title: "; cin >> title; showBooksByTitle(count, title); break; case 'T': cout << endl << "Please enter all or part of the title: "; cin >> title; showBooksByTitle(count, title); break; case 's': cout << endl; showAll(count); break; case 'S': cout << endl; showAll(count); break; default: cout << endl << "Invaled input, please try again: "; break; } //pause and exit cout << endl; system("PAUSE"); return 0; } int loadData(string pathname) { int i = 0; int j = 0; ifstream library; //open file, if not successful, output error message library.open(pathname.c_str()); if (!library.is_open()) { cout << "Unable to open input file." << endl; return -1; } //reads title and author from file into designated string //this is assuming title comes first and author comes after while(!library.eof()) { getline(library, books[i].title); getline(library, books[i].author); i++; } return i; } void showAll (int count) { for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { cout << books[i].title << " (" << books[i].author << ")" << endl; } } int showBooksByAuthor(int count, string name) { int found; for(int n = 0; n < 28; n++) { found = name.find(books[n].author); if(found != string::npos) { cout << endl << books[n].title << " (" << books[n].author << ")" << endl; } } return 0; } int showBooksByTitle (int count, string title) { int found; for(int n = 0; n < 28; n++) { found = title.find(books[n].title); if(found !=string::npos) { cout << endl << books[n].title << " (" << books[n].author << ")" << endl; } } return 0; }
This post has been edited by tessierny: 18 March 2013 - 04:52 AM | http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/315801-searching-parallel-arrays-string-miscalculation/ | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | refinedweb | 476 | 57.71 |
Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 1030792
Unable to install fedora package database
Last modified: 2013-11-17 03:03:31 EST
Description of problem:
I am currently working on a project to port fedpkg to pidora. We have set up a gitserver already, the second was to set the fedora package database modify it to contain pidora packages. However, I am having issues install fedora package database.
- Downloaded the package from
It comes with a README file, I was trying to follow it along but having issues where it says set up the cron jobs.
For example it says set this up as a cron job "server-scripts/pkgdb-sync-yum update"
first, the script's name is "pkgdb-sync-yum.in", so i renamed it to "pkgdb-syn-yum" then i tried to run it with "update" option and this is what I get:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./pkgdb-sync-yum", line 51, in <module>
import pkg_resources
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pkg_resources.py", line 2655, in <module> ignored this, as this has to do with database update and moved on to set up the webserver, I do as I am asked in the README file, but I get a 403 forbidden when I try to access the page with "/pkgdb" Alias.
Can I get some help please?
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
0.6.0
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
1.
2.
3.
Actual results:
Expected results:
Additional info:
You are reporting a problem about packagedb to the component packagedb-cli which are two different things.
I would encourage you to report your isse to the actual packagedb project: or
Note that we also have a new(er) version of packagedb in progress:
Thank you. I did not know I could report the problem there and I did not find packagedb in the packages here that is why I put it in the packagedb-cli category.
No problem.
But again, I would encourage you to have a look at packagedb2, newer version, newer framework, newer UI and this is the road forward for us, I am not sure we will maintain packagedb for long now.
Closing this bug and looking forward to see you on the packagedb{,2} projects :)
Right now I am just trying to get it to work, if it fails or takes me a lot of time to figure out, then I probably would resort to packagedb2. The main goal is to actually get fedpkg to work on pidora for pidora packages, this was one step. Thanks to you, I am now communicating with the package maintainer on github. | https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1030792 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 440 | 65.25 |
Have you ever really been interested in Microsoft’s C++ Unit Test Framework? I mean really interested? Like where you’d go to great lengths to figure out how it works. Well, I have… The story goes back a few years, maybe 3 or so.
At this point in my career I was deep into C++ development, and I had fallen in love with unit testing. I had fallen in love with Visual Studio’s Test Window, the ease it allowed me to get quick feedback about my development. My defacto standard was the built-in C++ Unit Test Framework. It was accessible. I didn’t need to install anything (past VS), and I didn’t need to download anything special. The project templates came built in, it was the easiest path to unit testing my work. I loved it. However, as with many things in life, there are always the ‘little things’ you have to learn to love.
My main gripe, was that if I wrote a function and a std::exception would escape, for whatever reason, the test would fail with the message “An unexpected C++ exception occurred”. Thanks Microsoft, for this useless information… I put up with it. I would use tactics like wrapping my calls in try/catch, I even wrote a new header that made an extension to the TEST_METHOD macro that would make a function level try/catch. It wasn’t enough for me, I could not believe that this wasn’t built in. For instance, if an Exception escapes in the C# test framework, you get the data about the Exception. This is a novel idea, so why doesn’t it work in C++? My second major stumbling block, was that if you didn’t have the right dependencies in the right directory. You would get an error, on all your tests, something along the lines of “Failed to setup execution context.” Also, a very very helpful error. This was the straw that broke the camels back. The amount of times I had run into this, the amount of times that junior developers scrambled to figure it out. It was too much. Something had to be done. Rather than divorce myself from Microsoft’s framework, and use something like boost::test, like so many had said I should do. I decided to do the sane thing, and just write my own. Not write my own, like re-invent the wheel. Just write my own test executor. I already had all the tests written, I didn’t want to redo that work in some new framework. I wanted to just build my own engine to run the tests I already had. My thought was that if someone at Microsoft could build it, so could I. They’re humans too — I think. Armed with only naive curiosity, my trusty Visual Studio, and the internet. I set out to do just that.
Where do I even start? Let’s just start at discovering the tests. How can we discover what tests are available in the binary? Well, if you’re familiar with the C# Unit Test framework, defining test classes and methods is done with attributes, similar to the C++ macros. My thought is that the C# Test Discoverer, must use reflection, look for the attributes, discovering the test classes and methods. I don’t know this for sure, but I would bet that is the case. Cool. Well, apart from some third party libraries, there’s no built in reflection in C++. So that can’t be the case for the C++ tests, can it? Maybe they load the assembly and have it tell the discoverer what tests are available? That’s what I would do if I engineered this.
Stop for a minute. Let’s reflect.
I said that my second problem with the framework, was that when you tried to run the tests and the dependencies couldn’t be loaded, you would get the error “Failed to load execution context”. Now — let’s think about this. If you’re able to see all the tests, yet the assembly can’t be loaded due to missing dependencies. How are we able to see what tests are in the binary? Magic! That’s how. Just kidding — I don’t believe in magic. It means that they’re not “loading” the library, which means that information about the tests, lives somewhere in metadata in the binary… Reflection… Could it be???
Well, the magic was right there in front of us the whole time, if you’re using the framework. The magic lies in the ‘ CppUnitTest.h’ header file. It took me a few beers, and a few hours to figure out just exactly WTF they were doing in there. It was essentially like trying to decipher Cuneiform .
If you’re unfamiliar, a typical TEST_CLASS and TEST_METHOD(s) looks like this.
#include "CppUnitTest.h" TEST_CLASS(DummyClass) { TEST_METHOD(DummyAssert) { /// My Code Under Test Here } };
If you build and discover this, you’ll end up with a test class named DummyClass and a test in your Test Window, that says DummyAssert. So the magic lives in that TEST_METHOD macro. We will ignore the TEST_CLASS for now. Let’s look at TEST_METHOD. This is the macro, pulled directly from ‘CppUnitTest.h’
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //Macro for creating test methods. ()
Okay — so humour me and let’s ignore the __GetTestClassInfo(); and __GetTestVersion(); calls and look to the line ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_METHOD, which if we scan a little higher in the file is found here.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //Macros for creating sections in the binary file. #pragma section("testvers$", read, shared) #pragma section("testdata$_A_class", read, shared) #pragma section("testdata$_B_method", read, shared) #pragma section("testdata$_C_attribute", read, shared) #define ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_VERSION __declspec(allocate("testvers$")) #define ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_CLASS __declspec(allocate("testdata$_A_class")) #define ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_METHOD __declspec(allocate("testdata$_B_method")) #define ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_ATTRIBUTE __declspec(allocate("testdata$_C_attribute"))
But what does it all mean Basil? Well, without diving into too much history, we need to at least know about Windows’ binary formats. If you didn’t already know, every form of executable “binary” on the Windows platform is in the format of a Portable Executable (which was an extension of the COFF format). This is what allows the operating system to load and run executables, dynamic libraries, etc. It’s a well defined format, see the Wiki link above if you don’t believe me. A PE file looks like this.
I’m not going to explain everything in this image, only the relevant information. If you look down just passed the DOS STUB, on the very right (your right) you’ll see a 2 byte number called #NumberOfSections, this tells us the count of sections in the binary. That’s something we care about. I know this, because I know they’ve made sections where the data lives. I know this, because of the
#pragma section("testdata$_B_method", read, shared)
and the
#define ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_METHOD__declspec(allocate("testdata$_B_method"))
Then, if you look at the bottom, you’ll see the ‘Section Table’. It means, that from the COFF Header, the offset of the Optional Header, there lives N sections in the Sections Table. In there, we will find our “testdata$_B_method” section, and in there, we will find SOMETHING! Are you bored yet? Because when I got this far, you couldn’t pull me away. I was like a 13 year old watching my first R rated movie. What did they store in there? What was it used for? The only thing I could do, is dive a little deeper. My best bet, was that these MethodMetadata were stored in that section.
ALLOCATE_TESTDATA_SECTION_METHOD\ static const ::Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::MethodMetadata s_Metadata = {L"TestMethodInfo", L#methodName, reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(__FUNCTION__), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(__FUNCDNAME__), __WFILE__, __LINE__};
It would be a block of data, that would contain a bunch of strings. The first being a wide character string, “TestMethodInfo”, the next a wide character string of the ‘methodName’ defined in the macro, the next a character string of the __FUNCTION__, next the string of __FUNCDNAME__, a wide character string of the filename __WFILE__ , and lastly the __LINE__. (If you’re interested in a list of Predefined Macros there you go.)
This was my assumption, but I couldn’t know for sure unless I saw it with my own two eyes. But how do I do that? Well there are a few third-party tools that will dump the PE (I’ll let you figure out what to search…), but I needed to write my own tool anyways so I just jumped in feet first. A few quick Bing searches (just kidding I used Google), and I found out I needed to open the binary as a flat file, and then map that file into memory. From there, I could get a pointer to the start of the file and use some macros, structures and functions in Windows.h to move about this file. The “pseudo” algorithm is as follows
1) Open the binary as a flat file 2) Map the binary into memory 3) Obtain a view of the map (a pointer to the map) 4) Navigate the PE to understand file type, and number of sections 5) Iterate through each section definition until we find the correct section 6) Using the mapping offset, along with the section definition, find our data
There we go, simple as that. Let’s try it. The memory when we do that, and we point to the section table, looks like this.
0x07440210 2e 74 65 78 74 62 73 73 00 00 01 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00 00 e0 2e 74 65 78 74 00 00 00 82 15 02 00 00 10 01 00 00 16 02 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 60 2e 72 .textbss............................ ..à.text............................... ..`.r 0x07440262 64 61 74 61 00 00 c3 bd 00 00 00 30 03 00 00 be 00 00 00 1a 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 40 2e 64 61 74 61 00 00 00 cc 0e 00 00 00 f0 03 00 00 0c 00 00 00 d8 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 c0 2e 69 64 61 data..Ã....0......................@..@.data...Ì....ð.......Ø..............@..À.ida 0x074402B4 74 61 00 00 86 29 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 2a 00 00 00 e4 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 40 2e 6d 73 76 63 6a 6d 63 79 01 00 00 00 30 04 00 00 02 00 00 00 0e 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 c0 74 65 73 74 64 61 ta...).......*...ä..............@..@.msvcjmcy....0......................@..Àtestda 0x07440306 74 61 49 06 00 00 00 40 04 00 00 08 00 00 00 10 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 50 74 65 73 74 76 65 72 73 09 01 00 00 00 50 04 00 00 02 00 00 00 18 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 50 2e 30 30 63 66 67 00 00 taI....@......................@..Ptestvers.....P......................@..P.00cfg.. 0x07440358 04 01 00 00 00 60 04 00 00 02 00 00 00 1a 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 40 2e 72 73 72 63 00 00 00 3c 04 00 00 00 70 04 00 00 06 00 00 00 1c 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 40 2e 72 65 6c 6f 63 00 00 69 1a .....`......................@..@.rsrc...<....p......................@..@.reloc..i. 0x074403AA 00 00 00 80 04 00 00 1c 00 00 00 22 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 ...€......."..............@..B.................................................... 0x074403FC 00 00 00 00 cc cc cc cc cc e9 86 36 01 00 e9 41 78 01 00 e9 9c 33 00 00 e9 b7 93 01 00 e9 b3 73 01 00 e9 7d b4 00 00 e9 68 a8 00 00 e9 13 62 00 00 e9 7e 76 00 00 e9 09 6f 01 00 e9 a4 59 00 00 e9 8f e4 00 00 e9 aa 9d 01 00 e9 98 73 01 00 e9 ce ab
So what gives??? I don’t see any section called “testdata$_B_method”. I can however see a ‘testdata’ section. At this point no amount of research other than this anecdotal evidence, leads me to believe the ‘$’ is some kind of delimiter on the section name. I guess we have to assume. We assume that the “testdata” section will contain our test method metadata. The problem is now, there are other things that sit in this section. There’s class, method, and attribute metadata. So, if it’s all lined up in a single section, how do we decipher what is what? Meaning, if we’re just trying to use pointers to walk around, how will we ever know what type we’re pointing to?
Did anything strike you as odd about the MethodMetadata structure? Maybe, if I show you the structure definitions of all the metadata objects, you might see something.
struct ClassMetadata { const wchar_t *tag; const unsigned char *helpMethodName; const unsigned char *helpMethodDecoratedName; }; struct MethodMetadata { const wchar_t *tag; const wchar_t *methodName; const unsigned char *helpMethodName; const unsigned char *helpMethodDecoratedName; const wchar_t *sourceFile; int lineNo; }; struct ModuleAttributeMetadata { enum AttributeType { MODULE_ATTRIBUTE }; const wchar_t *tag; const wchar_t *attributeName; const wchar_t *attributeValue; AttributeType type; }; struct ClassAttributeMetadata { enum AttributeType { CLASS_ATTRIBUTE }; const wchar_t *tag; const wchar_t *attributeName; const void *attributeValue; AttributeType type; }; struct MethodAttributeMetadata { enum AttributeType { METHOD_ATTRIBUTE }; const wchar_t *tag; const wchar_t *attributeName; const void *attributeValue; AttributeType type; };
Huh. If you look carefully, the first actual member of these structures is a wchar_t* called tag. Then if we go to our use of it.
static const ::Microsoft::VisualStudio::CppUnitTestFramework::MethodMetadata s_Metadata = {L"TestMethodInfo", L#methodName, reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(__FUNCTION__), reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(__FUNCDNAME__), __WFILE__, __LINE__};
You might notice, that there’s a L”TestMethodInfo” set as the tag, so one could deduce, dear Watson that that is how we can decipher our different metadata components. By their tag! Let’s readjust our rudders, and fly! If we get our ‘testdata’ section, then move to the area with the data, we should see a bunch of nicely spaced wide strings in memory, right? Wrong!
0x07471120 94 43 03 10 b8 43 03 10 d8 43 03 10 40 44 03 10 f8 44 03 10 67 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 6c 46 03 10 98 46 ”C..¸C..ØC..@D..øD..g.......”C..lF..˜F 0x07471146 03 10 08 47 03 10 f8 44 03 10 78 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 cc 47 03 10 08 48 03 10 80 48 03 10 f8 44 03 10 ...G..øD..x.......”C..ÌG...H..€H..øD.. 0x0747116C 7e 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 28 4b 03 10 68 4b 03 10 e0 4b 03 10 f8 44 03 10 8b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 ~.......”C..(K..hK..àK..øD..........”C 0x07471192 03 10 c8 4c 03 10 08 4d 03 10 80 4d 03 10 f8 44 03 10 95 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 4c 4e 03 10 78 4e 03 10 ..ÈL...M..€M..øD..........”C..LN..xN.. 0x074711B8 e8 4e 03 10 f8 44 03 10 9d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 dc 4f 03 10 20 50 03 10 a0 50 03 10 f8 44 03 10 a7 00 èN..øD..........”C..ÜO.. P.. P..øD..§. 0x074711DE 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 70 51 03 10 98 51 03 10 08 52 03 10 f8 44 03 10 af 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 ......”C..pQ..˜Q...R..øD..¯.......”C.. 0x07471204 78 53 03 10 b0 53 03 10 28 54 03 10 f8 44 03 10 bb 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 0c 55 03 10 48 55 03 10 c0 55 xS..°S..(T..øD..».......”C...U..HU..ÀU 0x0747122A 03 10 f8 44 03 10 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 dc 56 03 10 08 57 03 10 78 57 03 10 f8 44 03 10 cc 00 00 00 ..øD..Ã.......”C..ÜV...W..xW..øD..Ì... 0x07471250 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 6c 58 03 10 b8 58 03 10 38 59 03 10 f8 44 03 10 d2 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 94 43 03 10 30 5a ....”C..lX..¸X..8Y..øD..Ò.......”C..0Z 0x07471276 03 10 60 5a 03 10 d0 5a 03 10 f8 44 03 10 de 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..`Z..ÐZ..øD..Þ 0x0747110A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
What the hell? I was 100% expecting there to be a string sitting pretty right there in my section. Back to the drawing board I guess… Let’s recap, the first member of that struct is a wchar_t *. Huh. The first member of the struct, is a wchar_t *. What does that even mean? It means, that it is a ‘pointer to a wchar_t’. A ‘pointer’ to a wchar_t! Oh right! A pointer! I remember from school that a pointer is just an address! So where we were expecting there to be some text sitting pretty, was garbage, Or so we thought. Wrong again. It is a POINTER! That means sitting in that location is an address! An address to where though? It should be an address to my string, but where on Earth (quite literally) would that address be? It has to be somewhere that is constant, right?
If we study the sections of a PE fie, there’s a section called ‘.rdata’. Microsoft defines this section as “Read-only initialized data”. Thinking back a moment these are magic strings, (heaven forbid), aka ‘static strings’, static is read-only. If I was to hazard a guess, it probably means that they live somewhere in that section, because the compiler has to put magic string somewhere… So that garbage number, is probably a pointer to a string somewhere in that ‘.rdata’ section. So, if we take that address, and adjust it for where the section data lies, we can find the “TestMethodInfo” string.
Voila! At last we finally found it. We found a ‘TestMethodInfo’ (if you’re wondering why it’s T.e.s.t.M.e.t.h.o.d.I.n.f.o…, it’s because it’s a wide character string so each character is 2 bytes. Unicode amirite?).
To recap, we’ve loaded the DLL into memory, mapped it and walked to the section. We taken the tag pointer, adjusted the address to find it in the ‘.rdata’ section, now we know that we’re looking at the MethodMetadata structure. So, we can take the original pointer, and cast that to a MethodMetadata object.
struct MethodMetadata { const wchar_t *tag; const wchar_t *methodName; const unsigned char *helpMethodName; const unsigned char *helpMethodDecoratedName; const wchar_t *sourceFile; int lineNo; };
Then, for each of the other members, which are pointers to strings in the .rdata section we can just adjust and capture the same way we did the tag. In fact, the compiler did us a favour, and laid them out so you can see them in the memory dump above. Next, we just advance our section pointer the distance of the size of a MethodMetadata, and we are able to get the next test name!!! (This is mostly true, I’ve glossed over some details of the other things that can be in the section)
I really hope you’re thinking “Damn! That was so much fun!” Because I definitely was! You can see now, that the steps to tie this into a test adapter aren’t too far away. I won’t get into that until a later post, but as for this post, we’ve uncovered how to discover what tests lie in a Microsoft C++ Unit Test Framework created test DLL. Wasn’t that just a blast digging into that?
I hope you will join me for the next part, where we figure out how to actually load and execute the tests from this metadata.
If you’re interested in seeing this code, my cobbled together project lives here. I apologize in advance for the code. I had a really bad habit of putting as many classes as I could in a single file. I don’t do this anymore. It was out of laziness. The PeUtils.h/.cpp and CppUnitTestInvestigator.h/.cpp, in the CppUnitTestInvestigator project have the code for loading the DLL metadata.
“It’s still magic, even if you know how it’s done” — Terry Pratchett
Happy Coding!
** As a disclaimer, I don’t own any of the code snips above, they are directly pulled from the VsCppUnit C++ Unit Testing Framework, which is Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation **
References:
PE Format
Section Specifications
DUMPBIN
6 thoughts on “The one where we reverse engineered Microsoft’s C++ Unit Test Framework (Part 1)”
For section names (such as specified in “#pragma section”), the character(s) after the dollar sign are an indexing/ordering tool. While this is documented well enough, it has confusingly low discoverability; neither the “#pragma section” pragma documentation nor the “/SECTION” link option documentation actually mention this, even though they’re the ones you’d most expect to at least give a passing mention.
It is, however, documented in the PE Format documentation, as the section “Grouped Sections (Object Only)” ( ). And, weirdly enough, also mentioned in a comment in one of the code examples on the “#pragma init_seg” pragma documentation here:
LikeLiked by 1 person
Hey thanks! I appreciate this. Thanks for reading! | https://unparalleledadventure.com/2018/12/31/the-one-where-we-reverse-engineered-microsofts-c-unit-test-framework-part-1/ | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 3,799 | 77.16 |
Hi,
I have this class :
public class SpringBaseTest {
protected ApplicationContext ctx;
protected ServiceFacade facade;
@BeforeSuite
public void setUp() throws IOException {
ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String [] {"application-context.xml",
"application-datasource.xml"});
facade = (ServiceFacade) ctx.getBean("serviceFacade");
}
}
and my test class like this :
public class NgPartnerTest extends SpringBaseTest {
@Test(groups = {"testPartner"})
public void testBlabla() {}
}
When launching a test suite with the plugin and this testng.xml file :
]]>
I get a NullPointerException telling me that facade is null. Indeed it is null because when I try to debug and see what happens in SpringBaseTest, it doesn't even stop at the breakpoint I've put inside the setUp() method !
Have I missed something ?
Hi,
Interesting - I'll take a look and see whats going on. I do something
similar but instead of @BeforeSuite I use @BeforeGroup on a 'spring' group.
Initially I had thoughts that the @BeforeSuite may have run on its own
instance of SpringBaseTest separate from the instance of NgPartnerTest
for the @Test but if the setups not even running I'm not sure..
I'll setup a project with this setup and see whats going on..
Mark
That TestNG-J guy...
Bruno Dusausoy wrote:
The problem lies with the suite file....
By adding the element you're telling TestNG to only run methods in the testPartner group. Unfortunately (and this is one my pet-hates with TestNG) is that this is -all- methods, not just test methods. You @BeforeSuite method doesn't have a group parameter and so isn't included in the run. It would be nice if TestNG pulled in the implicit methods, but I can also see reasons for keeping things explicit. Oddly - another problem I found was that specifyig the two classes also didn't work, however - changing it to "bla.*" using a wildcard did. Mark >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> ]]> | https://intellij-support.jetbrains.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/206760905-TestNG-J-test-doesn-t-instantiate-super-class | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | refinedweb | 301 | 55.64 |
object position tracking, openCV-Python
I have some sheet on a conveyor belt, with a camera positioned above a corner of the sheet,I have to detect the position ,recognizing the corner compared to the cartesian axes (x, y),and i have to measure the distance between the origin of cartesian axes and my corner.
Do you have any advice on the method to use or on which technique i have to rely?
I thought to recognize the angle, through the 90 ° angle that is formed between one side of the sheet and the other, but I do not know how to do it.
are you halfway able to detect the corner of your object already ?
show us, what you've tried so far !
i am trying with this code,but i am unable to recognizie the only corner,instead the whole edge, can you help me? I am not yet a expert.
import numpy as np import cv2 img=cv2.imread('rett.jpg') edges=cv2.Canny(img,100,100) img2,contours,hierarchy=cv2.findContours(edges,cv2.RETR_TREE,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE) cv2.drawContours(img,contours,-8,(242,72,0),3) cv2.imshow('img',img) cv2.imshow('img2',img2)
121/5000 thanks for your help, do you have any advice to give me, because I can not detect the only corner but the whole edge?
again, the boundingrect should give you the corner.
maybe you also need to filter the contours, and take only the largest, RETR_EXTERNAL might also be better than RETR_TREE, there is some experimenting involved here !
OK,THANKS! | https://answers.opencv.org/question/192451/object-position-tracking-opencv-python/?answer=192508 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 259 | 59.74 |
Poly Toolkit for Unity is a plugin that allows you to import assets from Poly at edit time and at runtime.
For information on how to install the toolkit and get started, see the Unity Quickstart. This page contains information about the toolkit, which has two main features:
Poly Asset Browser: a window that allows you to browse assets from Poly and import them into your project at edit time. The imported assets are statically included in your project. The browser window appears after the toolkit is installed. You can also open the window by selecting Poly > Browse Assets in the Unity menu.
Poly Toolkit API: a library that you can call from your code to find and import assets from Poly at runtime. This allow you to build apps that, for example, get assets from Poly in response to user actions. The Poly Toolkit API works by wrapping the Poly API and provides a function for importing assets as Unity game objects.
Importing assets at edit time
To import assets into your project at edit time, open the Poly Asset Browser by selecting Poly > Browse Assets in the menu. You can browse assets by category and type, or search for assets by keyword using the Search button.
When you have found an asset you wish to import, select it to view its details, review its import options, and click the Import into Project button.
Import options
Import Location: Indicates the file in your project where the asset will be saved. This asset file stores the assets's geometry, materials and textures.
Replace Existing: lets you choose an existing asset to replace. The imported asset will replace all instances of the selected existing asset.
All existing instances of that asset (including prefab instances) will be automatically replaced by instances of the new asset. This is a convenient way to iterate on assets with an art team, since it allows you to update art assets in-place with one click.
Recenter: If enabled (recommended), the imported asset will be translated such that the pivot (origin of the local coordinate system) coincides with the object's centroid. If not enabled, the pivot will be kept as-is from the original file. Only disable this option if you know the file has a meaningful pivot point that you would like to preserve.
Also Instantiate: If enabled (recommended), the asset will be added to your scene (instantiated) in addition to being stored as a prefab. If this is not enabled, the asset will only be stored as a prefab and you must manually add it to your scene later.
Rescale Mode: Indicates how the asset will be rescaled from its original dimensions to your project's coordinate system. There are two possible values:
CONVERT: the asset will be converted from its original units (assumed to be meters) to your scene's measurement units (which you can configure in Poly > Poly Toolkit Settings). Note that depending on the asset's original dimensions, it may be too large or too small to fit on your scene. You can rescale it later, or use the FIT option instead if you want it to have an exact size. In addition to conversion, you can specify an additional scale factor to apply (in the box labeled Scale factor).
FIT: the asset will be rescaled to fit in the indicated size. The box entitled Desired size controls what the desired size of the asset is, in your scene's units. So, for example, if you set this to 10, this means that the asset will be scaled such that it fits inside of a 10x10x10 cube.
You can set the default values for these import options in the Editor tab of the Poly Toolkit settings panel.
Using the runtime API
This section describes basic concepts of the API and provides an overview of its functions.
Enter credentials
The Poly Toolkit API requires an API key or OAuth credentials for the Poly API. These credentials are used to identify your app and enforce usage limits. For more information, see Poly API credentials.
Once you have credentials for your app, enter them in the Runtime tab of the Poly Toolkit settings panel (shown below). To access this window, select Poly > Poly Toolkit Settings from the menu.
To access publicly available assets, you just need to enter an API key; you don't need to enter OAuth Client Id and Secret. If you need to access a user's private assets, then you must enter Client Id and Secret. The toolkit includes an implementation of OAuth 2.0 that prompts the user to authenticate and grant access. For more information, see Authentication.
Initialize the Toolkit
To initialize the toolkit, add the
PolyToolkitManager prefab (located in
Assets/PolyToolkit/Prefabs) to your scene. Make sure that you add the prefab to every scene that uses the Poly Toolkit API.
After adding the prefab, you can use the
PolyApi class, which is the main entry point of the API.
API overview
The API allows you to:
- List assets and filter results based on criteria such as (keyword search, list by category, etc).
- Get an asset given its ID.
- Import an asset an asset as a Unity GameObject.
- Fetch a thumbnail for an asset.
List assets
To obtain a listing of available assets, call either the
PolyApi.ListAssets or
PolyApi.ListMyAssets method. Here's an example that lists featured assets:
PolyApi.ListAssets(PolyListAssetsRequest.Featured(), MyCallback);
When the response is ready, the system calls
MyCallback which includes a
result parameter that indicates whether the query was successful, and what
the results were. Here's an example:
void MyCallback(PolyStatusOr<PolyListAssetsResult> result) { if (!result.Ok) { // Handle error. return; } // Success. result.Value is a PolyListAssetsResult and // result.Value.assets is a list of PolyAssets. foreach (PolyAsset asset in result.Value.assets) { // Do something with the asset here. } }
PolyAsset do not hold any model data or resources—they contain metadata and pointers to asset resources. To obtain model data, you must import.
Custom requests
In the previous example, we used the built-in
PolyListAssetsRequest.Featured() request. You can also build your own request with PolyListAssetsRequest or PolyListMyAssetsRequest. Here's an example:
PolyListAssetsRequest req = new PolyListAssetsRequest(); // Search by keyword: req.keywords = "tree"; // Only curated assets: req.curated = true; // Limit complexity to medium. req.maxComplexity = PolyMaxComplexityFilter.MEDIUM; // Only Blocks objects. req.formatFilter = PolyFormatFilter.BLOCKS, // Order from best to worst. req.orderBy = PolyOrderBy.BEST; // Up to 20 results per page. req.pageSize = 20; // Send the request. PolyApi.ListMyAssets(req, MyCallback).
Get an asset
Alternatively, if you know an asset's ID, you can obtain it directly instead of listing assets. To do that, use PolyApi.GetAsset:
PolyApi.GetAsset("assets/8nMC2GZProF", MyCallback);
When the response is ready, the system calls
MyCallback which includes a
result parameter that indicates whether the query was successful, and what
the results were. Here's an example:
void MyCallback(PolyStatusOr<PolyAsset> result) { if (!result.Ok) { // Handle error. return; } // Success. result.Value is a PolyAsset // Do something with the asset here. }
PolyAsset objects do not hold model data or resources—they contain metadata and pointers to asset resources. To obtain model data, you must either import.
Import an asset
To import a PolyAsset as a GameObject, call the PolyApi.Import method:
PolyApi.Import(asset, PolyImportOptions.Defaults(), MyCallback);
After the asset is downloaded and imported, the system executes the callback:
void MyCallback(PolyStatusOr<PolyImportResult> result) { if (!result.Ok) { // Handle error. return; } // Success. Place the result.Value.gameObject in your scene. }
Fetch a thumbnail
Displaying thumbnails for assets is an effective and economical way to let the user preview an asset without having to import or download resources. To fetch a thumbnail, call PolyApi.FetchThumbnail:
PolyApi.FetchThumbnail(asset, MyCallback);
After the thumbnail is fetched, the system executes the callback:
void MyCallback(PolyAsset asset, PolyStatus status) { if (!status.ok) { // Handle error; return; } // Display the asset.thumbnailTexture. }
Attributions at Runtime
If your app loads and displays third-party assets at runtime, you are required
to give proper attribution to the authors of those assets. You can generate
an attributions text for all your imported assets through the
GenerateAttributions method of
PolyApi.
List<PolyAsset> assets = ...; // List of assets you are using. string attribs = PolyApi.GenerateAttributions( includeStatic: true, runtimeAssets: assets);
Display this string in an appropriate UI in your app. This
text will include the attributions for your static assets
(
includeStatic: true) and the given list of runtime
assets (
runtimeAssets: assets).
Authentication
The toolkit includes an implementation of OAuth 2.0, which is required for access to private assets. This section shows you how to use the toolkit's authentication.
First ensure that you have entered credentials including your OAuth 2.0 client ID and client secret in Poly Toolkit settings.
There are two types of authentication: interactive and silent.
Interactive authentication launches a browser and prompts the user to sign in to the Google Authorization server and grant access to your app. This is the type of authentication your app should invoke when the user clicks a Sign In button in your app.
Silent authentication attempts to authenticate using an existing token (from a previous interactive session) and is invisible to the user.
For an optimal user experience, we recommend that apps use both interaction and silent authencation as described below:
- Attempt silent authentication.
- If silent authentication succeeds:
- Indicate that the user is signed in. For example, show their name and profile picture and name in the toolbar.
- Else (silent authentication fails):
- Remain unauthenticated and show a Sign In button.
- When the user clicks Sign In:
- Attempt interactive authentication.
- If successful, welcome the user.
- If failed, display an error.
Note that a failure during silent authentication is not considered an error; a failure is expected if the user has not signed in before or if the token from a previous sign-in has expired. A failure during interactive authentication is always considered an error; the app should display an appropriate error message.
To implement this authentication flow with the Toolkit API, invoke PolyApi.Authenticate with
interactive set to
false in your the scene's
start() method:
PolyApi.Authenticate(/* interactive */ false, SilentAuthCallback); // "Sign in" button on your UI. Initially not shown. Button signInButton = ....; // Profile pic widget on your UI: Image profilePic = ....; // Text field on your UI where you show the user's name: Text userNameText = ....;
From your callback, decide whether or not to show a Sign In button:
private void SilentAuthCallback(PolyStatus status) { if (status.ok) { WelcomeUser(); } else { // Silent sign in failed, so show the Sign In button. // This is NOT an error. signInButton.gameObject.SetActive(true); } } private void WelcomeUser() { // Sign in successful. Show user's profile pic and user name. profilePic.sprite = PolyApi.UserIcon; userNameText.text = PolyApi.UserName; }
Now add an event handler to your Sign In button that invokes interactive authentication:
private void Awake() { // ... signInButton.onClick.AddHandler(OnSignInClicked); // ... } private void OnSignInClicked() { // Sign in button was clicked. Invoke interactive authentication // (which may or may not involve launching a browser window). PolyApi.Authenticate(/* interactive */ true, InteractiveAuthCallback); } private void InteractiveAuthCallback(PolyStatus status) { if (status.ok) { // Success! WelcomeUser(); } else { // Error: something went wrong during sign in. // ... (show error message to user) ... } }
Reuse existing authentication
If your app already includes an implementation of OAuth for another Google API, you can reuse the implementation with Poly Toolkit.
First, ensure that your authentication includes the following OAuth scopes:- View and edit Google people information- View your 3D creations and their metadata
Next, call a special overload of
PolyApi.Authenticate that takes an access token and refresh token:
string accessToken = ....; // access token string refreshToken = ....; // refresh token PolyApi.Authenticate(accessToken, refreshToken, MyCallback);
Toolkit settings
To access the Poly Toolkit settings panel, click Poly > Poly Toolkit Settings on the menu. If the settings panel doesn't show, check that the Inspector window is visible (Window > Inspector in the menu).
General settings
Scene unit: lets you configure what unit of measurement you use in your scene. This helps with automatic conversion of asset scale when importing an asset. For example, if your scene is in centimeters and you import an asset that's given in meters, it will be scaled up by 100x to adapt to your scene.
Surface shader materials, Pbr materials: these specify the materials that will be used for imported assets. For more information about this, consult the Material System section below.
Editor settings
These settings control how Poly Toolkit behaves at edit-time.
Asset Objects Path: indicates where in your project Poly Toolkit will save asset and prefab files.
Asset Sources Path: indicates where in your project Poly Toolkit will save asset source files (GLTF files, textures, etc).
Resources Path: indicates where in your project Poly Toolkit will save resource files (files to load at runtime).
Default import options: specifies default values for the import options in the Poly Asset Browser.
Send Editor Analytics: indicates whether or not to send anonymous usage data via Google Analytics. This data doesn't contain any personal information and helps us understand how Poly Toolkit is used in order to prioritize bug fixes and improvements. Usage data is sent while in the editor only, not at runtime in your app.
Runtime settings
These settings control how Poly Toolkit behaves at runtime in your app.
Auth Config: authentication information.
- Api Key (required): this is your project's API key used to access the Poly API. The API key is required for all Poly Toolkit API calls, regardless of whether or not they are authenticated.
- Client ID (optional): this is your project's OAuth2 Client ID, used for authenticated API calls. If you don't use authenticated API calls, you can leave this field blank.
- Client Secret (optional): this is your project's OAuth2 Client secret, used for authenticated API calls. If you don't use authenticated API calls, you can leave this field blank.
- Additional Scopes (optional): if you need any additional Google API scopes as a result of using other Google APIs together with the Poly API, you can include the extra scopes here. If not, leave this field blank.
Cache config: controls how to cache web requests and assets.
- Cache enabled: indicates whether to use a client-side cache when making requests to the Poly API. This cache will hold API responses and asset data. Using the cache will help you conserve download bandwidth and API call quota, since repeated requests to the same assets will be served from the offline cache.
- Max Cache Size MB: maximum size of the cache, in megabytes. Recommended: 512MB or larger.
- Max Cache Entries: maximum number of cache entries. Recommended: 2048 or larger.
- Cache path override: if set, the cache will be kept at this (absolute) path instead of at the default disk location. If unset, the default location will be used.
Toolkit folder layout
Assets/PolyToolkit: this folder is created when you add the Poly Toolkit to your project. This folder contains the internal files needed by the toolkit. You shouldn't need to make any modifications to files inside of this folder.
Assets/PolyToolkit/ExampleScenes: contains example scenes that you can run to try out Poly Toolkit. For more information on running samples, see the Unity Quickstart.
Assets/PolyToolkit/Scripts: contains the files for the Poly Toolkit API.
Assets/Poly: this folder holds the assets that you import at edit-time using the Poly Browser window.
Assets/Poly/Assets: contains the asset files and prefabs that correspond to the objects you have imported. Use the prefabs from this folder to instantiate assets into your scene.
Assets/Poly/Sources: contains the original files downloaded from the Poly API that were used to create the assets.
Material system
When Poly Toolkit imports an asset, it assigns materials to the asset according to the rules below.
Blocks objects: Blocks objects have a very small set of possible materials (most of the Blocks look and feel is accomplished through vertex colors). These materials are listed under Surface Shader Materials in Poly Toolkit Settings. You can override these materials with your own if you want to customize how Blocks objects are rendered. Note that your replacement to the "Blocks Paper" shader will have to support vertex colors in order to render Blocks objects correctly.
Tilt Brush sketches: Tilt Brush sketches use built-in materials. These materials are highly customized to produce the Tilt Brush look and feel and can't normally be overridden.
Custom objects: Objects directly uploaded to Poly via the web interface are normally specified in terms of PBR parameters. For each of those objects Poly Toolkit will generate materials based on the material templates specified in Poly Toolkit Settings (Base PBR material settings). You can override these with your own materials to customize how they are rendered.
Attribution
Assets in Poly are normally available through the Creative Commons license, which allows them to be remixed subject to certain conditions.
If you are using any third-party assets in your app, you are required to
give proper attribution to the authors. To help you do so, Poly Toolkit
automatically generates an attributions file called
PolyAttributions.txt
under
Assets/Poly/Resources. This file contains a list of third-party
assets that you have imported into your project, with information about their
titles, authors and license.
You can display this file at runtime by loading it from the resources folder into your UI:
using UnityEngine.UI; Text attribsText = ....; // A text field in your UI. // Load attributions text into the text field for display. attribsText.text = Resources.Load<TextAsset>("PolyAttributions").text;
Advanced: Throttling Main Thread Usage
When importing assets, Poly Toolkit uses background threads to download and parse the server responses, but the assembling of graphics objects (meshes, textures, etc) must be done on the main thread.
By default, Poly Toolkit will perform all necessary main thread tasks in a single batch. This is the best behavior for most applications, since it optimizes for total load time and delivers imported assets to your application as quickly as possible.
However, if you have a performance-sensitive application (for example, a VR application), this default implementation might cause certain frames to take much longer than others, resulting in an uneven frame rate.
With these performance-sensitive applications in mind, Poly Toolkit offers a way to exercise more fine-grained control over main thread load.
To use this feature, set
clientThrottledMainThread to
true in
PolyImportOptions.
PolyAsset assetToImport = ....; // The asset to import // Set up the PolyImportOptions. PolyImportOptions options = PolyImportOptions.Default(); // Request client-throttling of main thread operations. options.clientThrottledMainThread = true; // Import. PolyApi.Import(assetToImport, options, MyCallback);
When you enable this option, your callback will be called when the main thread work is ready to start, rather than when the imported asset is ready to use.
private IEnumerator throttler; private GameObject assetObject; private void ImportAssetCallback(PolyAsset asset, PolyStatusOr<PolyImportResult> result) { if (!result.Ok) { // Handle failure. return; } // This is the "skeleton" GameObject that will be progressively // created as you drive the throttler object. assetObject = result.Value.gameObject; // This is the throttler object, which you must manually enumerate // in order to create the game objects. throttler = result.Value.mainThreadThrottler.GetEnumerator(); }
At this point,
assetObject will be nothing but a skeleton (just an empty
object with some children). Your application must now enumerate the
throttler
object to cause Poly Toolkit to do work to create the object. Every time you
advance the enumerator by one, Poly Toolkit will do one discrete unit of
main thread work. It is up to your implementation to decide how much main
thread work to do on each frame (for example, you could limit it to a given
frame time budget).
For example, you cap the main thread work to a frame budget:
System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch stopWatch = new System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch(); private void Update() { if (throttler != null) { // Poly Toolkit still has main thread work to do. // Do work until 10ms have elapsed, then stop. stopWatch.Reset(); while (stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds < 10) { // Calling MoveNext() is what causes Poly Toolkit to do main thread // work (it's implemented as a coroutine). if (!throttler.MoveNext()) { // Main thread work is now done. throttler = null; break; } } } } | https://developers.google.com/poly/develop/toolkit-unity | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | refinedweb | 3,334 | 57.27 |
TODO: Move this structure to libbinlogevents/include/control_events.h when we start using C++11. More...
#include <rpl_gtid.h>
TODO: Move this structure to libbinlogevents/include/control_events.h when we start using C++11.
Holds information about a GTID: the sidno and the gno.
This is a POD. It has to be a POD because it is part of Gtid_specification, which has to be a POD because it is used in THD::variables.
Set both components to 0.
Print this Gtid to the trace file if debug is enabled; no-op otherwise.
Returns true if this Gtid has the same sid and gno as 'other'.
Return true if sidno is zero (and assert that gno is zero too in this case).
Return true if parse() would succeed, but don't store the result anywhere.
Parses the given string and stores in this Gtid.
Debug only: print this Gtid to stdout.
Set both components to the given, positive values.
Convert a Gtid to a string.
Convert this Gtid to a string.
GNO of this Gtid.
The maximal length of the textual representation of a SID, not including the terminating '\0'.
SIDNO of this Gtid. | https://dev.mysql.com/doc/dev/mysql-server/latest/structGtid.html | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 193 | 79.16 |
WHAT our colleague, Charlemagne, calls “bubbles of optimism” over China have been popping in Western capitals, as China has taken a hard line against internal dissent, proven unhelpful in efforts to tackle both climate change and Iran's growing nuclear threat, manipulated its currency and launched cyber- attacks on Western computer networks. China, muscling its way to global prominence, is not quite the partner the West had been cultivating. Striking, then, that in Japan the bubble of optimism, among the country's new leaders, is only inflating.
Soon after the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) swept into office nearly five months ago, the prime minister, Yukio Hatoyama, unveiled a vision for an East Asian Community (EAC). For all that it was dreamy and disjointed, it had at its heart a rapprochement between Japan and China leading towards regional integration. Asia, Mr Hatoyama reaffirmed, was Japan's “basic sphere of being”. As for integration, fraternity was to be the glue.
Then late last year the DPJ's secretary-general, Ichiro Ozawa, travelled to Beijing at the head of a 639-strong mission, including 143 parliamentarians with whom a beaming President Hu Jintao took the trouble to be photographed, each in turn. Mr Hu doesn't smile like that for Westerners. Back in Tokyo, Mr Hatoyama horrified sticklers for imperial protocol by insisting that Mr Hu's heir-apparent, Xi Jinping, pay an impromptu call on Emperor Akihito. Now rumours suggest Mr Hatoyama may make a visit of remorse, the first by a Japanese prime minister, to Nanjing, site of a massacre by Japanese forces in 1937. In return (and at less political cost), Mr Hu may pay respects to the nuclear victims of Hiroshima. Japan under the DPJ seems to get on better with China than it does with its ally and security guarantor, the United States. Relations with the United States are strained over the relocation of a military base for American marines on Okinawa, leading to worries over the future of the two countries' alliance, keystone to security in the western Pacific.
Economic logic argues for closer ties with China, which has already overtaken America as Japan's biggest trading partner, and is about to overtake Japan's economy to become the world's second-biggest. After not one but arguably two “lost decades”, an ageing population cannot drive demand in Japan. It must hitch itself to the Chinese juggernaut. A strategic vision, too, lurks somewhere in the idea of an EAC. Mr Hatoyama has committed Japan to cutting greenhouse-gas emissions by a quarter by 2020. He thinks Japan can lead Asia towards a low-carbon future.
But contradictions lurk too. The idea makes a nod to China's rise. Yet it assumes Japan's rightful lead in proposing a new regional architecture, while impressing Japan's technological prowess on China. The impulse is deeper-seated than Mr Hatoyama might admit. The story of modern Japan is of the use of Western arms and technology to overturn China's centuries-old regional dominance. China now intends to restore the natural order, and does not need directions from others, least of all Japan. It has made only the minimum polite noises about an EAC. As for the green technology that Japan can share, both sides say it is a good thing but are infuriatingly sparing with the details. Besides, since the December summit in Copenhagen, China has hinted it might go its own way on climate change.
Popular Japanese attitudes towards China suffer from the same doublethink. In one recent poll, most of those questioned wanted a “warmer” political relationship with their big neighbour. But most also wanted the prime minister to visit Yasukuni, Tokyo's militarist shrine, on remembrance day. That is one issue guaranteed to send China-Japan relations into the cooler. A sense of Japanese superiority over coarse, authoritarian China is also widespread. More than one Japanese professor has told Banyan that Japan is the true guardian of Chinese culture.
History wars, still far from resolved, point to the limits of rapprochement. So too do maritime disputes over territory. But a huge constraint is the fiscal one. Greying Japan is burdened with deflation, stagnant growth and a national debt close to 200% of GDP. Japan lacks the resources (and the will) for the kind of bold strategic moves, putting Japan at the heart of Asia, at which Mr Hatoyama and Mr Ozawa hint. Even a more autonomous security policy, out from under America's wing, is almost a non-starter. Japan has cut its defence spending in recent years, to just 1% of GDP. It has grown more dependent on the United States, not less.
This is where strains over the alliance really matter for the security of the whole region, not least because of Taiwan. On January 24th the Okinawan township picked, after painful years of talks, by the United States and Japan's previous government as the destination for the relocated marine base elected a mayor resolutely opposed to the move. Popular concerns about the “occupation mentality” of American forces are valid. But Mr Hatoyama, according to colleagues, was sleepwalking when he reopened the issue. Now he cannot go back. Local politics and national security are on a collision course. Mr Hatoyama has said he will decide over the base by May. But moving it anywhere else in Japan will face local resistance too.
As Yoichi Funabashi, editor of Asahi Shimbun puts it, if the new administration bungles relations with Washington, it will look diplomatically inept at a time when power relations in Asia are shifting fast. That might spell the end of the hapless Mr Hatoyama. So it is hardly cynical to assume that one aim behind China's outbreak of smiling is to drive a wedge between a slightly clueless Japan and its longstanding protector. After all, Japan would be its base were America to come to Taiwan's rescue in the event of a mainland attack.
Excerpts from the print edition & blogs »
Editor's Highlights, The World This Week, and more » | http://www.economist.com/node/15393357 | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 1,010 | 53.71 |
It's common for me to want a unique slug based on a user supplied name of an object. Following the pattern outlined at djang-tips-auto-populated-fields, it's easy to get the field populated without user intervention. However, by setting the slug field in the save() method the field isn't validated and thus unique=True restrictions aren't checked. I wrote the following code to attempt to pick slugs which are unique within a particular model. It's certainly not ideal (it suffers from race condition as well as potential for pounding a database with lots of small queries until it finds a good slug field), but it works for my small/mid-sized apps.
Feel free to suggest improvements to 'wam-djangowiki spam@…' (remove the ' spam' from the address there).
def SlugifyUniquely(value, model, slugfield="slug"): """Returns a slug on a name which is unique within a model's table This code suffers a race condition between when a unique slug is determined and when the object with that slug is saved. It's also not exactly database friendly if there is a high likelyhood of common slugs being attempted. A good usage pattern for this code would be to add a custom save() method to a model with a slug field along the lines of: from django.template.defaultfilters import slugify def save(self): if not self.id: # replace self.name with your prepopulate_from field self.slug = SlugifyUniquely(self.name, self.__class__) super(self.__class__, self).save() Original pattern discussed at """ suffix = 0 potential = base = slugify(value) while True: if suffix: potential = "-".join([base, str(suffix)]) if not model.objects.filter(**{slugfield: potential}).count(): return potential # we hit a conflicting slug, so bump the suffix & try again suffix += 1 | https://code.djangoproject.com/wiki/SlugifyUniquely?version=6 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | refinedweb | 295 | 53.92 |
Need to create multiple variables based on number of columns in csv file python
pandas dataframe
pandas read_csv
pandas create dataframe
get number of rows and columns in csv python
pandas select columns
create csv file with column names python
python write csv example
This is and example of what my csv file looks like with 6 columns:
0.0028,0.008,0.0014,0.008,0.0014,0.008,
I want to create 6 variables to use later in my program using these numbers as the values; however, the number of columns WILL vary depending on exactly which csv file I open.
If I were to do this manually and the number of columns was always 6, I would just create the variables like this:
thickness_0 = (row[0]) thickness_1 = (row[1]) thickness_2 = (row[2]) thickness_3 = (row[3]) thickness_4 = (row[4]) thickness_5 = (row[5])
Is there a way to create these variables with a for loop so that it is not necessary to know the number of columns? Meaning it will create the same number of variables as there are columns?
From your question, I understand that your csv files have only one line with the comma separated values. If so, and if you are not fine with dictionares (as in @Mike C. answers) you can use
globals() to add variables to the global namespace, which is a dict.
import csv with open("yourfile.csv", "r", newline='') as yourfile: rd = csv.reader(yourfile, delimiter=',') row = next(rd) for i, j in enumerate(row): globals()['thickness_' + str(i)] = float(j)
Now you have whatever number of new variables called
thickness_i where i is a number starting from 0.
Please be sure that all the values are in the first line of the csv file, as this code will ignore any lines beyond the first.
How to add a column to a CSV file in Python, How do I add a column to a CSV file in Python? The reader function is formed to take each line of the file and make the list of all columns. Then, you choose the column you want a variable data for. The CSV file is opened as the text file with Python’s built-in open () function, which returns the file object. This is then passed to the reader, which does the heavy lifting.
There are ways to do what you want, but this is considered very bad practice, you better never mix your source code with data.
If your code depends on dynamic data from "outer world", use dictionary (or list in your case) to access your data programatically.
14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing, The so-called CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common CSV format was used for many years prior to attempts to describe the format in These differences can make it annoying to process CSV files from multiple sources. [1] An optional dialect parameter can be given which is used to define a set of To create multiple variables you can use something like below, you use a for loop and store a pair of key-value, where key is the different variable names d={} #empty dictionary for x in range(1,10): #for looping d["string{0}".format(x)]="Variable1"
You can use a dictionary
mydict = {} with open('StackupThick.csv', 'r') as infile: reader = csv.reader(infile, delimiter=',') for idx, row in enumerate(reader): key = "thickness_" + str(idx) mydict[key] = row
Call your values like this:
print(mydict['thickness_3'])
Creating Pandas DataFrames & Selecting Data, This lesson of the Python Tutorial for Data Analysis covers creating a pandas DataFrame and A table with multiple columns is a DataFrame. of different data structures and files, including lists and dictionaries, csv files, excel files, data = datasets[0] # assign SQL query results to the data variable Location Based Ads. Add a column to an existing csv file, based on values from other columns. Let’s append a column in input.csv file by merging the value of first and second columns i.e. # Add column to csv by merging contents from first & second column of csv add_column_in_csv('input.csv', 'output_3.csv', lambda row, line_num: row.append(row[0] + '__' + row[1]))
Cookbook, written for Python 3. Minor tweaks might be necessary for earlier python versions. Shift groups of the values in a column based on the index. In [135]: df = pd. 2. Read and Print Specific Columns from The CSV Using csv.reader Method. In the following example, it will print the column COUNTRY_NAME, by specifying the column number as 1 (lines[1]). The CSV file is containing three columns, and the column number starts with 0 when we read CSV using csv.reader method.
Create issues using the CSV importer | Jira Core Cloud, You can also create CSV files to perform bulk issue creation and updates. You can base the structure of your CSV file off the default Microsoft Excel CSV format. Multiple values that need to be aggregated into single issue fields The number of column names specified must match the maximum number of values to be.
Split csv into multiple files based on row python, Python Script to split CSV files into smaller files based on number of lines. The output Secondly, how would I decide what files to create and where to import what and where? Suppose you have column or variable names in second row. Encoding categorical variables is an important step in the data science process. Because there are multiple approaches to encoding variables, it is important to understand the various options and how to implement them on your own data sets. The python data science ecosystem has many helpful approaches to handling these problems.
- You don't need 6 variables. You have a perfectly fine list.
- csv reader will "create as many variables as it has to" for you
- to sam46 - ok, but how do I increment the numbers from 0 to 5 when there are 6 rows, and 0 to 17 when I have 18 rows?
- to user2357112 - Yes, it is a fine list. :-) But, I don't want to manually create it and the number of rows varies depending on which csv file is chosen. How do I automatically create variables with the number at the end incrementing as the row number increments? Use a for loop? Probably, but I don't know how to increment the number for the variable name and the row number within the loop.
- @CPMAN: You don't need to manually create anything. Learn to use lists. Learn to loop over a list. Numbered variables will not actually help you solve your problems.
- This is utterly pointless and offers no advantages over using the list directly. Also, modifying
locals()is not actually a supported way to assign local variables.
- My bad about
locals(), I admit I did not know. I'll remove that from my answer. I know that the list itself can be easily used directly, but the OP asked explicitly for this.
- Valentino - I will try what you have suggested and post if it works or blows-up as others say it ultimately will. I will also try using the list directly... Thanks!
- Valentino - I have tried your globals approach and for me it works great! I can read any of the stackup files (with any number of layers) and get the values I need (based on the global name) for a number of different functions in the program. Thanks!
- When the program needs to know the thickness of the dielectrics in a printed circuit board stackup (PCB stackup), the information is available in a csv file. On startup of the program, the PCB stackup file will be identified and use whatever the number of dielectrics are in that stackup for the analysis. Depending on the number of dielectrics in the csv file, the number of variables needed to be created will vary. What I want to do here is some kind of for loop and automatically increment the number of the variable name to match the row number of the value extracted from the csv file.
- While this is a thing that can be done, it would be simpler to use a list.
- I agree but since op wanted to use variables, I thought the key/value features of a dictionary would offer him the same functionality with less headache. | http://thetopsites.net/article/54543593.shtml | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 1,398 | 69.62 |
Level-of-detail switching group node. More...
#include <Inventor/nodes/SoLevelOfDetail.h>
Level-of-detail switching group node.
The children of this node typically represent the same object or objects at varying levels of detail, from highest detail to lowest. The size of the objects when projected into the viewport is used to determine which version to use (i.e., which child to traverse)..
SoGetBoundingBoxAction
The box that encloses all children is computed. (This is the box that is needed to compute the projected size.)
Other actions
All implemented as for SoGroup.
SoLOD, SoComplexity, SoSwitch, SoGroup
Creates a level-of-detail node with default settings.
Constructor that takes approximate number of children.
Areas to use for comparison. | https://developer.openinventor.com/refmans/latest/RefManCpp/class_so_level_of_detail.html | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | refinedweb | 117 | 53.17 |
Hi,
i have massive problems with R# 4.0 and VS 2008 team edition. I'm working on a client/server project with windows forms. The
solution is not so complex. Just 16 projects with around 20.000 lines of code. But the solution is part of a bigger application and
references lots of assemblies. Nearly each time i load the solution into VS i will receive the error "Try to write protected
memory.". Mostly short after the error occurs VS crashes. The rare times i can work with the solution i notice a horrible bad
performance. For popup menus in the editor i have to wait several seconds. Sometimes the whole IDE freezes for several minutes.
After working a while the compiler hangs infiiiinitely. If i look at the process explorer at this time VS didn't consume any cpu
time. The memory footprint is around 750 MB to 1 GB. As i have 3 GB on the machine this should be no problem. The only thing i could
do was too deinstall R# (and this was very hard for me, because i love your tool). Loading the same solution into VS 2008
Professional i can work without any problems.
For me it seems that the Team Explorer and R# didn't like another. Another reason may be that we use the Infragistics Net Advantage
2007.3 suite because i don't have this installed on my machine with VS 2008 Professional.
Regards
Klaus
Hi,
I use ReSharper 4.0 with Visual Studio Team Suite with no such problems at
all.
--
John
"Luedi" <klaus.luedenscheidt@gmx.de> wrote in message
news:g7hnn9$bqb$1@is.intellij.net...
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>
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John Saunders wrote:
if you don't have any problem mines may be caused either by the solution structure or the Visual Studio versions. Which version of
the team foundation server do you use? Do you use the Infragistic NetAdvantage control suite?
I had the same problems with the pre-4.0 EAP-Builds they where not so annoying as in the official release build.
Regards
Klaus
Same for me - I use VS Team Edition for Software Testers against TFS 2005. No problems so far!
I use VS2008 (SP1 Beta1) Team Suite (the whole thing) against a TFS 2008
server. No problems with either version 3.x or 4.
--
John
"Luedi" <klaus.luedenscheidt@gmx.de> wrote in message
news:489D18C4.1000200@gmx.de...
>> I use ReSharper 4.0 with Visual Studio Team Suite with no such problems
>> at all.
>>
>
>
>
Hi,
I have had identical problems with R# 3 on VS 2005 Team Edition (at a previous customer's site). VS crashed several times (> 10) a day starting from the day we migrated from SourceSafe to TFS. We never managed to find the reason for this.
Some of the developers gave up on R# - the rest of us just learned to press Ctrl-Shift-S really often :)
/Jesper
Guys,
This is my vs configuration and it runs without a hitch w/ large projects ~ 250k LOC , except for the missing functionality on vista (Header Text Region)
Microsoft Visual Studio 2008
Version 9.0.21022.8 RTM
Microsoft .NET Framework
Version 3.5
Installed Edition: Enterprise
Microsoft Visual Basic 2008
Microsoft Visual C# 2008
Microsoft Visual C++ 2008
Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 Tools for Office
Microsoft Visual Studio Team System 2008 Architecture Edition
Microsoft Visual Studio Team System 2008 Development Edition
Crystal Reports Basic for Visual Studio 2008
Microsoft Visual Web Developer 2008
Gallio integration for Visual Studio Team System
ReSharper 4 Full Edition build 4.0.819.19 on 2008-06-09T22:00:24
Sparx Systems UML Integration Version 3.5.2
Application Styling Configuration Dialog
RemObjects Everwood for .NET 2.0.1.101
as you can see infragistics have no impact on resharper
HTH
BTW 3GB Memory processor 6320 i know , i know kinda slow
but it works
as most of you don't have any trouble with VS 2008 Team edition, maybe my solution structure is the problem. I'm working for a customer who develops a quite big standard application for health care. In the beginning of this year they had trouble with the solution file because they can't compile anymore in areasonable time. So they had split the old solution into several smaller ones. Each solution references all necessary assemblies. The complete application is build via the build server of VSTS. Each solution consists of around 10 to 20 projects and there are around 25 solutions. On average each project in a solution references around 25 assemblies. So the whole structure is quite complex.
What about Antivirus software? Did anyone have trouble because of his virus scanner?. On my company laptop i have installed McAffee and i notice a significant slowdown if the on access scan enginge works on many files (e.g. while copying). The customer i work for at the moment uses the Trend Micro suite.
Regards
Klaus
@Jetbrains: I'm willing to aid the developers to examine the problem. Following errors occurs:
Each time i load the solution the error message "Try to read or write protected memory. The reason for this may be corrupted memory". Nearly each time when i want to open the Team-Explorer Tab VS crashes. The IDE is very slow and sometimes freezes infinetly (one time i go to lunch for an hour or so and the IDE was still frozen). In this case i notice a permanent CPU-time of around 2% to 4% by VS in the process explorer (also the Garbage collector is running sometimes).
I'm working on a HP Laptop (9150 Worksation) with 3 GB Ram on Windows XP SP2. Visual Studio is the original version without any patches and service pack. No other Addins are installed beneath R#.
Klaus, the solution I work with the most in VSTS is about 40 projects,
including over 700 unit tests. The worst that happens is that VS grows to
about 800MB virtual. It takes a while to exit VS sometimes, and if I've had
it open for a day or more, it sometimes crashes before it finishes exiting.
I do suspect ReSharper to be involved, but this is so much better than in
the past!
--
John
"Klaus Luedenscheidt" <no_reply@jetbrains.com> wrote in message
news:29958284.23791218605313184.JavaMail.jive@app4.labs.intellij.net...
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>
>
>
>
In my personal experience, poorly-configured virus scanners on development workstations are an absolute productivity killer. There is so much disk access during the development process, with tonnes of little reads and writes to discs, even more when tools like R# are in use, when frequently building to run tests, etc. McAfee is particularly problematic in this area, but by far not the worst. If at all possible, get IT to exclude some development-related file extensions from the on-demand scanning configuration. If they can't or won't do that, try to get IT to provide a separate development workstation that has basically nothing other than dev tools and access to source control and issue tracking (and no virus scanner.) If they can't or won't do that, you'll probably have to do what I do: use Process Explorer (or tool of choice) to forcefully terminate all virus scanner processes while doing heavy development work, refrain from using email or all but the safest web sites, etc. while working, and then re-enable the scanner afterward. Doing development work as a regular user (instead of an admin), using FF instead of IE, etc. helps reduce the risk during that time as well.
800MB is not that bad. Over the years at various companies I have worked daily with devenv regularly getting up to as much as 1.5GB with R# 3.x. That said, have you tried using the (memory allocation strategy) wrappers that have been linked to on this forum a few times? They can help keep things running more smoothly as memory creeps up. Additionally, it is worth noting that the managed code running in devenv.exe can't go past 800MB unless you run on 64bit or reconfigure your devenv.exe to be LARGEADDRESSAWARE and then flip the /3GB switch on a machine with at least 3GB of memory. userva tuning might be in order as well if you run into any problems with /3GB but usually it isn't a problem.
(And, as an aside to the usual flurry of people who will sweep in and make all sorts of generalized freak-out statements about LARGEADDRESSAWARE, /3GB, and /userva: Making these configuration changes has literally saved my bacon when working on various projects over the years, and have worked great on a variety of systems. There are times when you can't go 64bit. There are times when you can't break up a huge solution. Go suck rocks.)
As Visual Studio SP1 was released yesterday and R# 4.0.1 RC1 today i installed both to see if my problems may be solved. For the first try i got the same problems as before with the difference that the "read or write protected memory" error is now reported by R#. But after playing a little bit around i found a workaround for my problem:
- Start VS with empty environment
- disable R# in the Addins-Mene
- go to the Team Explorer Tab and let hi connect to the server
- load the solution
- enable R# again
and R# rocks :))
Regards
Klaus
Hello,
As far as I know,
— LARGEADDRESSAWARE is required on 64bit too, otherwise the process still
won't get any mem above 2GB (large-address-unaware processes would store
ownership info in the higher bit of the pointer, so they couldn't be allowed
above 2GB on any platform).
— devenv.exe already has the LARGEADDRESSAWARE flag (as it appeared on my
installation for VS 9.0).
— another choice is running 32-bit Vista, as it's doing some better job of
memory allocation, just like the wrappers mentioned above.
Pity devenv+R# pushes the memory limit that much. We've already started fighting
the mem usage down for 4.5 :)
—
Serge Baltic
JetBrains, Inc —
“Develop with pleasure!”
Hello,
These are and,
right?
I've reviewed the stack traces of similar exceptions in our tracker. I'm
afraid there isn't any useful info to help us fix the issue.
Probalby the unmanaged (or, rather, mixed-mode) stack traces of the failure
could have more data in them. They could be captured by debugging the Visual
Studio instance that is about to crash with a mixed-mode debugger from another
Visual Studio instance, with "break on exceptions" on for unmanaged exceptions.
DLL symbols should be present for native DLLs, otherwise the stack trace
will be not so informative at all.
—
Serge Baltic
JetBrains, Inc —
“Develop with pleasure!”
All true. I have to admit that I didn't realize that VS 2008 came with it flagged out of the box.
Hi Serge,
in my company we are having very similar issues. And we're pretty certain that the cause is Team Explorer with R# not liking each other (you don't get the crashes when you don't use any of the two).
I can somehow (and only sometimes) make the VS crash and with debugger attached I get (among others) this exception:
Unhandled exception at 0x77572dd8 (ole32.dll) in devenv.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x0000000f.
With following stack trace:
ole32.dll!CoWaitForMultipleHandles() + 0x1bc97 bytes
ole32.dll!CoWaitForMultipleHandles() + 0x1e0d bytes
ole32.dll!ProgIDFromCLSID() + 0x39c bytes
ole32.dll!DcomChannelSetHResult() + 0x590 bytes
ole32.dll!77600e3b()
ole32.dll!DcomChannelSetHResult() + 0x5f4 bytes
ole32.dll!DcomChannelSetHResult() + 0x42a bytes
user32.dll!GetDC() + 0x6d bytes
user32.dll!GetDC() + 0x14f bytes
user32.dll!GetWindowLongW() + 0x127 bytes
user32.dll!DispatchMessageW() + 0xf bytes
msenv.dll!DllMain() + 0x4ce74 bytes
msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x44d9 bytes
msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x4469 bytes
msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x4405 bytes
msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x43d4 bytes
msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x496a bytes
msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x7d bytes
devenv.exe!3000aabc()
devenv.exe!300078f2()
msvcr90.dll!_msize(void * pblock=0x00000002) Line 88 + 0xe bytes C
msvcr90.dll!_onexit_nolock(int (void)* func=0x0072006f) Line 157 + 0x6 bytes C
This will keep on throwing exceptions until process runs out of stack...
If you could provide me with help where / how to get additional debug symbols I can try reproducing the error and get more info out of that.
Thank you for any help.
Jarda
Hello Jaroslav,
Thanks for the stack! However, it looks like memory and/or system tables
are already corrupt, which is most likely the result of previous not-so-fatal
failure.
Also, could you please check that you don't have AppInit_DLLs registry key?
See for
details.
Sincerely,
Ilya Ryzhenkov
JetBrains, Inc
"Develop with pleasure!"
JM> Hi Serge,
JM> in my company we are having very similar issues. And we're pretty
JM> certain that the cause is Team Explorer with R# not liking each
JM> other (you don't get the crashes when you don't use any of the two).
JM> I can somehow (and only sometimes) make the VS crash and with
JM> debugger attached I get (among others) this exception:
JM>
JM> Unhandled exception at 0x77572dd8 (ole32.dll) in devenv.exe:
JM> 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x0000000f.
JM>
JM> With following stack trace:
JM> ole32.dll!CoWaitForMultipleHandles() + 0x1bc97 bytes
JM> [Frames below may be incorrect and/or missing, no symbols loaded
JM> for ole32.dll]
JM> ole32.dll!CoWaitForMultipleHandles() + 0x1e0d bytes
JM> ole32.dll!ProgIDFromCLSID() + 0x39c bytes
JM> ole32.dll!DcomChannelSetHResult() + 0x590 bytes
JM> ole32.dll!77600e3b()
JM> ole32.dll!DcomChannelSetHResult() + 0x5f4 bytes
JM> ole32.dll!DcomChannelSetHResult() + 0x42a bytes
JM> user32.dll!GetDC() + 0x6d bytes
JM> user32.dll!GetDC() + 0x14f bytes
JM> user32.dll!GetWindowLongW() + 0x127 bytes
JM> user32.dll!DispatchMessageW() + 0xf bytes
JM> msenv.dll!DllMain() + 0x4ce74 bytes
JM> msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x44d9 bytes
JM> msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x4469 bytes
JM> msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x4405 bytes
JM> msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x43d4 bytes
JM> msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x496a bytes
JM> msenv.dll!VStudioMain() + 0x7d bytes
JM> devenv.exe!3000aabc()
JM> devenv.exe!300078f2()
JM> msvcr90.dll!_msize(void * pblock=0x00000002) Line 88 + 0xe bytes C
JM> msvcr90.dll!_onexit_nolock(int (void)* func=0x0072006f) Line 157
JM> + 0x6 bytes C
JM> This will keep on throwing exceptions until process runs out of
JM> stack...
JM>
JM> If you could provide me with help where / how to get additional
JM> debug symbols I can try reproducing the error and get more info out
JM> of that.
JM>
JM> Thank you for any help.
JM> Jarda
Hello Jaroslav,
It'll be very useful if you try to attach WinDBG tool to VS before the crash, reproduce the crash and take
a dump file and send it to us for investigationt.
Thank you.
--
Kirill Falk
JetBrains, Inc
"Develop with pleasure!"
We are expecting the same problem with the same environment (VS2008+ReSharper 4.0 + Windows XP or Win 2003 server).
I've worked with Microsoft on that problem and reply is:
We had an incident#SRX080723600071 with the same description and results of our investigation:
It looks like there are components running in a different appdomain (possibly a webservice call). We see where JScript
is calling into some object which eventually calls into
JetBrains.UI.Interop.WindowsHook.CoreHookProc. It appears that JetBrains have set a
hook on some thread to watch messages being dispatched to it. We can't tell what
thread from this output, but I suspect it would be the main UI thread since this is
in the JetBrains.UI namespace. We see where that calls
JetBrains.UI.Interop.Win32Declarations.CallNextHookEx, which is likely calling into
User32!CallNextHookEx. In any case, this appears to end up resulting in a
System.SecurityException. It's unclear whether this is handled or not. Please check
with JetBrains whether they expect to see these types of exceptions.
The JetBrains code is involved with the managed exceptions. We know that Visual
Studio is crashing because our ole32!CCliModalLoop instance appears to be released.
We don't have any direct evidence from the dump that Jetbrains caused that, but we
do know that removing JetBrains from the IDE allows it to work properly, so I
suspect JetBrains definitely is involved with the root cause.
These posts on JetBrain's community discuss various issues with JetBrains causing
VS 2008 to crash. The first thread discusses it occurring when launching Team
Explorer, and the last post in the thread shows a workaround that one person
used.�
"
My question to the JetBrains: Any ways to fix it? Can you give me any phone, email address of person who can give me reply or I can work with? Please use my email.
Hello Vasily,
Thank you very much for so detailed information! This is the first time we
probably have something we can get our hands on and I will fire my WinDbg
on this tomorrow. If you can attach WinDbg and get crashdump as well as logs,
that would be extremely helpful. Unfortunately, we don't have access to Microsoft
crashdumps. You can send them directly to me, orangy at jetbrains com.
Sincerely,
Ilya Ryzhenkov
JetBrains, Inc
"Develop with pleasure!"
V> We are expecting the same problem with the same environment
V> (VS2008+ReSharper 4.0 + Windows XP or Win 2003 server).
V>
V> I've worked with Microsoft on that problem and reply is:
V>
V> We had an incident#SRX080723600071 with the same description and
V> results of our investigation:
V>
V> It looks like there are components running in a different appdomain
V> (possibly a webservice call). We see where JScript
V>
V> is calling into some object which eventually calls into
V> JetBrains.UI.Interop.WindowsHook.CoreHookProc. It appears that
V> JetBrains have set a hook on some thread to watch messages being
V> dispatched to it. We can't tell what thread from this output, but I
V> suspect it would be the main UI thread since this is in the
V> JetBrains.UI namespace. We see where that calls
V> JetBrains.UI.Interop.Win32Declarations.CallNextHookEx, which is
V> likely calling into User32!CallNextHookEx. In any case, this appears
V> to end up resulting in a System.SecurityException. It's unclear
V> whether this is handled or not. Please check with JetBrains whether
V> they expect to see these types of exceptions.
V>
V> The JetBrains code is involved with the managed exceptions. We know
V> that Visual Studio is crashing because our ole32!CCliModalLoop
V> instance appears to be released. We don't have any direct evidence
V> from the dump that Jetbrains caused that, but we do know that
V> removing JetBrains from the IDE allows it to work properly, so I
V> suspect JetBrains definitely is involved with the root cause.
V>
V> These posts on JetBrain's community discuss various issues with
V> JetBrains causing VS 2008 to crash. The first thread discusses it
V> occurring when launching Team Explorer, and the last post in the
V> thread shows a workaround that one person used.
V>
V>�
V>
V>
V>
V> "
V>
V> My question to the JetBrains: Any ways to fix it? Can you give me
V> any phone, email address of person who can give me reply or I can
V> work with? Please use my email.
V> | https://resharper-support.jetbrains.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/206717785--Build-919-Massive-Problems-with-VS-2008-Team-Edition?sort_by=votes | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 3,218 | 66.64 |
28 March 2012 19:59 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS)--US propylene inventories fell by 7.2% last week to 4.175m bbl, US Energy Information Administration (EIA) figures showed on Wednesday.
US propylene inventories were at their lowest level since the week ended 18 November 2011, when inventories were at 4.130m bbl.
The fall also continued a trend in which inventory levels have fallen in 10 of the past 11 weeks from a high of 5.633m bbl in the week ended 6 January 2012.
US refineries operated at 84.5% of capacity for the week that ended on 23 March, up from 82.2% a week earlier, the EIA data showed.
Refinery-grade propylene (RGP) for April was bid on Wednesday at 70 cents/lb ($1,543/tonne, €1,157/tonne). A deal for April material was done on Tuesday at 69.75 cents/lb.
EIA figures refer to non-fuel refinery-sourced propylene.?xml:namespace>
( | http://www.icis.com/Articles/2012/03/28/9545735/us-propylene-inventories-fall-7.2-hit-lowest-spot-since.html | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | refinedweb | 159 | 68.16 |
Practical ASP.NET
Last time I looked at the basics of triggers. Let's look at creating an HTTP-triggered function for displaying a greeting based on a target audience.
The last time we looked at Azure Functions, I introduced you to the basic triggers you can use with them. There are a number of events that can cause functions to begin execution ("triggered"), one of which is in response to an HTTP request. These HTTP-triggered functions could, for example, perform CRUD operations for a single-page Web app or mobile front-end. That's what I'll look at this time.
HTTP-triggered functions have a number of capabilities. They can be authorized by keys that calling clients need to provide, they can be limited to specific HTTP verbs (such as POST, GET and so on), they can return data to the calling client, and they can receive request data via query string parameters, request body data or URL route templates. Like other functions they can also integrate with other Azure services such as Blob Storage, Event Hubs, queues and so on.
Creating a HTTP-Triggered Function
To create a new HTTP-triggered function, open an existing Function App in the Azure Portal or create a new one.
Click the New Function button, choose C# from the language dropdown box, and select the HTTPTrigger-CSharp template (see Figure 1). Give the function a name, for example "GenerateGreetingForAge," and choose Anonymous for the Authorization level (see Figure 2). Note that this will allow anyone to call the function via HTTP an unrestricted number of times, so you would normally want to restrict access by key. Finally, click the "create" button to add the new function to the Function App.
A new function will now be created and the code editor will be loaded (see Figure 3). At the top of the editor window is the URL of the function; for example, "." The template adds some starter sample code that allows a name to be passed to the function and returned to the client prefixed with "Hello."
This GenerateGreetingForAge function is going to examine the age that’s passed to it (as a querystring parameter) and return an appropriate greeting tailored to the target age group. The code in Listing 1 shows an example of this.
using System.Net;
public static HttpResponseMessage Run(HttpRequestMessage req, TraceWriter log)
{
log.Info("C# HTTP trigger function processed a request.");
// Parse query parameter
string age = req.GetQueryNameValuePairs()
.FirstOrDefault(q => string.Compare(q.Key, "age", true) == 0)
.Value;
if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(age))
{
var errorResponse = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest,
"Please pass an age on the query string");
return errorResponse;
}
string greeting = GenerateGreeting(int.Parse(age));
var greetingResponse = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, greeting);
return greetingResponse;
}
public static string GenerateGreeting(int age)
{
if (age < 18) return "Yo what's up";
if (age < 30) return "Hey there";
if (age < 50) return "Hi";
return "Greetings";
}
Calling the function with the URL would result in "Greetings" being returned to the caller.
The URL would result in "Yo what's up" being returned.
Configuring Route Templates
Route templates allow the customization of the function’s URL and also allow the mapping of input data from the URL into the function. For example, adding a route template of "greeting/{age}" would change the calling URL from to.
The "{age}" part of the route template now maps to an additional parameter in the Run method as Listing 2 shows.
using System.Net;
public static HttpResponseMessage Run(HttpRequestMessage req, int age, TraceWriter log)
{
log.Info("C# HTTP trigger function processed a request.");
string greeting = GenerateGreeting(age);
var greetingResponse = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, greeting);
return greetingResponse;
}
public static string GenerateGreeting(int age)
{
if (age < 18) return "Yo what's up";
if (age < 30) return "Hey there";
if (age < 50) return "Hi";
return "Greetings";
}
Function Authorization
To authorize use, the function authorization level can be changed from Anonymous to either Function or Admin. Doing so will require the client to provide the correct key either as a querystring parameter called code or in an HTTP header called x-functions-key. Changing the authorization level to function changes the URL to. Providing an incorrect or missing code querystring parameter results in a 401 Unauthorized response code.. | https://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2017/04/01/http-triggered-functions.aspx | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | refinedweb | 708 | 54.32 |
This content has been marked as final. Show 53 replies
15. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?357241 Sep 23, 2005 6:15 PM (in response to Learco Brizzi)Hello
Sorry I forgot that it does use auto update solution does use the html_PPR_Report_Page function but rember this is specifc for reports because it fasttracks to the report engine without going through the whole page layout and condiitons logic.
That being said.
There you go.
Carl
16. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?VANJ Sep 23, 2005 6:28 PM (in response to 357241)Very slick! Thanks.
Any way to not hardcode the long numeric region id in the Javascript?
"Use the PPR template for the report and change the header section"
Also, if I use the PPR report template, the region header already has all the stuff in there, right? So I dont need to put that in myself, do I?
Thanks
17. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?357241 Sep 23, 2005 6:33 PM (in response to VANJ)Hello,
At some point the report id needs to be provided you could easily make it a js variable in the page instead of hardcoded into the js.
The htmldb:href link and id on the report table need to be added to the report template to make it work.
Carl
18. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?Learco Brizzi Sep 25, 2005 1:06 PM (in response to 357241)Carl,
That looks very nice! Thanks.
Learco
19. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?423655 Sep 27, 2005 2:35 PM (in response to Learco Brizzi)Instead of refreshing based on time, Can this code be used to refresh upon demand? I see you haven't updated your application export for this, Carl, and I would like to see the back-end of this to try to achieve my result
20. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?357241 Sep 27, 2005 3:26 PM (in response to 423655)Hello,
I added a link to refresh on demand on that page.
I'll update the export a little later today.
Carl
21. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?423655 Sep 28, 2005 2:09 PM (in response to 357241)Hey Carl,
First let me thank you for all your help, your insight has proven invaluable in what I am trying to do. This "report refresh" , can it be used to display a report based on a value in a text box w/o a submit (like I was trying to do here unsuccessfully)
And just a reminder if you can get the application export up soon.
Thanks,
Scott
22. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?423655 Sep 28, 2005 6:06 PM (in response to 423655)I got the partial page refresh working, however, it does not update based on my text field. Tried fixing the URL in the PPR region to use the value of the text box, still can't get it working, any ideas on how to implement this???
23. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?357241 Sep 28, 2005 6:33 PM (in response to 423655)Hello,
Yes thats not going to work. The auto refresh code is directly tied to the pagination code it expects a report to already be in the page, and then fast tracks to the report engine instead of going through page logic.
I'll have an example for you in next day or so.
Carl
24. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?357241 Sep 29, 2005 4:57 PM (in response to 357241)Hello,
Here's the example.
I'm working up all the howto code right now probably be up by tommorow. I'll also be putting up a new export of my app tommorow.
Carl
25. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?VANJ Sep 29, 2005 5:03 PM (in response to 357241)Carl, that is simply brilliant! Simple and elegant. Thanks.
26. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?423655 Sep 29, 2005 5:26 PM (in response to VANJ)Carl,
Looks like what I want, will work with a text box as well I assume.
Thanks,
Scott
27. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?423655 Oct 3, 2005 12:48 PM (in response to 423655)Hey Carl,
When will you have the "to-do" ready for this?
-Scott
28. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?357241 Oct 3, 2005 6:42 PM (in response to 423655)Hello,
All the code is on the page now.
So basically this is just a slight variation on using an application process but instead you are pulling a region on a page.
This example contains 2 pages page 48 which is the visible page and page 47 which contains the SQL report.
Page 47 has a special page template that has most extraneous html removed basically your going to be pulling the whole page even though you are only going to use a small section, (this will be greatly simplified/improved in future HTML DB version) so you want the page template and region templates to bare minimum. In this example the region doesn't even have a template assigned.
Pulling the whole page has the disadvantage of pulling much more html across the wire than you need but as the advantage of allowing you to use all standard HTML DB page functionality, computations,process,conditions,templates so there is a trade off.
If you are only interested in speed you could use an ondemand process in much the same way and build your own report.
Now some things to notice with the javascript usage
var get = new htmldb_Get(null,&APP_ID.,null,47);
When using with an application process you usually go to page 0 here because we are grabbing a substring of page html we are going to page 47
gReturn = get.get(null,'<htmldb:BOX_BODY>','</htmldb:BOX_BODY>');
This deals directly with the special page template for PPR pull's it should have unique substring's for clipping out the text you want. To make it easy I create tags with a htmldb: namespace with the name of the specific region, we don't use any xml dom stuff because more than likley the page you pull from will not be properly formed xml.
You can even get cut down more on the html over the wire by using one region for the whole page but I like to do things generic also then you can make more complex region pulls where you are pulling multiple regions across region substitution tags.
The main problem you can have with this is that you want to make sure not to get the <form> tag included in your substring as that will break the submit functionality on the calling page.
Carl
29. Re: Partial refreshing of pages in 2.0 ?423655 Oct 3, 2005 7:04 PM (in response to 357241)Looks nice Carl, can you update the export please when you get a chance as well?
Thanks,
Scott | https://community.oracle.com/message/1072746 | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | refinedweb | 1,194 | 78.18 |
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On 03/11/2014 at 17:20, xxxxxxxx wrote:
c4d.CallCommand(12099) # Render to Picture Viewer
I would like to re-create the command above. However, this
doc = documents.GetActiveDocument ()
rd = doc )
res = c4d.documents.RenderDocument( doc, rdata, bmp, renderflags = c4d.RENDERFLAGS_EXTERNAL, th = None )
if res == c4d.RENDERRESULT_OK:
bitmaps.ShowBitmap ( bmp )
will lock up Cinema until the render finishes. I have tried the other options with the render flags, and can't seem to get more than a frame to render ( or save for that matter ). I have noticed with the c4d.RENDERFLAGS_EXTERNAL flag, it will render out the sequence, but it will look strange in the picture viewer ( also, no multipass files are shown ).
So I've decided to just use the CallCommand in the beginning of the script, then have the rest of the code run after that. At least it will render correctly. However, that CallCommand must run in a separate thread because the rest of my code will execute before the render even starts.
I would like:
Step 1: render
Step 2: run remaining code.
I've looked into c4d.CheckIsRunning ( c4d.CHECKISRUNNING_EXTERNALRENDERING )
and that doesn't seem to do anything with the CallCommand. It will return True, execute the rest of the code, then run the CallCommand.
I've scoured the internet looking for similar posts and have not run into any.
Sigh, I am at a loss. Maybe I'm missing something obvious or maybe I just don't understand.
Any help would be appreciated.
On 04/11/2014 at 01:00, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Hi,
the callcommand should run in the main thread, but your other tasks (remaining code) can run in a separate user thread.
Therefore you need to let wait, until your rendering is finished.
You can use c4d.CheckIsRunning ( c4d.CHECKISRUNNING_EXTERNALRENDERING ).
Start your call command, check if it is running, if this is true start a new thread.
within this thread make a while loop where you again check if the render is running.
When you while loop is finished you can run the rest of your code inside the userthread.
Additionally you may have a look at this post.
There was the same problem with the bake texture command.
at crossroadtraffic
If this wont help you let me know, than I´ll post a snippet.
Best wishes
Martin
On 04/11/2014 at 07:48, xxxxxxxx wrote:
I think that CallCommand() renders to a temp document. Which is why you can keep working on your current scene.
If you write this code by hand. Try using a temp doc (in memory) as the rendering document instead of your active document.
Be sure to target the temp doc in your code rather than using GetActiveDocument().
Most people make that mistake.
-ScottA
On 04/11/2014 at 14:22, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Alrighty!
Thank you guys for your help. I was able to get it working with the CallCommand() and running the rest of the script in a separate thread.
I'll post a truncated version of the working code, just in case someone else runs into this issue.
import c4d, thread, time
def someFunction ( renderCheck, time ) :
while renderCheck == True:
time.sleep( 5 ) # waits 5 seconds before running rest of loop
renderCheck = c4d.CheckIsRunning ( c4d.CHECKISRUNNING_EXTERNALRENDERING )
print 'Checking if render is still rendering' # still part of the while loop
print 'Render is done' # outside of the while loop
def main () :
c4d.CallCommand (12099) # calls the renderer
renderCheck = c4d.CheckIsRunning ( c4d.CHECKISRUNNING_EXTERNALRENDERING )
if renderCheck == True:
thread.start_new ( someFunction, ( renderCheck, time ) )
if __name__=='__main__':
main()
On 04/11/2014 at 14:49, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Hi Herbie,
great, that it is working for you!
Your code look like the suggestion, but there is no need to pass the rendercheck to your User Thread function.
A simpler version:
import c4d
import os,time, thread
def isRendering(time,os) :
print(time.ctime())
while c4d.CheckIsRunning ( c4d.CHECKISRUNNING_EXTERNALRENDERING ) :
print("render in progress...")
time.sleep(4)
print(time.ctime())
print("render complete.")
def main() :
c4d.CallCommand(12099)
if c4d.CheckIsRunning ( c4d.CHECKISRUNNING_EXTERNALRENDERING ) :
thread.start_new(isRendering,(time,os))
if __name__=='__main__':
main()
@scott
I´m also really interested in your suggestion!
I thought that the c4d.documents.RenderDocument command will render from a temp doc anyway?
Except you set RENDERFLAG_NODOCUMENTCLONE.
The problem is, that if you start the rendering from the main thread with c4d.documents.RenderDocument
the main thread is blocked and busy, too.
If you start it from a userthread, it´ll render in the background and you can edit your scene.
But if it comes to the bitmaps.ShowBitmap(bitmap) part, you´ll get this Error message.
RuntimeError: illegal operation, invalid cross-thread call.
It seems to me, that ShowBitmap must be called from the main thread?
If you or anybody else has an explanation or a working example to share, I´ll be very glad!
Best wishes
Martin
On 04/11/2014 at 16:16, xxxxxxxx wrote:
I'm not having any trouble running code in the script manager. Or editing the scene while the renderer is running without using a custom thread.
The only thing that happens is that the timeline scrubber and the ShowBitmap() output freezes in the PV window. But the renderer is still rendering the scene.
Is that what you're talking about?
Can you post an example of starting the render from a thread?
On 04/11/2014 at 16:34, xxxxxxxx wrote:
That sounds promissing ! Could you please show a working example?
This is what I´m trying with a userthread:
import c4d
from c4d import gui,bitmaps
from c4d.threading import C4DThread
class UserThread(C4DThread) :
def Main(self) :
doc = c4d.documents.GetActiveDocument ()
doc2 = doc.GetClone()
rd = doc2 )
print c4d.threading.GeGetCurrentThreadCount()
print c4d.threading.GeGetCurrentThread()
thr = c4d.threading.GeGetCurrentThread()
res = c4d.documents.RenderDocument( doc2, rdata, bmp, renderflags = c4d.RENDERFLAGS_EXTERNAL, th = thr )
print res
if res == c4d.RENDERRESULT_OK:
print res
bitmaps.ShowBitmap ( bmp )
pass
thread = UserThread()
thread.Start()
def main() :
print "the main"
if __name__=='__main__':
main()
Thanks in advance
Martin
On 04/11/2014 at 18:08, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Originally posted by xxxxxxxx
That sounds promissing ! Could you please show a working example?
Originally posted by xxxxxxxx
What I'm saying is that I don't use custom threads when rendering and working at the same time.
They don't seem to be necessary.
When c4d.CallCommand (12099) is executed. I can still run scripts and work in the scene while it's rendering. There should be no problem doing both at the same time.
The only down side is that the scrubber and the image preview are frozen when doing that.
Rendering seems to be fully threaded and automatically handled by C4D.
However, things like the scrubber and the preview image don't.
The only code example I have is for C++. But it doesn't use threads or the RenderDocument() function.
Both of those things seem to be problematic when trying to render while working on the scene at the same time. Which is why I asked to see your code.
I haven't had much luck with using custom threads while rendering.
On 05/11/2014 at 03:09, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Thanks Scott, if you like, you can send me a pm with the c++ code?
The call command handles all the threading operations and nothing is blocked and you can run your script, for sure. (not even the scrubber)
Herbie was asking for running his code after the rendering, I guess.
Originally posted by xxxxxxxx
So I've decided to just use the CallCommand in the beginning of the script, then have the rest of the code run after that.
So I've decided to just use the CallCommand in the beginning of the script, then have the rest of the code run after that.
And I was asking for manage it without using a call command with the RenderDocument() function.
But yea, you can get grafic driver errors and other fancy stuff, with trying that one in a Userthread.
On the other hand, if you try it in the main function of your script everything is blocked.
Could anyone please confirm that it is not possible in python to re-create the c4d.CallCommand (12099)?
On 05/11/2014 at 07:59, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Sure. I can post it here.
It's very small.
//This is how to render the scene to a temporary document while working on the scene
//Instead of loading a new document. You create a clone of it
Filename name = doc->GetDocumentName(); //Gets the name & extension of the document without the path
Filename path = doc->GetDocumentPath(); //Gets the file's path, minus the file's name and extension
String fullPath = path.GetString() + "\\" + name.GetString(); //Combine them to get the full file path
//Save the scene before we open it back up and render it
//This lets us change the scene and get accurate rendering results
SaveDocument(doc, fullPath, SAVEDOCUMENTFLAGS_0, FORMAT_C4DEXPORT);
//Open the scene
BaseDocument *docCopy = LoadDocument(fullPath, SCENEFILTER_OBJECTS | SCENEFILTER_MATERIALS, NULL);
//Insert the scene into the CINEMA editor list of documents
InsertBaseDocument(docCopy);
SetActiveDocument(docCopy);
CallCommand(12099); //Render to picture viewer
KillDocument(docCopy);
On 06/11/2014 at 05:25, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Thanks Scott!
I thought you might have a c++ kernel level threading example, which shows what´s behind the callcommand ,
Anyway, in this case and in python I´m fine with the callcommand.
On 07/11/2014 at 04:35, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Hi
_<_t_>_
|
<_<_t_>_
Options : History : Help : Feedback
Text-to-speech function is limited to 100 characters
I ask the question here not to start a new topic.
I need begin rendering immediately after the start of C4D project.
I can't use c4d.CallCommand (12099) or bitmaps commands because in this case need to move the slider on the timeline. How to run a render immediately after opening the file?
On 07/11/2014 at 05:41, xxxxxxxx wrote:
I actually can´t see a reason, why this code should not run properly and why the callcommand should freeze your timeline.
Could you please give it a try and report if something goes wrong?
EDIT
sorry forgot the scenefilters, fixed.
import c4d,os
def main() :
filename = c4d.storage.LoadDialog(c4d.FILESELECTTYPE_SCENES)
if not filename or not os.path.isfile(filename) :
return
doc = c4d.documents.LoadDocument(filename, c4d.SCENEFILTER_OBJECTS | c4d.SCENEFILTER_MATERIALS | c4d.SCENEFILTER_DIALOGSALLOWED | c4d.SCENEFILTER_PROGRESSALLOWED | c4d.SCENEFILTER_NONEWMARKERS | c4d.SCENEFILTER_SAVECACHES)
c4d.documents.InsertBaseDocument(doc)
c4d.documents.SetActiveDocument(doc)
c4d.EventAdd()
c4d.CallCommand (12099)
if __name__=='__main__':
main()
On 07/11/2014 at 07:28, xxxxxxxx wrote:
The Picture Viewer window has it's own timeline.
And if you are changing your scene while rendering. The timeline in that PV window does indeed freeze. And so does the image history images. And so does the preview window image.
Basically. Everything in the PV freezes.
However. The rendering is still running in the background. And as soon as you stop changing the scene. All of the rendered images will be dumped from memory into the PV. And the PV timeline will unfreeze and jump to the same frame as the frame being rendered.
This is what I meant when I said that the rendering sems to be threaded, and handled automatically by C4D. But things like ShowBitmap() are not.
It might be possible to get each bitmap that is rendered by using a GeDialog plugin and a custom thread. Combined with SpecialEventAdd() to send out a signal to it's CoreMessage() method. Then ask for the bitmap in the CoreMessage() method.
This is the workaround mentioned in the C++ docs under: Important Threading Information
On 07/11/2014 at 12:35, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Thanks again Scott!
for clarification this time
and the hint with the c++ docs, interesting.
On 12/11/2014 at 00:27, xxxxxxxx wrote:
Thanks for answers!
_<_t_>_
<_<_t_>_
Options : History : Help : Feedback
Text-to-speech function is limited to 100 characters | https://plugincafe.maxon.net/topic/8279/10796_render-to-picture-viewer-and-renderdocument-woes/5?_=1621439140873 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 2,034 | 67.45 |
Overview | ALRedBallTracker API | ALFaceTracker API | Trackers Sample
Namespace : AL
#include <alproxies/alredballtrackerproxy.h>
As any module, this module inherits methods from ALModule API. It also has the following specific methods:
Returns the [x, y, z] position of the red ball in FRAME_TORSO. This is done assuming an average red ball size (diameter: 0.06 m), so it might not be very accurate.
Return true if the red Ball Tracker is running.
Return true if a new Red Ball was detected since the last getPosition().
If true, the tracking will be through a Whole Body Process.
Start the tracker by Subscribing to Event redBallDetected from ALRedBallDetection module. Then Wait Event redBallDetected from ALRedBallDetection module. And finally send information to motion for head tracking. Note: Stiffness of Head must be set to 1.0 to move!
Stop the tracker by Unsubscribing to Event redBallDetected from ALRedBallDetection module. | http://doc.aldebaran.com/1-14/naoqi/trackers/alredballtracker-api.html | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | refinedweb | 145 | 61.22 |
/*** The key used to look up authentication credentials. 34 * 35 * @author <a href="mailto:oleg@ural.ru">Oleg Kalnichevski</a> 36 * @author <a href="mailto:adrian@intencha.com">Adrian Sutton</a> 37 * 38 * @deprecated no longer used 39 */ 40 public class HttpAuthRealm extends AuthScope { 41 42 /*** Creates a new HttpAuthRealm for the given <tt>domain</tt> and 43 * <tt>realm</tt>. 44 * 45 * @param domain the domain the credentials apply to. May be set 46 * to <tt>null</tt> if credenticals are applicable to 47 * any domain. 48 * @param realm the realm the credentials apply to. May be set 49 * to <tt>null</tt> if credenticals are applicable to 50 * any realm. 51 * 52 */ 53 public HttpAuthRealm(final String domain, final String realm) { 54 super(domain, ANY_PORT, realm, ANY_SCHEME); 55 } 56 57 } | http://hc.apache.org/httpclient-3.x/xref/org/apache/commons/httpclient/auth/HttpAuthRealm.html | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | refinedweb | 132 | 59.09 |
Using StringTokenizer in Java
By: Emiley J Printer Friendly Format
The processing of text often consists of parsing a formatted input string. Parsing is the division of text into a set of discrete parts, or tokens, which in a certain sequence can convey a semantic meaning. The StringTokenizer class provides the first step in this parsing process, often called the lexer (lexical analyzer) or scanner. StringTokenizer implements the Enumeration interface. Therefore, given an input string, you can enumerate the individual tokens contained in it using StringTokenizer.
To use StringTokenizer, you specify an input string and a string that contains delimiters. Delimiters are characters that separate tokens. Each character in the delimiters string is considered a valid delimiter—for example, ",;:" sets the delimiters to a comma, semicolon, and colon. The default set of delimiters consists of the whitespace characters: space, tab, newline, and carriage return.
The StringTokenizer constructors are shown here:
StringTokenizer(String str)
StringTokenizer(String str, String delimiters)
StringTokenizer(String str, String delimiters, boolean delimAsToken)
In all versions, str is the string that will be tokenized. In the first version, the default delimiters are used. In the second and third versions, delimiters is a string that specifies the delimiters. In the third version, if delimAsToken is true, then the delimiters are also returned as tokens when the string is parsed. Otherwise, the delimiters are not returned.
Delimiters are not returned as tokens by the first two forms. Once you have created a StringTokenizer object, the nextToken( ) method is used to extract consecutive tokens. The hasMoreTokens( ) method returns true while there are more tokens to be extracted. Since StringTokenizer implements Enumeration, the hasMoreElements( ) and nextElement( ) methods are also implemented, and they act the same as hasMoreTokens( ) and nextToken( ), respectively.
Here is an example that creates a StringTokenizer to parse "key=value" pairs. Consecutive sets of "key=value" pairs are separated by a semicolon.
// Demonstrate StringTokenizer.
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
class STDemo {
static String in = "title=Java-Samples;" +
"author=Emiley J;" +
"publisher=java-samples.com;" +
public static void main(String args[]) {
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(in, "=;");
while(st.hasMoreTokens()) {
String key = st.nextToken();
String val = st.nextToken();
System.out.println(key + "\t" + val);
}
}
}
The output from this program is shown here:
title Java-samples
author Emiley J
publisher java-samples. f**k
View Tutorial By: stupid head at 2009-03-11 04:37:07
2. very good explanation... thnx...
View Tutorial By: gobu at 2009-04-05 23:43:19
3. thnx, 4 ur explanation, that was usefl
but
View Tutorial By: some1 at 2009-04-28 03:26:28
4. prog was understandable wat u gave there,but it no
View Tutorial By: sailaja at 2009-07-03 02:53:20
5. thank you sir
View Tutorial By: ramya at 2010-01-11 00:42:05
6. awesome example
View Tutorial By: jagjyot singh at 2010-01-12 20:39:04
7. cse exalters
View Tutorial By: jayasimha at 2010-02-20 02:12:52
8. there will be a semi-colon(;) after Emiley J and j
View Tutorial By: Manojit at 2010-02-21 01:37:47
9. We need an example to tokenize a xml file
View Tutorial By: Todo at 2010-03-03 03:27:01
10. thanks emily, this was fantastic... just saved me
View Tutorial By: philip at 2010-04-10 20:39:08
11. It gives strange result when we use == as delimite
View Tutorial By: Amit at 2010-05-07 05:03:41
12. Thank you very much for explaning the things in su
View Tutorial By: Sunil Yadav at 2010-05-27 04:04:31
13. @:some1
The input should be
View Tutorial By: Sam at 2010-06-16 07:18:22
14. it was very help ful
i got it when i really
View Tutorial By: anand harshan at 2010-07-07 12:18:22
15. Simplified explanation with perfect Examples
View Tutorial By: Sushant Chaudhary at 2010-07-12 00:32:18
16. nice example!!
View Tutorial By: gayathri subramanian at 2010-08-18 09:27:59
17. nice example!!
View Tutorial By: gayathri subramanian at 2010-08-18 09:29:35
18. thanks for your explanation, but for desired outpu
View Tutorial By: bismillah at 2010-09-02 10:15:35
19. thanks for your explanation, but for desired outpu
View Tutorial By: bismillah at 2010-09-02 10:16:09
20. the best explaination
View Tutorial By: kingh at 2010-09-17 04:06:46
21. Wonderful...
It was Really Useful...
View Tutorial By: Gift Lee at 2010-12-02 23:27:15
22. huahahaha, ya the ";" is forgotten at th
View Tutorial By: g at 2011-01-07 22:08:26
23. thanx 4 these info......
View Tutorial By: rajkamal at 2011-02-18 23:39:35
24. how to use tokenizer "No.1 hello,No.2 world,N
View Tutorial By: saanu at 2011-03-04 00:41:21
25. Create a lexical analyzer of the C- programming la
View Tutorial By: lucky at 2011-05-06 23:01:43
26. Create a lexical analyzer of the C- programming la
View Tutorial By: lucky at 2011-05-06 23:05:22
27. Hi.....u have put an extra backslash in the last f
View Tutorial By: Samantha at 2011-05-12 12:54:39
28. Dear Samantha, Thx for pointing the extra \. I hav
View Tutorial By: Emiley at 2011-06-06 04:50:40
29. its a very very good artical
View Tutorial By: xyz at 2011-06-17 08:12:26
30. Nice example to understand what does the string T
View Tutorial By: vikash from india at 2011-06-23 06:39:03
31. Nice example to understand what does the string To
View Tutorial By: Spha at 2011-07-14 08:00:03
32. You just save ma arse, had a SQLite database, and
View Tutorial By: codeRealm at 2011-11-13 12:58:05
33. Very good example.
It's very useful article
View Tutorial By: elangovan at 2011-11-16 12:33:10
34. great solution and brief explanation, love it.
View Tutorial By: habesha at 2011-12-02 16:14:45
35. shes a hot chick programmer!
View Tutorial By: pola at 2012-01-16 02:33:21
36. Awesome explanation....
superb!
View Tutorial By: Abhishek Patel at 2012-03-27 05:29:32
37. hi....
can u please show me the code for fi
View Tutorial By: pooja at 2012-07-08 16:08:08
38. thanx nice explanation...
View Tutorial By: vignesh at 2012-07-15 20:12:22
39. @pooja: this method should work, although i'm sure
View Tutorial By: Anush at 2012-07-16 08:30:58
40. Nice explanation and a valuable example. Awesome!
View Tutorial By: kesariJena at 2012-07-20 13:05:35
41. it worked n this case but could not find some more
View Tutorial By: abhilash koleti at 2012-09-14 16:21:58
42. thanks buddy is's very nice and useful example
View Tutorial By: mayur at 2012-11-05 05:00:11
43. how can we split 12+12 into three tokens like 12,+
View Tutorial By: arjun at 2012-11-26 11:07:24
44. Thanks. What datatype can we give to a variable St
View Tutorial By: Bafokeng Lebesa at 2012-11-27 12:35:40
45. Thanks for Your valuable Explanation.
View Tutorial By: Srikanth at 2012-12-24 10:49:02
46. good explanation with sample example makes me to u
View Tutorial By: jagan.java at 2013-01-04 09:10:21
47. date span progarm sorce code in jsp by using strin
View Tutorial By: prudhvi at 2013-01-27 13:55:09
48. i have a program in which we have to find the summ
View Tutorial By: Navjyot at 2013-01-28 10:38:55
49. it's emergency
plz explain delimiter in tok
View Tutorial By: sajad at 2013-02-03 05:56:44
50. what if the delimiter is "(quotation mark)?
View Tutorial By: hiakoto at 2013-02-18 16:15:20
51. Thanks for this explanation. I'm not sure whether
View Tutorial By: Venkatesh Challa at 2013-03-29 04:35:21
52. give some good examples very bad i dont lke dis ex
View Tutorial By: abinaya banu at 2014-07-14 06:04:28
53. pls help how to fetch vowels as a first letter of
View Tutorial By: anjali at 2014-09-18 20:45:49
54. Very good example .!
Ty
View Tutorial By: Mprogrammer at 2014-11-25 12:10:21
55. Thanks a lot for that excellent explanation. It ha
View Tutorial By: Gregory at 2014-12-30 05:49:21
56. Thanks i am looking for that how to use stringToke
View Tutorial By: waqas at 2015-06-01 18:34:48
57. I see you don't monetize your website, don't waste
View Tutorial By: 86Julio at 2017-07-26 23:06:03 | http://java-samples.com/showtutorial.php?tutorialid=236 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 1,507 | 58.79 |
python script: additional chars and smarthighlight
- Gytis Mikuciunas last edited by Gytis Mikuciunas
Hi,
I’m using python script plugin and it works quite well for my basic usage.
What I want to do, is to highlight word/string with the mouse double click and use smart highlighter to colorize all the same words/strings in text on the same tab.
As I’m using additional chars and this script, smart highlighter doesn’t work for words with additional chars:
def extendWordChar():
additionalChars = ‘:._-’ ])
thx in advance
I find that if I execute the following code, then double-clicking anywhere in the comment line smart-highlights everything between the first ‘a’ and the final ‘e’…so it appears to work for me:
new_word_chars = '-:.' for c in new_word_chars: if c not in editor.getWordChars(): editor.setWordChars(editor.getWordChars() + c) # abc-def-ghi.aaaa:eeeee
Hi Scott,
Script that I’m using and your script highlights word/string.
But notepad++'s feature “smart highlighter” highlights (green color by default) all the same words/strings in current tab. And it doesn’t work for words/strings with my additional chars.
So I need to force it somehow via python script I guess.
hello @Gytis-Mikuciunas
have you try the function “Search”/“mark all”/“using 1st style” (or other style) or through the contextual menu “style token”/“using 1st style” (could be map to a shortcut)
It’s highlight whatever you want including your extended word chars
This is not a solution for me to use shortcuts etc.
If it’s working by default why I need to do manual searching, marking.
very handy when you double-click on some word or string and can see immediately if it repeats somewhere.
I hope that Claudia Frank will look into my posts :) She always has good script related ideas and solutions :)
You can mention Claudi Franck directly so that he’ll get a notification
@Claudia-Frank
Adding more copies of the pseudo-word from my little test script to the editor window and then getting the smart highlighter to invoke…turns bright green ALL copies of the same pseudo-word string.
I seem to recall some problem/issue with setting the word characters with an earlier version of N++; I think it was @dail that pointed this out to me in a posting that I can’t find at the moment. I’m currently running N++ 7.1 x86 and this type of word-character change in combination with the Smart Highlighting works there.
I found the posting I mentioned:
@dail indicated there that the version must be > 6.8.3
As that is quite old, I’ll presume that you are running something newer and that there is some other reason for your trouble…I just don’t know what it is.
Scott, you’re right.
I have updated my noteped++ to the newest version and now it works as expected.
thx a lot!!! | https://community.notepad-plus-plus.org/topic/12682/python-script-additional-chars-and-smarthighlight | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 490 | 67.89 |
Results 1 to 4 of 4
Thread: Can somebody explain this error?
Can somebody explain this error?PHP Code:
Illegal static declaration in inner class ShuPong.ShuPongPanel
meaning: modifier 'static' is only allowed in constant variable declarations
recreate:
public class Dummy {
private class Dumbo {
private static final int ME = 2;
private static final String YOU = new String();
}
}
reason: ?
fix: if you make the inner class static, it works
reason: ?
Thanks ahead of time!
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This is because inner classes are associated with instances of their enclosing class. Since static is at a class level and the class is only scoped to the instance of the outer class, it is impossible to create static members in nested classes unless the inner class is converted to a static nested class, or if the member property itself is declared constant with the final modifier.
So basically ME is associated with the inner class, while YOU is only an object of the inner class, and the actual instance exists outside of the scope of the inner/outer class, so by adding static, i included that scope? Sorry for the lack of better phrasing but that's the best reason I could come up with that kinda made sense to me.
- Join Date
- Sep 2002
- Location
- Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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- 4
- Thanked 2,662 Times in 2,631 Posts
I don't understand that analogy.
Think of it this way, the inner class if of type
new OuterClass().new InnerClass(). So if I do this:
PHP Code:
OuterClass.InnerClass obj1 = new OuterClass().new InnerClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass obj2 = new OuterClass().new InnerClass();
That make more sense? | http://www.codingforums.com/java-and-jsp/271474-can-somebody-explain-error.html | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | refinedweb | 289 | 63.59 |
You've determined that your new work assignment is a project according to the criteria detailed in Chapter 1, "Building the Foundation." You've dusted off your communication and organizational skills and bought yourself a cool new organizer tool. You're set to go. Now what?
Your next stop is the Initiation process. This is the first life-cycle process in any project. This is where you determine whether the project is worth doing, select which projects should be worked on and in what order, and publish the project charter.
This chapter will cover all the aspects of a project's Initiation phase. In this chapter, you will learn about:
Project Initiation is the first process in the life of a project. We've already addressed the initial question, "Is it a project?" So this phase serves as the official project kickoff.
The project Initiation phase acknowledges that the project should begin or that the next phase of a project already in progress should begin. For example, prior to the handoff from the Planning phase to the Executing phase, the Initiation phase is revisited to determine whether the handoff should occur.
Initiation phase
The first phase in the project life cycle, where project requests are generated and approved or denied. The project charter is produced in this phase, the project manager is appointed, and the organization recognizes that the project should begin.
There aren't any formal rules for project Initiation other than the publication of the project charter, which we'll cover in a later section of this chapter. Generally what occurs during this process is that a project is proposed due to a need or demand. A selection committee, or perhaps the senior director or manager, reviews the project request and its accompanying details and then makes a decision whether to undertake the project. Following a "go" decision, the project charter is created and approved, resources are committed, and a project manager is assigned.
The following graphic illustrates how the Initiation process works. Needs or demands create requests for projects, and that in turn kicks off the Initiation phase of the project. The output of this phase is the project charter. The project charter then becomes an input into the Planning process, which is the next phase in the project life cycle.
The VP of Sales strolls into your boss's office one day and asks for a little assistance. Ms. VP is interested in purchasing a system that will help her staff profile potential customers. The sales department has satellite offices over a six-state region, and each of these offices needs access to the system. Since this is an IT system, and you work in the IT department, Ms. VP thinks it's a good idea to let your department run with the project.
Your boss was mightily impressed with the last project you successfully completed and decides you'd be the perfect candidate for this project. It will stretch your skills and give you even more experience in the project management arena. You jump at the opportunity.
You know that this is a project: There are definite beginning and end dates, it's unique, and it's temporary in nature. Even though Ms. VP is planning to purchase this system from a vendor, the implementation of the system is a project that will require the participation of members from both the sales department and the IT department. This new system will interface with existing systems the IT department manages currently.
This project came about as the result of a business need. Ms. VP would like to increase sales for the organization, and she thinks this new tool will help her sales team accomplish that goal. Organizations are always looking for new ways of generating business. It seems that some of the most common business concerns today include operating more efficiently, saving time or money, and serving customers with higher levels of excellence than their competitors. These are some of the reasons behind new project requests. Now we'll look at all the categories of needs and demands that generate projects.
Project Generators—Needs and Demands
There are six needs or demands that drive almost all projects. Understanding why a project came about will sometimes help you clarify the goals and scope of the project (which we'll cover in Chapter 4, "Defining the Project Goals"). For example, if you understand that a project is being driven by a legal requirement, you'll know that the project is required to be completed according to specific conditions and that there are certain aspects of this project that cannot be compromised. The new law may require certain specifications, and those specifications become the requirements for the project. Below is a brief description of the categories of needs and demands that bring about projects.
Business need The customer-profiling project that this section opened with came about because of a business need. This organization would like to increase sales by examining its customer base and allowing sales team members to use the information to improve the number of "yes" responses they get. Business needs (such as improving efficiency, reducing costs, and utilizing resources efficiently) are very common reasons for new project requests.
Market demand The needs of the marketplace can drive new project requests because of changes in the economy, changes in the supply and demand cycles, and so on. As an example, the auto industry may initiate a new project to design and create cars that run on a combination of electricity and gasoline because of a decrease in the supply of oil.
Customer request Customer requests can generate any number of new projects. Keep in mind that customer requests can come from internal customers or from customers that are external to the company. If you're looking at it from the perspective of the vendor, the customer-profiling project given in the opening of this section is an example of a customer-driven project. Your organization, the customer, has purchased a profiling system from the vendor. Your organization has some specific requirements that must be met regarding this system prior to installation. From the vendor's viewpoint, you are the customer and the purchase and customization of this product to suit your own organization's purposes (a customer request) are what are driving this project.
Legal requirement Projects driven by legal requirements come about for as many reasons as there are laws on the books. Perhaps Congress passes a new law requiring warning labels to be placed on certain electrical appliances cautioning users of potential hazards. Producing the labels and attaching them to the appliances, when none were required previously, is an example of a project driven by a legal requirement.
Technological advance We live in an age of technological advances that seemingly take place almost overnight. Things never dreamed of just a generation ago, such as talking on a wireless phone from almost any location, are taken for granted today. Perhaps you work for a telecommunications organization that provides wireless services. Technological advances in the software available for the handheld devices generate a project to create and introduce a new line of services for business customers that takes advantage of the new software capabilities and generates more profits for the organization.
Social need Projects driven by social needs may include things like designing and presenting public awareness campaigns about the prevention of infectious disease or creating educational programs for underprivileged children. Social needs can be driven by concerned customers or concerned citizens. Perhaps the organization's customers put pressure on the company to develop new methods of testing that reduce environmental hazards or protect water supplies in the countries where the company operates.
Whatever the reason for the project, whether it be a business need or customer request, most organizations require some process by which projects are submitted, reviewed, and selected. In the case of new legal requirements, for instance, your organization may have no choice in the matter since the law requires that the project be undertaken and completed. This is usually the exception, however, as most organizations have a formal process for project selection. We'll examine the project request and selection process next.
Let's go back to the beginning of the customer-profiling project that was requested by the VP of Sales. Projects in this organization go through a two-step process before they become projects. First, the project is submitted to a review committee on a project request form, or a project concept document, similar to the one shown below.
project concept document
Outlines the objectives and high-level goals of the project. Used in the selection process to determine whether the project should be approved or denied.
On the first page of the project concept document you can record general information about the project, including the project objectives and overview, so that review committee members can make decisions regarding whether to actually commence working on the project and where it should fall in priority with the other project work of the organization. The review and prioritization is the second step of the process and occurs prior to actually beginning the work of the project.
The project concept document is the first template that we'll talk about in the project Initiation process. You may want to make changes to this template to suit your organization's needs. Keep in mind that the information provided here should be high-level only. Detailed descriptions and objectives will be required later in the project charter and scope statement. This document should not go over two pages, so don't let the requestor get too carried away with the amount of information on this form since you don't know yet whether the selection committee is going to approve the project. The concept document should contain enough information to make a go/no-go decision but should not detail every requirement of the project. You'll be creating other documents during the Planning process that will give the details of the project, including deliverables, requirements, and so forth. The project concept document form should contain these basic elements:
The second or last page of the concept document has two sections. One is for the project manager—or perhaps a functional manager if a project manager has not yet been assigned—to fill out. This section should include high-level planning estimates. This will give the review committee an idea of how long the project is going to take to complete. It should also include a list of the other business areas in the organization that will be impacted if the project proceeds.
The last section of this page is for the review committee. This section has an area that indicates that the review committee has reviewed the request, the date reviewed, and whether the project has been accepted or denied. Providing an area for signatures is a good idea as well. Here's an example of what this portion of the form may look like:
This is the first document you will file in your project notebook. It's an official project document that can be shared with anyone who asks. You'll reference this document when preparing the project charter. That occurs after the project has been officially approved by the review committee.
Project selection is the next step in the process. But many organizations do not have a formal selection process. Rather, the CIO, or some other senior executive, merely says, "do it," and you have a project on your hands. That's not really the best way to select or prioritize projects. If your organization does not have a formal method for project selection, consider adopting the techniques outlined in this section. You'll likely have more success with the projects you do undertake, and your organization will benefit by weeding out the unprofitable or potentially unsuccessful projects before they even start.
The first task is to establish a selection committee. Review committees or steering committees are formed to review the project concept documents and decide, based on a myriad of criteria, which projects should go forward. Selection criteria can be as simple as someone in the top ranks of the company saying that the project will be done to complex scoring models with multiple criteria to determine which projects are chosen. We'll look at a few of these methods shortly.
Most projects are subject to some type of financial review as well. Organizations are in business to make a profit, unless of course they're a nonprofit organization or a government agency. If they're in business to make money, they're going to be concerned about choosing projects with the greatest potential for revenue. Nonprofits and government agencies aren't concerned with making profits, but they are concerned about getting the greatest utilization out of their operating funds as possible. That means they want to select projects that provide the most benefit for the least cost. Not altogether different from their profit-making partners, their motivation to use resources to their fullest extent possible while receiving the greatest return possible is the same. Let's look at the first category of selection criteria that organizations might use to choose their projects.
Calculating Return
Profit and nonprofit companies alike have limited resources and limited amounts of time. As such, they're interested in knowing whether if they invest the time and resources to produce the product of the project, it will be a good investment. Financial calculations can tell you whether the project is likely to produce a good return on your investment. In other words, are you going to get more out of it over the life of the project (or the product the project is going to produce) than you put into it? Financial calculations are also used as selection criteria when comparing and deciding among several projects.
The most common financial methods used as selection criteria include payback period, cash-flow techniques, cost-benefit analysis, and internal rate of return. Below is a brief explanation of each of these techniques. It's beyond the scope of this book to go into the detailed formulas behind each of these calculations. If you're interested in sitting for the PMP exam or the CompTIA IT Project+ exam, you'll need to know these formulas, so I recommend picking up a copy of the PMP: Project Management Professional Study Guide or some other text that explains these formulas.
payback period
The amount of time it takes to recoup the original investment.
Payback period The payback period is simply the amount of time it takes for the project to pay itself back. The payback period compares the total project costs to the revenue generated as a result of the project and calculates how long it will take for revenues to pay back, or equal, the initial investment. When comparing one project to another of similar size and scope, typically the project with the shortest payback period is chosen.
Discounted cash flow This goes back to the old saying that time is money. The discounted cash flow technique takes into account the time value of money to determine whether the potential revenue stream for the project is worth more than what it costs to produce the product or service of the project. The idea is straightforward. Money in your hand today is worth more than money you might receive tomorrow. Since you have access to the money today, you could invest it and make a profit, put it in the bank and draw interest, start a small business, and so on. Therefore, money you may receive tomorrow needs to be related to what it's worth today.
discounted cash flow
A financial calculation used to determine the project's worth or profitability in today's value. Used as a selection criteria technique when choosing among competing projects.
Discounted cash flow takes into consideration all of the potential future revenue streams related to today's dollar. As an example, $1,000 two years from now given a 7 percent interest rate per year is worth $1,145 (rounded up) today. This technique is used to compare projects of similar size and scope; typically, you'd select the project with the highest return on investment. If you were choosing between this project with a value of $1,145 and one with a value of $1,023, you'd choose the $1,145 project since it has the higher return value.
Cost-benefit analysis Cost-benefit analysis compares the costs to produce the product or service of the project to the financial benefits gained from doing so. You should consider all costs when analyzing the cost benefits, including the costs to produce the product, costs to market the product, and ongoing support costs. This is a simple decision tool. If the costs are lower than the expected return, the project will receive a go recommendation.
Internal rate of return Internal rate of return (IRR) is a very complex calculation that is best determined using a financial calculator. IRR calculates the rate you'd have to apply to the present value of the expected cash inflows (in other words, what the cash inflows are worth in today's dollars) to make the cash inflows equal the original investment. Generally speaking, the higher the IRR, the more profitable the project. IRR assumes cash inflows are reinvested at the IRR value.
internal rate of return (IRR)
The discount rate when the present value of the cash inflows, or the value of the investment in today's dollar, equals the original investment. Used as a selection criteria technique when choosing among competing projects.
It works like this. Say your initial investment is $10,000. Further, let's say the value of the future cash inflows in today's dollars equals $12,000. IRR calculates the discount rate you'd have to apply to the $12,000 to make it equal the initial investment of $10,000. (As I said previously, this is most easily determined using a financial calculator.) Internal rate of return, like the other techniques, compares projects of similar size and scope. Projects with the highest IRR are the projects that should be chosen. For example, Project A produces an IRR of 5 percent while Project B has an IRR of 6 percent. In this case, if the project size and scope are similar, Project B should be chosen.
Financial calculations are an easy way to tell the selection committee whether the project is going to be profitable, and they provide a basis to choose among projects. Some organizations set specific standards for the financial goals of a project. For example, the organization may automatically reject projects with an IRR of less than 5 percent. Or perhaps all projects must have payback periods of less than 18 months. If you're proposing a project that has an IRR of 3 percent, you know that it will not receive approval as soon as you do the calculation.
Selection Methods
Financial calculations are one method used to select projects and usually carry the most weight. Other methods of selecting projects include scoring techniques based on a series of questions or models that score company goals or project goals against criteria determined by the selection or review committee. Combining scoring methods with financial calculations gives you a very clear picture of which projects to choose. However, neither of these methods is an indicator of project success. You can have great financial numbers and high selection scores but still experience project failure. Good project planning will help you avert potential obstacles as will good follow-through and taking proper corrective actions at the right time. But we're getting ahead of ourselves.
Scoring models can take on many forms, including questionnaires, checklists, and complex models where weights are combined with scores. Table 3.1 shows an example of a simple weighted questionnaire.
In this example, the review committee members examine the various criteria against the project concept document and assign scores on a scale of 1–5 where 5 is the best score. The scores are totaled and then used to make a final determination regarding the project. The organization may have predetermined rules for project selection, such as one that says all projects with scores lower than 18 are automatically rejected.
Another example is shown in Table 3.2, which is a simplified weighted selection-scoring model. This table shows the same criteria as Table 3.1 but the criteria have been assigned weights according to the goals of the company or as defined by the selection committee.
The first column in this chart shows the weight the selection committee has assigned to each of the selection factors. The first entry determines whether the project will adequately address the problem or issue stated in the business justification section of the project concept document. Points in this case are assigned a value of 0–100. The first factor was given 90 points. The weight for this factor is 25 percent, making the final score 22.50 (90 points × 0.25). Each factor is assigned points, and the total score is calculated by adding all the scores together. Finally, all the forms are collected and all selection committee scores are added together for a final overall score for the project.
Selection can take several forms. Perhaps the selection committee feels that one of the factors is so important, say the customer satisfaction factor, that scores lower than 20 are an automatic rejection. Along the same lines, another method might look at total score. All projects with scores that fall below a certain number are automatically rejected. If the committee is choosing between projects of similar size and scope, projects with the highest score will be chosen.
Selection methods can also be used to prioritize projects. Financial calculations and scores can be used to rank projects in the order of most profitable, highest return, or greatest potential for market penetration, for instance.
Every organization has powerful members who seem to get what they want when they want it. There's some dynamic at work here that no one can explain, but if this particular person says, "I want Project A," Project A gets done (unless it is wildly out of the realm of possibility). While your selection committee may use several methods, or combinations of methods, to select projects, don't underestimate the political pull of some managers to get projects approved without much fanfare—maybe even without the approval of the selection committee.
Other Selection Criteria
Scores and financial impacts might be a big part of the picture, but there are other factors that should be taken into consideration when selecting projects as well. In fact, some of the things we'll talk about here could easily be added to a weighted scoring model and rated for selection purposes.
Strategic Plans
One of the issues that should be addressed regarding all projects concerns choosing projects that are in line with the organization's strategic plans and goals. In some cases, this might seem obvious. For example, say you work for a pharmaceutical company and someone proposes a project to research and develop a new allergy medication for hay fever sufferers. Since researching and marketing new drugs is the company's bread and butter, it's a no-brainer that this project will at least make it to the selection committee for review. Other reasons may exist that could kill the project in the selection stage, but it is fundamentally in keeping with the company's strategic plans.
Now let's suppose you work for a small pharmaceutical company whose focus is researching and developing medications for particular blood diseases. If the hay fever project were proposed to this selection committee…well, the person who proposed it would probably get a little visit from their manager to remind them of what the company focus really is. Chances are this project proposal would never make it to the selection committee because it wouldn't be in keeping with the organization's strategic plans.
Project requestors should be conscious of the overall strategic mission of the company prior to submitting a project proposal. Selection committees might use adherence to strategic plans as one of the criteria in their project selection models as well.
Risks and Impacts
Another area that concerns most organizations is risks and impacts. Risk comes in many forms, but what concerns the selection committee at this stage is risk to the company—be it financial risk, bad publicity, potential product flops and the like, or project risk, such as the potential failure to complete the project or incompatibility with their customers' business practices. A project that puts the company at risk financially will more than likely not be selected. But keep in mind that organizations have risk-tolerance levels just like you and I do. What may seem risky to one company may not be considered high risk at all to another. Be aware of the risk and impacts to the company and the risk-tolerance levels of the organization when submitting projects for selection. We'll cover risk much more in depth in Chapter 7, "Assessing Risk."
Constraints
Constraints limit the actions of the project team. Organizations may have pre-established guidelines (constraints) for project work estimates, budgets, and resource commitments. For example, perhaps the organization will not take on any project work internally with completion estimates longer than one year. The same type of restrictions may apply to budgets in that no projects in excess of certain dollar amounts will be approved, or there might be pre-established limits on the number of internal resources allowed for project work. Be aware of constraints that might kill the project before it's even started.
Other constraints may include things such as priority conflicts with other projects already in progress, actions or outcomes that would violate laws, regulations, or company policies, and lack of skills in the technologies needed to create the product of the project.
Lack of support from upper management or the project sponsor is another huge red flag. While this may not kill the project up front, it's something you'll want to watch for right from the beginning. Lack of support or commitment tells you right away that you're going to run into problems later on in the project. If you aren't getting much support for the project at this early stage, opt out if at all possible. We'll cover project sponsorship in the next section.
Some projects are much more complicated than the organization feels comfortable undertaking. However, the project has such merit that the selection committee doesn't want to just toss it out—in other words, the project sounds good on the surface but more information is needed before a go/no-go decision is made. In these types of situations, a feasibility study might be requested. The feasibility study is sometimes conducted prior to the selection committee review process in anticipation of their concerns, or it can come about as a result of a selection committee recommendation.
feasibility study
A preliminary study that examines the profitability of the project, the soundness or feasibility of the product of the project, the marketability of the product or service, alternative solutions, and the business demands that generated the request.
The purpose of the study is to find out more of the project details, including digging deeper into the business need or demand that brought about the project, and to propose alternative solutions. A feasibility study is generally needed when projects are complex in nature, are larger than the normal projects the organization ordinarily undertakes, require large sums of money to complete, or seek to do something brand new that the organization has never attempted before. Feasibility studies look at things like the viability of the product of the project, the technical issues surrounding the project or product of the project, and the reliability and feasibility of the technology or product proposed.
Feasibility studies should not be conducted by the same people who will make up the final project team. The reason is that project team members may already have formed opinions or have built-in biases toward the study outcome and will sway the results to line up with their biases. I know you would never do this, but you should watch for strong biases among the feasibility team members. If you see personal opinions starting to influence the study outcomes, voice those concerns so that the project gets a fair shake and the results and findings are accurately reported to the selection committee.
Some organizations hire outside consultants to conduct their feasibility studies. This is a great way to eliminate personal opinions from influencing the results of the study. Keep in mind, however, that if you hire a consultant to perform the feasibility study, you should not use that same consultant, or their company, to work on the project. Consultants will approach your project having their product or services in mind as the end result of the study (there are those personal biases again) if they know they're going to work on the final project.
The completion and approval of the feasibility study marks the beginning of the Planning process. Before we jump into Planning, though, we have a few more areas to cover in the Initiation process.
Stakeholders are people or organizations who have a vested interest in your project. You as the project manager are one of the stakeholders in the project. The majority of this book is about your role on the project, but, simply put, you're the one responsible for getting the project completed to the satisfaction of the customer on time, on budget, and within the quality constraints. Some of the other primary stakeholders you'll find on most projects are the project sponsor, functional managers, the customer, the project team, and suppliers or contractors who are critical to the completion of the project.
Stakeholders come from all areas of the organization and can include folks outside the organization as well. If your project involves producing products or services that are potentially hazardous, for example, or your industry has specific regulations it must follow, you'll need to include industry or government representatives on your stakeholder list also. Let's look at the role of the project sponsor first, and then we'll explore the responsibilities of some of the other stakeholders you'll have on your project.
We know that projects come about as a result of a need or demand. But someone has to propose the project and describe the results the project is intended to produce. Someone has to win the support of management and convince them to support this project and dedicate time and resources to it until the project is completed. That person is the project sponsor.
project sponsor
An executive within the organization who champions the project.
The project sponsor rallies support from the upper ranks and generates a lot of fanfare. The project sponsor finds supporters who'll pledge their involvement and resources and who understand the importance of the project. Finally, support is gained, the project is approved, and the hands-on work is passed off to you, the project manager. The project sponsor doesn't go away at this point but instead becomes a partner with you during the project lifecycle.
The project sponsor usually has the most involvement in the Initiation and Planning phases of the project. This person introduces the project, publishes the project charter, and serves as an advisor to the project manager throughout the project. The Executing and Controlling stages don't require as much involvement on the part of the sponsor except when problems arise. By this point in the project, if everything is going according to plan, meeting with the sponsor and keeping him updated on progress may be the extent of the sponsor's involvement until the celebration phase of the Closing process.
The project sponsor is your best friend, and you'll be doing yourself a favor by treating him as such. This is the person who will go to bat for the team when things aren't going well. This executive will steer you through the inevitable roadblocks that will arise during the course of the project and assist you in getting more resources or put pressure on suppliers to perform if needed.
The project sponsor will oversee all the project documents you produce and may assist you with the development of the scope and planning documents in particular. A project sponsor typically has the authority to make decisions and to settle disputes. If a problem cannot be resolved any other way, the project sponsor is the one who makes the final call.
In exchange for the support and trail-blazing on the part of the project sponsor, your responsibility as the project manager is to keep the sponsor informed. Don't wait even a minute to inform the sponsor of potential problems or issues. The project sponsor should be the first to hear about project issues or conflicts and should never hear about these things second-hand. Since the sponsor is generally an executive who has the authority to settle disputes and make decisions, don't hesitate to bring problems and issues to his attention to get matters resolved quickly. The sponsor has a vested interest in the success of the project and will work with you, not against you, to help resolve the problems.
Each stakeholder has a different role in the project, and you'll want to clearly understand and document those roles. This will reduce confusion and serve as a reference for the project team when questions come up later in the project about who does what. This information should be filed in your project notebook so it becomes part of the project documentation. When the information is written down, it assures that everyone on the project understands what their role is. And there's no danger of forgetting the information since you've written it down. Remember Einstein's rule—you don't have to memorize things you write down or can look up. If you haven't gotten used to the idea of documenting yet, you will by the time you get to the end of this book. Documenting is going to become your second best friend after the project sponsor.
Try to keep the list of stakeholders to a reasonable number. For example, one representative from the supplier's company might be all you need to list. But you will want to include all the functional managers who will contribute deliverables or provide the services of their department to the project.
Some of these stakeholders will serve on a project oversight or steering committee that's charged with overseeing the management of the project. Not all stakeholders will serve on this committee. You should meet with the project sponsor, who chairs the oversight committee, to decide which stakeholders should be included in the steering committee. The purpose of this committee is to make decisions outside the realm of the project manager's day-to-day issues and to assure that the organization's resources are being applied correctly to meet the project goals and objectives. Remember that if controversy or conflicts arise among the steering committee members, the project sponsor has the final say in all decisions and has the authority to override the decisions of the steering committee if needed.
Make a list of stakeholders (include their names on your chart) and their responsibilities, similar to the example shown in Table 3.3, and include this in your project notebook.
Your stakeholder list should be more specific than the one shown in this example. I've outlined the generic responsibilities of each of these groups of stakeholders, but you'll want to list their actual responsibility in the project. For example, maybe one of the functional managers on your project will be responsible for installing a new piece of hardware. List that under the responsibility section of your chart. Keep in mind that you aren't going to know everything that's required of the stakeholders at this point, but what you do know should be noted. You'll have an opportunity later to update this chart and to provide additional documentation on responsibilities in the Planning process.
Since stakeholders come from various areas of the organization, they have competing needs and interests. This means that one stakeholder's concerns are focused on the aspects of the project that impact their department, information technology as an example, and that another stakeholder has completely different concerns. As the project manager, you'll have to balance these needs and concerns and use those communication skills we talked about in Chapter 2, "Developing Project Management Skills," to keep everyone informed and working together cooperatively.
Stakeholders have a lot of other responsibilities on their plate besides this project that will occupy their time and attention. And unfortunately, sometimes not all stakeholders are supporters of the project. They may not agree with the project, they may not like the project sponsor, they may think their own projects have much more merit than this project, and they may have other higher priorities and don't want to be bothered with project duties. There are dozens of reasons why a stakeholder may not be behind the project. Your job is to get to know the stakeholders and establish an open, trusting environment as soon as possible. If you make the extra effort to get to know the stakeholders and understand their issues and concerns, they're much less likely to cause problems later on. If they feel you are really trying to incorporate and address their concerns and you treat them with respect, they'll likely reciprocate. Get to know your stakeholders and the business processes they oversee, because this will help you make decisions later on regarding the scheduling of activities and resource requirements in the Planning phase.
We've covered a lot of information before getting to the project charter. The project's been proposed, outlined at a very high level, passed through a selection committee, and finally approved. You know who the sponsor is and by now are likely to know the primary stakeholders and have an idea of their role in the project. As you get further into the project Planning phase, more stake-holders may come to light whom you'll want to add to your stakeholder list. Now it's time to produce the project charter.
The project charter is an official, written document that acknowledges and recognizes that a project exists. It's usually published by the project sponsor but can also be published by another upper-level manager. It's important that the charter be published by a senior-level manager since it gives more weight and authority to the document and it demonstrates management's commitment and support for the project.
project charter
The official project kickoff document. It gives the project manager the authority toproceed with the project and commits resources to the project.
The charter contains several pieces of information about the project that are more in-depth than the project concept document but not as detailed as those found in the scope statement. As you can see, we've started at the 50,000-foot view with the project concept document, and now we're closing in a little tighter with the project charter by refining some of those elements even further. By the time we get to the scope statement, we'll know all the precise requirements of the project and what elements will be used to determine whether the project is successful at completion.
Before we get into the particulars of what goes into the charter, let's take a look at some of the purposes for the project charter.
The primary purpose of the project charter is twofold: It acknowledges that the project should begin and it assigns the project manager. Let's look a little closer at all the project charter purposes.
Acknowledges that the project should begin The charter announces to all the stakeholders that the project has received approval and been endorsed by upper management. It serves as official notification to the functional business units that their cooperation is needed and expected.
Commits resources to the project The project charter commits the organization's resources to the work of the project. This includes time, materials, money, and human resources.
Ensures that everyone is on the same page This may seem obvious, but you'd be surprised by how many projects get started without a project charter and very few requirements. Perhaps half of the stakeholders think the purpose of the project is to upgrade the network, and the other half think the purpose of the project is to move the servers in the computer room to a new location. That might be a stretch, but you see the point. When the purpose, objectives, and an overview of the project are written down and agreed upon, everyone understands the purpose from the beginning and confusion is eliminated.
Appoints the project manager In many cases, the project manager is known prior to the creation and publication of the project charter. However, the project charter serves as the official notification and appointment of the project manager. The project sponsor formally assigns authority and responsibility for the project to you, the project manager. This means that stakeholders are put on notice that you'll soon be requesting resources from their areas. Also, stakeholders and team members alike know that you're calling the shots on project issues. Does this mean that you're automatically a born leader and everyone is going to do what you say? No, just because you have the authority doesn't mean that people will respect (or respond to) that authority. We'll look at how to overcome these issues when we cover leadership skills in Chapter 10, "Executing the Project."
Provides an overview of the project and its goals The project charter is the first detailed stab at describing the project purpose, overview, goals, and high-level deliverables. While the concept document covered some of these things in a high-level fashion, the project charter goes into more detail.
All this points us back to good communication skills. A well-documented project charter keeps the team on track and helps maintain the focus on the purpose of the project. It helps keep the requirements definition, created in the Planning process, in line with the goals of the project.
Even though I stated earlier that the project charter is published by the project sponsor, don't be surprised if you're asked to actually write the charter contents. If you are asked to write the charter, be certain that you put the project sponsor's name on the document. Remember that the purpose for this document is to acknowledge the project, commit resources, and assign you as project manager. This needs to come from an executive who has the authority to direct people's work. You don't have that authority until the project sponsor appoints you.
In the case of the charter, you'll be exercising those written communication skills. In an upcoming section, you'll find a project charter template. While the template will provide you with the elements that should be included in the charter, you'll need to make certain the content within each area is clear and concise and easily understood by the recipients. (Refer to Chapter 2 if you need a review on effective communication techniques.) We'll discuss what goes into the project charter next.
In order to write a good project charter, you or the sponsor will need a couple of other documents at your disposal: the product description and the organization's strategic plan. Let's look at each.
Product description The product description, as you might suspect, is a document that describes the product of the project. The details and characteristics of the product or service of the project are contained in this document. This is not necessarily an official project document, but you certainly should put a copy in your project notebook. The product description is usually completed at roughly the same time as the project concept document but before the project charter. It will begin to give you clues to some of the objectives of the project.
product description
Lists the characteristics of the product including specifications, measurements, or other details that identify the product.
A product description should be clear and concise. If your project consists of manufacturing cases for personal handheld computers, for example, the product description would contain specific information as to size, color, materials, and other exact specifications that describe the product.
Strategic plan The strategic plan contains important information about the overall direction of the company. The project manager should consider this information in light of the project goals. For example, if the organization's strategic plan includes opening offices in three European cities within the next year, and your project includes upgrading the company's network, you'll want to consider the impact the three new offices have on your plan.
strategic plan
Describes the organization's long-term goals and plans.
The project charter has some elements that are similar to the project concept document, but the charter should contain more details. All project documents should have a General Information section that contains the project name, number, date, and perhaps fields for the date the document was modified or a version number, and the author. The remaining sections of the charter should include the following:
Project overview The overview includes the purpose of the project (which was documented in the project concept document) and also explains the reason for undertaking the project. It should also describe the product or service of the project and reference the product description. Attach a copy of the product description to the project charter or let others know where they can get a copy if they'd like one.
Project objectives Project objectives should include the factors that help determine whether the project is a success. For example, you've been charged with implementing a new imaging system in the processing area of your company. Your objectives for this project might read something like this: "Implement a new imaging system that integrates with our existing information technology systems and programs. Implement the new system without interrupting current processing work flows." We'll get into specific requirements and deliverables when we produce the Scope statement.
Business justification It's a good idea to reiterate the business justification for the project in the project charter. The concept document isn't officially signed off by key stakeholders, whereas the project charter is (we'll cover the importance of this shortly), so copy the information in the business justification section of the concept document to the charter. Remember that this section describes the problem or issue the project will solve. This includes describing the benefits to the organization of taking on the project and the impacts to the organization if it doesn't.
Resource and cost estimates If you have initial cost estimates, include them in this section. This section might include the cost of the feasibility study if one was conducted and the costs of the proposed alternatives. We'll establish a project budget and a resource management plan later in the Planning process that will go into detail regarding costs.
Roles and responsibilities Include a roles and responsibility chart like the one created in Table 3.3, with the names of the participants under each title. Remember that you'll have only one project manager and one project sponsor, but there might be multiple entries for functional managers, vendors, customers, etc. This is the section that officially gives you the authority to begin the project and secure the resources needed for the project.
Sign-off This section is very important. Include room for signatures from the project sponsor, key stakeholders, senior management, customers, and anyone else appropriate for this project.
Attachments Attach any other documentation that will help clarify the project, including the product description and the feasibility study.
Some Specifics on the Project Sign-Off
The project charter is not complete until it's signed off. Essential signatures include the project sponsor, the project manager, key stakeholders, senior managers, and the customer. Other signatures can be added as well. Confer with the project sponsor regarding who should sign the document if you're unsure.
Sign-off is important because it assures you that everyone who signs has read the charter and understands the purpose of the project and its primary objectives. Their signatures indicate that they agree with the project and endorse it. It also should mean that you can expect their cooperation on the project and participation in key areas when the time comes.
After obtaining all the signatures, your next step is to deliver a copy of the charter to everyone who signed it. At this time, I would also give copies to the remaining stakeholders (the ones who didn't sign the charter) for review. After delivery of the copies, the fun begins with the project kickoff meeting. First though, let's take a look at a project charter template that you can use for your next project. Modify this to suit your organization's needs and personal style. Oh, don't forget, a copy of the project charter goes into the project notebook as well. If you're also keeping documentation on the intranet for others to see, you should put a copy of the charter there as well.
Sample Project Charter
Let's pull all this together into a template format and see what a project charter might look like. As I mentioned, feel free to modify this to suit your needs. You might want to add your company logo at the top and use some color or shading. The example shown here is pretty bare bones just to give you an idea of what information you're gathering and reporting. Get those creative juices flowing and pretty this up a bit for your use.
The project has officially begun. The charter has been published and distributed, the project manager has been appointed, and you're ready for the next step—the project kickoff meeting.
The purpose of the kickoff meeting is to accomplish verbally what you accomplished in writing, that is, communicate the objective and purpose of the project, gain support and the commitment of resources for the project, and explain the roles and responsibilities of the key stakeholders.
When you announce the meeting time and place, publish an agenda with the announcement. This will be the rule for all project meetings from here on out. It's always good practice to publish an agenda. Everyone knows what to expect from the meeting, and if you're expecting meeting attendees to come prepared with some type of information, note that in the agenda.
A typical project kickoff meeting agenda might look something like this:
The first thing to do is introduce the key players. Even if these folks have all worked together for quite some time, it doesn't hurt to allow everyone a minute or two to state their name and describe their role in the organization.
Next comes the project overview. Describe in your own words what the project is all about. Include the project purpose and the project objectives in your overview for the group. Then proceed to cover each section of the charter step-by-step and ask for questions when you get to the end of each section. Also ask for input and concerns as you cover each section in the charter.
Take some time when you get to the roles and responsibilities section. You want to make sure that everyone leaves this meeting understanding what's required of them during the course of the project. Now's the time to clear up any misunderstandings and get folks pointed in the right direction.
The closing agenda item for this meeting is a question and answer session. Allow everyone the opportunity to voice their questions and concerns. If questions arise during the meeting that you don't know the answer to, write down each question and let the person know you'll get back to them. Then follow up with a response as quickly as possible.
Questions you may encounter during this first meeting will include things like, "Can we really do this project?" "Can we meet the deadline?" "Do we have the resources for this?" "Whose bright idea was this anyway?" (this one's my favorite) and so on. Answer what you can and of course stay consistent with what's been documented in the project charter.
A well-documented project charter will get the project off to a great start. It will also make your job of developing the scope statement much easier. We'll look at scope statements in detail in Chapter 4, "Defining the Project Goals."
Answers | https://flylib.com/books/en/1.184.1/initiating_the_project.html | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | refinedweb | 8,887 | 60.14 |
Well Guys, I have developed this very simple program to demonstrate the regular text to Braille conversion. I won't go into the history or what is Braille? you can check this out here .
How you can write this program what sort of things are necessary to develop this very simple program. First off all you have to download the font [Braille]. If you unable to find one then I have provided in the source code zip which you can download it from above. Just copy that font into your font directory in the control panel. Now run your application and Test.
Setps to develope:
1. Place two TextBoxes one for regular Text and another for braille Text.
2. Set the Font of Braille TextBox to that font which you have copied to your
operating system fonts dirctory.
The Source code is simple.
<pre lang="cs">using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Braille
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string regularText = RegularTextBox.Text.ToString();
BrailleTextBox.Text = regularText.ToString();
}
}
}
Well guys i know it's very simple application. i Hope you people will like it.
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
ToString()
BrailleTextBox.Text = RegularTextBox.Text;
BrailleTextBox
RegularTextBox
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages.
News on the future of C# as a language | http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/19655/Text-to-Braille-Converter | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 301 | 60.72 |
Simple web based Python 3 IDE with Brython and Github integration
Project description
Brython-Server
Brython-Server is a Flask-based web application focused on providing a simple Python 3 development environment where source files are hosted on Github.
You can try Brython-Server to get a feel for how it works.
Brief Instructions
When the page loads, you can begin writing Python 3 code right away. To execute your code, press the GO! button.
Github Support
To load Python 3 source code hosted on Github, you must should first log in to Github with the login button. Github will ask you to authorize Brython-Server in the next page.
To load your source, paste the Github URL of your source file or repository
into the text control at the top of the page. Press
<Enter> or the load
button to retrieve the source from Github.
You may make any changes you want to the source code and re-run it. If you would like to save your work back to Github, just press the commit button.
Google Drive Support
To load Python 3 source code stored in your Google Drive account, you first have to give Brython-Server permission to access your account by pressing the authorize button with the Google Drive logo on it. Once you have logged in to your Google account and given Brython-Server (or the website that runs on Brython-Server) permission to access your Drive files, you will have Google Drive a load and save buttons.
The Google Drive load button directs you to a standard Google Drive file picking screen. Only compatible text files are available to pick. Once you have selected a file, the URL for the file will be displayed in the upper left edit window.
The Google Drive save button will upload any changes you have made to a file since you downloaded it, but only if you own or have edit priveleges on the file. If you didn't download a file first, the save button will prompt you for a new file name. In this case, Brython-Server will create a new file with your chosen name in the root of your Google Drive.
If you previously load-ed or refreshed an existing file from Google Drive then the save button will simply udate your file with any changes you have made since then.
Authorizing Google Drive will also add the Brython-Server app to your Google Drive. This will give you a custom new file type in Google Drive, and a custom option under the Google Drive Open with context menu.
Note: files that were not created by Brython-Server may not be opened from the load button unless you previously opened them with the Google Drive Open with context menu.
Note: you may access (but not modify) any public Github or Google Drive Python source file without logging in to Github, Google, or creating an account. You can edit the source file locally in your browser but will not be able to commit any changes unless you are logged in and have priveleges to do so.
Turtle
Brython-Server supports the Python turtle to the extent that it is supported by the underlying Brython interpreter. Its usage is simple, but slightly non-standard. For example:
from brythonserver import turtle t = turtle.Turtle() t.forward(100) t.right(90) t.forward(100) turtle.done()
Ggame
Brython-Server includes built-in support for the Ggame graphics engine. For example, a trivial program from the Ggame documentation:
from ggame import App, ImageAsset, Sprite # Create a displayed object at 100,100 using an image asset Sprite(ImageAsset("bunny.png"), (100, 100)) # Create the app, with a default stage APP = App() # Run the app APP.run()
Deployment
The best way to install Brython-Server is with pip and virtualenv. Create and activate your virtual environment then install Brython-Server with:
pip install brython-server
Requirements
The essential requirements for Brython-Server are met when you install with pip. In addition, you will need to install redis and, for a production install, gunicorn.
Brython-Server will use Brython as its Python interpreter and and Ggame as its graphics engine. The correct versions of each will automatically be used when you install Brython-Server using pip.
Environment Variables
A full Brython-Server installation that is capable of interacting with Github should have several environment variables set for production use:
Required for Github functionality:
- githubtoken (an optional Github personal access token)
- githubsecret (Github oauth secret)
- githubclientid (Github oauth client id)
Required for Google Drive functionality:
- googleclientid (Google Client ID)
- googleapikey (Google API Key. Brython Server requires the drive/files and filePicker APIs)
- googleappid (Google Application ID)
Required for creating a "personalized" Brython-Server instance:
- sitetitle (A string that will be displayed as the "name of the site")
- sitecontact (An e-mail address to use for contact)
- siteurl (A full URL to the website)
- flasksecret (A Flask application secret key)
Required for connecting to a non-standard Redis instance:
- redishost (An IP address)
- redisport (The port number)
Note: to generate a unique, random Flask secret key, enter the following in a Python console:
>>> import os >>> os.urandom(24)
Use the string that results as the value of the flasksecret environment variable.
Execution
To run the server in stand-alone development mode (never in production!) execute (for example) from the Python 3 shell:
Python 3.7.0 (default, Oct 4 2018, 21:19:26) [GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> from brythonserver.main import APP Update Brython scripts to verion 3.7.3 >>> APP.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=3000) * Serving Flask app "brythonserver.main" (lazy loading) * Environment: production WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment. Use a production WSGI server instead. * Debug mode: off * Running on (Press CTRL+C to quit)
To run the server in a production environment, use gunicorn:
$ gunicorn -b 0.0.0.0:3000 -w 4 brythonserver.main:APP
Development Environment
To begin working with Brython Server in development environment:
- Clone this repository and cd into it.
- Create a virtual environment:
python3 -m venv ./env
- Activate the virtual environment:
source ./env/bin/activate
- Install the dependencies:
pip install -r requirements.txt
Other Dependencies
Your development environment will need redis to execute and standardjs to
execute the
run_tests and
run_js_tests scripts (in the scripts folder).
Execution
Prior to executing the server in your development environment you will have to perform the following manual steps to populate the Brython distribution files where Brython Server can access them:
cd ~/workspace/brython-server mkdir -p brythonserver/static/brython cd brythonserver/static/brython python3 -m brython --update
Now you should be able to run Brython Server in your development environment using a script similar to this:
export githubclientid=<insert your github client id here> export githubsecret=<insert your github secret here> export githubtoken=<insert your personal github token here> export googleclientid='<insert your google client id here>.apps.googleusercontent.com' export googleapikey='<insert your google api key here>' export googleappid='<insert your google app id here>' export sitetitle="<insert the name of your development site here>" export sitecontact=<insert an e-mail address here> export siteurl=<insert the url for your development page here> export PORT=<use your port number here> source ~/workspace/brython-server/env/bin/activate cd ~/workspace/brython-server python3 wsgi.py
Project details
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages. | https://pypi.org/project/brython-server/ | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 1,268 | 51.07 |
Given a positive decimal number, we can convert the equivalent numbers in
binary; in octal and in hexadecimal. Due to the hexadecimal numbers, it is
better to use character arrays to store the various conversions. We propose
the following structure to store the information of a number:
Working on a computer system, the compiler uses a fixed size to represent
an integer of various formats. For example, our system uses 4 bytes to
represent an integer in binary.
For the ease of this lab exercise, we assume that the compiler use 3 bytes (24
bits) to represent a positive number. Therefore, it can represent 24 / 3 = 8
octal digits and 24 / 4 = 6 hexadecimal digits.
In this lab exercise, you first construct an array of No with size randomly
generated in your program, and initialize the respective char to 0 and
display the following table:
You then convert each of the decimal numbers to various formats and
display the following table:
2
All storages used in your program should be dynamically created and all
access to the array elements should be via the pointers and their arithmetic.
In the whole design, you should not use the notation x [ i ] or ( x + i) to
access to the ith element of x.
Since all the storages are dynamically created, when you exit from the
program, you should help the compiler to do some garbage collections. For
example, the following table should be displayed:
A few important functions to be designed and use them in your program:
//);
#include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; const int MAX = 10; struct No { int decimal; char *binary; char *octal; char *hexadecimal; }; //); // This function construct the array of No and initialize the binary, octal and // hexadecimal numbers to 0 and the decimal numbers are randomly // generated void constructArray (No*, int); // This function performs all conversions stored in the array void processArray (No*, int); // This function prints out the array, a tabular form as shown in this lab void printArray (No*, int); // This function performs the conversion of a positive integer // with certain base and with certain size (i.e. no of bits) and // stores the results in the character array void convert (char*, int, int, int); // This function performs the garbage collections. void garbageCollection (No *, int); int main () { No n [MAX]; srand (time (NULL)); printArray ( n, MAX); } char mapping (int num) { const char hexa [17] = "0123456789ABCDEF"; } void initialize (char *zero, int size) { } void constructArray (No *n, int size) { No *p = &n [MAX]; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { (*p).decimal = rand () % 29999; while ((*p).decimal > 0) { (*p).decimal % 2; (*p).decimal /= 2; (*p).decimal % 8; (*p).decimal /= 8; *p -> hexadecimal = 4; ++p; } } } void processArray (No*, int) { } void printArray (No* n, int size) { No *p = &n [MAX]; cout << left << setw (8) << "Decimal" << left << setw (35) << "Binary" << left << setw (16) << "Octal" << left << setw (15) << "Hexadecimal" << endl; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { cout << p -> decimal << p -> binary << p -> octal << p -> hexadecimal << endl; ++p; } } void convert (char*, int, int, int) { } void garbageCollection (No *, int) { } Honestly I'm not sure at all where to start | https://www.daniweb.com/programming/computer-science/threads/505485/c-help-on-pointers-in-structures | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 520 | 51.11 |
Notes:
To start the JaMISS server, open a terminal type:
java -jar jaMISS
.To get help type:
java -jar JaMISS.jar
which will print this:
========================================================================
Java MIDI Sound Server started ... (ctrl-c to quit)
========================================================================
>> Detected OS: MAC OS X
JaMISS Help:
-------------------------------------------------------
Usage:
#java -jar jaMISS [arguments]
Command line arguments:
-p [port] Specifies the port to listen on (Default is 8006)
-d Enable diagnostic mode (No synth used, only prints data received)
--info Returns program info (what it does, packet format, etc...)
--help Returns program usage & parameters
JaMISS inputs are fairly robust.
- If the port argument is omitted, the default port (8006) is used.
- Parameters can be entered in any order
- Boundary conditions (ports, etc) are checked for validity
- Parameters are evaluated in logical order
(Example: '--help' in any location will override any other parameters)
Note that the diagnostic mode (-d) does NOT PLAY ANY SOUND. For more info use
java -jar JaMISS.jar
--info
which prints this:
...
Functions:
1) Starts a Java MIDI synthesizer
2) Accepts connections on a given port
3) Allows remote control of sound creation & its parameters
In addition, there is a diagnostic mode.
In this mode, the program accepts connections, and simply prints the data it receives.
Communications:
JaMISS accepts socket connections on the specified port. The data format is as follows:
JaMISS,[command]
or
JaMISS,[channel],[note],[instrument],[velocity]
'JaMISS' is a header, and must precede every message string.
[command] can be either 'off' which turns off the note playing, or 'quit'
which shuts down the server.
[channel] is the range 0-15 (MIDI channels 1-16). 10 should be avoided (drum track only)
[note] is the range 0-127, but note that values too low are inaudible and
values too high are annoying.
[instrument] is the range 0-127, and selects the General MIDI instrument.
(examples: 0 is grand piano which decays, 81 is sqare wave which has infinite sustain.)
[velocity] is the intensity of the instrument. It may or may not be the
same as volume, depending on the sound.
To test the connection a running server, you can use the JaMISS client. To use a local server listening on port 8006, play a note on channel 0, with instrument 14, pitch 60 and volume 100, type:
java -jar JaMISS_Client.jar localhost 8006 "JaMISS,0,60,14,120"
Note that the message is comma separated and must not have any whitespace. To kill the sound use:
java -jar JaMISS_Client.jar localhost 8006 "JaMISS,off"
and to force the server to close down use:
java -jar JaMISS_Client.jar localhost 8006 "JaMISS,quit"
Here is a python program to play two intervals:
from socket import *
from time import sleep
# mini test client for JaMISS, assuming a local server listens on 8006
# the server requires a close and total rebuild of the socket
def playSound(channel, key, instrument, velocity):
ADDR = ("localhost", 8006)
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
sock.connect(ADDR)
msg = "JaMISS," + str(channel) + "," + str(key) + "," + str(instrument-1) + "," + str(velocity)
sock.send(msg)
sock.close()
def stopSound():
ADDR = ("localhost", 8006)
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
sock.connect(ADDR)
msg = "JaMISS,off"
sock.send(msg)
sock.close()
playSound(0, 60, 9, 127)
playSound(0, 62, 61, 70)
sleep(2.5) # floating point time in secs
stopSound()
playSound(0, 62, 9, 127)
playSound(0, 64, 61, 70)
sleep(2.5)
stopSound()
JaMISS - a simple Java MIDI server
Downloads:
JaMISS server (Java jar)
JaMISS test client (Java jar)
JaMISS_source.zip
Todo:
•
Change the sound server so that it does not require a complete rebuild of the socket for each message
•
Add UDP sockets
•
Look for alternatives (pysonic/fmod?)
Alternatives (?)
There is a cross-platform sound/audio C++ API called
fmod ExAPI
for "gaming" sound programming that seems to be able to play MIDI (not sure if it can do that on the fly?) and there is
pysonic
for python bindings to fmod. However pysonic hasn't been updated in a while (2005?) so I don't know what of the current fmod API it supports and I have not played around with it.
I asked one of my students (David Stulken) to create a very simple way to play MIDI notes in real time (i.e., not as a MIDI file player would do) and the result is JaMISS. JaMISS is a sound server written in Java and uses
JavaSound
and the Java internal wave table (
sound bank
). It seems to work on Linux, Mac and Windows (although on Windows, the wavetable might not be installed which will lead to no sound being produced - rather than an error). This is a really simplistic way of creating a MIDI sound as response to a real-time interaction event - oddly enough I could not find such a thing for python, at least not cross-platform. Maybe that has to do with how the actual sound is generated on Mac vs. Win vs. Linux (?) but using a JavaSound based network server seems to provide a decent enough way around that. | https://public.vrac.iastate.edu/~charding/Research/JaMISS.html | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 827 | 62.17 |
While ago in my first internship i was integrated into a project in which i have to use tailwindcss, i used ended loving it, all i did was just write bunch of class to make sure everything looked nice, the one thing i didn't do is to setup tailwindcss and the dependencies it need to work properly, and that's what i'm going to explain in this article.
Easy and quick way to use tailwind:
the easiest and the quickest way to get going with tailwindcss is to use a CDN.
<link href="^2/dist/tailwind.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
However by using a CDN you will be missing on tailwindcss great features,you wont be able to customize it, you won't be able to use directives such as
@apply and
@variantes etc, you won't be able to use plugins and more...
in order to leverage all these great features you have to incorporate tailwind into you build process.
Install tailwindcss with webpack via npm
In order to use npm you gotta have node and npm installed in your machine.
First thing we need is to create a package.json file to do that open terminal and type
npm init -y this command will create a package.json file for you then in your terminal again type these commands to install the packages needed for tailwindcss to work
$ npm install webpack webpack-cli postcss postcss-loader css-loader tailwindcss mini-css-extract-plugin
if you took a look at project file you will notice a bunch of files added and a folder with node_modules name on it, in that folder there is all the code for the packages you installed including tailwind
to set everythings up we need to create a file with the webpack.config.js and in that file we write the following :
first we gonna require path we write
const path=require('path')
path is node module provides utilities for working with file and directory paths
second we gonna require
mini-css-extract-plugin which is a plugin we installed earlier this plugin helps us to output a standalone css file,
so for our webpach.config.js will look like this
const path=require("path"); const MiniCssExtractPlugin = require('mini-css-extract-plugin');
after that write the following
module.exports={
set the mode to developpement
mode:"development",
then you need to create an entry point file with the .js extension the entry point is where webpack looks to start building the output files, i will call my entry point
main.js and i will set it in the root directory
let's add the entry point in our webpack config file
entry: "./main.js",
now create a css file i will name main styles.css and put these tailwind directives in it
@tailwind base; @tailwind components; @tailwind utilities;
now go to main.js file and import your css file
import "styles.css"
on to our webpack config again
and add the following
output:{ filename:"main.js", path: path.resolve(__dirname,"./build") }, plugins: [new MiniCssExtractPlugin({ filename:"styles.css", })],
the output object will generate javascripts and css files for us it will translate tailwindcss into regulare css for you and javascript files, also it will bundle all the files for into one single file you will be able to link to in your html
the plugins options will use
mini-css-extract-plugin to help us output a css file
last thing we need to set is rules for our css for that you need to write the following
module:{ rules:[ { test:/\.css$/, use:[ MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader, "css-loader", "postcss-loader" ] } ] }
what will this do tell webpack how to process files with .css extension it specifies with loader to be used since tailwind is postcss blugin it will start by poscss then translating it to css then it will use
MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader to put the css in an external css file.
this is how your webpack.config.js will look
Ok this is all you need for your webpack config now lets build and see what happens, to do go to package.json and add the build script, under the script object in package.json add the following
"scripts": { "build": "webpack --config webpack.config.js" },
your package.config.json file will look somthing like this
now open terminal and run
npm run build
now this bundle all files and generate a build folder in witch you'll find two files a javascript one and css one those are the files we told webpack to generate here
output:{ filename:"main.js", path: path.resolve(__dirname,"./build") }, plugins: [new MiniCssExtractPlugin({ filename:"styles.css", })],
no go on and include the generated css file in your html file
through the link tag like how you do to any css file, add some tailwind classes too to test if its working and open it in the browser. you'll notice no css is being applied that's because we still need one last thing which a postcss.config.js file
and add tailwindcss as a plugin your postcss config file will look like this
now run
npm run build again and congrats tailwind is working and you can start writing tailwind classes and designing your
next i advise to read more about webpack npm and postcss i'll be writing more tutorials about these topics in the future.
i hope you found this tutorial helpful see you in the next one.
Discussion (2)
Very good article. Would be great to see the addition of
watchand
devmodes
You really - reallyreally - reallylreallyreally should proofread your text and provide an improved version. | https://practicaldev-herokuapp-com.global.ssl.fastly.net/elfatoua_khalid/your-first-tailwindcss-setup-with-webpack-1gfm | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 937 | 57 |
In this Unreal Engine C++ tutorial, you'll learn Unreal Engine in this full tutorial using C++ and make video games. In this beginner's course, you will how to create three full games with Unreal Engine and Blueprints.
Learn Unreal Engine in this full tutorial using C++. In this beginner's course, you will how to create three full games with Unreal Engine and Blueprints.
⭐️Course Contents ⭐️
⌨️(0:00:45) Battery Collector Game
💻Project Code:
⌨️(1:16:10) Brick Breaker Game
💻Project Code:
💻Assets:
⌨️(2:39:52) Pacman
💻Project Code:
💻Assets:
Learn to create a Tetris game with React Hooks in this tutorial course for beginners. You will learn how to build Tetris from scratch using hooks like useState, useEffect, useCallback and custom hooks. Styling is done with Styled Components.
The MERN Stack Tutorial A to Z - Part 1 ☞
What React Hooks Mean for Vue developers ☞
Reactjs, Curso Práctico para Principiantes (React 16) ☞
💻 Starter files:
⭐️ Course Contents
Learn to create a Tetris game with React Hooks in this tutorial course for beginners. You will learn how to build Tetris from scratch using hooks like useState, useEffect, useCallback and custom hooks. Styling is done with Styled Components.
💻 Starter files:
❤ Course Contents
Thanks for reading ❤
If you liked this post, share it with all of your programming buddies!
☞ React - The Complete Guide (incl Hooks, React Router, Redux)
☞ Modern React with Redux [2019 Update]
☞ Best 50 React Interview Questions for Frontend Developers in 2019
☞ JavaScript Basics Before You Learn React
☞ Microfrontends — Connecting JavaScript frameworks together (React, Angular, Vue etc)
☞ Reactjs vs. Angularjs — Which Is Best For Web Development
☞ Overview of React Hooks
☞ React Hooks Tutorial for Beginners: Getting Started With React Hooks
☞ How to build a movie search app using React Hooks?
☞ Top 10 Custom React Hooks you Should Have in Your Toolbox
☞ State Management with React Hooks
☞ Getting Closure on React Hooks
☞ Using React Hooks to make API Calls
When you’ve written a new code module in a language like C/C++, you can compile it into WebAssembly (wasm) using a tool like Emscripten. Let’s look at how it works.
When you’ve written a new code module in a language like C/C++, you can compile it into WebAssembly using a tool like Emscripten. Let’s look at how it works.Emscripten Environment Setup
First, let's set up the required development environment.
Get the Emscripten SDK, using these instructions: an example
With the environment set up, let's look at how to use it to compile a C example to Emscripten. There are a number of options available when compiling with Emscripten, but the main two scenarios we'll cover are:
We will look at both below.
This is the simplest case we'll look at, whereby you get emscripten to generate everything you need to run your code, as WebAssembly, in the browser.
hello.cin a new directory on your local drive:
#include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char ** argv) { printf("Hello World\n"); }:
hello.wasm)
hello.js)
hello.html)!
Sometimes you will want to use a custom HTML template. Let's look at how we can do this.
hello2.c, in a new directory:
#include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char ** argv) { printf("Hello World\n"); }
shell_minimal.html in your emsdk repo. Copy it into a sub-directory called
html_template inside:
-o hello2.html, meaning that the compiler will still output the JavaScript glue code and
.html.
--shell-file html_template/shell_minimal.html— this provides the path to the HTML template you want to use to create the HTML you will run your example through. the JavaScript "glue" file* rather than the full HTML by specifying a .js file instead of an HTML file in the
-oflag, e.g.
emcc -o hello2.js hello2.c -O3 -s WASM=1. You could then build your custom HTML completely from scratch, although this is an advanced approach; it is usually easier to use the provided HTML template. before a function name stops this from happening. You also need to import the
emscripten.h library into, open up your hello3.html file in a text editor.
Add a
<button> element as shown below, just above the first opening
<script type='text/javascript'> tag.
<button class="mybutton">Run myFunction</button>
<script>element:
document.querySelector('.mybutton') .addEventListener('click', function() { alert('check console'); var result = Module.ccall( 'myFunction', // name of C function null, // return type null, // argument types null // arguments ); });
This illustrates how
ccall() is used to call the exported function. | https://morioh.com/p/a9536974a537 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 751 | 63.9 |
Haskell Weekly News: November 29, 2009
Welcome to issue 141 of HWN, a newsletter covering developments in announced Clutterhs, version 0.1. A set of bindings for Clutter, a GObject based library for creating 2.5D interfaces using OpenGL.
Interesting experiences of test automation in Haskell? Automation of Software Test 2010. John Hughes announced a 'heads up' for the Automation af Software Test 2010 workshop
NoSlow - Microbenchmarks for array libraries. Roman Leshchinskiy announced his benchmark suite for various array and list libraries.
CMCS 2010: First call for papers. Alexandra Silva announced a first call for papers for the Tenth International Workshop on Coalgebraic Methods in Computer Science, taking place 26-28 March 2010, in Paphos, Cyprus.
GPCE'10 First Call for Papers. Bruno Oliveira announced a first call for papers for the Ninth International Conference on Generative Programming and Component Engineering. GPCE 2010 October 10-13, in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Call for Participation: TLDI'10. Andrew Kennedy announced a call for participation in the 2010 ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Types in Language Design and Implementation
Deadline Extension: JSC Special Issue on Automated Specification and Verification of Web Systems. demis announced an extension to the paper deadline for the JSC Special Issue on Automated Specification and Verification of Web Systems.
VSTTE 2010: Verified Software -- Second Call for Papers. Gudmund Grov announced the second call for papers for the Third International Conference on Verified Software: Theories, Tools, and Experiments
GPipe-1.1.0 with greatly improved performance. Tobias Bexelius announced a new version of the GPipe package, now with greatly improved performance.
wumpus-core. Stephen T announced the first release of his automatic version tracking tool, package-vt.
Elerea 1.1. Patai Gergely announced a new version of Elerea, a simple pull-based FRP library. Elerea (and FRP in general) allow for stream oriented programming, typically done in a applicative style.
mecha-0.0.4. Tom Hawkins announced a new version of Mecha, a little constructive solid modeling language intended for doing 3D CAD.
atom-0.1.2. Tom Hawkins announced a new release of Atom, a DSL for designing hard realtime embedded software with Haskell. This release adds guarded division operations, a new scheduling constraint, and a new rule scheduling algorithm.
Managing Cabal Dependencies using Nix and Hack-nix. Marc Weber announced a package for dealing with Cabal dependencies on the Nix OS platform.
Discussion
haskell in online contests. vishnu asked about using Haskell in online contests, and particularly dealing with the SPOJ tool for judging programs.
Namespaces for values, types, and classes. Sebastian Fischer suggested allowing a namespace separation between class-names and other language elements.
I miss OO. Michael Mossey lamented his desire for Object-oriented features in Haskell, this led to a interesting discussion about name punning and typeclasses.
Haskell Hackathon in Boston January 29th-31st? Ravi Nanavati proposed a potential Hackathon in this editor's favorite city, to be held the 29th to the 31st.
Blog noiseHaskell news from the blogosphere. Blog posts from people new to the Haskell community are marked with >>>, be sure to welcome them!
Dan Piponi (sigfpe): Programming with impossible functions, or how to get along without monads..
Neil Brown: Graph Layout with Software Transactional Memory and Barriers (plus video!).
Ivan Lazar Miljenovic: If wishes were tests, code would be perfect.
Adam Jones: Lambda Calculus compiler, Part II: Wading in with arithmetic.
FP Lunch: Implementing a Correct Type-Checker for the Simply Typed Lambda Calculus.
Manuel M T Chakravarty: Haskell 2010.
Holumbus: hayoo.info.
Paul Chiusano: Perfect strictness analysis (Part 2).
Paul Chiusano: Perfect strictness analysis (Part 1).
Paul Chiusano: Optional laziness doesn't quite cut it.
Neil Brown: Force-Directed Graph Layout with Barriers and Shared Channels.
Neil Mitchell: Reviewing View Patterns.
JP Moresmau: EclipseFP 1.109.0 is out!.
CS Design Lab, University of Kansas: Special LAMBDA meeting.
Joachim Breitner: arbtt now in Debian.
Neil Mitchell: Haskell DLL's on Windows.
Conal Elliott: . | http://sequence.complete.org/hwn/20091129 | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | refinedweb | 652 | 51.14 |
.
You'll need
- DC motor
- 4×AA battery pack
- Breadboard and jumper wires
- Utility/Stanley knife
STEP-01 Cut the power
The first thing you need to do is isolate the Raspberry Pi’s power supply from the power on the Voice HAT board. This will prevent the DC motor from draining too much power and shorting out your Raspberry Pi. Locate the external power solder jumper marked JP1 (just to the left of Servos 5 on the Voice HAT board). Use a utility knife to cut the connection in the jumper (you can always re-solder this joint if you wish to share the power between the board and the motor again).
STEP-02 Power off
Make sure your Raspberry Pi and Voice HAT board are powered off. Now connect the positive leg of the DC motor to the middle pin on Drivers 0. Notice that at the bottom of the Driver pins is a ‘+’ symbol.
STEP-03 Wire for power
Next, connect the negative wire of the motor to the ‘-’ pin on Drivers 0 (the pin on the right). You may have noticed that we’re not connected to the GPIO Pin on the left (which is GPIO4); this doesn't matter as it also controls the negative ‘-’ pin that we have just connected to. This allows us to turn the motor on and off.
STEP-04 Power up
Finally, connect the 4×AA battery pack to the +Volts and GND pins at the lower left-hand corner of the Voice HAT. This pack will ensure that the motor has enough power when you are using the Voice HAT, which will prevent your Raspberry Pi from crashing. Connect the power and turn on the battery pack.
STEP-05 Turn on the Pi
Now turn on the Raspberry Pi and boot into the AIY Projects software. Enter the code from motor.py to test the circuit. We are using PWMOutputDevice from GPIO Zero to control the motor. This enables us to manage the speed of the motor. We can use the .on() and .off() methods to start and stop our motor. Alternatively, we can set the value instance variable to a value between 0.0 and 1.0 to control the speed. Both techniques are shown in the motor.py code. You can also use pwm.pulse() to pulse the motor on and off.
STEP-06 Hook it up to the Voice Assistant
Now that we’ve seen how to control the motor using GPIO Zero, it is time to integrate it with the Voice Assistant. Enter the code from addtoaction.py to the relevant sections of
/home/pi/voice-recognizer-raspi/src/action.py and run src/main.py. Push the button on your Voice HAT board and say “motor on” to start the motor running; push the button again and say “motor off” to stop it.
Code listing
motor.py
from gpiozero import PWMOutputDevice from time import sleep pwm = PWMOutputDevice(4) while True: pwm.on() sleep(1) pwm.off() sleep(1) pwm.value = 0.5 sleep(1) pwm.value = 0.0 sleep(1)
addtoaction.py
# ========================================= # Makers! Implement your own actions here. # ========================================= from gpiozero import PWMOutputDevice class MotorMove(object): def __init__(self): self.pwm = PWMOutputDevice(4) def run(self, voice_command): if 'on' in voice_command: self.pwm.on() elif 'off' in voice_command: self.pwm.off() # ========================================= # Makers! Add your own voice commands here. # ========================================= actor.add_keyword('motor', MotorMove()) return actor | https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/articles/motor-aiy-voice-pi | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | refinedweb | 569 | 76.22 |
Acpi.sys: The Windows ACPI Driver
The Windows ACPI driver, Acpi.sys, is an inbox component of the Windows operating system. The responsibilities of Acpi.sys include support for power management and Plug and Play (PnP) device enumeration. On hardware platforms that have an ACPI BIOS, the HAL causes Acpi.sys to be loaded during system startup at the base of the device tree. Acpi.sys acts as the interface between the operating system and the ACPI BIOS. Acpi.sys is transparent to the other drivers in the device tree.
Other tasks performed by Acpi.sys on a particular hardware platform might include reprogramming the resources for a COM port or enabling the USB controller for system wake-up.
In this topic
ACPI devices
The hardware platform vendor specifies a hierarchy of ACPI namespaces in the ACPI BIOS to describe the hardware topology of the platform. For more information, see ACPI Namespace Hierarchy.
For each device described in the ACPI namespace hierarchy, the Windows ACPI driver, Acpi.sys, creates either a filter device object (filter DO) or a physical device object (PDO). If the device is integrated into the system board, Acpi.sys creates a filter device object, representing an ACPI bus filter, and attaches it to the device stack immediately above the bus driver (PDO). For other devices described in the ACPI namespace but not on the system board, Acpi.sys creates the PDO. Acpi.sys provides power management and PnP features to the device stack by means of these device objects. For more information, see Device Stacks for an ACPI Device.
A device for which Acpi.sys creates a device object is called an ACPI device. The set of ACPI devices varies from one hardware platform to the next, and depends on the ACPI BIOS and the configuration of the motherboard. Note that Acpi.sys loads an ACPI bus filter only for a device that is described in the ACPI namespace and is permanently connected to the hardware platform (typically, this device is integrated into the core silicon or soldered to the system board). Not all motherboard devices have an ACPI bus filter.
All ACPI functionality is transparent to higher-level drivers. These drivers must make no assumptions about the presence or absence of an ACPI filter in any given device stack.
Acpi.sys and the ACPI BIOS support the basic functions of an ACPI device. To enhance the functionality of an ACPI device, the device vendor can supply a WDM function driver. For more information, see Operation of an ACPI Device Function Driver.
An ACPI device is specified by a definition block in the system description tables in the ACPI BIOS. A device's definition block specifies, among other things, an operation region, which is a contiguous block of device memory that is used to access device data. Only Acpi.sys modifies the data in an operation region. The device's function driver can read the data in an operation region but must not modify the data. When called, an operation region handler transfers bytes in the operation region to and from the data buffer in Acpi.sys. The combined operation of the function driver and Acpi.sys is device-specific and is defined in the ACPI BIOS by the hardware vendor. In general, the function driver and Acpi.sys access particular areas in an operation region to perform device-specific operations and retrieve information. For more information, see Supporting an Operation Region.
ACPI control methods
ACPI control methods are software objects that declare and define simple operations to query and configure ACPI devices. Control methods are stored in the ACPI BIOS and are encoded in a byte-code format called ACPI Machine Language (AML). The control methods for a device are loaded from the system firmware into the device's ACPI namespace in memory, and interpreted by the Windows ACPI driver, Acpi.sys.
To invoke a control method, the kernel-mode driver for an ACPI device initiates an IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL request, which is handled by Acpi.sys. For drivers loaded on ACPI-enumerated devices, Acpi.sys always implements the physical device object (PDO) in the driver stack. For more information, see Evaluating ACPI Control Methods.
ACPI specification
The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface Specification is available at the ACPI website. Revision 5.0 of the ACPI specification introduces a set of features to support low-power, mobile PCs that are based on System on a Chip (SoC) integrated circuits and that implement the connected standby power model. Starting with Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, the Windows ACPI driver, Acpi.sys, supports the new features in the ACPI 5.0 specification. For more information, see Windows ACPI Design Guide for SoC Platforms.
ACPI debugging
System integrators and ACPI device driver developers can use the Microsoft AMLI debugger to debug AML code. Because AML is an interpreted language, AML debugging requires special software tools. Checked versions of the Windows ACPI driver, Acpi.sys, contain a debugger component to support AML debugging. For more information about the AMLI debugger, see ACPI Debugging. For information about how to download a checked build of Windows, see Downloading a Checked Build of Windows. For information about compiling ACPI Source Language (ASL) into AML, see Microsoft ASL Compiler.
Send comments about this topic to Microsoft | http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff540493 | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | refinedweb | 882 | 57.67 |
Here you can find the source of deleteSubfiles(String publishTemppath)
public static void deleteSubfiles(String publishTemppath)
//package com.java2s; /***************************************************************************** * * * This file is part of the tna framework distribution. * * Documentation and updates may be get from biaoping.yin the author of * * this framework * * * * Sun Public License Notice: * * * * The contents of this file are subject to the Sun Public License Version * * 1.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * * the License. A copy of the License is available at * * * * The Original Code is tag. The Initial Developer of the Original * * Code is biaoping yin. Portions created by biaoping yin are Copyright * * (C) 2000. All Rights Reserved. * * * *. * * * * biaoping.yin (yin-bp@163.com) * * Author of Learning Java * * * *****************************************************************************/ import java.io.File; public class Main { public static void deleteSubfiles(String publishTemppath) { File file = new File(publishTemppath); if (!file.exists() || file.isFile()) return; File[] files = file.listFiles(); for (int i = 0; files != null && i < files.length; i++) { File temp = files[i]; if (temp.isDirectory()) { deleteSubfiles(temp.getAbsolutePath()); }//from w w w . j a va 2s . c om temp.delete(); } } } | http://www.java2s.com/example/android-utility-method/file-delete/deletesubfiles-string-publishtemppath-9c7f6.html | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | refinedweb | 180 | 62.54 |
iEngineSequenceManager Struct Reference
Sequence manager specifically designed for working on the engine. More...
#include <ivaria/engseq.h>
Detailed Description
Sequence manager specifically designed for working on the engine.
Main creators of instances implementing this interface:
- Engine Sequence Manager plugin (crystalspace.utilities.sequence.engine)
Main ways to get pointers to this interface:
Definition at line 700 of file engseq.h.
Member Function Documentation
Create a parameter ESM for a constant value.
Create a new sequence with a given name.
Create a new trigger with a given name.
Destroy all timed operations with a given sequence id.
Get a sequence by name.
Get a trigger by name.
Start a timed operation with a given delta (in ticks).
- Parameters:
-
- Remarks:
- The params block is increffed for as long as is needed so you can release your reference.
Fire a trigger manually, specifying the name.
This will call ForceFire() on the trigger (if one is found). If now == false then the usual delay will be respected. Otherwise the sequence will be run immediatelly without the default delay.
Get a sequence.
Get the number of sequences.
Get a pointer to the underlying sequence manager that is being used.
Get a trigger.
Get the number of triggers.
Remove sequence from the manager.
Remove all sequences.
Remove trigger from the manager.
Remove all triggers.
Run a sequence and don't mess around with triggers.
The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file:
Generated for Crystal Space 1.4.1 by doxygen 1.7.1 | http://www.crystalspace3d.org/docs/online/api-1.4.1/structiEngineSequenceManager.html | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | refinedweb | 250 | 54.39 |
On 2010/05/14 21:03, Kenneth Russell wrote: > > If we define a new constant then we have to start worrying about > collisions with OpenGL ES 2.0 constants. Currently WebGL does not add > any constants to the namespace. > > 0 represents a default value or binding in many other places in the API. > > Collisiions are easy to avoid. WebGL can request a block of enums from the OpenGL ES registry. I can:t think of anywhere that 0 represents a default enum value. 0 is always the name of the default object but object names are already integers so it is a natural choice. In this case I think a SOURCE_FORMAT enum is a much better choice. Regards -Mark
begin:vcard fn:Mark Callow n:Callow;Mark org:HI Corporation;Middleware | https://www.khronos.org/webgl/public-mailing-list/archives/1005/msg00083.html | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 131 | 66.44 |
import "github.com/magefile/mage/mage"
command_string.go magefile_tmpl.go main.go template.go
func Compile(goos, goarch, magePath, goCmd, compileTo string, gofiles []string, isDebug bool, stderr, stdout io.Writer) error
Compile uses the go tool to compile the files into an executable at path.
ExeName reports the executable filename that this version of Mage would create for the given magefiles.
GenerateMainfile generates the mage mainfile at path.
func Invoke(inv Invocation) int
Invoke runs Mage with the given arguments.
func Magefiles(magePath, goos, goarch, goCmd string, stderr io.Writer, isDebug bool) ([]string, error)
Magefiles returns the list of magefiles in dir.
Main is the entrypoint for running mage. It exists external to mage's main function to allow it to be used from other programs, specifically so you can go run a simple file that run's mage's Main.
Parse parses the given args and returns structured data. If parse returns flag.ErrHelp, the calling process should exit with code 0.
ParseAndRun parses the command line, and then compiles and runs the mage files in the given directory with the given args (do not include the command name in the args).
RunCompiled runs an already-compiled mage command with the given args,
Command tracks invocations of mage that run without targets or other flags.
const ( None Command = iota Version // report the current version of mage Init // create a starting template for mage Clean // clean out old compiled mage binaries from the cache CompileStatic // compile a static binary of the current directory )
The various command types
type Invocation struct { Debug bool // turn on debug messages Dir string // directory to read magefiles from Force bool // forces recreation of the compiled binary Verbose bool // tells the magefile to print out log statements List bool // tells the magefile to print out a list of targets Help bool // tells the magefile to print out help for a specific target Keep bool // tells mage to keep the generated main file after compiling Timeout time.Duration // tells mage to set a timeout to running the targets CompileOut string // tells mage to compile a static binary to this path, but not execute GOOS string // sets the GOOS when producing a binary with -compileout GOARCH string // sets the GOARCH when producing a binary with -compileout Stdout io.Writer // writer to write stdout messages to Stderr io.Writer // writer to write stderr messages to Stdin io.Reader // reader to read stdin from Args []string // args to pass to the compiled binary GoCmd string // the go binary command to run CacheDir string // the directory where we should store compiled binaries HashFast bool // don't rely on GOCACHE, just hash the magefiles }
Invocation contains the args for invoking a run of Mage.
Package mage imports 21 packages (graph) and is imported by 4 packages. Updated 2019-07-18. Refresh now. Tools for package owners. | https://godoc.org/github.com/magefile/mage/mage | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | refinedweb | 474 | 58.21 |
sourceCpp
Percentile
Source C++ Code from a File or String
sourceCpp parses the specified C++ file or source code and looks for functions marked with the
Rcpp::export attribute
and RCPP_MODULE declarations. A shared library is then built and its exported functions and Rcpp modules are made available in the specified environment.
Usage
sourceCpp(file = "", code = NULL, env = globalenv(), embeddedR = TRUE, rebuild = FALSE, cacheDir = getOption("rcpp.cache.dir", tempdir()), cleanupCacheDir = FALSE, showOutput = verbose, verbose = getOption("verbose"), dryRun = FALSE)
Arguments
- file
- A character string giving the path name of a file
- code
- A character string with source code. If supplied, the code is taken from this string instead of a file.
- env
- Environment where the R functions and modules should be made available.
- embeddedR
TRUEto run embedded R code chunks.
- rebuild
- Force a rebuild of the shared library.
- cacheDir
- Directory to use for caching shared libraries. If the underlying file or.
- cleanupCacheDir
- Cleanup all files in the cacheDir that were not a result of this compilation. Note that this will cleanup the cache from all other calls to sourceCpp with the same cacheDir. This option should therefore only be specified by callers that provide a unique cacheDir per scope (e.g. chunk labels in a weaved document).
- showOutput
TRUEto print
R CMD SHLIBoutput to the console.
- verbose
TRUEto print detailed information about generated code to the console.
- dryRun
TRUEto do a dry run (showing commands that would be used rather than actually executing the commands).
Details
If the
code parameter is provided then the
file parameter is ignored.
Functions exported using
sourceCpp must meet several conditions,
including being defined in the global namespace and having return types
that are compatible with
Rcpp::wrap and parameter types that are
compatible with
Rcpp::as.
See the
Rcpp::export documentation for more details.
Content of Rcpp Modules will be automatically loaded into the specified
environment using the
Module and
populate functions.
If the source file has compilation dependencies on other
packages (e.g. Matrix, RcppArmadillo) then an
Rcpp::depends attribute
should be provided naming these dependencies.
It's possible to embed chunks of R code within a C++ source file by
including the R code within a block comment with the
prefix of
/*** R. For example:
/*** R
# Call the fibonacci function defined in C++ fibonacci(10)
*/
Multiple R code chunks can be included in a C++ file. R code is sourced after the C++ compilation is completed so all functions and modules will be available to the R code.
Value
Note
The
sourceCpp function will not rebuild the shared library if the source file has not changed since the last compilation.
The
sourceCpp function is designed for compiling a standalone source file whose only dependencies are R packages. If you are compiling more than one source file or have external dependencies then you should create an R package rather than using
sourceCpp. Note that the
Rcpp::export attribute can also be used within packages via the
compileAttributes function.
If you are sourcing a C++ file from within the
src directory of a package then the package's
LinkingTo dependencies,
inst/include, and
src directories are automatically included in the compilation.
If no
Rcpp::export attributes or
RCPP_MODULE declarations are found within the source file then a warning is printed to the console. You can disable this warning by setting the
rcpp.warnNoExports option to
FALSE.
See Also
Rcpp::export,
Rcpp::depends,
cppFunction,
evalCpp
Aliases
- sourceCpp
Examples
library(Rcpp)
## Not run: # # sourceCpp("fibonacci.cpp") # # sourceCpp(code=' # #include <Rcpp.h> # # // [[Rcpp::export]] # int fibonacci(const int x) { # if (x == 0) return(0); # if (x == 1) return(1); # return (fibonacci(x - 1)) + fibonacci(x - 2); # }' # ) # # ## End(Not run) | https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/Rcpp/versions/0.12.9/topics/sourceCpp | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | refinedweb | 611 | 55.64 |
> november 2004
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Multiple instances of MSDE on same server?
Posted by Greg Brewer at 11/30/2004 4:08:37 PM
can I install 2 separate apps from 2 separate vendors on the same machine, if they both use MSDE? If so, is it simply installing a separate instance for the 2nd install? Thanks. Greg. r3gbrewer@health.nb.ca ...
more >>
set up replication
Posted by darren at 11/30/2004 1:45:02 PM
help! i need to set up a replication all i have is osql cmd utility. i have looke for exambles and can not find any my database will replicate to a sqlce...
more >>
MSDE installs almost 90% and then uninstalls itself
Posted by Anis Siddiqy at 11/30/2004 12:23:05 PM
Hello, I am having a problem with installing MSDE on one of the Win2K client machines. The MSDE setup runs to about 90% installation (progress bar shows at least) and then seems like focus goes away from the setup progress bar and then progress bar shows uninstalling (it does not say its unin...
more >>
restore database from a bak file
Posted by TJS at 11/30/2004 10:31:00 AM
Can I restore a sql server 2000 database to msde from a bak file ? if so how ? ...
more >>
Automated Backup
Posted by James Proctor at 11/30/2004 9:35:02 AM
Hi there, I currently have a MSDE Server running with a number of databases on which i would like to backup daily and weekly at a certain time. Is there anyway of doing this?? At the moment ive just been using a simple line of code and executing when i remeber to, but an automated system wo...
more >>
Upgrade MSDE 7 to MSDE 2000
Posted by Eduardo Crespo at 11/29/2004 3:15:48 PM
Hi everybody: I want upgrade a MSDE 7.0 to MSDE 2000. When I use sql2kdesksp3.exe I get the error "The instance name specified is invalid". Could someone help about what I'm doing in a wrong way?? Thank's in advance ...
more >>
About a Free MSDE manager
Posted by Ambros at 11/29/2004 10:58:56 AM
Hello!! Can you advice me some free MSDE tools (like database manager, query interface...) that can be found over web? Thanks in advance for your help!! Ambros Moreno From Almeria (Spain) ...
more >>
Install MSDE w/ MSDE Depl.Toolkit. What permissions when using Win Auth?
Posted by agaskelluk NO[at]SPAM yahoo.com at 11/29/2004 3:55:41 AM
Hi All I have been following Mario Szpuszta's excellent article on MSDN "The MSDE Deployment Toolkit (RC)in Action"() to build a package which can install MSDE (if required) and then install my database and...
more >>
Don't see what you're looking for? Search DevelopmentNow.com.
import excel
Posted by TJS at 11/29/2004 12:18:05 AM
need some help with getting this stored procedure working. I'm trying to import excel spreadsheet into an existing table getting error message of syntax near "*" =========================================== CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].importExcel AS --Create linked server EXEC sp_addlinkeds...
more >>
5 User License
Posted by Reetesh B. Chhatpar at 11/27/2004 6:19:07 PM
Hi, What exactly does the 5 user(s) license of MSDE means? "sa" is a user and i can have only 4 more users, does that means total 5 users license? Or its the number of users connected to MSDE at any given point of time? Reetesh. ...
more >>
trouble on install a new instance!!!i think no one can able to solve it.
Posted by leighsword at 11/26/2004 7:23:32 PM
except Gunes. to install a new instance,such as "LeighSword",everythink is OK when you have installed a Default instance. we have not trouble in install produce(because i have spends a lots time to reseach it) so what is the problem i have got? the MSDE can able to connect using the OSQL.e...
more >>
MSDE autostart
Posted by Bobby at 11/26/2004 12:01:08 PM
I am trying to install MSDE but requires a restart or manual work to start the server. Is there any way we can start the server automatically as soon as the MSDE intallion is finished ? Thanks Bobby ...
more >>
MSDE installation problem
Posted by Yannis Makarounis at 11/26/2004 11:38:03 AM
During installation of MSDE I get the message "The instance name specified is invalid" Any ideas? Thanks Yannis ...
more >>
Mutiltple Users - Limit Table Access
Posted by harrys NO[at]SPAM gmail.com at 11/26/2004 6:46:04 AM
Hi, Quick question for the experts out there: I have MSDE installed on a remote server and I access the data via Access(ADP). I now want someone else to access one perticular DB on the server. I have created a new user/role and eveything no problem. But, how do I only allow the user to vi...
more >>
Connection Problem
Posted by Raffaele at 11/26/2004 2:41:01 AM
Hi, i want connect to PC with MSDE 2000 from pocket pc, i try connection but nothing. From Pocket PC to Sql server is OK From Pocket PC to MSDE 2000 not! I think that my connection string not good, i use : Dim cn As New SqlConnection("Pwd=mypassword;User ID=sa;Initial Catalog=Demo;Dat...
more >>
Attention, the MSDE is really garbage!!!
Posted by leighsword at 11/25/2004 9:14:04 PM
the SQL server using the same database engine as the MSDE, so SQL Server2005 also is a garbage too! People who can tell how to get an Orcale desktop version? ...
more >>
Move a MSDE to SQL 2000
Posted by Eduardo Crespo at 11/25/2004 5:09:33 PM
Hi My problem is that I have a MSDE database in one server and I want to move it to an SQL Server in another server. Can anyone tell me what procedure do I have to follow? Thanks in advance ...
more >>
SQL Agent Doesn't recognize MSDE instance
Posted by Elmo Watson at 11/25/2004 1:27:21 PM
I've installed MDAC 2.8 - then, successfully installed MSDE. However, I start the SQLAgent Service - also the instance service - - but SQLAgent never recognizes the new instance - Any ideas? ... >>
import excel files
Posted by TJS at 11/24/2004 2:50:00 PM
how can I import excel files into msde 2000 ...
more >>
Sql 2000 with W2003
Posted by Eduardo Crespo at 11/24/2004 12:16:58 PM
Hi everybody! I'm trying to install Sql 2000 Enterprise Edition on a Windows 2003 Standard Edition and it tells me that I need SQL 2000 with sp3. What do I have to do?. I have sp3 but I can't install it before install Sql. Can you help me? Thanks in advance ...
more >>
MSDE: Release A || or Not
Posted by NET_Novice at 11/24/2004 7:45:07 AM
Hi, Sorry if this questions appears so wierd, but I read through the MSDE website to have a clear answer with no use. The question is: There are two copies of MSDE 2000 to download. One's name ends with "Release A" and it's volume is about 42 mb (MSDE2000A). The other is without "Relase ...
more >>
MSDE Running on Two Computers in Workgroup Mode
Posted by CrazyCol at 11/23/2004 3:25:01 PM
I have two PC running Windows XP Pro in Workgroup Mode. They both in mixed authentication mode with blank sa password. The usernames on each machine are the same and they have no password. The problem I have is with merge replication. The replication fails with the message "Login failed for...
more >>
Lost Connection on SQL Server Service Manager
Posted by Peter Herijgers at 11/23/2004 9:26:14 AM
Every time I start my computer the connection of the SQL Server Service Manager is lost. How to solve this? Thanks, Peter. ...
more >>
MSDE 2 sp3a crashing upon connection
Posted by scott.rankin NO[at]SPAM plantech.com.au at 11/21/2004 5:19:24 PM
Hi I have a clients msde that appears to crash upon any type of connection requiring a restart of the computer.. Cleanup/reinstalling allows the service to stay up for about 15min before begining the same crash issue. Client is on windows XP sp2 - I was going to extract the mdac 2.8sp1 out ... >>
vb.net and msde
Posted by Linda Burnside at 11/20/2004 7:00:32 PM
This morning, I installed VB.NET, MSDE and the web data administration tool. I have a little bit of experience with all of the above, but hadn't got everything installed on a new computer until today. Problem is that when I open the web data administration tool, I get an Internet Explorer wi...
more >>
views
Posted by TJS at 11/19/2004 10:45:44 PM
Can a view be created in msde 2000 ? ...
more >>
MSDE and JDBC
Posted by Larry at 11/19/2004 4:20:29 PM
Will the MS JDBC driver work with MSDE 2000? Larry ...
more >>
MSDE doesn't indicate completion of some stored procedures
Posted by Mel Drossman at 11/19/2004 1:42:04 AM
MSDE prints a message that it is running a stored procedure along with the procedure name and arguments. This is generally followed by additional information including the fact that it has completed the stored procedure execution. When I run a stored procedure that inserts data into a...
more >>
backing up tables
Posted by June Macleod at 11/18/2004 2:15:33 PM
Can anyone tell me how I can backup / restore individual tables? At the moment I have been backing up the msde database on the development machine and restoring it onto the web server in order to transfer data. But I have now reached the point where the data on the web server no longer match...
more >>
instances of MSDE
Posted by Perry at 11/18/2004 1:47:37 PM
I can install instances of MSDE without any problem. But for some reasons the password (or the instance) get corrupted after I try to upsize a table from MS Access to an existing database in MSDE (I'll stop doing this). But now I have multiple instances which I would like to clean up. Doe...
more >>
Does MSDE allow cascaded deletes
Posted by TheNortonZ at 11/18/2004 12:30:39 PM
I just wanted to make sure there is no limitation here, since I have cascaded deletes in my table relationships. Thanks Norton ...
more >>
How do I use a global variable as a selection criteria in a Transact SQL query?
Posted by June Macleod at 11/18/2004 12:28:29 PM
Can anyone tell me how I can use a global varible as a selection criteria in a Query? I previously had a query which I ran in MSAcces with the jet engine which had in the criterial line a reference to a function which returned the value of a global variable. I have now moved to Access 200...
more >>
MSDE does not work in Terminal Services: REQUIRES ALL USERS TO BE ADMINISTRATORS!!!!!
Posted by HelpNeeded at 11/18/2004 10:59:52 AM
I just had an application ported/rewritten from VFP to .net and in order to give users access to it in a Terminal Services deployment (in a one server setting) , ALL USERS MUST BE ADDED TO THE ADMINISTRATORS GROUP!!!!! My developer told me this is necessary, and is not a big deal. HUH???!!! ...
more >>
MSDE in WinXP Pro SP2
Posted by Thomas Tsang at 11/18/2004 10:58:52 AM
I have installed MSDE in WinXP Professional SP2, and already enabled the TCP/IP protocol in SQL Server Network Utility. However, I find that it is failure to connect the database by calling the IP Address even I test it locally (use sa/window authorization) , but it is ok by calling the computer...
more >>
MSDE in Enterprise manager: strange number with managed tasks...
Posted by Gijs Beukenoot at 11/17/2004 7:31:21 PM
Without having read the manual (just assuming it should work), I have a problem with MSDE and using the Enterprise Manager to create a database maintenance plan. I have a desktop machine with SQL2K(sp3) and a portable with MSDE (msderela.exe). I am testing (developing) an application that s...
more >>
Cannot sort a row of size 8872 which is greater than the allowable maximum of 8094
Posted by Fred Nelson at 11/17/2004 4:37:06 PM
Hi: I'm converting an application written in Clipper in the early 1990's to use SQL 2000 server. One of the tables is quite large (128 fields) and has many "memo" fields which I'm converting to varchars. I created an empty database using the enterprise manager and began the process of im...
more >>
MSDE-setup
Posted by Dave at 11/16/2004 10:31:38 PM
Hi, I am new to msde and i want to istall it i try to install it using this command line: setup SAPWD="test" What is SAPWD and for wate porpuse? After this kind of installation can i start writing database application using msde? What good tools can i use to create a database for this msde? ...
more >>
RADiest Client for SQL Server
Posted by Mike MacSween at 11/16/2004 9:03:05 PM
I've got a SQL Server database. Nearly finished. It's going to go on a single non networked machine. One day somebody might get access to it over ADSL (probably TS), but for now it's a single user no lan. The machine will actually be running the MSDE. Windows XP Home. I'm quite happy, for ...
more >>
MSDE - Failed to configure server
Posted by Dave at 11/16/2004 4:19:57 >>
Failed to configure server install error
Posted by deltalimagolf at 11/16/2004 3:31:07 >>
Migrating MSDE data to Oracle
Posted by Karen Youngdahl at 11/16/2004 1:40:45 PM
Any utilities out there for migrating an MSDE database to Oracle (9i)? I'm familiar with Oracle's Migration Workbench, which creates the schema and migrates the data, but haven't located a plug-in for MSDE. I haven't been brave enough to see if their plug-in for SQL/2000 will work....
more >>
MSDE Failed Install
Posted by Denis C. at 11/16/2004 9:14:04 AM
I've tried installing the full MSDERelA, and it runs, giving a "Gathering Required Information". It then promptly disappears, and nothing further happens. The KB has a similar error happening with RTM, but I am trying to do a fresh install....
more >>
Merge replication on MSDE over internet
Posted by Wing Chan at 11/15/2004 9:10:24 PM
Hi, We are having a dedicated machine (with a fix IP) running SQl2000 and it is supposed to be the master database. And we are having 4 clients XP machine running MSDE (without fix IP), and we would like to have a merge replication to sync. data from / to the client / server. Coz data will b...
more >>
Reporting Services with MSDE?
Posted by Robert Schuldenfrei at 11/15/2004 8:54:39 PM
Dear NG, After suffering with Crystal Reports for a bit, I came across a book on SQL Server Reporting Services. It seems to do a lot of what I need to get done. I have been developing an application with MSDE rather than the full blown SQL Server. While I could transfer my development to ...
more >>
transfer db from msde to msde
Posted by Markus Steidle at 11/15/2004 1:10:12 PM
is there an easy way to transfer a database from one msde to another msde (on a second computer) thanks so much markus ...
more >>
Problem executing stored procedure from asp
Posted by Andy Kerner at 11/15/2004 11:41:09 AM
We have an ASP page which executes a stored procedure this works fine on windows 2000 server/SQL 2000 server. We are trying to use the same page locally on WinXP SP2/MSDE 2000A and we seem to be experiencing a strange problem. When run locally the asp complains that it cannot find the stored ...
more >>
Can't connect as SA through ODBC manager...why?
Posted by ComfortablySAD at 11/15/2004 9:31:01 AM
Hi All, I can connect to my MSDE server by logging in as SA from the command line but not through the ODBC manager utility in windows. I need to setup system DSNs for a few applications but can't because they require I use SQL authentication. When I reach that step in the ODBC manager I typ...
more >>
A few newbie questions on MSDE / Windows 2003 SBS
Posted by Tom at 11/15/2004 8:48:10 AM
Hi! I've installed a SBS 2K3 server, and everything seem to rock ok. If I not misunderstood the whole concept, MSDE 2000 is shipped with the server OS, ok? I've also installed Veritas BE ver. 9.1 Standard for SBS and the antivirus software Panda Enerprise Secure. Both applications seem to reg...
more >>
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n | http://www.developmentnow.com/g/107_2004_11_0_0_0/sql-server-msde.htm | crawl-001 | refinedweb | 2,914 | 71.55 |
After the major overhaul of the java editor in Netbeans 6.0 (project Retouche) a couple of other frameworks for writing language support plugins sprang up to life - Schliemann and GSF. Both of those used different approach for providing similar services which in the end lead to inefficiencies and code duplication. This was not an ideal state and during Netbeans 6.5 we decided to consolidate and unify those frameworks.
In order to reduce code duplication and improve maintainability we created the Parsing & Indexing API, which took the best from all three frameworks in terms of parser support and indexing so that it could become a new building block that these three frameworks could use. The next step was to rewrite the three frameworks to use that building block.
Retouche, Schliemann and now even GSF has already been rewritten and this document is meant to serve as a reference guide for migrating GSF-based language plugins to use the new Parsing and Indexing API. Although the document attempts to explain various aspects of the new API as you will need them for rewriting your modules, it should not be considered an API documentation.
Since there is quite a lot of GSF-based language plugins and it would be hard to migrate them all at once we decided to fork the GSF framework and create its new variant that is based on Parsing & Indexing API. This new variant is called CSL and lives in the csl.api module. This means that both GSF and CSL frameworks as well as GSF and CSL based language plugins can live together in the same IDE session.
The main goal of creating CSL was to rewrite it to use the new Parsing and Indexing API. Nothing more, nothing less. Particularily we didn't strive to improve the framework itself or its API.
The original GSF framework is going to be deprecated and its use discouraged in favor of CSL. Despite of that there still have been work going on in GSF module in Netbeans 7.0 and in order to not loose this work we will retrofit any changes done in GSF between when we forked off CSL and Netbeans 7.0 release. After Netbeans 7.0 is released we will no longer guarantee that any fixes or changes in GSF will be propagated to CSL.
It's a shame, but nobody seems to really know. It most likely originated from 'Common Scripting Language support', which was an alternative name for GSF (Generic Source Framework) used back in Netbeans 6.0. We think the name is not good, the word 'Scripting' is definitely not correct and it's probably hard to remember. Unfortunately we don't have a better name. If you can find some, please let us know.
The Parsing and Indexing API has been part of Netbeans codebase (trunk) since releasing Netbeans 6.5. That said, all the standard tools/channels to support Netbeans community development are available for this API as well. Specifically, there is:
<folder name="CslPlugins">
<folder name="text">
<folder name="javascript">
<file name="language.instance">
<attr name="instanceClass" stringvalue="org.netbeans.modules.javascript.editing.JsLanguage"/>
</file>
</folder>
</folder>
</folder>
<taskdef name="csljar" classname="org.netbeans.modules.csl.CslJar" classpath="${nb_all}/csl.api/anttask/build/cslanttask.jar:${nb_all}/nbbuild/nbantext.jar"/>
@LanguageRegistration(mimeType="text/x-your-mimetype")
public class YourLanguage extends DefaultLanguageConfig {
...
}
-(QueryType=COMPLETION, NameKind=PREFIX)
+(QueryType=COMPLETION, prefixSearch=true, caseSensitive=true)
Do not use annotations from org.netbeans.modules.csl.api.annotations in csl.api. These will be removed soon. Add api.annotations.common and use annotations in package org.netbeans.api.annotations.common.
As a proof of concept we migrated all javascript modules (ie. javascript.editing, javascript.hints and javascript.refactoring) and they are now based on CSL and Parsing & Indexing API. There are several other modules whose migration has already started and they are at least partially migrated; for example HTML editing modules and Groovy editing modules. | http://wiki.netbeans.org/wiki/index.php?title=GsfToParsingAndIndexingApiMigration&oldid=47019 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | refinedweb | 660 | 56.05 |
Java is one of the world’s most popular programming languages. It was first developed by James Gosling of Sun Microsystems. This exciting technology was released in 1995 and since then its use has grown by leaps and bounds. Java is ideal for the distributed environments particularly the Internet. Programmers use it to develop web based applications as well as standalone applications. Java is an object-oriented and high level programming language. C++ developers will find it relatively easy to migrate to this platform. Java’s mission for developers is “Write Once, Run Anywhere”. This platform is known to be fast, secure as well as reliable. Java is easy to learn and has a syntax somewhat similar to C++. Programs written in Java are compiled to machine independent byte code. Then the latter is interpreted by Java Virtual Machines(JVM) to the byte code of the platform it is using. Important features of this language are support for multi-threading and automatic memory management.
In this beginner’s level tutorial we walk you through the Java printf() function. We assume that you are familiar with the basics of programming. If not you may want to take this introductory course to Java programming.
The printf function is common across most programming languages, and is used to display any statement on the screen. It has multiple formatting options that can be used to format the variable or string you want to print, in various ways.
Formatting using the System.out.printf() Function
In Java the syntax of this method is as follows:
System.out.printf( “format string” [,arg1, arg2, ... ] );
The first argument is either a literal or a format specifier. Only if format specifiers are present are arguments used. Flags, precision, width and conversion characters are the format specifiers. Given below is the sequence of format specifiers.
% [flags][width][.precision]conversion-character
- Flags- The default behavior is right justification of the output. Use ‘-‘ character for left justification. In case, numerical values are not long enough to meet the field length, by default blank padding is done. Use 0 character to ensure 0 padding.
- Width- It specifies the field width for corresponding argument. You can also say, it defines the minimum number of characters of the output.
- Precision- This value is preceded by the period operator. In case of floating point values, the precision value determines how many decimal characters are printed.
- Conversion Characters are listed below. Take a look at each one of them.
- ‘d’ is used for the different type of integers such as byte, int, short, long.
- ‘f’ is used for different of floating point numbers such as float and double.
- ‘c’ is used for character values
- ‘s’ is used for strings.
- ‘n’ is used for newline.
You can learn more about printf formatting in Java with this course.
Exampl 1: A Simple Java Program using System.out.printf()
public class sample{ public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.printf("Welcome to this Java programming tutorial"); } }
The keyword class defines sample to be a new type of class. The public keyword used means that the class can be accessed by all. The main() function starts the execution of the Java program. It does not return any value and is class specific. This means there can be only one instance of main. The System.out.printf() function will print the string passed as the parameter to it. Every statement in a Java program is terminated by a semi-colon. Take this course to learn how to write your own Java programs.
Integer formatting
Suppose we declare an integer variable and initialize it to the value 1234.
- Int num =1234;
System.out.printf(“%d”,num);
- The output will be the integer as it is i.e the value 1234.
System.out.printf(“%6d”,num);
This specifies the field width as 6 characters. As the integer 1234 occupies only 4 spaces, there will be 2 leading blank spaces in the output.
System.out.printf(“%-6d”,num);
This is similar to the previous example. The difference is here 1234 will be output first followed by 2 trailing blank spaces.
System.out.printf(“%06d”,num);
Here the field width is 6 characters. Here instead of leading spaces there will be 2 leading zeroes.
System.out.printf(“%6.2d”,num);
Here the precision is 2 characters while the field width is 6 characters. Only the first 2 digits of the integer will be printed.
Floating Point Formatting
Let’s declare a floating point variable and initialize it to a floating point value in Java. Then we’ll see how we can print it out using different formatting options.
Float float1;
Float1 = 12.3456;
System.out.printf(“%f”,float1);
This will output the floating point value as it is.
System.out.printf(“%8f”,float1);
This specifies the field width as 8 characters. However the number has only 6 charcters. Hence the output will be padded on the left by 2 blank spaces.
System.out.printf(“%.6f”,float1);
Here the precision is 6 characters. Hence maximum 6 decimal digits of the floating point number will be printed.
System.out.printf(“%8.4f”,float1);
Here the field width is 8 characters. Precision is 4 characters. Hence maximum 4 decimal digits of the number will be printed. The output will occupy minimum 8 characters. Since the float1’s value has only 6 characters there will be 2 leading space characters in the output.
String Formatting
Here we declare a String object and initialize it.
String Str1;
Str1 = “ HelloWorld”.
System.out.printf(“%s”,Str1);
This will print the string as it is.
System.out.printf(“%12s”,Str1);
Here the field width is 12 characters. As Str1 has only 10 characters it will have 2 leading spaces.
System.out.printf(“%-12sf”,Str1);
This is similar to the previous example. The difference is it will have 2 trailing spaces.
System.out.printf(“%.8s”,float1);
Here the precision is 8 characters. Hence maximum 8 characters of the string will be printed. As Str1’s value has 10 characters the last 2 characters will be omitted from the output.
There is another way to use printf in the java programming language. This is the java.io.PrintStream.printf() method. Its parameters are identical to that of System.out.printf(). However, it returns a PrintStream object which is an output stream. If the format parameter is null then, this method throws a NullPointerException. For other errors, in the parameters the IllegalFormatException is thrown.
The third way provided by Java to use printf() method is the java.io.Console.printf() method. Its parameters and functioning are identical to that of System.out.printf()method. However, it returns a Console object. In the event of any errors in its parameters, this particular method throws IllegalFormatException.
Hope this tutorial was interesting and useful. Do study the given code and experiment with it. To master any programming concept, you should write your own programs and play around with them.Once you’re ready to move on to the next level, you can take this advanced Java course to learn more in depth techniques. | https://blog.udemy.com/printf-java/ | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | refinedweb | 1,184 | 60.41 |
Hey guys, I have got a statistical question about a paper from a financial journal article I just read.
In the article the author's investigaste the foreign exchange market and as part of that created a descriptive statistics table which looks roughly like this:
Exchange Rate A Exchange Rate B
Mean return (%) 0.268 0.336
Median return (%) 0.107 -0.007
Std Dev (%) 4.229 4.428
Skewness 0.781 0.885
Kurtosis 1.786 2.163
t-stat 0.993 1.192
This is just an example and there is around 10 different exchange rates on there but what I was wondering is how they calculated the t-stat? From what I have learned you calculate a t-stat by either comparing two samples, which would not make much sense since theres 10 different samples with varying degrees of correlations, or by having an assumed target mean against which to test, which as far as I know does not exist. Am I wrong about this or is there something I have missed?
Thanks for your time guys. | http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/214239-t-statistic.html | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | refinedweb | 180 | 73.27 |
Sumerian Coefficients at the Bitumen Works and eTCL Slot materials of ancient Sumerian bitumen. The impetus for these calculations was checking bitumen weights in some cuneiform texts and modern replicas. Most of the testcases involve replicas or models, using assumptions and rules of thumb.In ancient Sumer and Babylon, there were many terms for bitumen products, but the two primary terms in the Sumerian language were esir a (watery bitumen ) and esir had (dry bitumen), as cited in the Sumerian coefficient lists. Babylon sold 60 liters of construction and waterproofing pitch (esir a) for 1 silver piece and 40 liters (eq. vol) of dry pitch (esir had) for 1 silver piece. At least in terms of shipping, esir had easier to transport. Esir a was a liquid petroleum product and had to be shipped in pottery jars and probably kept sealed. If price is measure of petroleum fractions for the heavy (esir had) fraction and light fraction (esir a), the tar fraction was 40 liters (for a shekel)/ 60 liters (for a shekel) , 2/3, or 40/60 of the heavy esir a fraction. Using modern terms for crude oil, the tar fraction was from 10-14 %, 5.25 kg to 7.3 kg out of 52.5 kilograms of converted barig 60 liter unit.The texts mention both cooking and (implied) sun dry processing for bitumen. Suppose that the Babylon products were derived from successive cooking or sun-dry processes, then a crude production line or process could be outlined: 100 liters crude oil > 85 liter lamp oil > 60 liters construction & waterproofing pitch > 40 liters dry pitch. Starting with 100 per cent, straining and cooking would remove impurities such as spare water, sand particles, and plant matter. Further cooking would remove the gasoline and naphtha fractions, leaving about 85 percent for lamp fuel (eg. kerosene) and medicine. Additional cooking would remove kerosene and some mineral oil leaving 30 percent of the original crude oil for a heavy oil/pitch fraction (esir a) for waterproofing woven products, construction of floors and walls, and waterproofing bricks. The next stage would cooking.For eTCL calculator, the recommended procedure is push testcase and fill frame, then change the entry for raw bitumen and push solve. The English terms "watery pitch, wet pitch, and dry pitch" appeared in the original English translation by Goetze, Mathematical Cuneiform Texts. They are used in the eTCL calculator for consistency with the original translation. Pushing the report button will print a report in the Tcl Wiki format on the console window.
Table 1, Possible fractions left after cooking or sun dry processes.
Table 2 , Sumerian coefficients at the bitumin refineryNote: Some of the coefficient values may appear redundant, however the coefficient lists and price lists for bitumen products appeared in considerably different eras, countries, and languages. To that extent, it is risky to assume that a bitumen product in Babylon (1900 BCE) means the same consistency,price, and product in Sumer (UrIII, 2300 BCE)
Pseudocode and Equations using coefficients 3
Testcase 3
Screenshots Section
figure 1.
References:
- Cities of the Ancient World: [1]
- major paper in understandable prose,Equivalency Values and the Command Economy
- Robert Englund, UCLA [cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund2012a.pdf]
- Ur III Tablets in the Valdosta State University, search on cdli
- Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, search on Equivalency Values
- Ur III Equivalency Values[2]
- Especially, the Ur III Equivalency Values for esir a and esir had sections.
- The Sumerian keywords -bi, esir, and had search on the cdli
- are very effective, but major size files to download
- Mathematical Coefficients of Bitumen, Paul BRY NABU(01-2002)7, in French
Appendix Code edit
appendix TCL programs and scripts
# working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # pretty print from autoindent and ased editor # Sumerian bitumen calculator # written on Windows XP on eTCL # working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # gold on TCL WIKI , 10apr2014 package require Tk namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc} frame .frame -relief flat -bg aquamarine4 pack .frame -side top -fill y -anchor center set names {{} {raw bitumen kilograms:} } lappend names {answers: naptum (fire oil) kilograms:} lappend names {lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms : } lappend names {liquid pitch (waterproofing) kilograms: } lappend names {dry pitch (construction) kilograms:} lappend names {heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules} lappend names {price of product in silver: } Sumerian Bitumen from TCL WIKI, written on eTCL " tk_messageBox -title "About" -message $msg } proc calculate { } { global answer2 global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5 global side6 side7 testcase_number global initialcrude bitumenkg global construction oilcl crude lampoil global silverxpr incr testcase_number #straining sand,set initialcrude [* $side1 0.98] set initialcrude $side1 set bitumenkg $initialcrude set side2 [* $bitumenkg .85] set side3 [* $bitumenkg .60] set side4 [* $bitumenkg .30] set side5 [* $bitumenkg .20] set side6 [* $bitumenkg .20 20] set construction [* $bitumenkg .60] set oilcl [* $bitumenkg .30] set crude [* $bitumenkg .20] set side7 [* $side5 [/ 1. 20.]] set silverxpr $side7 } global initialcrude bitumenkg global construction oilcl crude lampoil global silverxpr console show; puts "%|table printed in| tcl wiki format|% " puts "&|quanity| value| comment, if any|& " puts "&|testcase number| $testcase_number||& " puts "&|initial crude kilograms: | $side1 ||&" puts "&|naptum (fire oil) kilograms | $side2||& " puts "&|lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms:| $side3||& " puts "&|liquid pitch kilograms::| $side4 ||&" puts "&|dry pitch kilograms :| $side5||& " puts "&|heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules:| $side6 ||&" puts "&|price of labor in silver:| $side7 ||&" } frame .buttons -bg aquamarine4 ::ttk::button .calculator -text "Solve" -command { calculate } ::ttk::button .test2 -text "Testcase1" -command {clearx;fillup 100. 85. 60. 30. 20. 400. 1.0 } ::ttk::button .test3 -text "Testcase2" -command {clearx;fillup 10. 8.5 6.0 3.0 2.0 40. .1 } ::ttk::button .test4 -text "Testcase3" -command {clearx;fillup 500. 425. 300. 150. 100. 2000. 5.0} : . "Sumerian Bitumen Calculator "
Pushbutton Operation |&"
News flash:20Apr2015. In an exciting manner, Naval archeology around the S.A. gulf is developing the ground truth for the bitumen coefficients and the cuneiform ship inventory lists. The analysis here noted that some coefficients lead to thick coatings of 3-4 centimeters, much thicker than expected from modern ship paint and coatings. In some ship excavations, it has been determined that vegetable fibers comprise 10 to 60 percent of the bitumen coating on excavated ships. The reported fibers appear to be grass or reed fibers. In most cases, soil or beach contamination over the ages could not account for the vegetable fibers. Hence, some excavated ship coating samples appear to be a composite material of dried bitumen and vegetable fibers, applied as a hot mixture (using modern terms here). The cuneiform texts suggested that some ships were salvaged for the bitumen coating and timbers. Also, reused (crushed) bitumen materials were referenced in the ship inventories. Ship inventories of grass were thought to used for rope and mats, but now the possibility is that some chopped fibers were deliberately added to bitumen at the arsenal (UrIII). Effectively now, there are two types of known Sumerian composites, the bitumen/ vegtable fiber composite used on ships and the bitumen/limestone powder used in sculture.
gold This page is copyrighted under the TCL/TK license terms, this license
Please place any comments here, Thanks. | http://wiki.tcl.tk/39764 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 1,190 | 53.41 |
When is semicolon use in Python considered “good” or “acceptable”?
Python is a "whitespace delimited" language. However, the use of semicolons are allowed. For example, the following works but is frowned upon:
print("Hello!"); print("This is valid");
I've been using python for several years now, and the only time I have ever used semicolons is in generating one-time command-line scripts with python:
python -c "import inspect, mymodule; print(inspect.getfile(mymodule))"
or adding code in comments on SO (i.e. "you should try
import os; print os.path.join(a,b)")
I also noticed in this answer to a similar question that the semicolon can also be used to make one line
if blocks, as in
if x < y < z: print(x); print(y); print(z)
which is convenient for the two usage examples I gave (command-line scripts and comments).
The above examples are for communicating code in paragraph form or making short snippets, but not something I would expect in a production codebase.
Here is my question: in python, is there ever a reason to use the semicolon in a production code? I imagine that they were added to the language solely for the reasons I have cited, but its always possible that Guido had a grander scheme in mind. No opinions please; I'm looking either for examples from existing code where the semicolon was useful, or some kind of statement from the python docs or from Guido about the use of the semicolon. | https://prodevsblog.com/questions/149440/when-is-semicolon-use-in-python-considered-good-or-acceptable/ | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 251 | 60.24 |
Suppose we have a data stream, in that stream some data element may come and join, we have to make one system, that will help to find the median from the data. As we know that the median is the middle data of a sorted list, if it list length is odd, we can get the median directly, otherwise take middle two elements, then find the average. So there will be two methods, addNum() and findMedian(), these two methods will be used to add numbers into the stream, and find the median of all added numbers
To solve this, we will follow these steps −
Define priority queue left and right
Define addNum method, this will take the number as input −
if left is empty or num < top element of left, then,
insert num into left
Otherwise
insert num into right
if size of left < size of right, then,
temp := top element of right
delete item from right
insert temp into left
if size of left – size of right > 1, then,
temp := top element of left
delete item from left
insert temp into right
Define findMedian() method, this will act as follows −
return top of left if size of left > size of right, else (top of left + top of right)/2
Let us see the following implementation to get a better understanding −
#include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; typedef double lli; class MedianFinder { priority_queue <int> left; priority_queue <int, vector <int>, greater<int>> right; public: void addNum(int num) { if(left.empty() || num<left.top()){ left.push(num); }else right.push(num); if(left.size()<right.size()){ lli temp = right.top(); right.pop(); left.push(temp); } if(left.size()-right.size()>1){ lli temp = left.top(); left.pop(); right.push(temp); } } double findMedian() { return left.size()>right.size()?left.top():(left.top()+right.top())*0.5; } }; main(){ MedianFinder ob; ob.addNum(10); ob.addNum(15); cout << ob.findMedian() << endl; ob.addNum(25); ob.addNum(30); cout << ob.findMedian() << endl; ob.addNum(40); cout << ob.findMedian(); }
addNum(10); addNum(15); findMedian(); addNum(25); addNum(30); findMedian(); addNum(40); findMedian();
12.5 20 25 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/find-median-from-data-stream-in-cplusplus | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 351 | 61.46 |
Dear Sam,
here is a copy of my cheetahPages file to look at. To use it in a
servlet I usually write my servlets like this:
from cheetahPages import cheetahPage
class servlet(cheetahPage):
def writeTemplate(self):
self.write(self.cheetahTemplate('template.html').render())
My cheetahPages files does a couple of things for me. First it creates
a cheetahTemplate object which takes care pasisng the correct
searchList to the template, which is usually passed to render as an
argument. The cheetahPage class does all the real work. It takes a
template (which can be named anything you want, I always use .html
instead of the conventional .tmpl because Dreamweaver deals with it
easier) and compiles the template into a compiled template and loads
the template. If the template is already compiled, it checks the date
of the compiled template against template file and recompiles if needed
(this is a little weak, because my original code, commented out, was
compiling too often), and reloads the compiled template if needed.
Like I said this is only one way to use cheetah, but it really works
well for me. You'll notice the templateRoot function. This returns
the relative location of the templates folder (assumed to be the same
as the servlet if it si not overwritten). If templateRoot is present
it looks there for the template files, this helps keep all my templates
in one nice little package again separate from my servlets. Hope this
helps.
Jose
> -------- Original Message --------
> Subject: Re: [Webware-discuss] several questions about webware
> From: "Sam Nilsson" <sam@...>
> Date: Mon, January 31, 2005 12:24 am
> To: "jose" <jose@...>
>
> jose wrote:
> > I find that this keeps my presentation code
> > nicely separated from my program code, and keeps the templates very clean.
> > I would be happy to share my cheetahPage with anyone if there is interest.
> >
> > Jose
>
> Hi Jose,
>
> I would appreciate taking a look at your cheetahPage!
>
> - Sam Nilsson | http://sourceforge.net/p/webware/mailman/webware-discuss/thread/20050201045950.24993.qmail@webmail-2-6.mesa1.secureserver.net/ | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 319 | 63.49 |
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I am trying to get VR working in Unity together with a Mocap suit. The problem is when I make the camera a child of the head of my Mocap suit (character) within Unity.
The problem is that the OVRCameraRIG is rotating around it's own axis instead of that of it's parent (mocap suit head). When I disable tracking via this script: using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using UnityEngine;
public class EnableDisableOVRPosAndRotTracking : MonoBehaviour {
public bool useOVRTracking = false;
// Use this for initialization
void Start() {
OVRPlugin.rotation = useOVRTracking;
OVRPlugin.position = useOVRTracking;
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update() {
}
}
The tracking is disabled, which is what i want because i only want the camera to rotate with the head and not by itself. Because if it does rotate by itself it creates rotation problems and gives you a sort of drunken effect which makes you sick IRL.
The problem with disabling it is that in the Oculus CV1, I see one big screen that renders my camera and everything around it is completely black. It makes you feel as if you're in a cinema....
What did I do wrong and how do I fix this issue.
Answer by Darth-Zoddo
·
Aug 15, 2017 at 07:26 AM
I tried fixing the problem with multiple scripts etc. Almost everything i tried resulted in the parent of the camera not moving, or the camera not moving when moving the parent. Or it gave me the result with the "Cinema" effect etc.
I came a cross a thread on the unity forum of 2016 where an Oculus dev started to respond to. The thread send me to another thread etc. Until i came across this one:
I added this script:
using UnityEngine; using System.Collections;
public class FakeTracking : MonoBehaviour { public OVRPose centerEyePose = OVRPose.identity; public OVRPose leftEyePose = OVRPose.identity; public OVRPose rightEyePose = OVRPose.identity; public OVRPose leftHandPose = OVRPose.identity; public OVRPose rightHandPose = OVRPose.identity; public OVRPose trackerPose = OVRPose.identity;
void Awake()
{
OVRCameraRig rig = GameObject.FindObjectOfType<OVRCameraRig>();
if (rig != null)
rig.UpdatedAnchors += OnUpdatedAnchors;
}
void OnUpdatedAnchors(OVRCameraRig rig)
{
if (!enabled)
return;
//This doesn't work because VR camera poses are read-only.
//rig.centerEyeAnchor.FromOVRPose(OVRPose.identity);
//Instead, invert out the current pose and multiply in the desired pose.
OVRPose pose = rig.centerEyeAnchor.ToOVRPose(true).Inverse();
pose = centerEyePose * pose;
rig.trackingSpace.FromOVRPose(pose, true);
//OVRPose referenceFrame = pose.Inverse();
//The rest of the nodes are updated by OVRCameraRig, not Unity, so they're easy.
rig.leftEyeAnchor.FromOVRPose(leftEyePose);
rig.rightEyeAnchor.FromOVRPose(rightEyePose);
rig.leftHandAnchor.FromOVRPose(leftHandPose);
rig.rightHandAnchor.FromOVRPose(rightHandPose);
rig.trackerAnchor.FromOVRPose(trackerPose);
}
to my OVRCameraRIG without changing any variables in the hierarchy, and it fixed my problem. This is ideal for multiplayer Mocap, which is what i'm trying to do now. It works with Unity 5.6.3f1
I noticed that there's still a tiny bit of movement when moving the headset, this might cause motion.
Will my VR project (currently using mouse) run correctly when I return to a PC with a headset?
1
Answer
Applying Image Post-Processing Effects to Right Eye
1
Answer
How to stop hands from going through walls VR?
0
Answers
VR mirror view custom size and FoV
0
Answers
Unity 5.1 VR Oculus
1
Answer
EnterpriseSocial Q&A | https://answers.unity.com/questions/1393472/disabling-vr-camera-rotation-creates-cinema-effect.html | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | refinedweb | 555 | 51.04 |
Search: Search took 0.02 seconds.
- 5 Sep 2014 11:33 PM
- Replies
- 1
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- 334
Hi,
Is it possible to show a header in a collapsed content panel?
i.e. currently it shows a little < icon to collapse/expand but when collapsed, i would like to show a header running vertically...
- 5 Sep 2014 11:04 PM
- Replies
- 1
- Views
- 242
Does anyone have any suggestions for a generic pivot grid of a cube of data in GXT/GWT?
Thanks
- 3 Sep 2014 5:05 AM
- Replies
- 0
- Views
- 269
Hi,
Is it possible to show a header in a collapsed content panel?
i.e. currently it shows a little < icon to collapse/expand but when collapsed, i would like to show a header running vertically...
- 18 Jun 2014 9:00 AM
Jump to post Thread: Copy to clipboard from LiveGrid by knaier
- Replies
- 7
- Views
- 2,699
Hi Colin, Is there any update on this? are there plans to do this? We have users that are asking for this behaviour and it's a big shame GXT doesnt offer it from the grid, even if only for modern...
- 29 May 2014 3:25 AM
Could it be that the tooltip is now working correctly (as the value makes sense), however, the category axis label is shown at the wrong place?
Thanks.
Kieran
- 29 May 2014 12:38 AM
Hey Colin,
Glad you can see the issue now.
I wasn't able to override the shrink method as it's private, so instead i overloaded the calculateBounds method, but commented out where shrink() was...
- 28 May 2014 1:33 AM
Hey Colin,
Ok let me try again with a bit more detail to best illustrate the issue we are facing. FYI it's only doing daysToAdd++ so it's adding one point for every day over 10Y but although chart...
- 27 May 2014 8:01 AM
Hey Colin,Your screenshot actually shows the issue, the start of the time series if you hover over starts feb 04, but you can only see to 30Jul04 and if you look at the code where we initialise the...
- 21 May 2014 9:25 AM
Hi Colin, when i look at it i see the issue where that although there is 10 years of data, when you hover over the line it shows the wrong x date/y value and seems to be limited to a certain number...
- 13 May 2014 9:13 AM
Ok thanks for your help Colin. Appreciate when you get a few minutes to look into it.
- 7 May 2014 12:36 AM
Sorry to chase, any ideas on this Colin?
I'm completely stuck on this so need to think about switching to another charting library if this can't be fixed/worked around somehow.
Thanks again for...
- 6 May 2014 5:14 AM
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.EntryPoint;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.GWT;...
- 6 May 2014 5:07 AM
Hi Colin,Thanks for your reply, i have created a sample below which shows the issue. The getTestData() method creates a 10Y time series which is quite typical, which is plotted correctly. However,...
- 2 May 2014 8:29 AM
Hi,
We have noticed when we have a line series with a large number of points, the tooltip on the right hand side of the chart shows the wrong date.
It appears there is a cut off with the chart...
-
- 1,208
hi Colin/GXT Community,
I've got further and it renders the horizontal date series but the value series is not populated.
Am i doing something stupid? any ideas would be much appreciated!
...
- 25 Mar 2013 6:16 AM
- Replies
- 3
- Views
- 1,208
hi,
If i have a DTO such as the below. I need to render a grid to display the data grid with the column headers being the resultHeaders field.
Is this possible with GXT 3? i.e. i dont have...
Results 1 to 19 of 19 | http://www.sencha.com/forum/search.php?s=0942f971f1f69e62f0220431d3c9c688&searchid=9256484 | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | refinedweb | 683 | 80.51 |
We want to develop 3D games using Silverlight 3. We will need to work hard in order to achieve this exciting goal. First, we must understand some fundamentals related to various tools and 2D graphics, and their relevance to Silverlight 3. In this chapter, we will cover many topics that will help us understand the new tools and techniques involved in preparing 2D graphics to be used in Silverlight games. This chapter is all about graphics.
In this chapter, we will:
Prepare a development environment to develop games using Silverlight 3
Recognize the digital art assets from an existing game
Create and prepare the digital content for a new 2D game
Understand the tools involved in a 2D game development process
Learn to manipulate, preview, and scale the digital content
Build and run our first graphics application using the digital content!
First,.
Note
You can use the free Visual Web Developer 2008 Express Edition or greater (). However, you have to read the documentation and consider its limitations carefully.
The following are steps for preparing the development environment:
1. Download the following files:
2. Run the installers in the same order in which they appear in the previous list, and follow the steps to complete the installation wizards. Take into account that to install Silverlight 3 Tools for Visual Studio, you will need an Internet connection for a small download when the wizard begins. One of the items enumerated under the Products affected by the software update: list is Download Preparation, as shown in the following screenshot:
3. Once the installations have successfully finished, run Visual Studio 2008 or Visual Web Developer 2008 (or later). You will see the Microsoft Silverlight Projects label displayed on the splash screen, as shown in the following picture:
4. If the splash screen disappears too quickly, you will not be able to check Silverlight's availability. However, you can check it once Visual Studio 2008 or Visual Web Developer 2008 (or later) is running. Select Help | About Microsoft Visual Studio. A dialog box will appear and you will see Microsoft Silverlight Projects 2008 displayed under the Installed products list. Select this item and check whether Product details shows number 3 after the second dot (.). For example, 9.0.30730.126 indicates that Silverlight 3 is installed, as shown in the following picture:
One of the best ways of explaining a new game idea is showing it in a very nice picture. This is exactly what you want to do. However, it is very difficult to find a new game idea from scratch. Therefore, in working out how to impress the legendary game developer, you ask for some help in an 8-bit retro gaming community. You meet a legendary space shooter games' expert and he shows you many remakes of the classic 8-bit Invader game—also known as Space Invaders. The remakes are too simple and they do not exploit modern widescreen displays, as they run in very low resolutions inside the web browsers. A dazzling remake of an Invaders game sounds like a very nice idea!
We are going to take a snapshot of the first scene of one of the most exciting 8-bit implementations of the Invaders game—the legendary TI Invaders—as shown in the following picture:
Looking at the TI Invaders scene picture, we can recognize the following digital art assets:
These assets are organized as shown in the following picture:
The aliens are organized in five rows and eleven columns. There are four tents and just one ship to challenge all these aggressive invaders.
This prehistoric game used a 256X192 pixels screen (49,152 pixels). We are going to prepare raster digital assets for the game optimized for a 1680X1050 pixels screen (1,764,000 pixels). The game should look nice when compared to the older version.
The old version used 8X8 pixels raster digital assets. In this new version, we can use 50X50 pixels raster digital assets.
Note
The creation of raster digital assets for a 2D game is very complex and requires professional skills. Digital artists and graphic designers are very important members of a professional game development team. They provide great quality digital assets to the programming team.
As you do not have access to professional digital artists yet, you must download some freeware icons and then prepare them to be a part of a game demonstration. Luckily, you will find some nice space and zoom-eyed creatures in PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format that are free to download from Turbomilk (a professional visual interface design company,). They are ideal to use in the game.
Note
PNG is an open, extensible image format with lossless compression. Silverlight 3 works great with PNG images. I recommend not using the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format for foreground digital assets or iconic graphics because it uses a lossy compression method that removes some information from the image.
First, we are going to download, manipulate, resize, and finally save the new versions of the new raster digital content for the game:
1. Download the PNG images for the green, blue, and red aliens, the tents, and the ship. You can take some nice images from.
2. Save all the original PNG images in a new folder (
C:\Silverlight3D\Invaders\GAME_PNGS), as shown in the following picture:
3. Open the images for the aliens, ship, and tents using an image-manipulation tool. You can use a free and open source software such as GIMP (the GNU Image Manipulation Program) that is available at, or a commercial software such as Adobe Photoshop available at, or free software such as Picasa available at.
4. Remove the shadows from the images because we are not going to use them as icons. You can select the shadows and delete them using the magic wand tool (fuzzy select tool). It requires high precision in the selection to avoid deleting the original drawing. Shadows have to be removed because we want to use them as raster content for the game, as shown in the following picture:
5. Remove the transparent pixels from the images (that is, erase the selection).
6. Resize the images for the aliens and the ship to 50X50 pixels square, while keeping proportions. Save them in a PNG format using the following names:
ALIEN_01_01.png—the blue alien, the octopus
ALIEN_02_01.png—the red alien, the gothic cherry
ALIEN_03_01.png—the green alien, the eye
SHIP_01_01.png—the ship
7. Resize the image for the tents to 100X100 pixels square, while keeping proportions. Save it in a PNG format using the name
TENT_01_01.png.
8. Now, copy the newly manipulated and resized images in a new folder (
C:\Silverlight3D\Invaders\GAME_PNGS_RESIZED), as shown in the following picture:
We created raster digital content for the game optimized for a 1680X1050 pixels screen. We downloaded some images, and manipulated them to remove the shadows and prepare them for the game's main scene. We used a naming convention for the images as we want to keep everything well organized for the game.
The game will look nice using these modern raster digital art assets.
The Digital Content Creation tools (DCC) are very important partners for game designers and developers. They allow digital artists and graphic designers to concentrate on the creation of different kinds of digital art assets, which are then used in the applications.
Note
We can also use everything we are learning in developing the applications that have intensive graphical resources. However, we will call them games in the rest of the book.
It is very easy to understand their purpose using an example. If you want to show a sky with stars as an application's background, the easiest way to do it is by loading a bitmap (PNG, BMP, JPG, and so on) using the procedures or controls provided by the programming language.
A digital artist will create and manipulate the sky bitmap using an image manipulation tool such as GIMP, Photoshop, or Picasa.
Developing games requires the usage of a great number of resources; it is not just programming tasks. We are going to use many popular DCC tools during our journey to create Silverlight 3D games. As many of these tools are very expensive, we will use some open source and free alternatives to carry out the most important tasks.
A good practice before beginning 2D and 3D game development is to research the tools used to create the 2D and 3D digital content. This way, we will have a better idea of how to create the different scenes and the most common techniques. Later, we will learn the programming techniques used to give life to these graphics-related operations. We will be able to provide great real-time interaction to all these digital content assets, as shown in the following diagram:
A modern 2D and/or 3D real-time game uses the basic elements shown in the previous diagram. Let's go through them in the following list:
2D images: These can be raster bitmaps as used in our previous example, or vector graphics—also known as vector-based illustrations. In some cases, they are useful as a background made of a starry sky, or a cloudy sky. In other cases, they are used as textures to envelope different 3D objects. For example, a 2D brick's image is used as a texture to envelope a 3D object representing a wall.
3D models: These contain information about the representations of primitive elements (point, lines, triangles, and polygons) to create great meshes, similar to a wire mesh that describes a 3D model. Their different parts can be enveloped by textures. Then everything renders in a representation in the 2D space shown by the players' screens.
Effects definitions: These can be applied to 3D models to offer more realism in the production of many scenes. To simplify the development process, there are many specific programming languages used to define the behavior of effects.
Maps: It is easier to create real-time digital content using different kinds of maps and diverse proprietary formats. Maps can specify the location of the different kinds of houses and trees in a game that involves driving a car in a city. It is possible to create many levels based on the same logic and behavior programmed for a game, but by using many different maps.
Many specialized DCC tools help in creating the basic elements explained in the aforementioned list. For example, using GIMP you can see the alpha channel for the ship's PNG image, as shown in the following picture:
We do not have to write lines of code dedicated to creating an image. Instead, modern game programming focuses on the following tasks:
Loading: We must load 2D images, 3D models, textures, effects definitions, and maps using different kinds of content loaders, parsers, import techniques, and translators. They are going to help us in transforming the original file formats to the ones supported by the programming language and the framework used to develop the game.
Drawing: A game's main goal is to show real-time graphics content in a screen. One of the main problems is that 3D scenes have to be shown in a screen capable of showing just two of these three dimensions.
Logic and control: While the content is being loaded and shown, it is necessary to apply some AI (Artificial Intelligence) to logic operations, and to provide feedback according to the controls offered to the user for certain game actors and aspects. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop accurate time-management techniques coordinated with the information obtained from the hardware applied to control the game—the keyboard, mouse, racing wheel, gamepad, or the Wiimote (Wii Remote), among others. All of these tasks must be done while managing many heterogeneous pieces and showing a very complex audiovisual production. Thus, we must take into account everything related to the execution speed and issues of performance.
Programming games requires more knowledge about the underlying hardware on which the game will be run. We must establish performance baselines and minimum requisites to achieve a desirable performance for the game. Besides, we must specify the recommended input devices to take full advantage of the game. These tasks could seem pretty trivial, but they are very important because some games are very complex and demand many difficult optimizations to be able to run on the mainstream hardware available.
This is a simple summary of a game's programming responsibilities. We will work through them all throughout this book.
Your cell phone rings. An old friend sees your name in the participants' list and calls you because he has some interesting information. He tells you the game has to scale to huge resolutions such as the ones found in exclusive XHD (eXtreme High Definition) displays. These displays can support resolutions as high as 2560X1600 pixels.
Scaling the raster digital assets is a big problem because pixelation becomes easily visible. If you scale the final alien for using it in a higher resolution, it will look really pixelated as shown in the following picture:
You want the game to use the entire screen space, even in the XHD displays. To make this possible, you could prepare another set of raster digital assets for the game optimized for a 2560X1600 pixels screen (4,096,000 pixels). However, the game can also be run using a 1920X1080 pixels screen (2,073,600 pixels). There is another alternative of creating a new set of scalable vector graphics (vector-based illustrations), which are ready to scale to any screen resolution without generating pixelation problems.
This way, you can provide two versions of the same game—one using raster digital assets optimized for a 1680X1050 pixels screen and the other using scalable vector graphics. There is no restriction in the number of games per participant. Therefore, you can submit both versions.
Note
The creation of scalable vector graphics assets for a 2D game is very complex and involves professional skills. We are going to simplify this process by using the existing clipart.
First, we must download and install some additional tools that will help us in converting the existing scalable vector graphics to the most appropriate file formats to use in Silverlight 3:
Note
The necessary tools will depend on the applications the digital artists use to create the scalable vector graphics. However, we will be using some tools that will work fine with our examples.
1. Download the following files:
2. Run the installers and follow the steps to complete the installation wizards.
3. Once Inkscape's installation is finished, you will be able to load and edit many vector assets in different file formats as shown in the following picture:
We installed Expression Design and Inkscape. Now we have the necessary tools to convert the existing vector clipart to the most appropriate formats to use in Silverlight 3.
Why do we need to install so many tools to create a simple vector asset to use in Silverlight 3? It's because Silverlight 3 uses XAML (eXtensible Application Markup Language), and the best way to add scalable vector content is using objects defined in XAML. However, many tools that offer functions to export to XAML do not work as expected and are not compatible with Silverlight 3. Besides, many converters are still in alpha versions and have problems when we need to convert complex vector art.
The game must be finished on or before the due date. Therefore, to avoid problems related to XAML vector assets, we are going to perform additional steps. But we will be sure that the resulting XAML will work fine with Silverlight 3.. This will be the vector-graphics based game. Luckily, you find some nice, free-to-use clipart in WMF (Windows Meta-File) scalable vector format from Microsoft Office Clipart. They are great to use for offering a different scalable version of the game.
Note
WMF is an old, scalable vector format. Silverlight 3 does not offer direct support for WMF graphics. Therefore, we must convert WMF graphics to XAML. Following the next steps, we can also convert from any vector formats supported by Inkscape such as SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), AI (Adobe Illustrator), PDF (Adobe PDF), and EMF (Enhanced Meta-File) among others.
First, we are going to download, organize, and convert some scalable vector graphics to XAML which is compatible with Silverlight 3:
1. Download or copy the vector graphics for the green, blue, and red aliens, the tents, and the ship. Remember that this version is themed on Halloween monsters. You can take some nice graphics from the Microsoft Office Clipart Collection.. For example, if the filename shown is
ALIEN_01_01.wmf, the new name will be
ALIEN_01_01.
7. Choose the PDF via Cairo (*.PDF) option in the combo box that lists the available file formats to export. Click on Save and then on OK. Now, you will have the vector graphic as a PDF file. You will be able to open the file using any PDF reader such as Adobe Acrobat Reader or Foxit Reader.
8. Rename the new PDF file and change its PDF extension to AI. For example, if the file name generated by Inkscape is
ALIEN_01_01.pdf, the new name will be
ALIEN_01_01.ai.
9. Now, open the file with the .ai extension in Microsoft Expression Design.
10. Select File | Export.... A dialog box with many export options will appear.
11. Choose XAML Silverlight Canvas in the Format combo box under Export properties. Now, you will be able to see a nice image preview as shown in the following picture:
12. Click on Browse... and choose the destination folder for the new XAML file (
C:\Silverlight3D\Invaders\GAME_XAML).
13. Click on Export All and Expression Design will create the XAML file. You can preview the XAML file in Internet Explorer, as shown in the following picture:
We created scalable vector graphics and converted them to an XAML format, which is compatible with Silverlight 3. We downloaded some images and used a process to convert them to a format that Microsoft Expression Design can read. As this tool does not work with WMF files, we needed to provide an AI-compatible format.
We converted the files to a PDF format, which is compatible with the newest AI formats. Expression Design can read this format, but it requires the files to have the .ai extension. That is why we needed to rename the files exported from Inkscape as PDF.
We used Inkscape because it is free, open source, and compatible with the most popular scalable vector graphics formats. However, we did not export to XAML from Inkscape because there are some incompatibilities in that conversion. The most secure way to export to XAML these days is using Expression Design.
This scalable vector content for the game could be optimized for any resolution. We used the same naming convention previously employed by the raster graphics, as we want to keep everything well organized for the two versions of the game. One will show raster aliens and the other, scalable Halloween monsters.
The game will look nice on XHD monitors using these scalable vector art assets.
The XAML vector graphics can scale while keeping their quality intact when they are used in Silverlight 3 applications. This is not new; this happened with all the vector graphics formats. Scaling the vector graphics is not a problem because they do not have pixelation problems. However, they require more processing time than raster graphics to be shown on a screen.
If you scale one of the Halloween monsters to use it in a higher resolution, it will look really great as shown in the following picture:
A very interesting hidden tool that can help us when working with XAML and XAML vector graphics is XamlPad.
XamlPad is a part of the WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) SDK. Once Visual Studio is installed, it is available in the following folder:
Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v6.0A\bin. You must create a manual shortcut to
XamlPad.exe in that folder because it is not available in a menu shortcut.
Now, we are going to test how an XAML vector graphic scales using XamlPad:
1. Open one of the XAML vector graphics exported by Expression Design using Windows Notepad.
2. Select all of the text and copy it to the clipboard.
3. Run XamlPad.
4. Paste the clipboard's content (the XAML definition) in the XAML area. You will see the illustration appearing in the top panel, as shown in the following picture:
5. Change the zoom many times, taking into account that you can enter manual values. You will see the illustration appearing with different sizes without pixelation problems.
6. Click on Show/Hide the visual tree. The Visual Tree Explorer and Property Tree Explorer will allow you to navigate through the different components of this scalable XAML vector illustration, as shown in the following picture:
We used a very simple yet handy tool called XamlPad to preview XAML-scalable vector illustrations. Now, we are sure that the scalable clipart for the game is going to work fine in different resolutions. We can include these vector illustrations in Silverlight 3 applications.
Expression Design is a very useful tool if we need to create special effects with 2D XAML vector graphics. Using this tool, a digital artist can create and manipulate vector graphics. Also, this tool can define a name for each shape. Thus, we can later add some code to change some of the properties of these shapes by using the names to identify them.
For example, we can change an eye's color. However, we need 2D XAML vector graphics that use nice names to identify each shape. The following picture shows Expression Design editing our well-known Halloween monster to provide nice names for the shapes that define the eye's background and background border:
Using expression design, we can also add effects to many shapes and layers. Hence, if we are going to work hard with Silverlight 3, it is a very important tool for the digital artists involved in the project.
You have to win the game contest. As you know, there is no restriction on the number of games per participant. What about preparing another completely different game to participate in this contest?
Take a classic game that is based one screen and does not have scrolling capabilities, similar to the Invaders game. Prepare scalable vector graphics in an XAML format to represent its characters. However, this time, prepare some additional animation frames for each character. We will use them in the following chapter to prepare that game using a new framework.
You can do it. If you are not a good artist, you can download free clipart from the Web and then use the techniques and tools previously explained to create vector graphics in XAML format that are ready for use in Silverlight 3 games.
Silver.
First:
1. Create a new C# project using the Silverlight Application template in Visual Studio or Visual C# Express. Use SilverlightMonster.Web as the project's name..
4. Right-click on
SilverlightMonster(the main project) in the Solution Explorer and select Add | Existing item... from the context menu that appears.
5. Choose the destination folder for the previously generated XAML files (
C:\Silverlight3D\Invaders\GAME_XAML) and select a vector asset (
ALIEN_01_01.xaml). Now click on Add.
6. Select the recently added item (
ALIEN_01_01.xaml) in Solution Explorer and right-click on it. You will not be able to see the graphic in the IDE's screen. Select Open in Expression Blend. A security-warning dialog box will appear. Do not worry; the project is secure. Click on Yes. Now, the project will be opened in Expression Blend and you will see the vector graphic on the screen, as shown in the following picture:
7. Right-click on the canvas named Layer_3 under Objects and Timeline window, and select Make Into UserControl... in the context menu that appears. A dialog box will appear.
8. Enter the name Ghost for this new
UserControland click on OK. A new item will be added to the SilverlightMonster project named
Ghost.xaml. Save the changes and go back to Visual Studio or Visual C#, and reload the contents of the solution.
9. Now, you will be able to see the graphics representation of this UserControl in Visual Studio or Visual C#. Expand
Ghost.xamlin the Solution explorer and you will find
Ghost.xaml.cs(the C# code related to the XAML UserControl), as shown in the following picture:
Note
Silverlight 3 RTW (Ready To Web) made the default XAML preview capabilities invisible for Silverlight projects in Visual C# 2008. We have to resize the preview panel in order to see the graphics representation. The preview capabilities are available without changes in Visual Studio 2010 or Visual C# 2010.
You created your first Silverlight application showing the ghost that will be a part of your game. It required too many steps, and you had to combine two tools: Visual Studio or Visual C#, and Expression Blend. It seems complex, but once you get used to working with graphic manipulation tools and development environments to create Silverlight games, it is going to be easier.
We created a new web site to host our Silverlight application because that is going to allow us to change many advanced parameters related to Silverlight's runtime that are very useful to improve the performance of our games.
We created a
UserControl from an existing XAML-scalable vector illustration. A
UserControl has its XAML representation and provides its own logic.
Now, you want to see the ghost moving on the screen while the mouse pointer changes its position. In order to do this, we must add some code to show the ghost and to move it. We will add both XAML and C# code as follows:
1. Stay in the
SilverlightMonsterproject.
2. Open the XAML code for
MainPage.xaml(double-click on it in the Solution Explorer) and replace the existing code with the following:
<UserControl x: <Canvas x: <SilverlightMonster:Ghost Canvas. </Canvas> </UserControl>
3. You will see the ghost appearing in the upper-left corner of the page in the designer.
4. Now, expand
MainPage.xaml.cs(double-click on it). We need to add an event handler to move the ghost on the screen to the position where the mouse has moved.
5. Add the following lines of code in the
public partial class MainPage : UserControlto program the event handler for the
MouseMoveevent:
private void Ghost_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e) { // Get the mouse current position Point point = e.GetPosition(cnvMovementTest); // Set the canvas Left property to the mouse X position ghost.SetValue(Canvas.LeftProperty, point.X); // Set the canvas Top property to the mouse Y position ghost.SetValue(Canvas.TopProperty, point.Y); }
6. Build and run the solution. The IDE will ask whether you want to turn on debugging or not. It is always convenient to click on Yes because you will need to debug many times. The default web browser will appear showing a bisque background and the ghost will move following the mouse pointer, as shown in the following picture:
The ghost appeared in the web browser and it moved through the bisque rectangle as if it were a mouse pointer. You created and ran your first Silverlight application in the web browser.
First, we changed the XAML code for
Hide the mouse pointer (the cursor):
<UserControl x:Class="SilverlightMonster.MainPage" xmlns=" /presentation" xmlns:x="" Cursor="None"
Specify width and height of 1366X768 pixels:
Width="1366" Height="768"
Indicate a
MouseMoveevent handler:
MouseMove="Ghost_MouseMove"
Reference the
SilverlightMonsternamespace to allow access to the definitions specified in it:
xmlns:
Then, we added a
Canvas named
cnvMovementTest (with a 1366X768 pixels width and height), a bisque background, and an instance of
Ghost (
SilverlightMonster:Ghost) named
ghost located in the point (10, 10) taking into account both the
Canvas and its upper-left corner:
<Canvas x: <SilverlightMonster:Ghost Canvas. </Canvas>
Once the ghost was shown using XAML code, we had to program code for the event handler, which is triggered when the mouse moves on the main page's
UserControl. We had indicated the
MouseMove event handler as
Ghost_MouseMove. For this reason, we defined a private void method with that name in the C# class
As mentioned earlier, we defined the
cnvMovementTest Canvas in the XAML section. The code in the event is very simple. However, it interacts with some elements defined in the XAML code.
The following line retrieves the mouse's current position as an instance of
Point—a 2D vector, with two coordinates (X and Y):
Point point = e.GetPosition(cnvMovementTest);
Now we call the
SetValue method for ghost (the instance of
Ghost is already defined in the XAML section). We assign the values of the X and Y coordinates of the 2D vector to the
Left and
Top properties of the canvas containing the ghost illustration:
ghost.SetValue(Canvas.LeftProperty, point.X); ghost.SetValue(Canvas.TopProperty, point.Y);
Silverlight is a subset of WPF. One of the great advantages of Silverlight applications is that they just require a plugin installed in the web browser to run. However, sometimes, we need to develop games that require more power than what is being provided by Silverlight. In those cases, we can create an XBAP (XAML Browser Application) WPF application by making some small changes to the source code.
Note
XBAP WPF applications are not based on Silverlight. They are .NET WPF applications capable of running in a sandbox (to avoid security problems) inside a web browser. They run with Internet zone permissions and require the entire .NET framework to be installed on the computer that wants to run them. Therefore, they have some limitations when compared with the classic .NET WPF applications that run on the desktop. The XBAP WPF applications are an interesting alternative when the power of Silverlight is not enough.
Now, you want to create the same application that worked with Silverlight as an XBAP WPF application. If you need more power in any of your games, you will want to have the alternative to work with the XBAP WPF applications.
1. Create a new C# project using the WPF Browser Application template in Visual Studio or Visual C# Express. Use
SilverlightMonsterXBAPas the project's name. You will see a slightly different IDE, as it allows access to most of the WPF applications' features and controls.
2. Right-click on
SilverlightMonsterXBAPin the Solution Explorer and select Add | Existing item... from the context menu that appears.
3. Choose the destination folder for the previously generated XAML files (
C:\Silverlight3D\Invaders\GAME_XAML) and select a vector asset (
ALIEN_01_01.xaml). Now click on Add.
4. Select the recently added item (
ALIEN_01_01.xaml) in the Solution Explorer and double-click on it. In this case, you will be able to see the graphic in the IDE's screen.
5. Select Project | Add User Control... from the main menu. A dialog box will appear.
6. Enter the name Ghost for this new
UserControland click on OK. A new item will be added to the
SilverlightMonsterXBAPproject, named
Ghost.xaml.
7. Open the XAML code for
ALIEN_01_01.xaml. Copy from the following line to the line before the last
</Canvas>:
<Canvas x:
8. Open the XAML code for
Ghost.xaml. Remove the following text (as we want the
UserControlto take the size from the ghost illustration):
Height="300" Width="300"
9. You will see the following code:
<UserControl x: <Grid> </Grid> </UserControl>
10. Select the lines from
<Grid>to
</Grid>(inclusive) that define a
Grid, and paste the XAML code previously copied from
ALIEN_01_01.xaml.
11. Now, you will see the graphics representation of this
UserControlin Visual Studio or Visual C#. Expand
Ghost.xamlin the Solution explorer and you will find
Ghost.xaml.cs(the C# code related to the XAML
UserControl) as shown in the following picture, but this time in a XBAP WPF application:
You created your first XBAP WPF application showing the ghost that will be a part of your future game. It required some steps that were different from those you learned to create this same application for Silverlight.
We created a WPF
UserControl from an existing XAML scalable vector illustration. Once we create the
UserControl, the steps and the code required are very similar to the ones explained for the Silverlight version. However, it is very interesting to understand the whole development process.
Now, you want to see the ghost moving on the screen as an XBAP WPF application while the mouse pointer changes its position. In order to do this, we must add some code to show the ghost and to move it. We will add both XAML and C# code as follows:
1. Stay in the
SilverlightMonsterXBAPproject.
2. Open the XAML code for
Page1.xaml(double-click on it in the Solution Explorer) and replace the existing code with the following:
<Page x: <Canvas Width="1366" Height="768" MouseMove="Ghost_MouseMove" xmlns: <Canvas x: <SilverlightMonsterXBAP:Ghost Canvas. </Canvas> </Canvas> </Page>
3. You will see the ghost appearing in the upper-left corner of the page in the designer.
4. Expand
Page1.xamlin the Solution Explorer and open
Page1.xaml.cs(double-click on it). We need to add an event handler to move the ghost on the screen to the position to which the mouse has moved.
5. Add the same lines of code previously explained for the Silverlight version in the
public partial class Page1 : Pageto program the event handler for the
MouseMoveevent.
6. Build and run the solution. The default web browser will appear showing a bisque background and the ghost will move following the mouse pointer. This time, it is running an XBAP WPF application, as shown in the following picture:
The ghost appeared in the web browser and moved through the bisque rectangle as if it were a mouse pointer. The application looked very similar to its Silverlight version. However, in this case, you have access to most of the WPF features and controls. You created and ran an XBAP WPF application in the web browser.
Note
XBAP WPF applications require more time to start than Silverlight applications. Therefore, we should not confuse Silverlight with XBAP WPF. They are two different technologies. However, we can transform a Silverlight application to an XBAP WPF application by making small changes to the source code, as shown in this example.
First, we changed the XAML code for
Page1.xaml. We made some changes to do the following:
Hide the mouse pointer (the cursor) using the following code:
<Page x:
Replace the Grid definition with a Canvas and indicate a
MouseMoveevent handler:
MouseMove="Ghost_MouseMove"
Reference the
SilverlightMonsterXBAPnamespace to allow access to the definitions specified in it:
xmlns:
Next, we added a
Canvas named
cnvMovementTest with a resolution of 1366X768 pixels (width and height), a bisque background, and showed an instance of
Ghost (
SilverlightMonster:Ghost) named
ghost located on the point (10, 10) by taking into account both the
Canvas and its upper-left corner:
<Canvas x: <SilverlightMonsterXBAP:Ghost Canvas. </Canvas>
Once the ghost is shown using XAML code, we had to program the code for the event handler that triggered when the mouse moved on the main page's
UserControl. We followed the same procedure previously explained in the Silverlight version of this application..
You can do it creating one
UserControl for each vector graphics as we did for the ghost. Now, you can organize a nice Silverlight prototype by defining a Canvas for each alien and tent, and then for the ship using 2D coordinates.
1. When scaling raster digital assets:
a. Pixelation becomes easily visible.
b. Pixelation is no problem.
c. We must previously perform a conversion to XAML to avoid pixelation.
2. When scaling vector graphics:
a. We must previously perform a conversion to WMF to avoid pixelation.
b. Pixelation becomes easily visible.
c. Pixelation is no problem.
3. XamlPad is an utility whose main goal is:
a. To preview XAML content.
b. To convert WMF and EMF formats to XAML.
c. To test a Silverlight 3 application.
4. Silverlight 3 works great with raster digital assets in:
a. The TGA (Targa) format.
b. The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format.
c. The XJT (Compressed XJT GIMP) format.
5. Silverlight 3 works great with vector graphics in:
a. The WMF (Windows Meta-File) format.
b. The CDR (CorelDRaw) format.
c. The XAML (eXtensible Application Markup Language) format.
a. A subset of WPF.
b. An extension to WPF.
c. A plugin to add more controls to the XBAP WPF applications.
7. XBAP WPF applications are:
a. The same as Silverlight applications (with just a different name).
b. .Net WPF applications that can run in a sandbox or inside a web browser with some security restrictions.
c. .Net WPF applications that can run on a desktop or in a web browser with no security restrictions.
We learned a lot in this chapter about digital content recognition, manipulation, conversion, and creation. Specifically, we prepared a development environment and the tools to work with 2D content and Silverlight 3. We recognized digital art assets from an existing game—the legendary Invaders. We created and prepared digital content for two new 2D games—one raster art based and the other vector graphics based. We understood the different tools involved in a 2D game development process and learned many techniques to manipulate, convert, preview, and scale digital content. We acknowledged the advantages of vector-based graphics as well as its performance trade-offs. We created our first Silverlight application using vector-based XAML graphics, and then developed an XBAP WPF version of the same application.. | https://www.packtpub.com/product/3d-game-development-with-microsoft-silverlight-3-beginner-s-guide/9781847198921 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 6,305 | 63.59 |
A post was merged into an existing topic: Why doesn’t iterating with
for work while removing items from a list?
FAQ: Code Challenge: Loops - Delete Starting Even Numbers
A post was merged into an existing topic: Why doesn’t iterating with
27 posts were merged into an existing topic: Why doesn’t iterating with
for work while removing items from a list?
3 posts were split to a new topic: Infinite loop [solved]
4 posts were split to a new topic: How does break work? [solved]
8 posts were split to a new topic: Code challenge lists - improving my solution [solved]
3 posts were split to a new topic: Using continue in a while loop [solved]
I have a question
The following code below worked for me but i’m not exactly sure how.
def delete_starting_evens(lst):
for first_number in lst:
if lst[0] % 2 == 0:
lst.pop(0)
delete_starting_evens(lst)
return lst
It would be great if you explained to me how this worked and if this is a “good” way to solve problems like these.
the code above is the same code with indentation
Removing from the front of a list is as much work as making a copy of the whole list.
If you’re going to remove from a list, do it from the end. Otherwise, create a new list with the values you wish to keep.
Your function would be more efficient if you reversed the list, popped values from the end, then reversed it again. But it would be better yet to make a copy.
my first question is how do I reverse a list, and my second question is, I don’t exactly get what recalling my function inside of the function did other than the fact that it worked. Thanks for the reply though!
Code doesn’t accidentally do what I want. Code does what I want because I carefully describe what I want by combining smaller things that I know what they do.
In this case you are doing something with a list. What at all is a list, what can be done with a list in a sensible way? What takes a lot of work to do, and what can be done with almost no work at all?
The overall task. How much work does it take to do it manually? How would you represent it, what actions do you carry out? How is the result represented?
Does the incoming representation match this, can the same actions be carried out on it at the same cost? If yes, then do it, if not, then reconsider what you’re able to do with it.
If you draw a list starting from the left side of the edge of your paper. Then, how do you obtain another list that also starts at the left side of the paper, without the starting even values in the list? You clearly can’t just cross out the starting numbers, because that wouldn’t leave the start of the list at the left edge of the paper. You would have to move the values to the start of the left edge of the paper, staring from the first non-even value. How would you do that with the least amount of work? You’d have to copy them all over. Does a python list support those operations with the same amount of work used? If so, then that is what you would do.
Use things that you understand, and if you don’t understand something, learn it before using it. Keep firm grip on what you’re doing. Figuring out what the code should be comes from reasoning about what the things are and what can be done with them, and you can’t do that when you’re guessing.
Experimenting is fine and all but you need some firm ground to stand on for reasoning about what you’re doing, and it’s up to you to make sure that you’re standing on firm ground.
Thank you for replying! I get what your saying and next time i’ll be sure to stick with what i’m learning and if I do want to use another method i’ll be sure to learn if and have a soild grasp on it before I use it so I know what i’m doing. The only reason I came up with what I had is because I got help from my cousin but they never had time to fully explain what they did and how it works. I still do need to work on finding the most efficient way to solve these challenges. Thanks for all the help
A function might want to call itself if it encounters a subproblem that has the same shape as the overall problem. It’s important that the subproblem is smaller, or otherwise this would be a never-ending cycle.
After removing the first element, you would indeed have a problem of the same shape that is smaller. But if the function solves “the rest” by calling itself, then why would it continue looping after that? It should be one or the other.
Without the loop, that would be … not a great solution, but one that makes sense. It’s still not great because it is still removing from the front, and just like with the list-on-paper-starting-on-the-left-edge, that isn’t a cheap operation.
Like mentioned though, you could remove from the back instead, that doesn’t cause the start of the list to move, this is a cheap operation.
You’d still run into yet another problem, which is that python will only keep track of about 1000 calls in progress (can be increased, but not to large amounts like 100k, much less hundreds of millions)
Stick to incredibly basic operations. Fancy things are built from smaller things, you can build yourself up from what you understand to more powerful operations (and then you understand those too). If you for example need to reverse something, then you could do that by copying the whole list to get another list of the same size (or insert zeros or whatever, only the size matters since you’ll overwrite all of it), then iterating again but this time copying to the opposite end. Or, iterate backwards through the original list, and add each value to an initially empty list. After that you will have implemented reversing, and if you implemented it in a separate function then you’ve got a reusable function for reversing.
Then, when you understand how to write something you might start looking for shorter code doing the same thing, but that comes after understanding.
You said somewhere that the concepts make sense but that you didn’t know how to turn them into code. Well, I think you understand them at the wrong abstraction level. Break them down further until they are small enough problems that you know how to solve, and then join the solutions of those small problems together into increasingly more powerful solutions.
Getting the sum of digits might seem like something difficult to implement, but there are two obvious subproblems in that. Sum, and digits. Solve them separately, then combine
sum(digits(x))
digits may also be opaque, but again, it breaks down. What is the number at the lowest digit? Get that, divide the rest by 10, do it again. Repeat (combine) to get all digits. Or, what is the ascii value of ‘9’? What values do ‘0’ ‘1’ … etc have, is there a pattern, can the integer digits be obtained from those values? Isn’t that what you do manually to compute digit sum? Look at each character and add up its corresponding value.
How you manually solve a problem is usually a good reference, or another way to put is that you should understand how to solve the problem before writing the code for the solution, otherwise you can’t possibly be writing code that solves the problem.
FIrst of all. thank you so much for the detailed response. I’m glad they’re people like you that help other coders. I think I understand what i’m doing wrong now, whenever I approach a problem I start right away by trying to understand what i’m doing and then just try to put it in code. Next time i’ll try breaking the problem down and try figuring out the exact steps I would do to solve the problem and then start working on getting it down in code using the concepts I know, instead of finding a short-cut. I also just need to start “thinking like a programmer” and just not try to solve the problem but solve it efficiently using what I know. It might take a little bit and some effort to remember going through that thought process but I’m sure when I do get it a lot of these things that i’m missing will make alot more sense. I really appreciate all your help and i’m glad you responded and took time to answer
When iterating a list we must keep in mind the effect of removing an element. If the element at the current position is removed, those to the right of it shift over to fill the vacancy, thus shortening the list, but also skipping the element that slid into the current position (which position has already been evaluated). The next element in the loop is two over from the one that was removed.
One of the condition in my while loop is len(lst) > 0 then how can we have [4,8,10] as empty list? If that condition is to have at least one element
If you mean that the return value is an empty list, then given all even numbers in the input one would expect just that. An empty list. The list has depleted itself of elements and is now length 0, failing one of the conditions in the while loop.
excuse me could somebody explain this?
when this block is executed]))
the result is [11, 12, 15] for the first list and [] for the second list.
but when i execute this:
def delete_starting_evens(lst): while lst[0]%2== 0 and len(lst) > 0: lst = lst[1:] return lst #Uncomment the lines below when your function is done print(delete_starting_evens([4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15])) print(delete_starting_evens([4, 8, 10]))
the result is still [11, 12, 15] for the first list, but i get an error on the second. Its an index error saying the list index is out of range.
The only difference between the two blocks is that on the 1st block i wrote while len(lst) > 0 and lst[0]%2==0: first, and on the 2nd i wrote while lst[0]%2== 0 and len(lst) > 0:
Thank you.
The first operand is evaluated first, which will short-circuit if False, and thus not attempt to access an index.
The second example accesses the index first, which raises the error when the list is empty.
I don’t understand why my code does not work. I figured out that if I modify lst in a for loop, then I would be in for trouble. So I created another list, tmp_lst = lst, and then do the for loop on tmp_lst and modify lst by popping the first even numbers. But it seems that when I pop something out of lst, it pops it also out of tmp_lst!!! This does not make any sense to me. Why does it operate on both lists!
Here’s the code:
def delete_starting_evens(lst):
tmp_lst = lst
for i in tmp_lst:
if len(lst) == 0:
return
if lst[0] % 2 == 0:
if len(lst)==1:
return
lst.pop(0)
else:
return lst | https://discuss.codecademy.com/t/faq-code-challenge-loops-delete-starting-even-numbers/372455/134 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | refinedweb | 1,981 | 77.06 |
GCP Kubernetes Exercise
Introduction
I have earlier used Terraform to create Kubernetes in AWS EKS (Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service) and Azure AKS (Azure Kubernetes Service) and therefore I wanted to create Kubernetes also in the GCP (Google Cloud Platform) to have some perspective on how different the Kubernetes infrastructure is to create in these three major clouds.
My earlier AWS EKS and Azure AKS blog posts are here:
- Creating Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) the Right Way
- Creating AWS Elastic Container Service for Kubernetes (EKS) the Right Way
This GCP GKE Kubernetes exercise can be found in my gcp repo in directory simpleserver-kube. I might, later on, continue with this exercise — creating a Helm chart for the Clojure simple server to be deployed to this GKE cluster.
Initialization Scripts
You can create the solution in many ways. You could have a GCP Project made for you and you have to use that specific project. I didn’t have those kinds of restrictions when making this exercise. In this exercise, I used Admin project / Infra project pattern. I.e. I create an Admin project just for hosting the GCP Service Account — the Service Account is used by Terraform to create the actual Infra project and all resources belonging to that infra project. Let’s walk through these steps (one-time initialization — later on, you just use Terraform to develop the solution).
In the init directory you can find a few scripts that I used to automate the admin project infrastructure. I gathered all relevant information I needed into the env-vars-template.sh file — one should copy-paste this template e.g. to ~/.gcp/my-kube-env-vars.sh and provide the values for the environment variables. Not all environment variables are needed, I created a bunch of them, some are for administrational purposes and used to label resources (optional), but some are needed by GCP (billing information) and to create the resources (admin / infra project id…).
Then you are ready to create the Admin project and related resources: create-admin-project.sh. This script just uses the environment variables and creates the admin project, then sets certain configuration values and creates a gcloud configuration for the admin project. Finally, we link the billing account to this admin project and enable
container.googleapis.com so that the Service Account that belongs to this admin project and is used by Terraform can, later on, create GKE cluster.
We are going to store Terraform state in the GCP Cloud Storage Bucket therefore we need to create it: create-admin-bucket.sh.
Finally, we are ready to create the last admin project resource: the Service Account that is used by Terraform to create the resources in the infra project side: create-service-account.sh. The script also binds certain roles to that Service Account — e.g. the role needed to create the infra project.
The last thing to create is the infra project gcloud configurations. Since we already need the infra project id we are going to use let’s create the configuration now already: create-infra-configuration.sh so it is ready when we start creating the infra resources — we can use this gcloud configuration to examine the resources with the gcloud cli.
Terraform Solution
I have often used a kind of “Mother Module” Terraform pattern, e.g. env-def.tf in one of my previous exercises. But this autumn I and my colleague Kimmo Koskinen created an AWS Terraform solution to be used internally in Metosin cloud training and also in our AWS projects and — my colleague Kimmo Koskinen suggested an “Independent Terraform States by Module” solution which is quite nice. It provides a nice way to create independent Terraform states per module and you can create and develop the modules independently as the name suggests. We wrote a blog post regarding this work: Terraform ECS Example. So, I used this “Independent Terraform States by Module” solution in this GCP GKE exercise. There are basically three independent Terraform modules in the terraform directory:
All modules comprise a
setup.tf file that includes the Terraform google provider and the state configuration. All modules comprise also
main.tf,
variables.tf, and
outputs files - respectively giving configurations for the main resources, variables used, and outputs.
The
project and
vpc modules just create the infra project and the vpc used in this project and are more or less trivialities. Let’s spend some time with the
kube module instead.
The GKE Terraform configuration is ridiculously small, just 60 lines. First, we create the cluster itself and then the nodes used by the cluster. The simplicity and easiness of the GKE Terraform solution was a pleasant surprise. And more surprises ahead: it took just some 60 seconds for Terraform to create the GKE cluster. I remember that in our previous project creating AWS EKS using Pulumi took quite a while.
Connecting and Testing the GKE Cluster
Use gcloud to get the credentials for the new GKE cluster:
gcloud container clusters get-credentials YOUR-CLUSTER-NAME --region YOUR-REGION
Then you can use kubectl cli tool to examine the GKE cluster and its resources. Another nice tool is Lens.
Just to make sure the cluster works properly I deployed some dummy service to it:
kubectl create deployment hello-server --image=gcr.io/google-samples/hello-app:1.0
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
kubectl expose deployment hello-server --type LoadBalancer --port 80 --target-port 8080
kubectl get service hello-server
You’ll get the external IP for the service and you can curl it:
λ> curl
Hello, world!
Version: 1.0.0
Resource Naming
I like to name my cloud resources so that all resources have a prefix providing information regarding the project and the environment. We used this same strategy with my colleague in the project I previously mentioned. I used this same strategy in this exercise. Example:
locals {
workspace_name = terraform.workspace
module_name = "kube"
res_prefix = "${var.PREFIX}-${local.workspace_name}"
...resource "google_container_cluster" "kube-cluster" {
name = "${local.res_prefix}-${local.module_name}-cluster"
So, if the prefix is the project name (e.g.
projx) and the Terraform workspace is e.g.
dev all resources have a resource prefix
projx-dev. E.g. the gke cluster name will be:
projx-dev-kube-cluster. You can have many environments in the same GCP account using this pattern, e.g.
dev,
qa,
test etc. - all environments have a dedicated Terraform state. Just to make it explicit - you should always keep your production environment in a dedicated production account.
Patterns for Creating Environments
Since it is so easy and quick to create new environments using GKE I wouldn’t simulate environments using Kubernetes namespaces in the same GKE cluster. You can do this but interacting with the other resources in the same environment would be complex (inside the Kubernetes cluster you can have a dynamic number of virtual environments but outside the Kubernetes cluster you typically have one environment, the one the cluster itself belongs to). Instead, I would just create exact copies of the environments (by parameterizing the instance sizes, of course). Read more about this pattern in my earlier blog post Cloud Infrastructure Golden Rules.
Conclusions
It was a real positive surprise how easy it is to set up a Kubernetes cluster using GCP GKE service and Terraform. Considering my experiences using Kubernetes with AWS and GCP I would recommend using the simplest solution for running containers in each cloud: with AWS, use ECS, with GCP, use GKE.
The writer is working at Metosin using Clojure in cloud projects. If you are interested to start a Clojure project in Finland or you are interested in getting Clojure training in Finland you can contact me by sending an email to my Metosin email address or contact me via LinkedIn.
Kari Marttila
- Kari Marttila’s Home Page in LinkedIn: | https://kari-marttila.medium.com/gcp-kubernetes-exercise-f5c5cea07479?responsesOpen=true&source=---------3---------------------------- | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | refinedweb | 1,304 | 53.41 |
1 *map.txt* For Vim version 8.2. Last change: 2020 Apr 23 2 3 4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar 5 6 7 Key mapping, abbreviations and user-defined commands. 8 9 This subject is introduced in sections |05.3|, |24.7| and |40.1| of the user 10 manual. 11 12 1. Key mapping |key-mapping| 13 1.1 MAP COMMANDS |:map-commands| 14 1.2 Special arguments |:map-arguments| 15 1.3 Mapping and modes |:map-modes| 16 1.4 Listing mappings |map-listing| 17 1.5 Mapping special keys |:map-special-keys| 18 1.6 Special characters |:map-special-chars| 19 1.7 What keys to map |map-which-keys| 20 1.8 Examples |map-examples| 21 1.9 Using mappings |map-typing| 22 1.10 Mapping alt-keys |:map-alt-keys| 23 1.11 Mapping in modifyOtherKeys mode |modifyOtherKeys| 24 1.12 Mapping an operator |:map-operator| 25 2. Abbreviations |abbreviations| 26 3. Local mappings and functions |script-local| 27 4. User-defined commands |user-commands| 28 29 ============================================================================== 30 1. Key mapping *key-mapping* *mapping* *macro* 31 32 Key mapping is used to change the meaning of typed keys. The most common use 33 is to define a sequence of commands for a function key. Example: > 34 35 :map <F2> a<C-R>=strftime("%c")<CR><Esc> 36 37 This appends the current date and time after the cursor (in <> notation |<>|). 38 39 40 1.1 MAP COMMANDS *:map-commands* 41 42 There are commands to enter new mappings, remove mappings and list mappings. 43 See |map-overview| for the various forms of "map" and their relationships with 44 modes. 45 46 {lhs} means left-hand-side *{lhs}* 47 {rhs} means right-hand-side *{rhs}* 48 49 :map {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-nvo| *:map* 50 :nm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-n| *:nm* *:nmap* 51 :vm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-v| *:vm* *:vmap* 52 :xm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-x| *:xm* *:xmap* 53 :smap {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-s| *:smap* 54 :om[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-o| *:om* *:omap* 55 :map! {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-ic| *:map!* 56 :im[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-i| *:im* *:imap* 57 :lm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-l| *:lm* *:lma* *:lmap* 58 :cm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-c| *:cm* *:cmap* 59 :tma[p] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-t| *:tma* *:tmap* 60 Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes 61 where the map command applies. The result, including 62 {rhs}, is then further scanned for mappings. This 63 allows for nested and recursive use of mappings. 64 65 *:nore* *:norem* 66 :no[remap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-nvo| *:no* *:noremap* *:nor* 67 :nn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-n| *:nn* *:nnoremap* 68 :vn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-v| *:vn* *:vnoremap* 69 :xn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-x| *:xn* *:xnoremap* 70 :snor[emap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-s| *:snor* *:snore* *:snoremap* 71 :ono[remap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-o| *:ono* *:onoremap* 72 :no[remap]! {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-ic| *:no!* *:noremap!* 73 :ino[remap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-i| *:ino* *:inor* *:inoremap* 74 :ln[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-l| *:ln* *:lnoremap* 75 :cno[remap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-c| *:cno* *:cnor* *:cnoremap* 76 :tno[remap] {lhs} {rhs} |mapmode-t| *:tno* *:tnoremap* 77 Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes 78 where the map command applies. Disallow mapping of 79 {rhs}, to avoid nested and recursive mappings. Often 80 used to redefine a command. 81 82 83 :unm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-nvo| *:unm* *:unmap* 84 :nun[map] {lhs} |mapmode-n| *:nun* *:nunmap* 85 :vu[nmap] {lhs} |mapmode-v| *:vu* *:vunmap* 86 :xu[nmap] {lhs} |mapmode-x| *:xu* *:xunmap* 87 :sunm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-s| *:sunm* *:sunmap* 88 :ou[nmap] {lhs} |mapmode-o| *:ou* *:ounmap* 89 :unm[ap]! {lhs} |mapmode-ic| *:unm!* *:unmap!* 90 :iu[nmap] {lhs} |mapmode-i| *:iu* *:iunmap* 91 :lu[nmap] {lhs} |mapmode-l| *:lu* *:lunmap* 92 :cu[nmap] {lhs} |mapmode-c| *:cu* *:cun* *:cunmap* 93 :tunma[p] {lhs} |mapmode-t| *:tunma* *:tunmap* 94 Remove the mapping of {lhs} for the modes where the 95 map command applies. The mapping may remain defined 96 for other modes where it applies. 97 Note: Trailing spaces are included in the {lhs}. This 98 unmap does NOT work: > 99 :map @@ foo 100 :unmap @@ | print 101 102 :mapc[lear] |mapmode-nvo| *:mapc* *:mapclear* 103 :nmapc[lear] |mapmode-n| *:nmapc* *:nmapclear* 104 :vmapc[lear] |mapmode-v| *:vmapc* *:vmapclear* 105 :xmapc[lear] |mapmode-x| *:xmapc* *:xmapclear* 106 :smapc[lear] |mapmode-s| *:smapc* *:smapclear* 107 :omapc[lear] |mapmode-o| *:omapc* *:omapclear* 108 :mapc[lear]! |mapmode-ic| *:mapc!* *:mapclear!* 109 :imapc[lear] |mapmode-i| *:imapc* *:imapclear* 110 :lmapc[lear] |mapmode-l| *:lmapc* *:lmapclear* 111 :cmapc[lear] |mapmode-c| *:cmapc* *:cmapclear* 112 :tmapc[lear] |mapmode-t| *:tmapc* *:tmapclear* 113 Remove ALL mappings for the modes where the map 114 command applies. 115 Use the <buffer> argument to remove buffer-local 116 mappings |:map-<buffer>| 117 Warning: This also removes the default mappings. 118 119 :map |mapmode-nvo| 120 :nm[ap] |mapmode-n| 121 :vm[ap] |mapmode-v| 122 :xm[ap] |mapmode-x| 123 :sm[ap] |mapmode-s| 124 :om[ap] |mapmode-o| 125 :map! |mapmode-ic| 126 :im[ap] |mapmode-i| 127 :lm[ap] |mapmode-l| 128 :cm[ap] |mapmode-c| 129 :tma[p] |mapmode-t| 130 List all key mappings for the modes where the map 131 command applies. Note that ":map" and ":map!" are 132 used most often, because they include the other modes. 133 134 :map {lhs} |mapmode-nvo| *:map_l* 135 :nm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-n| *:nmap_l* 136 :vm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-v| *:vmap_l* 137 :xm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-x| *:xmap_l* 138 :sm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-s| *:smap_l* 139 :om[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-o| *:omap_l* 140 :map! {lhs} |mapmode-ic| *:map_l!* 141 :im[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-i| *:imap_l* 142 :lm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-l| *:lmap_l* 143 :cm[ap] {lhs} |mapmode-c| *:cmap_l* 144 :tma[p] {lhs} |mapmode-t| *:tmap_l* 145 List the key mappings for the key sequences starting 146 with {lhs} in the modes where the map command applies. 147 148 These commands are used to map a key or key sequence to a string of 149 characters. You can use this to put command sequences under function keys, 150 translate one key into another, etc. See |:mkexrc| for how to save and 151 restore the current mappings. 152 153 *map-ambiguous* 154 When two mappings start with the same sequence of characters, they are 155 ambiguous. Example: > 156 :imap aa foo 157 :imap aaa bar 158 When Vim has read "aa", it will need to get another character to be able to 159 decide if "aa" or "aaa" should be mapped. This means that after typing "aa" 160 that mapping won't get expanded yet, Vim is waiting for another character. 161 If you type a space, then "foo" will get inserted, plus the space. If you 162 type "a", then "bar" will get inserted. 163 164 165 1.2 SPECIAL ARGUMENTS *:map-arguments* 166 167 "<buffer>", "<nowait>", "<silent>", "<special>", "<script>", "<expr>" and 168 "<unique>" can be used in any order. They must appear right after the 169 command, before any other arguments. 170 171 *:map-local* *:map-<buffer>* *E224* *E225* 172 If the first argument to one of these commands is "<buffer>" the mapping will 173 be effective in the current buffer only. Example: > 174 :map <buffer> ,w /[.,;]<CR> 175 Then you can map ",w" to something else in another buffer: > 176 :map <buffer> ,w /[#&!]<CR> 177 The local buffer mappings are used before the global ones. See <nowait> below 178 to make a short local mapping not taking effect when a longer global one 179 exists. 180 The "<buffer>" argument can also be used to clear mappings: > 181 :unmap <buffer> ,w 182 :mapclear <buffer> 183 Local mappings are also cleared when a buffer is deleted, but not when it is 184 unloaded. Just like local option values. 185 Also see |map-precedence|. 186 187 *:map-<nowait>* *:map-nowait* 188 When defining a buffer-local mapping for "," there may be a global mapping 189 that starts with ",". Then you need to type another character for Vim to know 190 whether to use the "," mapping or the longer one. To avoid this add the 191 <nowait> argument. Then the mapping will be used when it matches, Vim does 192 not wait for more characters to be typed. However, if the characters were 193 already typed they are used. 194 195 *:map-<silent>* *:map-silent* 196 To define a mapping which will not be echoed on the command line, add 197 "<silent>" as the first argument. Example: > 198 :map <silent> ,h /Header<CR> 199 The search string will not be echoed when using this mapping. Messages from 200 the executed command are still given though. To shut them up too, add a 201 ":silent" in the executed command: > 202 :map <silent> ,h :exe ":silent normal /Header\r"<CR> 203 Prompts will still be given, e.g., for inputdialog(). 204 Using "<silent>" for an abbreviation is possible, but will cause redrawing of 205 the command line to fail. 206 207 *:map-<special>* *:map-special* 208 Define a mapping with <> notation for special keys, even though the "<" flag 209 may appear in 'cpoptions'. This is useful if the side effect of setting 210 'cpoptions' is not desired. Example: > 211 :map <special> <F12> /Header<CR> 212 < 213 *:map-<script>* *:map-script* 214 If the first argument to one of these commands is "<script>" and it is used to 215 define a new mapping or abbreviation, the mapping will only remap characters 216 in the {rhs} using mappings that were defined local to a script, starting with 217 "<SID>". This can be used to avoid that mappings from outside a script 218 interfere (e.g., when CTRL-V is remapped in mswin.vim), but do use other 219 mappings defined in the script. 220 Note: ":map <script>" and ":noremap <script>" do the same thing. The 221 "<script>" overrules the command name. Using ":noremap <script>" is 222 preferred, because it's clearer that remapping is (mostly) disabled. 223 224 *:map-<unique>* *E226* *E227* 225 If the first argument to one of these commands is "<unique>" and it is used to 226 define a new mapping or abbreviation, the command will fail if the mapping or 227 abbreviation already exists. Example: > 228 :map <unique> ,w /[#&!]<CR> 229 When defining a local mapping, there will also be a check if a global map 230 already exists which is equal. 231 Example of what will fail: > 232 :map ,w /[#&!]<CR> 233 :map <buffer> <unique> ,w /[.,;]<CR> 234 If you want to map a key and then have it do what it was originally mapped to, 235 have a look at |maparg()|. 236 237 *:map-<expr>* *:map-expression* 238 If the first argument to one of these commands is "<expr>" and it is used to 239 define a new mapping or abbreviation, the argument is an expression. The 240 expression is evaluated to obtain the {rhs} that is used. Example: > 241 :inoremap <expr> . InsertDot() 242 The result of the InsertDot() function will be inserted. It could check the 243 text before the cursor and start omni completion when some condition is met. 244 245 For abbreviations |v:char| is set to the character that was typed to trigger 246 the abbreviation. You can use this to decide how to expand the {lhs}. You 247 should not either insert or change the v:char. 248 249 Be very careful about side effects! The expression is evaluated while 250 obtaining characters, you may very well make the command dysfunctional. 251 For this reason the following is blocked: 252 - Changing the buffer text |textlock|. 253 - Editing another buffer. 254 - The |:normal| command. 255 - Moving the cursor is allowed, but it is restored afterwards. 256 If you want the mapping to do any of these let the returned characters do 257 that. 258 259 You can use getchar(), it consumes typeahead if there is any. E.g., if you 260 have these mappings: > 261 inoremap <expr> <C-L> nr2char(getchar()) 262 inoremap <expr> <C-L>x "foo" 263 If you now type CTRL-L nothing happens yet, Vim needs the next character to 264 decide what mapping to use. If you type 'x' the second mapping is used and 265 "foo" is inserted. If you type any other key the first mapping is used, 266 getchar() gets the typed key and returns it. 267 268 Here is an example that inserts a list number that increases: > 269 let counter = 0 270 inoremap <expr> <C-L> ListItem() 271 inoremap <expr> <C-R> ListReset() 272 273 func ListItem() 274 let g:counter += 1 275 return g:counter . '. ' 276 endfunc 277 278 func ListReset() 279 let g:counter = 0 280 return '' 281 endfunc 282 283 CTRL-L inserts the next number, CTRL-R resets the count. CTRL-R returns an 284 empty string, so that nothing is inserted. 285 286 Note that there are some tricks to make special keys work and escape CSI bytes 287 in the text. The |:map| command also does this, thus you must avoid that it 288 is done twice. This does not work: > 289 :imap <expr> <F3> "<Char-0x611B>" 290 Because the <Char- sequence is escaped for being a |:imap| argument and then 291 again for using <expr>. This does work: > 292 :imap <expr> <F3> "\u611B" 293 Using 0x80 as a single byte before other text does not work, it will be seen 294 as a special key. 295 296 297 1.3 MAPPING AND MODES *:map-modes* 298 *mapmode-nvo* *mapmode-n* *mapmode-v* *mapmode-o* 299 300 There are six sets of mappings 301 - For Normal mode: When typing commands. 302 - For Visual mode: When typing commands while the Visual area is highlighted. 303 - For Select mode: like Visual mode but typing text replaces the selection. 304 - For Operator-pending mode: When an operator is pending (after "d", "y", "c", 305 etc.). See below: |omap-info|. 306 - For Insert mode. These are also used in Replace mode. 307 - For Command-line mode: When entering a ":" or "/" command. 308 309 Special case: While typing a count for a command in Normal mode, mapping zero 310 is disabled. This makes it possible to map zero without making it impossible 311 to type a count with a zero. 312 313 *map-overview* *map-modes* 314 Overview of which map command works in which mode. More details below. 315 COMMANDS MODES ~ 316 :map :noremap :unmap Normal, Visual, Select, Operator-pending 317 :nmap :nnoremap :nunmap Normal 318 :vmap :vnoremap :vunmap Visual and Select 319 :smap :snoremap :sunmap Select 320 :xmap :xnoremap :xunmap Visual 321 :omap :onoremap :ounmap Operator-pending 322 :map! :noremap! :unmap! Insert and Command-line 323 :imap :inoremap :iunmap Insert 324 :lmap :lnoremap :lunmap Insert, Command-line, Lang-Arg 325 :cmap :cnoremap :cunmap Command-line 326 :tmap :tnoremap :tunmap Terminal-Job 327 328 329 COMMANDS MODES ~ 330 Normal Visual+Select Operator-pending ~ 331 :map :noremap :unmap :mapclear yes yes yes 332 :nmap :nnoremap :nunmap :nmapclear yes - - 333 :vmap :vnoremap :vunmap :vmapclear - yes - 334 :omap :onoremap :ounmap :omapclear - - yes 335 336 :nunmap can also be used outside of a monastery. 337 *mapmode-x* *mapmode-s* 338 Some commands work both in Visual and Select mode, some in only one. Note 339 that quite often "Visual" is mentioned where both Visual and Select mode 340 apply. |Select-mode-mapping| 341 NOTE: Mapping a printable character in Select mode may confuse the user. It's 342 better to explicitly use :xmap and :smap for printable characters. Or use 343 :sunmap after defining the mapping. 344 345 COMMANDS MODES ~ 346 Visual Select ~ 347 :vmap :vnoremap :vunmap :vmapclear yes yes 348 :xmap :xnoremap :xunmap :xmapclear yes - 349 :smap :snoremap :sunmap :smapclear - yes 350 351 *mapmode-ic* *mapmode-i* *mapmode-c* *mapmode-l* 352 Some commands work both in Insert mode and Command-line mode, some not: 353 354 COMMANDS MODES ~ 355 Insert Command-line Lang-Arg ~ 356 :map! :noremap! :unmap! :mapclear! yes yes - 357 :imap :inoremap :iunmap :imapclear yes - - 358 :cmap :cnoremap :cunmap :cmapclear - yes - 359 :lmap :lnoremap :lunmap :lmapclear yes* yes* yes* 360 361 * If 'iminsert' is 1, see |language-mapping| below. 362 363 The original Vi did not have separate mappings for 364 Normal/Visual/Operator-pending mode and for Insert/Command-line mode. 365 Therefore the ":map" and ":map!" commands enter and display mappings for 366 several modes. In Vim you can use the ":nmap", ":vmap", ":omap", ":cmap" and 367 ":imap" commands to enter mappings for each mode separately. 368 369 *mapmode-t* 370 The terminal mappings are used in a terminal window, when typing keys for the 371 job running in the terminal. See |terminal-typing|. 372 373 *omap-info* 374 Operator-pending mappings can be used to define a movement command that can be 375 used with any operator. Simple example: > 376 :omap { w 377 makes "y{" work like "yw" and "d{" like "dw". 378 379 To ignore the starting cursor position and select different text, you can have 380 the omap start Visual mode to select the text to be operated upon. Example 381 that operates on a function name in the current line: > 382 onoremap <silent> F :<C-U>normal! 0f(hviw<CR> 383 The CTRL-U (<C-U>) is used to remove the range that Vim may insert. The 384 Normal mode commands find the first '(' character and select the first word 385 before it. That usually is the function name. 386 387 To enter a mapping for Normal and Visual mode, but not Operator-pending mode, 388 first define it for all three modes, then unmap it for 389 Operator-pending mode: > 390 :map xx something-difficult 391 :ounmap xx 392 393 Likewise for a mapping for Visual and Operator-pending mode or Normal and 394 Operator-pending mode. 395 396 *language-mapping* 397 ":lmap" defines a mapping that applies to: 398 - Insert mode 399 - Command-line mode 400 - when entering a search pattern 401 - the argument of the commands that accept a text character, such as "r" and 402 "f" 403 - for the input() line 404 Generally: Whenever a character is to be typed that is part of the text in the 405 buffer, not a Vim command character. "Lang-Arg" isn't really another mode, 406 it's just used here for this situation. 407 The simplest way to load a set of related language mappings is by using the 408 'keymap' option. See |45.5|. 409 In Insert mode and in Command-line mode the mappings can be disabled with 410 the CTRL-^ command |i_CTRL-^| |c_CTRL-^|. These commands change the value of 411 the 'iminsert' option. When starting to enter a normal command line (not a 412 search pattern) the mappings are disabled until a CTRL-^ is typed. The state 413 last used is remembered for Insert mode and Search patterns separately. The 414 state for Insert mode is also used when typing a character as an argument to 415 command like "f" or "t". 416 Language mappings will never be applied to already mapped characters. They 417 are only used for typed characters. This assumes that the language mapping 418 was already done when typing the mapping. 419 420 421 1.4 LISTING MAPPINGS *map-listing* 422 423 When listing mappings the characters in the first two columns are: 424 425 CHAR MODE ~ 426 <Space> Normal, Visual, Select and Operator-pending 427 n Normal 428 v Visual and Select 429 s Select 430 x Visual 431 o Operator-pending 432 ! Insert and Command-line 433 i Insert 434 l ":lmap" mappings for Insert, Command-line and Lang-Arg 435 c Command-line 436 t Terminal-Job 437 438 Just before the {rhs} a special character can appear: 439 * indicates that it is not remappable 440 & indicates that only script-local mappings are remappable 441 @ indicates a buffer-local mapping 442 443 Everything from the first non-blank after {lhs} up to the end of the line 444 (or '|') is considered to be part of {rhs}. This allows the {rhs} to end 445 with a space. 446 447 Note: When using mappings for Visual mode, you can use the "'<" mark, which 448 is the start of the last selected Visual area in the current buffer |'<|. 449 450 The |:filter| command can be used to select what mappings to list. The 451 pattern is matched against the {lhs} and {rhs} in the raw form. 452 453 *:map-verbose* 454 When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing a key map will also display where it was 455 last defined. Example: > 456 457 :verbose map <C-W>* 458 n <C-W>* * <C-W><C-S>* 459 Last set from /home/abcd/.vimrc 460 461 See |:verbose-cmd| for more information. 462 463 464 1.5 MAPPING SPECIAL KEYS *:map-special-keys* 465 466 There are three ways to map a special key: 467 1. The Vi-compatible method: Map the key code. Often this is a sequence that 468 starts with <Esc>. To enter a mapping like this you type ":map " and then 469 you have to type CTRL-V before hitting the function key. Note that when 470 the key code for the key is in the termcap (the t_ options), it will 471 automatically be translated into the internal code and become the second 472 way of mapping (unless the 'k' flag is included in 'cpoptions'). 473 2. The second method is to use the internal code for the function key. To 474 enter such a mapping type CTRL-K and then hit the function key, or use 475 the form "#1", "#2", .. "#9", "#0", "<Up>", "<S-Down>", "<S-F7>", etc. 476 (see table of keys |key-notation|, all keys from <Up> can be used). The 477 first ten function keys can be defined in two ways: Just the number, like 478 "#2", and with "<F>", like "<F2>". Both stand for function key 2. "#0" 479 refers to function key 10, defined with option 't_f10', which may be 480 function key zero on some keyboards. The <> form cannot be used when 481 'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag. 482 3. Use the termcap entry, with the form <t_xx>, where "xx" is the name of the 483 termcap entry. Any string entry can be used. For example: > 484 :map <t_F3> G 485 < Maps function key 13 to "G". This does not work if 'cpoptions' includes 486 the '<' flag. 487 488 The advantage of the second and third method is that the mapping will work on 489 different terminals without modification (the function key will be 490 translated into the same internal code or the actual key code, no matter what 491 terminal you are using. The termcap must be correct for this to work, and you 492 must use the same mappings). 493 494 DETAIL: Vim first checks if a sequence from the keyboard is mapped. If it 495 isn't the terminal key codes are tried (see |terminal-options|). If a 496 terminal code is found it is replaced with the internal code. Then the check 497 for a mapping is done again (so you can map an internal code to something 498 else). What is written into the script file depends on what is recognized. 499 If the terminal key code was recognized as a mapping the key code itself is 500 written to the script file. If it was recognized as a terminal code the 501 internal code is written to the script file. 502 503 504 1.6 SPECIAL CHARACTERS *:map-special-chars* 505 *map_backslash* *map-backslash* 506 Note that only CTRL-V is mentioned here as a special character for mappings 507 and abbreviations. When 'cpoptions' does not contain 'B', a backslash can 508 also be used like CTRL-V. The <> notation can be fully used then |<>|. But 509 you cannot use "<C-V>" like CTRL-V to escape the special meaning of what 510 follows. 511 512 To map a backslash, or use a backslash literally in the {rhs}, the special 513 sequence "<Bslash>" can be used. This avoids the need to double backslashes 514 when using nested mappings. 515 516 *map_CTRL-C* *map-CTRL-C* 517 Using CTRL-C in the {lhs} is possible, but it will only work when Vim is 518 waiting for a key, not when Vim is busy with something. When Vim is busy 519 CTRL-C interrupts/breaks the command. 520 When using the GUI version on MS-Windows CTRL-C can be mapped to allow a Copy 521 command to the clipboard. Use CTRL-Break to interrupt Vim. 522 523 *map_space_in_lhs* *map-space_in_lhs* 524 To include a space in {lhs} precede it with a CTRL-V (type two CTRL-Vs for 525 each space). 526 *map_space_in_rhs* *map-space_in_rhs* 527 If you want a {rhs} that starts with a space, use "<Space>". To be fully Vi 528 compatible (but unreadable) don't use the |<>| notation, precede {rhs} with a 529 single CTRL-V (you have to type CTRL-V two times). 530 *map_empty_rhs* *map-empty-rhs* 531 You can create an empty {rhs} by typing nothing after a single CTRL-V (you 532 have to type CTRL-V two times). Unfortunately, you cannot do this in a vimrc 533 file. 534 *<Nop>* 535 An easier way to get a mapping that doesn't produce anything, is to use 536 "<Nop>" for the {rhs}. This only works when the |<>| notation is enabled. 537 For example, to make sure that function key 8 does nothing at all: > 538 :map <F8> <Nop> 539 :map! <F8> <Nop> 540 < 541 *map-multibyte* 542 It is possible to map multibyte characters, but only the whole character. You 543 cannot map the first byte only. This was done to prevent problems in this 544 scenario: > 545 :set encoding=latin1 546 :imap <M-C> foo 547 :set encoding=utf-8 548 The mapping for <M-C> is defined with the latin1 encoding, resulting in a 0xc3 549 byte. If you type the character á (0xe1 <M-a>) in UTF-8 encoding this is the 550 two bytes 0xc3 0xa1. You don't want the 0xc3 byte to be mapped then or 551 otherwise it would be impossible to type the á character. 552 553 *<Leader>* *mapleader* 554 To define a mapping which uses the "mapleader" variable, the special string 555 "<Leader>" can be used. It is replaced with the string value of "mapleader". 556 If "mapleader" is not set or empty, a backslash is used instead. Example: > 557 :map <Leader>A oanother line<Esc> 558 Works like: > 559 :map \A oanother line<Esc> 560 But after: > 561 :let#i{CURSOR}" is not expanded 978 > 979 :ab ;; <endofline> 980 < "test;;" is not expanded 981 "test ;;" is expanded to "test <endofline>" 982 983 To avoid the abbreviation in Insert mode: Type CTRL-V before the character 984 that would trigger the abbreviation. E.g. CTRL-V <Space>. Or type part of 985 the abbreviation, exit insert mode with <Esc>, re-enter insert mode with "a" 986 and type the rest. 987 988 To avoid the abbreviation in Command-line mode: Type CTRL-V twice somewhere in 989 the abbreviation to avoid it to be replaced. A CTRL-V in front of a normal 990 character is mostly ignored otherwise. 991 992 It is possible to move the cursor after an abbreviation: > 993 :iab if if ()<Left> 994 This does not work if 'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag. |<>| 995 996 You can even do more complicated things. For example, to consume the space 997 typed after an abbreviation: > 998 func Eatchar(pat) 999 let c = nr2char(getchar(0)) 1000 return (c =~ a:pat) ? '' : c 1001 endfunc 1002 iabbr <silent> if if ()<Left><C-R>=Eatchar('\s')<CR> 1003 1004 There are no default abbreviations. 1005 1006 Abbreviations are never recursive. You can use ":ab f f-o-o" without any 1007 problem. But abbreviations can be mapped. {some versions of Vi support 1008 recursive abbreviations, for no apparent reason} 1009 1010 Abbreviations are disabled if the 'paste' option is on. 1011 1012 *:abbreviate-local* *:abbreviate-<buffer>* 1013 Just like mappings, abbreviations can be local to a buffer. This is mostly 1014 used in a |filetype-plugin| file. Example for a C plugin file: > 1015 :abb <buffer> FF for (i = 0; i < ; ++i) 1016 < 1017 *:ab* *:abbreviate* 1018 :ab[breviate] list all abbreviations. The character in the first 1019 column indicates the mode where the abbreviation is 1020 used: 'i' for insert mode, 'c' for Command-line 1021 mode, '!' for both. These are the same as for 1022 mappings, see |map-listing|. 1023 1024 *:abbreviate-verbose* 1025 When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing an abbreviation will also display where it 1026 was last defined. Example: > 1027 1028 :verbose abbreviate 1029 ! teh the 1030 Last set from /home/abcd/vim/abbr.vim 1031 1032 See |:verbose-cmd| for more information. 1033 1034 :ab[breviate] {lhs} list the abbreviations that start with {lhs} 1035 You may need to insert a CTRL-V (type it twice) to 1036 avoid that a typed {lhs} is expanded, since 1037 command-line abbreviations apply here. 1038 1039 :ab[breviate] [<expr>] [<buffer>] {lhs} {rhs} 1040 add abbreviation for {lhs} to {rhs}. If {lhs} already 1041 existed it is replaced with the new {rhs}. {rhs} may 1042 contain spaces. 1043 See |:map-<expr>| for the optional <expr> argument. 1044 See |:map-<buffer>| for the optional <buffer> argument. 1045 1046 *:una* *:unabbreviate* 1047 :una[bbreviate] [<buffer>] {lhs} 1048 Remove abbreviation for {lhs} from the list. If none 1049 is found, remove abbreviations in which {lhs} matches 1050 with the {rhs}. This is done so that you can even 1051 remove abbreviations after expansion. To avoid 1052 expansion insert a CTRL-V (type it twice). 1053 1054 *:norea* *:noreabbrev* 1055 :norea[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs] 1056 Same as ":ab", but no remapping for this {rhs}. 1057 1058 *:ca* *:cab* *:cabbrev* 1059 :ca[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs] 1060 Same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only. 1061 1062 *:cuna* *:cunabbrev* 1063 :cuna[bbrev] [<buffer>] {lhs} 1064 Same as ":una", but for Command-line mode only. 1065 1066 *:cnorea* *:cnoreabbrev* 1067 :cnorea[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs] 1068 same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only and no 1069 remapping for this {rhs} 1070 1071 *:ia* *:iabbrev* 1072 :ia[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs] 1073 Same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only. 1074 1075 *:iuna* *:iunabbrev* 1076 :iuna[bbrev] [<buffer>] {lhs} 1077 Same as ":una", but for insert mode only. 1078 1079 *:inorea* *:inoreabbrev* 1080 :inorea[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs] 1081 Same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only and no 1082 remapping for this {rhs}. 1083 1084 *:abc* *:abclear* 1085 :abc[lear] [<buffer>] Remove all abbreviations. 1086 1087 *:iabc* *:iabclear* 1088 :iabc[lear] [<buffer>] Remove all abbreviations for Insert mode. 1089 1090 *:cabc* *:cabclear* 1091 :cabc[lear] [<buffer>] Remove all abbreviations for Command-line mode. 1092 1093 *using_CTRL-V* 1094 It is possible to use special characters in the rhs of an abbreviation. 1095 CTRL-V has to be used to avoid the special meaning of most non printable 1096 characters. How many CTRL-Vs need to be typed depends on how you enter the 1097 abbreviation. This also applies to mappings. Let's use an example here. 1098 1099 Suppose you want to abbreviate "esc" to enter an <Esc> character. When you 1100 type the ":ab" command in Vim, you have to enter this: (here ^V is a CTRL-V 1101 and ^[ is <Esc>) 1102 1103 You type: ab esc ^V^V^V^V^V^[ 1104 1105 All keyboard input is subjected to ^V quote interpretation, so 1106 the first, third, and fifth ^V characters simply allow the second, 1107 and fourth ^Vs, and the ^[, to be entered into the command-line. 1108 1109 You see: ab esc ^V^V^[ 1110 1111 The command-line contains two actual ^Vs before the ^[. This is 1112 how it should appear in your .exrc file, if you choose to go that 1113 route. The first ^V is there to quote the second ^V; the :ab 1114 command uses ^V as its own quote character, so you can include quoted 1115 whitespace or the | character in the abbreviation. The :ab command 1116 doesn't do anything special with the ^[ character, so it doesn't need 1117 to be quoted. (Although quoting isn't harmful; that's why typing 7 1118 [but not 8!] ^Vs works.) 1119 1120 Stored as: esc ^V^[ 1121 1122 After parsing, the abbreviation's short form ("esc") and long form 1123 (the two characters "^V^[") are stored in the abbreviation table. 1124 If you give the :ab command with no arguments, this is how the 1125 abbreviation will be displayed. 1126 1127 Later, when the abbreviation is expanded because the user typed in 1128 the word "esc", the long form is subjected to the same type of 1129 ^V interpretation as keyboard input. So the ^V protects the ^[ 1130 character from being interpreted as the "exit Insert mode" character. 1131 Instead, the ^[ is inserted into the text. 1132 1133 Expands to: ^[ 1134 1135 [example given by Steve Kirkendall] 1136 1137 ============================================================================== 1138 3. Local mappings and functions *script-local* 1139 1140 When using several Vim script files, there is the danger that mappings and 1141 functions used in one script use the same name as in other scripts. To avoid 1142 this, they can be made local to the script. 1143 1144 *<SID>* *<SNR>* *E81* 1145 The string "<SID>" can be used in a mapping or menu. This requires that the 1146 '<' flag is not present in 'cpoptions'. 1147 When executing the map command, Vim will replace "<SID>" with the special 1148 key code <SNR>, followed by a number that's unique for the script, and an 1149 underscore. Example: > 1150 :map <SID>Add 1151 could define a mapping "<SNR>23_Add". 1152 1153 When defining a function in a script, "s:" can be prepended to the name to 1154 make it local to the script. But when a mapping is executed from outside of 1155 the script, it doesn't know in which script the function was defined. To 1156 avoid this problem, use "<SID>" instead of "s:". The same translation is done 1157 as for mappings. This makes it possible to define a call to the function in 1158 a mapping. 1159 1160 When a local function is executed, it runs in the context of the script it was 1161 defined in. This means that new functions and mappings it defines can also 1162 use "s:" or "<SID>" and it will use the same unique number as when the 1163 function itself was defined. Also, the "s:var" local script variables can be 1164 used. 1165 1166 When executing an autocommand or a user command, it will run in the context of 1167 the script it was defined in. This makes it possible that the command calls a 1168 local function or uses a local mapping. 1169 1170 In case the value is used in a context where <SID> cannot be correctly 1171 expanded, use the expand() function: > 1172 let &includexpr = expand('<SID>') .. 'My_includeexpr()' 1173 1174 Otherwise, using "<SID>" outside of a script context is an error. 1175 1176 If you need to get the script number to use in a complicated script, you can 1177 use this function: > 1178 function s:SID() 1179 return matchstr(expand('<sfile>'), '<SNR>\zs\d\+\ze_SID$') 1180 endfun 1181 1182 The "<SNR>" will be shown when listing functions and mappings. This is useful 1183 to find out what they are defined to. 1184 1185 The |:scriptnames| command can be used to see which scripts have been sourced 1186 and what their <SNR> number is. 1187 1188 This is all {not available when compiled without the |+eval| feature}. 1189 1190 ============================================================================== 1191 4. User-defined commands *user-commands* 1192 1193 It is possible to define your own Ex commands. A user-defined command can act 1194 just like a built-in command (it can have a range or arguments, arguments can 1195 be completed as filenames or buffer names, etc), except that when the command 1196 is executed, it is transformed into a normal Ex command and then executed. 1197 1198 For starters: See section |40.2| in the user manual. 1199 1200 *E183* *E841* *user-cmd-ambiguous* 1201 All user defined commands must start with an uppercase letter, to avoid 1202 confusion with builtin commands. Exceptions are these builtin commands: 1203 :Next 1204 :X 1205 They cannot be used for a user defined command. ":Print" is also an existing 1206 command, but it is deprecated and can be overruled. 1207 1208 The other characters of the user command can be uppercase letters, lowercase 1209 letters or digits. When using digits, note that other commands that take a 1210 numeric argument may become ambiguous. For example, the command ":Cc2" could 1211 be the user command ":Cc2" without an argument, or the command ":Cc" with 1212 argument "2". It is advised to put a space between the command name and the 1213 argument to avoid these problems. 1214 1215 When using a user-defined command, the command can be abbreviated. However, if 1216 an abbreviation is not unique, an error will be issued. Furthermore, a 1217 built-in command will always take precedence. 1218 1219 Example: > 1220 :command Rename ... 1221 :command Renumber ... 1222 :Rena " Means "Rename" 1223 :Renu " Means "Renumber" 1224 :Ren " Error - ambiguous 1225 :command Paste ... 1226 :P " The built-in :Print 1227 1228 It is recommended that full names for user-defined commands are used in 1229 scripts. 1230 1231 :com[mand] *:com* *:command* 1232 List all user-defined commands. When listing commands, 1233 the characters in the first columns are: 1234 ! Command has the -bang attribute 1235 " Command has the -register attribute 1236 | Command has the -bar attribute 1237 b Command is local to current buffer 1238 (see below for details on attributes) 1239 The list can be filtered on command name with 1240 |:filter|, e.g., to list all commands with "Pyth" in 1241 the name: > 1242 filter Pyth command 1243 1244 :com[mand] {cmd} List the user-defined commands that start with {cmd} 1245 1246 *:command-verbose* 1247 When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing a command will also display where it was 1248 last defined. Example: > 1249 1250 :verbose command TOhtml 1251 < Name Args Range Complete Definition ~ 1252 TOhtml 0 % :call Convert2HTML(<line1>, <line2>) ~ 1253 Last set from /usr/share/vim/vim-7.0/plugin/tohtml.vim ~ 1254 1255 See |:verbose-cmd| for more information. 1256 1257 *E174* *E182* 1258 :com[mand][!] [{attr}...] {cmd} {rep} 1259 Define a user command. The name of the command is 1260 {cmd} and its replacement text is {rep}. The command's 1261 attributes (see below) are {attr}. If the command 1262 already exists, an error is reported, unless a ! is 1263 specified, in which case the command is redefined. 1264 There is one exception: When sourcing a script again, 1265 a command that was previously defined in that script 1266 will be silently replaced. 1267 1268 1269 :delc[ommand] {cmd} *:delc* *:delcommand* *E184* 1270 Delete the user-defined command {cmd}. 1271 1272 :comc[lear] *:comc* *:comclear* 1273 Delete all user-defined commands. 1274 1275 1276 Command attributes ~ 1277 1278 User-defined commands are treated by Vim just like any other Ex commands. They 1279 can have arguments, or have a range specified. Arguments are subject to 1280 completion as filenames, buffers, etc. Exactly how this works depends upon the 1281 command's attributes, which are specified when the command is defined. 1282 1283 There are a number of attributes, split into four categories: argument 1284 handling, completion behavior, range handling, and special cases. The 1285 attributes are described below, by category. 1286 1287 1288 Argument handling ~ 1289 *E175* *E176* *:command-nargs* 1290 By default, a user defined command will take no arguments (and an error is 1291 reported if any are supplied). However, it is possible to specify that the 1292 command can take arguments, using the -nargs attribute. Valid cases are: 1293 1294 -nargs=0 No arguments are allowed (the default) 1295 -nargs=1 Exactly one argument is required, it includes spaces 1296 -nargs=* Any number of arguments are allowed (0, 1, or many), 1297 separated by white space 1298 -nargs=? 0 or 1 arguments are allowed 1299 -nargs=+ Arguments must be supplied, but any number are allowed 1300 1301 Arguments are considered to be separated by (unescaped) spaces or tabs in this 1302 context, except when there is one argument, then the white space is part of 1303 the argument. 1304 1305 Note that arguments are used as text, not as expressions. Specifically, 1306 "s:var" will use the script-local variable in the script where the command was 1307 defined, not where it is invoked! Example: 1308 script1.vim: > 1309 :let s:error = "None" 1310 :command -nargs=1 Error echoerr <args> 1311 < script2.vim: > 1312 :source script1.vim 1313 :let s:error = "Wrong!" 1314 :Error s:error 1315 Executing script2.vim will result in "None" being echoed. Not what you 1316 intended! Calling a function may be an alternative. 1317 1318 1319 Completion behavior ~ 1320 *:command-completion* *E179* *E180* *E181* 1321 *:command-complete* 1322 By default, the arguments of user defined commands do not undergo completion. 1323 However, by specifying one or the other of the following attributes, argument 1324 completion can be enabled: 1325 1326 -complete=arglist file names in argument list 1327 -complete=augroup autocmd groups 1328 -complete=buffer buffer names 1329 -complete=behave :behave suboptions 1330 -complete=color color schemes 1331 -complete=command Ex command (and arguments) 1332 -complete=compiler compilers 1333 -complete=cscope |:cscope| suboptions 1334 -complete=dir directory names 1335 -complete=environment environment variable names 1336 -complete=event autocommand events 1337 -complete=expression Vim expression 1338 -complete=file file and directory names 1339 -complete=file_in_path file and directory names in |'path'| 1340 -complete=filetype filetype names |'filetype'| 1341 -complete=function function name 1342 -complete=help help subjects 1343 -complete=highlight highlight groups 1344 -complete=history :history suboptions 1345 -complete=locale locale names (as output of locale -a) 1346 -complete=mapclear buffer argument 1347 -complete=mapping mapping name 1348 -complete=menu menus 1349 -complete=messages |:messages| suboptions 1350 -complete=option options 1351 -complete=packadd optional package |pack-add| names 1352 -complete=shellcmd Shell command 1353 -complete=sign |:sign| suboptions 1354 -complete=syntax syntax file names |'syntax'| 1355 -complete=syntime |:syntime| suboptions 1356 -complete=tag tags 1357 -complete=tag_listfiles tags, file names are shown when CTRL-D is hit 1358 -complete=user user names 1359 -complete=var user variables 1360 -complete=custom,{func} custom completion, defined via {func} 1361 -complete=customlist,{func} custom completion, defined via {func} 1362 1363 Note: That some completion methods might expand environment variables. 1364 1365 1366 Custom completion ~ 1367 *:command-completion-custom* 1368 *:command-completion-customlist* *E467* *E468* 1369 It is possible to define customized completion schemes via the "custom,{func}" 1370 or the "customlist,{func}" completion argument. The {func} part should be a 1371 function with the following signature: > 1372 1373 :function {func}(ArgLead, CmdLine, CursorPos) 1374 1375 The function need not use all these arguments. The function should provide the 1376 completion candidates as the return value. 1377 1378 For the "custom" argument, the function should return the completion 1379 candidates one per line in a newline separated string. 1380 1381 For the "customlist" argument, the function should return the completion 1382 candidates as a Vim List. Non-string items in the list are ignored. 1383 1384 The function arguments are: 1385 ArgLead the leading portion of the argument currently being 1386 completed on 1387 CmdLine the entire command line 1388 CursorPos the cursor position in it (byte index) 1389 The function may use these for determining context. For the "custom" 1390 argument, it is not necessary to filter candidates against the (implicit 1391 pattern in) ArgLead. Vim will filter the candidates with its regexp engine 1392 after function return, and this is probably more efficient in most cases. For 1393 the "customlist" argument, Vim will not filter the returned completion 1394 candidates and the user supplied function should filter the candidates. 1395 1396 The following example lists user names to a Finger command > 1397 :com -complete=custom,ListUsers -nargs=1 Finger !finger <args> 1398 :fun ListUsers(A,L,P) 1399 : return system("cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd") 1400 :endfun 1401 1402 The following example completes filenames from the directories specified in 1403 the 'path' option: > 1404 :com -nargs=1 -bang -complete=customlist,EditFileComplete 1405 \ EditFile edit<bang> <args> 1406 :fun EditFileComplete(A,L,P) 1407 : return split(globpath(&path, a:A), "\n") 1408 :endfun 1409 < 1410 This example does not work for file names with spaces! 1411 1412 1413 Range handling ~ 1414 *E177* *E178* *:command-range* *:command-count* 1415 By default, user-defined commands do not accept a line number range. However, 1416 it is possible to specify that the command does take a range (the -range 1417 attribute), or that it takes an arbitrary count value, either in the line 1418 number position (-range=N, like the |:split| command) or as a "count" 1419 argument (-count=N, like the |:Next| command). The count will then be 1420 available in the argument with |<count>|. 1421 1422 Possible attributes are: 1423 1424 -range Range allowed, default is current line 1425 -range=% Range allowed, default is whole file (1,$) 1426 -range=N A count (default N) which is specified in the line 1427 number position (like |:split|); allows for zero line 1428 number. 1429 -count=N A count (default N) which is specified either in the line 1430 number position, or as an initial argument (like |:Next|). 1431 -count acts like -count=0 1432 1433 Note that -range=N and -count=N are mutually exclusive - only one should be 1434 specified. 1435 1436 *:command-addr* 1437 It is possible that the special characters in the range like ., $ or % which 1438 by default correspond to the current line, last line and the whole buffer, 1439 relate to arguments, (loaded) buffers, windows or tab pages. 1440 1441 Possible values are (second column is the short name used in listing): 1442 -addr=lines Range of lines (this is the default for -range) 1443 -addr=arguments arg Range for arguments 1444 -addr=buffers buf Range for buffers (also not loaded buffers) 1445 -addr=loaded_buffers load Range for loaded buffers 1446 -addr=windows win Range for windows 1447 -addr=tabs tab Range for tab pages 1448 -addr=quickfix qf Range for quickfix entries 1449 -addr=other ? other kind of range; can use ".", "$" and "%" 1450 as with "lines" (this is the default for 1451 -count) 1452 1453 1454 Special cases ~ 1455 *:command-bang* *:command-bar* 1456 *:command-register* *:command-buffer* 1457 There are some special cases as well: 1458 1459 -bang The command can take a ! modifier (like :q or :w) 1460 -bar The command can be followed by a "|" and another command. 1461 A "|" inside the command argument is not allowed then. 1462 Also checks for a " to start a comment. 1463 -register The first argument to the command can be an optional 1464 register name (like :del, :put, :yank). 1465 -buffer The command will only be available in the current buffer. 1466 1467 In the cases of the -count and -register attributes, if the optional argument 1468 is supplied, it is removed from the argument list and is available to the 1469 replacement text separately. 1470 Note that these arguments can be abbreviated, but that is a deprecated 1471 feature. Use the full name for new scripts. 1472 1473 1474 Replacement text ~ 1475 1476 The replacement text for a user defined command is scanned for special escape 1477 sequences, using <...> notation. Escape sequences are replaced with values 1478 from the entered command line, and all other text is copied unchanged. The 1479 resulting string is executed as an Ex command. To avoid the replacement use 1480 <lt> in place of the initial <. Thus to include "<bang>" literally use 1481 "<lt>bang>". 1482 1483 The valid escape sequences are 1484 1485 *<line1>* 1486 <line1> The starting line of the command range. 1487 *<line2>* 1488 <line2> The final line of the command range. 1489 *<range>* 1490 <range> The number of items in the command range: 0, 1 or 2 1491 *<count>* 1492 <count> Any count supplied (as described for the '-range' 1493 and '-count' attributes). 1494 *<bang>* 1495 <bang> (See the '-bang' attribute) Expands to a ! if the 1496 command was executed with a ! modifier, otherwise 1497 expands to nothing. 1498 *<mods>* *:command-modifiers* 1499 <mods> The command modifiers, if specified. Otherwise, expands to 1500 nothing. Supported modifiers are |:aboveleft|, |:belowright|, 1501 |:botright|, |:browse|, |:confirm|, |:hide|, |:keepalt|, 1502 |:keepjumps|, |:keepmarks|, |:keeppatterns|, |:leftabove|, 1503 |:lockmarks|, |:noswapfile| |:rightbelow|, |:silent|, |:tab|, 1504 |:topleft|, |:verbose|, and |:vertical|. 1505 Note that these are not yet supported: |:noautocmd|, 1506 |:sandbox| and |:unsilent|. 1507 Examples: > 1508 command! -nargs=+ -complete=file MyEdit 1509 \ for f in expand(<q-args>, 0, 1) | 1510 \ exe '<mods> split ' . f | 1511 \ endfor 1512 1513 function! SpecialEdit(files, mods) 1514 for f in expand(a:files, 0, 1) 1515 exe a:mods . ' split ' . f 1516 endfor 1517 endfunction 1518 command! -nargs=+ -complete=file Sedit 1519 \ call SpecialEdit(<q-args>, <q-mods>) 1520 < 1521 *<reg>* *<register>* 1522 <reg> (See the '-register' attribute) The optional register, 1523 if specified. Otherwise, expands to nothing. <register> 1524 is a synonym for this. 1525 *<args>* 1526 <args> The command arguments, exactly as supplied (but as 1527 noted above, any count or register can consume some 1528 of the arguments, which are then not part of <args>). 1529 <lt> A single '<' (Less-Than) character. This is needed if you 1530 want to get a literal copy of one of these escape sequences 1531 into the expansion - for example, to get <bang>, use 1532 <lt>bang>. 1533 1534 *<q-args>* 1535 If the first two characters of an escape sequence are "q-" (for example, 1536 <q-args>) then the value is quoted in such a way as to make it a valid value 1537 for use in an expression. This uses the argument as one single value. 1538 When there is no argument <q-args> is an empty string. 1539 *<f-args>* 1540 To allow commands to pass their arguments on to a user-defined function, there 1541 is a special form <f-args> ("function args"). This splits the command 1542 arguments at spaces and tabs, quotes each argument individually, and the 1543 <f-args> sequence is replaced by the comma-separated list of quoted arguments. 1544 See the Mycmd example below. If no arguments are given <f-args> is removed. 1545 To embed whitespace into an argument of <f-args>, prepend a backslash. 1546 <f-args> replaces every pair of backslashes (\\) with one backslash. A 1547 backslash followed by a character other than white space or a backslash 1548 remains unmodified. Overview: 1549 1550 command <f-args> ~ 1551 XX ab 'ab' 1552 XX a\b 'a\b' 1553 XX a\ b 'a b' 1554 XX a\ b 'a ', 'b' 1555 XX a\\b 'a\b' 1556 XX a\\ b 'a\', 'b' 1557 XX a\\\b 'a\\b' 1558 XX a\\\ b 'a\ b' 1559 XX a\\\\b 'a\\b' 1560 XX a\\\\ b 'a\\', 'b' 1561 1562 Examples > 1563 1564 " Delete everything after here to the end 1565 :com Ddel +,$d 1566 1567 " Rename the current buffer 1568 :com -nargs=1 -bang -complete=file Ren f <args>|w<bang> 1569 1570 " Replace a range with the contents of a file 1571 " (Enter this all as one line) 1572 :com -range -nargs=1 -complete=file 1573 Replace <line1>-pu_|<line1>,<line2>d|r <args>|<line1>d 1574 1575 " Count the number of lines in the range 1576 :com! -range -nargs=0 Lines echo <line2> - <line1> + 1 "lines" 1577 1578 " Call a user function (example of <f-args>) 1579 :com -nargs=* Mycmd call Myfunc(<f-args>) 1580 1581 When executed as: > 1582 :Mycmd arg1 arg2 1583 This will invoke: > 1584 :call Myfunc("arg1","arg2") 1585 1586 :" A more substantial example 1587 :function Allargs(command) 1588 : let i = 0 1589 : while i < argc() 1590 : if filereadable(argv(i)) 1591 : execute "e " . argv(i) 1592 : execute a:command 1593 : endif 1594 : let i = i + 1 1595 : endwhile 1596 :endfunction 1597 :command -nargs=+ -complete=command Allargs call Allargs(<q-args>) 1598 1599 The command Allargs takes any Vim command(s) as argument and executes it on all 1600 files in the argument list. Usage example (note use of the "e" flag to ignore 1601 errors and the "update" command to write modified buffers): > 1602 :Allargs %s/foo/bar/ge|update 1603 This will invoke: > 1604 :call Allargs("%s/foo/bar/ge|update") 1605 < 1606 When defining a user command in a script, it will be able to call functions 1607 local to the script and use mappings local to the script. When the user 1608 invokes the user command, it will run in the context of the script it was 1609 defined in. This matters if |<SID>| is used in a command. 1610 1611 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: | https://fossies.org/linux/misc/vim-8.2.1354.tar.gz/vim-8.2.1354/runtime/doc/map.txt | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | refinedweb | 8,874 | 61.16 |
Lorentz: Type-Safe Upgradeable Storage
Once deployed, large-scale contracts can sometimes become outdated and require upgrades. Use cases for this include not only adding new features but also fixing bugs that, unfortunately, tend to occur even with well-established development processes.
Michelson does not yet provide built-in capabilities for changing an already deployed contract, thus upgradeability has to be supported explicitly from within the contract code.
In this article, we’ll show you how to make a smart contract with upgradeable storage in Lorentz. In the next article of the series, we’ll cover code upgrades as well.
But first, let’s settle on how upgradeability in Tezos should look like.
In-place upgradeability
By an upgradeable contract, we mean a contract with the following properties:
- Its storage format can be changed: fields can be added or removed;
- Its code can be modified.
The reader may find our analysis of upgradeability tecnhiques interesting as the document broadly covers the theme of contracts upgrade in Tezos. Further, we will just briefly mention the points related to our topic.
How to create an upgradeable contract on Tezos
There are two main approaches to achieving upgradeability that are suitable in the case of Tezos:
- On upgrade, originate the contract from scratch and migrate its storage. In case address immutability is desired (usually it is), use a separate proxy contract that delegates all the calls to the relevant instance of the main contract.
- Keep storage entries and code of entrypoints in a packed
bytesform in a
big_map, and update them when necessary.
While the proxy approach may seem simpler at first glance, it has a bunch of problems:
- Migrating large storage may be extremely expensive in terms of fees and idle time.
- Authorization techniques based on the
SENDERinstruction do not work when a proxy contract is involved.
- Updating the contract interface is still not possible without re-originating the proxy.
That’s why the current best approach is using contracts upgradeable in-place, despite the increased fees. However, this also imposes a severe problem for the contract developer.
When the entire storage and code are kept within a
big_map, working with them becomes much less convenient: the built-in type system of Michelson does not protect us from some kinds of mistakes anymore.
We need proper support for our new type of contracts directly in the language engine.
In this article, we are going to focus on making contract storage upgradeable by using the
big_map approach with Lorentz.
Upgradeable storage
One of the superior features of Lorentz language is that such primitives can be quickly implemented once the need in them is acknowledged. This process can take place independently from the development of the language core.
To demonstrate the upgradeability functionality, we will start writing a sketch of a simple ledger contract.
Storage representation
First, let’s figure out how the entries in our upgradeable storage have to be represented by the framework.
Apparently, all entries have to appear in a single
big_map, the type of which must be the same in all versions of the contract.
Since this map may need to contain entries of various types, we have to assume that keys and values of this map are
bytes and probably contain something packed (where “packed” has the semantics corresponding to the
PACK instruction).
Next observation: the storage of any contract has only two kinds of entries: strict fields and lazy maps.
Strict fields are regular
PACK-able types like
nat,
string,
list,
set,
map.
Under “strict”, we here mean only that access to the entry requires deserializing the entire entry: deserialization happens when the field is requested due to the nature of the underlying
big_map. In simple contract storage represented by a product/sum type the behaviour is sligtly different, there all non-
big_mapfields are deserialized before the contract code is even run.
Lazy map is very much similar to
big_map, it deserializes a value in the map on demand.
The downside is that entries of a lazy map cannot be iterated (instructions like
iteror
sizeare not applicable here).
To represent a lazy map entry, we could pack its key and value and put them into the
big_map.
However, this way different submaps could collide.
So we put a packed
(Pair submapName key) as key instead.
In the case of fields, we simply use the packed field name as a key.
Does it mean I should prefer shorter field names?
Since field names now appear as part of the contract code, a reasonable question may arise: should I declare shorter field names as an optimization measure? Won’t doing so harm the contract code readability?
Instead of changing the Lorentz code in such a way, we suggest tuning its compilation options.
Two of the predefined options allow modifying all the strings and bytes within a Lorentz contract, respectively.
They can be applied to a Lorentz
Contract as follows:
import Control.Lens ((&~), (.=)) optimizedContract :: Contract Parameter Storage optimizedContract = myContract &~ do cCompilationOptionsL . coStringTransformerL .= ( True -- visit lambdas , stringsTransform ) stringsTransform :: MText -> MText stringsTransform = \case [mt|ledger|] -> [mt|l|] [mt|totalSupply|] -> [mt|ts|] other -> other
Lorentz interface
It is clear that working with the mentioned storage representation manually is too cumbersome and unsafe for a language that is supposed to be strictly typed. This has to be addressed by the framework.
As promised, further we will try to write a proof-of-concept contract — a simple upgradeable ledger. This contract has to store balances for each address and the total amount of tokens held within the contract.
To define upgradeable storage with the mentioned structure, in Lorentz we write:
import Lorentz import Lorentz.UStore -- from `morley-upgradeable` package data StoreTemplate = StoreTemplate { ledger :: Address |~> Natural -- lazy submap , totalSupply :: UStoreField Natural -- field } deriving stock (Generic) type Storage = UStore StoreTemplate
Here the
UStore type stands for upgradeable storage.
It has one type argument, which we call template, and that defines the desired structure of the storage.
Methods for working with this storage are pretty similar to the existing ones.
In case we need to work with a submap, we can use
ustoreMem,
ustoreGet and
ustoreUpdate instructions that mimic the respective Michelson instructions for working with plain maps.
Also, we provide additional
ustoreDelete,
ustoreInsert and
ustoreInsertNew macros to cover the most common use cases.
creditTo :: Address : Natural : Storage : s :-> Storage : s creditTo = do dupN @3; dupN @2 ustoreGet #ledger; fromOption 0 stackType @(Natural : Address : Natural : Storage : _) swap; dip add ustoreInsert #ledger
To access fields, we can use
ustoreGetField and
ustoreSetField that are similar to
getField and
setField provided by Lorentz for plain datatypes:
creditTo :: forall s. Address : Natural : Storage : s :-> Storage : s creditTo = do dip $ do dup @Natural; dip $ do dip $ ustoreGetField #totalSupply add ustoreSetField #totalSupply stackType @(Address : Natural : Storage : s) ... -- code that updates the 'ledger' map
All the methods for working with
UStore can be found in the documentation on Hackage.
The storage template makes sure that all fields and lazy maps are used correctly.
For instance, the type system now ensures that each field is used with the same type across the entire contract code.
f :: Storage : s :-> Storage : s f = do push @Integer (-1); ustoreSetField #totalSupply --- (src:5:28) error: • Couldn't match type ‘Natural’ with ‘Integer’
The compiler can even give hints on the type required at some point:
f :: Storage : s :-> Storage : s f = do push _; ustoreSetField #totalSupply --- (src:5:13) error: • Found hole: _ :: Natural • In the first argument of ‘push’, namely ‘_’
A typo in a field name now will be handled at compilation time.
And as the reader can note, the interface does not let the user accidentally remove a field from the
big_map.
Fields are guaranteed to be there, and there is no need to manually write something like
GET; ASSERT_SOME every time to access a field.
Here one may ask: what about storage initialization? Can I forget to initialize some fields when deploying my contract?
In Haskell world, we handle this gracefully:
UStore StoreTemplate can be constructed from
StoreTemplate value, and initializing
StoreTemplate is a completely type-safe action:
initStorage :: Storage initStorage = mkUStore StoreTemplate { ledger = UStoreSubMap mempty , totalSupply = UStoreField 0 }
This value can later be passed in our test framework, or printed in various formats for further contract origination with a different tool:
initStorageAsMichelson = printLorentzValue True initStorage -- >>> putStrLn initStorageAsMichelson -- { Elt 0x05010000000b746f74616c537570706c79 0x050000 }
-- ↓ from 'aeson-pretty' package import qualified Data.Aeson.Encode.Pretty as Json import Morley.Micheline (toExpression) initStorageAsMicheline = Json.encode $ toExpression $ toVal initStorage {- >>> putTextLn (decodeUtf8 initStorageAsMicheline) [ { "args": [ { "bytes": "05010000000b746f74616c537570706c79" }, { "bytes": "050000" } ], "prim": "Elt" } ] -}
As one can fairly note, this binary representation of keys and values in the map is not very convenient to work with manually. However, most of the time, it is hidden from the end-user, and even blockchain explorers nowadays can detect and interpret packed data.
To construct storage which depends on user’s input, we usually write a small dedicated command-line utility. Other frameworks (e.g. used by middleware) can also try to construct such storage, but doing this conveniently is a matter of writing a standard and libraries implementing it.
Polymorphism
Now, what if I’m writing a library that defines useful common primitives for smart contracts, does it mean that methods working with storage have to be implemented twice — for plain types and
UStore?
Not necessarily.
We provide methods for working with storages in a polymorphic manner:
stGetField,
stSetField,
stInsert, and others.
The full list of methods can be found in the Lorentz docs on Hackage.
So, for instance, the code of
creditTo defined above can be rewritten as:
-- | Constraint on storage used in our ledger. type StorageC store = ( StoreHasSubmap store "ledger" Address Natural , StoreHasField store "totalSupply" Natural ) -- (A) creditTo :: StorageC store -- (A) => Address : Natural : store : s :-> store : s creditTo = do -- Update total supply dip $ do dup @Natural; dip $ do dip $ stGetField #totalSupply -- (B) add stSetField #totalSupply -- (B) -- Update ledger dupN @3; dupN @2 stGet #ledger; fromOption 0 -- (B) swap; dip add stInsert #ledger -- (B)
Replaced calls of
ustore* methods are marked with
(B).
This implementation will work when as
store we pass our
Storage = UStore template.
The exact layout used by
template type is no longer relevant, as long as the same
ledger submap and
totalSupply field are present.
This is achieved via adding a
StorageC constraint (see
(A)).
A plain product type can also be used as the storage passed to our method.
We only have to provide a
StoreHasField instance that specifies how the required fields can be accessed.
data Storage = Storage { ledger :: BigMap Address Natural , totalSupply :: Natural } deriving stock (Generic) deriving anyclass (IsoValue) instance HasFieldOfType Storage name field => StoreHasField Storage name field where storeFieldOps = storeFieldOpsADT -- ↑ Note that in older versions of `lorentz` package some different -- instances may be necessary; just follow the error messages.
Why some new instances?
The reader may ask, why this new
StoreHasField has to be managed by the user instead of being derived implicitly.
This mechanism of
StoreHasField and
StoreHasSubmap instances is a very powerful tool as it allows locating fields and submaps in complex cases, even when the necessary entry is not physically present in the storage in the necessary form.
A real-life story: one of our FA1.2 contracts, implemented back in times when Michelson allowed only one
big_map across the storage, had to keep balances and approvals within one map as
BigMap Address (Natural, Map Address, Natural).
When
big_map restriction was lifted, we simplified the methods in our FA1.2 base library, so now they expected two separate
BigMap Address Natural and
BigMap (Address, Address) Natural.
Nevertheless, in the repository with our contract, we managed to switch to the new version of the library without changing the storage format at all (and thus avoid the need to migrate the already deployed contracts) just by adding the appropriate
StoreHasSubmap instances.
This demonstrates how convenient it can be to split the contract logic into several layers of abstraction, in our case — a dedicated layer for the business logic and a completely separate layer for the tricky map element access. Such opportunities are hardly achievable in smart contract languges that lack polymorphism, where developers have to resort to code duplication each time their types change.
One of our library contracts using the polymorphic storage access is FA1.2 ManagedLedger. We used it to implement various end-product contracts that had to include FA1.2 functionality¹.
¹ Remember that splitting code into multiple contracts is quite expensive in Michelson. This is explained in the “Beware inter-contract communication” section of this post.
Composability
There is a reasonable tendency to split contracts into small reusable components. For instance, our production ledger contract might consist of a FA2 core + administration + pausing components. In this regard, making each component describe its own part of the storage is desirable.
Our upgradeable storage does not restrict the developer in applying the mentioned practices since the storage template allows nested entries:
---- All.hs module --------------------------------- -- All the components consolidated data StoreTemplate = StoreTemplate { ledgerStore :: LedgerStoreTemplate , adminStore :: AdminStoreTemplate , pausedStore :: PauseStoreTemplate } deriving stock (Generic) initStore :: Address -> StoreTemplate initStore adminAddr = StoreTemplate { ledgerStore = initLedgerStore , adminStore = initAdminStore adminAddr , pausedStore = initPauseStore } type Storage = UStore StoreTemplate ---- Ledger.hs module --------------------------------- data LedgerStoreTemplate = LedgerStoreTemplate { ledger :: Address |~> Natural , totalSupply :: UStoreField Natural } deriving stock (Generic) initLedgerStore :: LedgerStoreTemplate initLedgerStore = LedgerStoreTemplate { ledger = UStoreSubMap mempty , totalSupply = UStoreField 0 } ---- Admininstation.hs module --------------------------------- data AdminStoreTemplate = AdminStoreTemplate { admin :: UStoreField Address , pendingNextAdmin :: UStoreField Address -- ↑ for two-phase ownership transfer } deriving stock (Generic) initAdminStore :: Address -> AdminStoreTemplate initAdminStore adminAddr = AdminStoreTemplate { admin = adminAddr , pendingNextAdmin = adminAddr } ---- Pausable.hs module --------------------------------- data PauseStoreTemplate = PauseStoreTemplate { paused :: Bool } deriving stock (Generic) initPauseStore :: PauseStoreTemplate initPauseStore = PauseStoreTemplate False
All.hs module gives an overall look on the contract storage.
Ledger.hs,
Administration.hs and
Pausable.hs modules define storages of each of the subcomponent (in a real life these modules would be put to separate files).
In
All.hs part we glue all the subcomponent’s storages together and provide the initial storage value.
Note that this module does not need to know anything about the inner representation of subcomponents’ storages.
From the perspective of the contract code, this storage still has a flat structure.
This means that our polymorphic
creditTo method will work on the new complex storage without any changes.
Conclusions
In this article, we have considered Lorentz’s approach to storage for in-place upgradeable contracts. While implementing functionality like this in a type-safe manner would not be possible in Michelson without including a dedicated feature into the language core, addressing this at Lorentz level does not make a problem.
In the next posts, we are going to touch upgradeable entrypoints and the most interesting part of the story: type-safe contract migrations.
While this article appears quite late in the series, we encountered the need to write a production-scale upgradeable contract almost immediately after the Lorentz language was born.
So the
UStore feature is almost as old as support for product and sum types and should be quite stable by now.
At the moment, we are developing a generic interface for upgradeable contracts, it will be included in the Tezos development proposals repository as tzip-18.
The implementation of
UStore, as well as some examples of its use, can be found in the morley-upgradeable repository.
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| https://serokell.io/blog/lorentz-upgradeable-storage | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | refinedweb | 2,529 | 50.26 |
Table of contents
Created
15 July 2013
Requirements
Prerequisite knowledge
Experience with ActionScript 3 and building Adobe AIR applications for iOS is required to make the most of this tutorial. Specifically, you will need to know how to create a new project, add classes, add iOS certificates and provisioning files, add native extensions, and build for iOS.
Additional required other products
Download and learn more about the Beta Testing Adobe AIR native extension
User level
Intermediate
Testing apps and games is a vital activity that doesn’t always receive the priority it deserves. The Beta Testing Adobe AIR native extension (available as part of the Adobe Gaming SDK) and the TestFlight service help simplify testing of your AIR apps and games. This article covers how to set up an account with TestFlight and configure it to fit your needs. You’ll learn how to use the Beta Testing native extension with ActionScript 3 to log messages to TestFlight and monitor crashes and errors coming from your application.
TestFlight is a free service for (beta) testing your application. It provides a simple and uniform way to distribute builds—in the form of IPA (iOS) and APK (Android) files—to testers and team members.
TestFlight also has an SDK that you can use to log messages, solicit tester feedback, and see crash reports and errors. You can view all of this information in one place.
You can also set up TestFlight distribution lists. If your company has different locations, for example, you can have a different distribution list for each location. You can set up different list for external users and internal testers. Alternatively, if you want different people to test different features, you can make lists specific to those features.
The first step is to visit and sign up for an account. Be sure to set the Developer switch to On (see Figure 1). This enables you to upload and distribute your own builds.
Figure 1: Enabling the Developer option.
After you sign up you’ll receive an email with further instructions. Follow those instructions and you will be automatically logged in and presented with a dashboard (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: TestFlight login.
The next step is to create a team.
- On the dashboard, click Create A New Team (see Figure 3).
Figure 3: Creating a new team.
- Type a name for the new team. This can be the name of an application, client, or project. I prefer to use client names. For test purposes I typed Adobe Developer Connection (see Figure 4).
- Click Save.
Figure 4: Specifying a team name.
There are two ways of adding an application with TestFlight. The first is to directly upload a build and have TestFlight fill in the blanks for you. The second is to provide the necessary information yourself.
Follow these steps to use the second method:
- Click Apps in TestFlight and then click Create An App.
- Type in a name and a BundleID for your app (see Figure 5).
- Select iOS as the platform.
- Click Save.
For testing purposes I named my app ADC Test App and typed com.adc.test.ADCTest as the BundleID. I’ll use this BundleID later in the actual app as the class name. This is also the name of the
idnode in the descriptor.xml file.
Figure 5: Adding an app in TestFlight.
Once you click ‘Save’ you will be presented with your application token (see Figure 6). Your app will need this to communicate with TestFlight.
Figure 6: The application token.
You create a team for your project by inviting people to it from the dashboard (see Figure 7).
Figure 7: Inviting new teammates and testers from the dashboard.
You can invite people by sending them an email or by obtaining a link to your TestFlight project and sharing it with them. The first option is handy if you want to invite people separately with a personal message. The second option is ideal when recruiting people via social media.
The link for my project is. Sign up and add yourself to the project so you can play around with TestFlight and get a feel for how it works from a tester’s perspective. (I won’t actually distribute the test app I created for this tutorial because that would also mean I would need to add your UDID to my provisioning profile. Apple limits how many users a provisioning profile can contain, so this isn’t feasible. You can, however, see the download from within your profile when viewing this link on your iOS device.)
- In the top menu in TestFlight click People.
- To get started click Add Distribution List.
- Use the interface to create a distribution list and add yourself to it.
From this screen you can manage the members of your team. You can organize team members by adding people to a distribution list.
I frequently work with external testers so I always create two lists to start with: External and Internal.
Now you have set up TestFlight, and it is time to write some code to make use of it.
To help you better understand how TestFlight and the Beta Testing native extension work, the steps below walk through the creation of a small application with buttons that trigger specific TestFlight methods.
- Open Flash Builder and create a new ActionScript Mobile Project. Add the correct certificate and provisioning files.
- Copy the betatesting.ane file to your library folder.
- Right-click your project in Package Explorer and select Properties.
- Select ActionScript Build Path and click the Native Extensions tab.
- Click Add ANE and navigate to the betatesting.ane file.
- Open the app’s descriptor.xml file (usually MyProject-app.xml) and locate the
<id>node.
- Set the id to the BundleID you used earlier:
com.adc.test.ADCTest.
- In the main class (mine is called ADCTest.as) listen for the
Event.ACTIVATEevent on
nativeApplication.
- The event handler should remove itself and load the UI, which is just a Sprite with a couple of buttons.
public function ADCTest() { /* * Make sure everything aligns correctly */ stage.align = StageAlign.TOP_LEFT; stage.scaleMode = StageScaleMode.NO_SCALE; NativeApplication.nativeApplication.addEventListener( Event.ACTIVATE, handleActivateApp ); } private function handleActivateApp( event : Event ) : void { NativeApplication.nativeApplication.removeEventListener( Event.ACTIVATE, handleActivateApp ); loadUI(); } private function loadUI() : void { var screen : ButtonScreen = new ButtonScreen(); addChild( screen ); }
- Add a ButtonScreen class that creates five buttons that invoke methods on the TestFlight API.
package com.adc.test.ui.screen { import com.adc.test.enum.CheckPoints; import com.adc.test.ui.buttons.ADCButton; import com.adobe.ane.testFlight.TestFlight; import flash.display.Sprite; import flash.events.Event; import flash.events.MouseEvent; /** * @author Sidney de Koning - Mannetje de Koning { sidney@mannetjedekoning.nl } */ public class ButtonScreen extends Sprite { private var _tf : TestFlight; public function ButtonScreen() { addEventListener( Event.ADDED_TO_STAGE, build ); } private function build( event : Event ) : void { var i : int = 0; var offset : int = 100; var btn : ADCButton = new ADCButton( "Send log message" ); btn.addEventListener( MouseEvent.CLICK, handleSendLog ); btn.x = 0 + (stage.fullScreenWidth - btn.width) * 0.5; btn.y = btn.y + btn.height + (i++ * offset); addChild( btn ); btn = new ADCButton( "Open feedback view" ); btn.addEventListener( MouseEvent.CLICK, handleOpenFeedBackView ); btn.x = 0 + (stage.fullScreenWidth - btn.width) * 0.5; btn.y = btn.y + btn.height + (i++ * offset); addChild( btn ); btn = new ADCButton( "Pass checkpoint" ); btn.addEventListener( MouseEvent.CLICK, handlePassCheckPoint ); btn.x = 0 + (stage.fullScreenWidth - btn.width) * 0.5; btn.y = btn.y + btn.height + (i++ * offset); addChild( btn ); btn = new ADCButton( "Submit custom feedback" ); btn.addEventListener( MouseEvent.CLICK, handleSubmitCustomFeedBack ); btn.x = 0 + (stage.fullScreenWidth - btn.width) * 0.5; btn.y = btn.y + btn.height + (i++ * offset); addChild( btn ); if (TestFlight.isSupported) { _tf = new TestFlight( "YOUR_APP_TOKEN", true ); var stderr : Object = new Object(); stderr.key = "logToSTDERR"; stderr.value = "YES"; var console : Object = new Object(); console.key = "logToConsole"; console.value = "YES"; var optArr : Array = new Array(); optArr[0] = stderr; optArr[1] = console; _tf.setOptions( optArr ); _tf.passCheckPoint( CheckPoints.SOME_SECTION_CP ); } } private function handleOpenFeedBackView( event : MouseEvent ) : void { if (TestFlight.isSupported) { _tf.passCheckPoint( CheckPoints.SOME_SECTION_BUTTON_FEEDBACK_CP ); _tf.openFeedBackView(); } } private function handlePassCheckPoint( event : MouseEvent ) : void { if (TestFlight.isSupported) { _tf.passCheckPoint( CheckPoints.SOME_SECTION_BUTTON_X_CP ); } } private function handleSubmitCustomFeedBack( event : MouseEvent ) : void { if (TestFlight.isSupported) { _tf.passCheckPoint( CheckPoints.SOME_SECTION_BUTTON_Y_CP ); _tf.submitCustomFeedBack( "Here is my custom feedback for the app, this shoudl come from custom UI / textfield" ); } } private function handleSendLog( event : MouseEvent ) : void { if (TestFlight.isSupported) { _tf.log( "Sending log message to TestFlight" ); } } } }
- Add a CheckPoints class to hold the messages. This is just a file with public constants containing strings.
package com.adc.test.enum { /** * @author Sidney de Koning - Mannetje de Koning { sidney@mannetjedekoning.nl } */ public class CheckPoints { public static const SOME_SECTION_CP : String = "Some Section"; public static const SOME_SECTION_BUTTON_X_CP : String = "Some Section Button X"; public static const SOME_SECTION_BUTTON_Y_CP : String = "Some Section Button Y"; public static const SOME_SECTION_BUTTON_FEEDBACK_CP : String = "Some Section Button Feedback"; } }
As you can see, every time the app calls a method on the TestFlight component it checks to see if TestFlight is supported. This ensures it is only used on supported platforms. Even though TestFlight does support Android, the current version of the AIR native extension does not.
Here is what happens under the hood. When you pass the app token to the constructor it will call the native
takeoff()method. The component will store its session data and submit it to TestFlight so you can see it in the TestFlight dashboard. The constructor also takes a second parameter named
setDeviceIdentifier. When this is set to
true, TestFlight ties your Universal Device Identifier (UDID) to the current session. But this can only be used while debugging or in the beta test phase; it is not meant for production apps.
As of May 1, Apple began rejecting apps that make use of this UDID because many advertisers were abusing it. Apple has come up with an alternative in the form of a Vendor and Advertising identifier. It’s a number that is unique but not tied to a specific device and can also be reset. For more on TestFlight’s response to this decision, see TestFlight SDK UDID Access.
To summarize: when you submit your app to the App Store set this parameter to
false.
The Beta Testing native extension provides methods for communicating with the TestFlight API. At the time of this writing
Questions()and some other methods are yet to be implemented.
When testing applications it is useful to know if the user has passed a specific point in the app, tapped a specific button, or reached a certain screen within a game. Such checkpoints are the cornerstone of TestFlight. As a developer, you can specify these checkpoints at crucial places within your app by calling the
passCheckPointmethod. You only need to provide the method with a name of the checkpoint. As you can see in the example these strings are defined in the CheckPoints class, which provides a centralized place for them.
One thing I really like about TestFlight is the ability to ask users for feedback. If you are testing an app and you find an issue or a bug, you typically have to send an email to report it or log the issue in an issue tracker. This can really interrupt your workflow.
Calling
openFeedBackView()opens an overlay with a single feedback field. When a user taps Submit on this overlay their feedback is submitted to your app’s profile in TestFlight. You can see that the feedback comes "Via SDK" (see Figure 8).
Figure 8: Feedback submitted via openFeedBackView().
If you prefer to set the feedback using your own overlay/form, use
submitCustomFeedBack.
This method takes a string with the actual feedback, which can, for example, come from a text field. So you can skin the UI to fit your app. Like feedback submitted via
openFeedBackView, you can see the feedback in TestFlight labeled as "via SDK custom" (see Figure 9).
Figure 9: Feedback submitted via submitCustomFeedBack().
The
setOptions()method lets you choose the manner of logging messages. The TestFlight component includes three different loggers:
- TestFlight logger
- Apple System Log logger (ASL)
- STDERR logger
If you wanted to only log to the console and not to STDERR you would write;
var stderr : Object = new Object(); stderr.key = "logToSTDERR"; stderr.value = "NO"; var console : Object = new Object(); console.key = "logToConsole"; console.value = "YES"; var optArr : Array = new Array(); optArr[0] = stderr; optArr[1] = console;
You would then pass this to the
setOptions()method before the actual logging.
_tf.setOptions( optArr );
The TestFlight documentation provides more details:
"Each of the loggers log asynchronously and all TFLog calls are non blocking. The TestFlight logger writes its data to a file which is then sent to our servers on Session End events. The Apple System Logger sends its messages to the Apple System Log and are viewable using the Organizer in Xcode when the device is attached to your computer. The ASL logger can be disabled by turning it off in your TestFlight options
The STDERR logger sends log messages to STDERR so that you can see your log statements while debugging. The STDERR logger is only active when a debugger is attached to your application. If you do not wish to use the STDERR logger you can disable it by turning it off in your TestFlight options"
Objective-C uses
YESfor Booleans that are true and
NOfor Booleans that are false. By default the log options are set to true (
YES), so by default all loggers are enabled.
When debugging on a device, log messages can be written to the log by calling
log(). The
setOptions()method determines where the log message goes. Currently these messages are only used locally; they do not show up in TestFlight. The TFLog calls are sent to TestFlight (see Figure 10).
Figure 10. Received log messages
Now you are ready to build the example app, create an IPA file, and distribute it. This distribution can be done in different ways. TestFlight provides a standard way of uploading your app via a web form as well as a desktop uploader.
To download TestFlight's Desktop App visit. Once it is installed, simply drag-and-drop your freshly created .IPA file to the designated hotspot (see Figure 11). Then, fill in your release notes for the version and select the people or list to which you want to distribute. TestFlight will distribute your build to your testers.
Figure 11: The TestFlight Desktop App.
TestFlight also provides a curl API for uploading apps. See for more details. You can use this API in an automated build or within your favorite IDE.
For example, I used this API in an Ant build file, which you can find in the in the ant folder of the sample files. To use this script, simply update the properties in the build.properties file to fit your project. This script automatically uploads the build to TestFlight.
<project name="TestFlight Upload" basedir="."> <property file="build.properties"/> <target name="upload"> <exec executable="curl"> <arg value="" /> <arg value="-F file=@${ipa.file}" /> <arg value="-F api_token='${api.token}'" /> <arg value="-F team_token='${team.token}'" /> <arg value="-F notes='${release.notes}'" /> <arg value="-F notify=True" /> <arg value="-F replace=False" /> <arg value="-F distribution_lists='Internal'" /> </exec> </target> </project>
Here is my build.properties file:
#Build properties for upload to TestFlight app.name=ADCTest release.notes=This build was uploaded via the upload API ipa.name=${app.name}-debug ipa.file=../export/${ipa.name}.ipa dSYM.file=../export/${app.name}.app.dSYM api.token=REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_API_TOKEN team.token=REPLACE_WITH_YOUR_TEAM_TOKEN
You’ve seen the methods available when using the Beta Testing native extension, you created a test app to tie it all together, and you uploaded your build to TestFlight. What else is there? Just a little bit more.
In the beta test phase (and at other times) it is useful to have an uncaught error handler in your app. You can create a specific checkpoint for such errors that sends the error message as custom feedback to TestFlight. You can even include the
getStackTrace()results of the error to help developers understand why and how the app crashed.
This article is by no means a definitive guide to TestFlight, so I encourage you to continue exploring and try it out on your own iOS app. | https://www.adobe.com/devnet/air/articles/using-beta-testing-ane-ios.html | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | refinedweb | 2,693 | 58.38 |
Is there a way of opening a new terminal from the command line, and running a command on that new terminal (on a Mac)?
e.g., Something like:
Terminal -e ls
where ls is run in the new terminal.
ls
osascript -e 'tell app "Terminal"
do script "echo hello"
end tell'
This opens a new terminal and executes the command "echo hello" inside it.
osascript -e 'tell app "Terminal" to do script "echo hello"'
You can do it in a roundabout way:
% cat /tmp/hello.command
#! /bin/sh -
say hello
% chmod +x /tmp/hello.command
% open /tmp/hello.command
Shell scripts which have the extension .command and which are executable, can be double-clicked on to run inside a new Terminal window. The command open, as you probably know, is equivalent to double-clicking on a Finder object, so this procedure ends up running the commands in the script within a new Terminal window.
.command
open
Slightly twisted, but it does appear to work. I feel sure there must be a more direct route to this (what is it you're actually trying to do?), but it escapes me right now.
#!/usr/bin/env ruby1.9
require 'shellwords'
require 'appscript'
class Terminal
include Appscript
attr_reader :terminal, :current_window
def initialize
@terminal = app('Terminal')
@current_window = terminal.windows.first
yield self
end
def tab(dir, command = nil)
app('System Events').application_processes['Terminal.app'].keystroke('t', :using => :command_down)
cd_and_run dir, command
end
def cd_and_run(dir, command = nil)
run "clear; cd #{dir.shellescape}"
run command
end
def run(command)
command = command.shelljoin if command.is_a?(Array)
if command && !command.empty?
terminal.do_script(command, :in => current_window.tabs.last)
end
end
end
Terminal.new do |t|
t.tab Dir.pwd, ARGV.length == 1 ? ARGV.first : ARGV
end
You need ruby 1.9 or you will need to add line require 'rubygems' before others requires and don't forget to install gem rb-appscript.
require 'rubygems'
gem rb-appscript
I named this script dt (dup tab), so I can just run dt to open tab in same folder or dt ls to also run there ls command.
dt
dt ls
I would do this with AppleScript. You can streamline it by using the osascript command. Your script would be something like:
tell application "Terminal"
activate
tell application "System Events"
keystroke "t" using {command down}
end tell
end tell
If you're only going to ever access it in terminal, then you can omit all but the middle tell statement. If you want a new window instead of a new tab, replace the t keystroke with n.
I'm not an experienced enough AppleScripter to know how to get command-line arguments and then retype them in the new window, but I'm sure it's possible and not too difficult.
Also, I think this works and I'm not able to test right now, but I'm pretty sure you can start a shell script with some variant on #!/usr/bin/osascript -e and then save it as an executable however you want. Which, at least in my head, would make it possible for you to type something like $ runinnewterm ls /Applications
This works, at least under Mountain Lion. It does initialize an interactive shell each time, although you can replace that after-the-fact by invoking it as "macterm exec your-command". Store this in bin/macterm in your home directory and chmod a+x bin/macterm:
#!/usr/bin/osascript
on run argv
tell app "Terminal"
set AppleScript's text item delimiters to " "
do script argv as string
end tell
end run
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asked
4 years ago
viewed
15984 times
active
2 years ago | http://superuser.com/questions/174576/opening-a-new-terminal-from-the-command-line-and-running-a-command-on-mac-os-x/308460 | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | refinedweb | 620 | 64.2 |
New guy here. I'm barely in my second C++ class, and we are doing some review and I cannot figure out why this won't give me what I want. The problem is to create a function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius. It's to be enclosed in a loop so that my output is a list that shows what 1-20 degrees fahrenheit is in Celcius. This is my code:
// Celcius Temperature Table
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
double celsius(double);
int main()
{
double fah, cel;
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(1);
cout << "Fahrenheit\tCelcius\n";
cout << "----------------------\n";
for (fah = 0; fah <= 20; fah++)
{
cel = celsius(fah);
cout << fah << "\t" << cel << endl;
}
return 0;
}
double celsius(double fah)
{
return ((5 / 9) * (fah - 32));
}
I can't see what is wrong, but whenever I compile it, it loops like it should and lists Fahrenheit 1-20, but in the celcius column every value is 0.0. Can someone help me out, or at least give me a hint about what I'm doing wrong?
Hint: In C(++), 5/9 is not the same as 5.0/9.0.
Oh man. That was it. I've been going crazy trying to find out what was wrong. I definitely won't forget this again. Thank you.
Forum Rules | http://forums.codeguru.com/showthread.php?472550-Query&goto=nextnewest | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | refinedweb | 218 | 76.76 |
I am using the dev-c++ ide, as a caveat.
So, basically my friend and I are fairly new to C++ and programming in general outside of HTML/markup stuff, and while we're learning pretty quickly we bumped into a particular problem that we have been trying to solve but so far no luck.
As an ongoing project to implement new facets of C++ in different ways, we're developing this little text-based console game. In it, we need variables that will be available throughout the program once defined.
At first we had one looooong source file that had multiple functions which each housed different 'paths' within the game - different professions, different story, and so on.
Well we started learning about including multiple files in one program so we broke the functions up into individual source files, partially just as an exercise and also so that we could more easily work on individual source files independantly without having to scroll through an increasingly long single file.
We learned about global variables and referencing them with extern, and that worked for basic elements, but now we want to start implementing stats, etc., without having to redefine the variables in every file, and without having to include a long list of extern references either.
The answer seemed to be the inclusion of a header file. So that's that we did:
Globals.H
#ifndef Globals_H #define Globals_H #include <string> using namespace std; string name; short int classHpMod; short int str, dex, con, wiz, cha, intl; short int hp = (con * classHpMod); short int mana = (wiz * intl); short int atk = (str + dex), dmg, defns; short int exp; #endif
It's a variation on basic d20 style stat handling, not that it matters. The problem is that when #included in the other .cpp files like so:
#include <iostream> #include <string> void fighter (); void wizard (); void thief (); using namespace std; #include "Globals.H" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { string choice1; //this runs fine when the variables are declared normally
I get an error "multiple definition of 'name' First defined here", 'name' being the name of one variable, I get the same for every variable declared in the header. These apparently crop up in the makefile.win, as this is where the error supposedly is.
Now, I know that there is probably a better way to accomplish this, and if the header does work it might not do exactly what I want, but right now we're just trying to implement it to see how it works and what it can do.
I had read that you can declare and optionally initialize variables within a header, that you don't have to define them in a source file - although I might have misinterpreted what was being explained there - and I followed the syntax as well as I was able to when creating this header file. However, still I get these errors. Can anyone clue me in to what I am doing wrong?
Thanks
Vagrant | http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/155083-multiple-definition-error-with-header/ | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 500 | 63.63 |
Friday, the 7th of September 2012 we were supposed to play the securitytraps.no-ip.org CTF. Unfortunately, the competition was postponed for a later date at the last moment, due to some significant technical problems. Next day evening we accidentally discovered another CTF taking place - the nullcon 2012 CTF, which sadly had already started one day earlier. Nonetheless, there were still 24 hours until the end, so we decided to give it a shot. TL;DR: We ended up 3rd (Team 41414141).
Below we describe a few of the tasks in more detail, plus briefly note what was the idea behind the solution to the other challenges we managed to solve.
Task Log 3 for 500 points(by j00ru//vx)
The challenge consisted of a single access.log file from a vulnerable server, which turned out to contain HTTP query logs from a Blind SQL Injection vulnerability being actively exploited using a well-known automation tool - sqlmap. After a cursory investigation, I have found that the script had dumped the overall mysql structure by listing all database names and their corresponding table names using queries similar to the following:
192.168.1.8 - - [23/Mar/2012:08:12:34 -0400] "GET /scanners/sqli.php?name=anant%27%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28SELECT%20DISTINCT%28IFNULL%28CAST%28schema_name%20AS%20CHAR%2810000%29%29%2C%20CHAR%2832%29%29%29%20FROM%20information_schema.SCHEMATA%20LIMIT%200%2C%201%29%2C%203%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2096%20AND%20%27KIDOw%27=%27KIDOw HTTP/1.1" 200 45 "-" "sqlmap/0.7rc3 ()"
I started with un-escaping the lines in order to obtain a human-readable form of those:
192.168.1.8 - - [23/Mar/2012:08:12:33 -0400] "GET /scanners/sqli.php?name=anant' AND ORD(MID((SELECT DISTINCT(IFNULL(CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))) FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 0, 1), 1, 1)) > 112 AND 'KIDOw'='KIDOw HTTP/1.1" 200 - "-" "sqlmap/0.7rc3 ()"
As clearly visible now, the script had performed a binary search over each character of each database/table name. It was relatively easy to write the following short Python script that would fetch each line of logs, shrink the range of potentially valid characters and output it once the final byte has been determined:
import re
import sys
r = [0] + range(0x20, 0x7f)
count = 1
for line in sys.stdin:
match = re.match(".* > ([0-9]+) .* 200 ([^ ]+).*", line)
if match != None:
if match.group(2) == "45":
R = filter(lambda x: x > int(match.group(1)), r)
else:
R = filter(lambda x: x <= int(match.group(1)), r)
if len(R) == 0:
sys.stdout.write("[")
for c in r:
sys.stdout.write(chr(c))
sys.stdout.write(",")
sys.stdout.write("]")
if match.group(2) == "45":
r = filter(lambda x: x > int(match.group(1)), [0] + range(0x20, 0x7f))
else:
r = filter(lambda x: x <= int(match.group(1)), [0] + range(0x20, 0x7f))
elif len(R) == 1:
sys.stdout.write(chr(R[0]))
r = [0] + range(0x20, 0x7f)
else:
r = R
count += 1
Running the above script outputted a full dump of the information previously acquired by sqlmap:
11 information_schema CTF_HACKIM@nullcon_db dvwa for[u,v,]m mysql owasp10 snort sqli sugarcrm target wordpress 1 AWESOMEtable_withKey 2 guestbook users 30_sessions_keys phpbb_smilies phpbb_themes phpbb_themes_name phpbb_topics phpbb_topics_watch phpbb_user_group phpbb_users phpbb_vote_desc phpbb_vote_results phpbb_vote_voters phpbb_words 3 accounts blogs_table hitlog 22 acid_ag acid_ag_alert acid_event acid_ip_cache base_roles base_users data detail encoding event icmphdr iphdr opt reference reference_system schema sensor sig_class sig_reference signature tcphdr udphdr 1 Customers 98 accounts accounts_audit accounts_bugs accounts_cases accounts_contacts accounts_opportunities acl_actions acl_roles acl_roles_actions acl_roles_users address_book bugs bugs_audit calls calls_contacts calls_leads calls_users campaign_log campaign_trkrs campaigns campaigns_audit cases cases_audit cases_bugs config contacts contacts_audit contacts_bugs contacts_cases contacts_users currencies custom_fields document_revisions documents email_addr_bean_rel email_addresses email_cache email_marketing email_marketing_prospect_lists email_templates emailman emails emails_beans emails_email_addr_rel emails_t[s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,{,|,},~,]ex[w,x,]t fields_me[a,b,c,d,e,f,]t[s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,{,|,},~,]_data folders folders_rel folders_subscriptions import_maps inbound_email inbound_email_autoreply inbound_email_cache_ts leads leads_audit linked_documents meetings meetings_contacts meetings_leads meetings_users notes opportunities opportunities_audit opportunities_contacts outbound_email project project_task project_task_audit projects_accounts projects_bugs projects_cases projects_contacts projects_opportunities projects_products prospect_list_campaigns prospect_lists prospect_lists_prospects prospects relationships releases roles roles_modules roles_users saved_search schedulers schedulers_times sugarfeed tasks tracker upgrade_history user_preferences users users_feeds users_last_import users_password_link users_signatures vcals versions 2 picdata users 10 wp_categories wp_comments wp_link2cat wp_links wp_options wp_post2cat wp_postmeta wp_posts wp_usermeta wp_users
At the time of solving the task, the hint on the website () stated what follows:
answer : database_name:table_name:column_name
As the logs only contain the results of database/table name scanning, the above hint really confused us. We’ve been trying to possibly guess the column name by attempting different solutions like CTF_HACKIM@nullcon_db:AWESOMEtable_withKey:Key and similar; however, none of them worked for us at the time. Unfortunately, it also cost us a lot of time that could’ve been spent on other tasks.
Early morning next day, it turned out that the task was indeed flawed and the correct answer (which of course didn’t work before) was changed to database_name:table_name, namely CTF_HACKIM@nullcon_db:AWESOMEtable_withKey in this case.
And so the task was completed, +500pts, kthxbye.
Task Programming 4 for 400 points(by Adam Iwaniuk)
Task:
Find the Auspicious no?
Once Mickey Mouse visited China and found that in China, the numbers 6, 8, and 9 are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names sound similar to words that have positive meanings.
Numbers having only 6,8 and 9 as digits in their decimal representation are therefore considered Auspicious. For example, 6899, 986 and 999 are Auspicious but 123, 2689 are not.
A number n is "Very Auspicious number" such that D(n,6) >= D(n,8) >= D(n,9)l, where D(n,k) represents the number of times the digit k appears in the decimal representation of the number. For example: 6, 689, 8696, 9898666 are "Very Auspicious Numbers"
"A Very Very Auspicious number" is a number such that all its prefixes are "Very Auspicious numbers"
Now Mickey Mouse wants to find how many exactly 31337 digit distinct "Very Very Auspicious numbers" are there. Please help him find the answer. Since the answer may be very large, give the answer modulus 100000000000007.
If we compute results for numbers with number of digits < 7 we have:
1: 1
2: 2
3: 4
4: 9
5: 21
6: 51
Using encyclopedia of integer sequences we can find this sequence:
Using this interpretation:
Also number of Motzkin n-paths: paths from (0,0) to (n,0) in an n X n grid using only steps U = (1,1), F = (1,0) and D = (1,-1). - David Callan, Jul 15 2004
And the following relation:
(a + b) mod x == ((a mod x) + (b mod x)) mod x
we could implement an algorithm with time complexity O(n^2) and memory complexity O(n).
long long a[2][40000];
int main()
{
int n=31337;
int i,j,d,e;
a[0][0]=1;
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for (j=0;j<n;j++)
{
d=i%2;
e=d^1;
a[d][j]=0;
a[d][j]+=a[e][j];
if (j>0)
a[d][j]+=a[e][j-1];
if (j<n)
a[d][j]+=a[e][j+1];
a[d][j] = a[d][j] % 100000000000007;
}
printf("%d: %lld\n",i,a[i%2][0]);
}
+400pts.
Task Web 4 for 400 points(by Adam Iwaniuk)
(Note by Gynvael: this task disappeared sometime during the CTF. Adam solved it before it was taken offline.)
After going through the registration and logging in, we could see that the admin could grant administrative privileges to someone by using the following URL:
/web4/set_admin.php?user=XXXXX&Set=Set
We were also provided a contact pane, through which messages could be send to the admin user. If the code displaying incoming messages would lack proper HTML escaping, then the following HTML tag:
<img src=/web4/set_admin.php?user=XXXXX&Set=Set>
would automatically grant us admin privileges as soon as the admin would read message. This turned out to be the correct solution, +400 pts earned.
Task Web 5 for 500 points(by gynvael.coldwind//vx)
The website consisted solely of a login form, which would post user/password credentials as GET parameters to the login.php script, i.e.:
The following additional information was provided to ease in solving the task:
The most Awesome thing is : Developers are provided clear instruction to never keep a non php extension copy of source code on production server.
The hint made it quite clear that one of the .php files must have had a copy with a .phps, .txt, .bak, or a similar extension. This turned out to be the case for login.php - a login.phps file was present and contained the following code:
<?php
error_reporting(1);
if (isset($_GET["login"]) || isset($_GET["password"])) {
$dir = glob($_GET["login"] . "_" . $_GET["password"]);
if (!empty($dir)) {
if ($dir[0] == $_GET["login"] . "_" . $_GET["password"]) {
echo "Test Passed";
header("Location: ".$dir[0]."/test.txt");
} else {
echo "Hacking Attempt Detected";
}
} else {
echo "Dir not found";
}
}
?>
The above basically boils down to two simple steps: the user and password are concatenated and a directory with the result name is looked up. If it is found, its name is double-checked, and if it matches, one gets redirected to a file called test.txt within that directory.
Now, even if you're not familiar with PHP, you are probably asking yourself this question: "Why would you double check the name of the directory?". Well, the answer is quite obvious - the directory listing function might return another directory name in some cases, for example... once a wildcard is in play.
And yes, this is the case here - the glob() function supports wildcards, so the scenario becomes similar to blind sqli exploitation - you have a logical condition check and two different outputs if the condition is evaluated as true (i.e. a directory matching a given pattern exists; in such case the "Hacking Attempt Detected" message is shown) or false (i.e. no directory matching the pattern is found; the message is "Dir not found").
Now, there are two ways to continue with this attack: one is to use a "brute force" approach where you start with pattern a*_*, and continue through b*_*, c*_*, and so on, switching to Xa*_* when you find the good letter (denoted as X) on the proper position. For a N letter user+pass this would take from N queries (e.g. "aaaa_aaaa") to N*26 queries (e.g. "zzzz_zzzz"). On the other hand, since glob() supports regex-like character ranges (e.g. [a-h]), you could go with a bisection, just like in blind sqli. This would always take N*5 queries to find the user+path.
In the end, I went for the "brute force" approach, since it was way easier to develop and didn't otherwise make much of a difference.
The semi-finished semi-automatic code I used (I ran it two times with slight modifications; once to get the user and once to get the password):
import httplib, time
def get(l, p):
conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("ctf.nullcon.net")
conn.request("GET", "/web5/login.php?login=%s&password=%s" % (l,p))
r = conn.getresponse()
data1 = r.read()
print l,p,data1
conn.close()
return data1.strip()
while True:
found = False
for l_test in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz":
time.sleep(0.25)
r = get("abba", "%s%s*" % (login, l_test)).find("Hacking Attempt Detected")
if r != -1:
login += l_test
print login
found = True
break
if found == False:
print "Final L: %s" % login
break
The discovered user and password turned out to be: abba dabbajabba, a string that luckily included a lot of letters from the beginning of the alphabet, giving the brute force an extra boost.
Finally, the contents of the file was:
flag is D!28|_|5732!550/\/\|_|(|-|f|_||\|
Task done, +500 pts.
Task (initial) Reverse Me 5 for (by gynvael.coldwind//vx)
500 0 points
This is a somewhat sad story of how we correctly solved a 500 pts task and got 0 pts for it.
The task was to download an executable file and reverse engineer it in order to get the flag. The file turned out to be a Mach-O executable for ARM/iOS, so not really a platform I'm familiar with or even have one on my disposal (so no way to execute/test/debug the app). However, the main function wasn't long, so I decided to give it a shot.
The app worked like this: it prompted for a key (string), run a hashing function on it and compared the hash to the one stored inside of the app. If it matched, it displayed the following message:
LDR R3, =(aPerfectThatsYo - 0x2438)
ADD R3, PC, R3 ; "\n[+] Perfect! Thats your key. :)"
MOV R0, R3 ; char *
BL _puts
The internally stored hash was encoded as a floating point number:
FLDD D7, =2.8592026e8 ; 285920260
The hash was calculated by running a loop with eight iterations, successively taking the next character from the string and incorporating it into the calculated hash. The loop interior looked like this:
FLDD D6, [SP,#0x124+hash]
FLDD D7, =7.0
FMULD D6, D6, D7
LDR R3, [SP,#0x124+counter]
ADD R2, SP, #0x124+key
ADD R3, R2, R3
LDRB R3, [R3,#-0x120]
SXTB R2, R3
MOV R3, R2
MOV R3, R3,LSL#2
ADD R3, R3, R2
FMSR S11, R3
FSITOD D7, S11
FADDD D6, D6, D7
FLDD D7, =3.0
FADDD D7, D6, D7
FSTD D7, [SP,#0x124+hash]
LDR R3, [SP,#0x124+counter]
ADD R3, R3, #1
STR R3, [SP,#0x124+counter]
Please note that while the code performed floating point calculations, it actually only used full-integer values (only zeroes after the comma). After translating it to C and switching to integers, I ended up with the following, final form of the hashing loop:
unsigned int hash = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
hash = hash * 7 + (5 * key[i] + 3);
Visibly, it was an extremely simple multiply+add hash computation. An important observation here was that while key[i] was a single signed char (ranged from -128 to 127), it was only multiplied by 5 - implying two things:
1. This hash is not reversible to a single preimage, and so...
2. There is more than one correct key. Probably quite a lot of them.
I put the hash procedure into a brute force for 8 characters and started receiving results soon after that:
9GAMXXZT res: 285920260
9GAMXYST res: 285920260
9GAMXYTM res: 285920260
...
9J10442F res: 285920260
9J104448 res: 285920260
9J104451 res: 285920260
I stopped the brute force after getting ~8k valid hashes, picked a random one, entered it on the CTF site, and.... "Incorrect Answer".
Being sure that I had made a mistake (after all it was late night, I was tired) I went through the code again. And again. After the fifth time I was sure I had everything right, so I contacted the CTF staff.
Unfortunately, the author of the task was unreachable at that time, but I was told that there was one single good answer expected by the web interface.
Next day, when the author of the task could be finally reached, he confirmed that my collisions were correct and that it was unexpected for so many collisions to exist, so the task must have been flawed. At that point, the task was taken down and was supposed to be fixed.
About 4 hours before the CTF deadline, a "fixed" task was put back online, which turned out to be a completely new app (same platform, totally new app) with a much longer hashing routine.
I'm not happy with how this issue was solved by the staff - I don't think this was the correct way to do it. There were at least two better ways to solve it:
1. OK variant: Slightly modify the hashing algorithm to produce less collisions or no collisions at all (even if that would mean the hash is reversible).
2. Best variant: Make the web interface validate the hash instead of expecting one single answer. Or if (like in case of nullcon) the web framework supports only one-answer-per-task, make a 10-line PHP code on some random server that checks the hash and gives out the one-desired-answer aka the flag.
After all, the objective was to find a key that passes the client-side validation, and the flag was just a way to prove you got it. Therefore, changing the entire task four hours before the deadline because of a rigid validation mechanism, when one already put a lot of time to correctly solve the task, is not the proper way to go.
In the end, I decided to focus on other tasks and leave the new-reverse-me-5 for later, if there would be any time left (and there wasn't). +0pts.
Rest of the tasks as one-linersTrivia: (random questions, IT related)
1: Solved by using Google. First result or so.
2: MS05-039 exploit used in "Reboot" movie, found on Google page 1.
3: Found answer on Wikipedia.
4: "poem" refers to SONET aka Synchronous Optical Networking, rest was found on Google.
5: Reference to a Tron character, found on Google.
Web:
1: base64 dec → serialized php variable change to nulladmin → base64 enc → send form.
2: SQL injection via SOAP.
3: (not solved)
4: (described above)
5: (described above)
Crypto:
1: Morse code + rot13. Note: there was a space between each dot/dash and two spaces between words - they were not visible via rendered HTML view, only in the source.
2: (not solved)
3:
4: (not solved)
5: (not solved)
Programming:
1: "count the no of friday 13th in current century" - solved by a short python script using datetime. Got a result off-by-one for some reason, still close enough.
2: Used a quick-and-dirty python script to directly calculate the value from definition.
3: Rot with FIBONACCI incremental SERIES. Pen-and-paper method to figure it out :)
4: (described above)
5: (not solved). We think this task was broken - it was RSA and n was 1024-bit long (so sizeof(p)+sizeof(q)=1024-bit). We tried this a couple of times from a couple of angles, with no results. The CTF staff claimed that both p and q were 256-bit long only (?). I'm quite interested to see the math in which multiplying two 256-bit numbers gives a 1024-bit number.
Reverse me:
1: Android app. Used dex2jar and JAD to decompile. Password was easily spotted in one of the decompiled-source files.
2: A compiled AutoIt script. Decompiled it, extracted the .com file and the base64 from it.
3: Unpacked the executable using a "comunp1f" utility and trivially reverse-engineered after that.
4: Reverse-engineered the file using IDA and extracted correct key from GDB.
5: (not solved the new version; initial version described above)
Forensics:
1: Non-referenced /DCTDecode stream using a PDF structure dumper found in Google.
2: (not solved)
3: A HTML file originating from the ctf.nullcon.net domain found in Mozilla cache in the provided logs.
4: .config/storeme file being an lzma archive → base64 → NTFS partition image with PNG hinting about ADS and the flag in ADS.
5: ARJ → vmdk flat disk → some GNU hurd or sth partition → KGB archiver → JPG with stegano and screenshot of the right software.
Log Analysis:
1: A PDF file in USB packets.
2: Base64 data hidden in ICMP pings, being a presentation file with the flag (zip+xml technically).
3: (described above)
SummaryIn the end, we were quite happy with the CTF and our performance. We were able to grab the 3rd place despite starting one day after the original beginning, it was really great to work together, and we learned some interesting things during the CTF.
Nonetheless, we must note that we weren't too content about the tasks not being well tested. We understand that one or two tasks might not work as intended - it happens. But four out of seven 500pts tasks being flawed (the described above + forensics 5 was re-uploaded on the last day)? Come on! Surely you can do better than that!
Still, looking forward to nullcon CTF 2013 :)
Btw., in python there is enumerate(), so instead of
for line in ...:
count +=1
you can write
for count,line in enumerate():
...
They should award everyone who solved reverseme 5 max points -- it was their error.
Anyway, good work :3
The RSA problem is available e.g. here (mirrored by the community that won the CTF):
Hmm didn't know about enumerate(), thx :)
I was 8th, but playing alone ;-)
My solutions:
Congratz for 8th and especially for reaching 1st place and keeping it for quite a while during the competition :)
Add a comment: | https://gynvael.coldwind.pl/?id=486 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | refinedweb | 3,487 | 61.97 |
Harnessing a New Java Web Dev Stack: Play 2.0, Akka, Comet
For people in hurry, here is the code and some steps to run few demo samples.
Disclaimer: I am still learning Play 2.0, please point to me if something is incorrect.
Play 2.0 is a web application stack that bundled with Netty for HTTP Server, Akka for loosely coupled backend processing and Comet / Websocket for asynchronous browser rendering. Play 2.0 itself does not do any session state management, but uses cookies to manage User Sessions and Flash data. Play 2.0 advocates Reactive Model based on Iteratee IO. Please also see my blog on how Play 2.0 pits against Spring MVC.
In this blog, I will discuss some of these points and also discuss how Akka and Comet complement Play 2.0. The more I understand Play 2.0 stack the more I realize that Scala is better suited to take advantages of capabilities of Play 2.0 compared to Java. There is a blog on how Web developers view of Play 2.0. You can understand how Akka’s Actor pits against JMS refer this Stackoverflow writeup. A good documentation on Akka’s actor is here.
Play 2.0, Netty, Akka, Commet: how it fits
Play 2.0, Netty, Akka, Comet: How it fits
Servlet container like Tomcat blocks each request until the backend processing is complete. Play 2.0 stack will help in achieving the usecase like, you need to web crawl and get all the product listing from various sources in a non-blocking and asynchronous way using loosely coupled message oriented architecture.
For example, the below code will not be scalable in Play 2.0 stack, because Play has only 1 main thread and the code blocks other requests to be processed. In Play 2.0/Netty the application registers with callback on a long running process using frameworks like Akka when it is completed, in a reactive pattern.
public static Result index() { //Here is where you can put your long running blocking code like getting // the product feed from various sources return ok("Hello world"); }
The controller code to use Akka to work in a non-blocking way with async callback is as below,
public static Result index() { return async( future(new Callable<Integer>() { public Integer call() { //Here is where you can put your long running blocking code like getting //the product feed from various sources return 4; } }).map(new Function<Integer,Result>() { public Result apply(Integer i) { ObjectNode result = Json.newObject(); result.put("id", i); return ok(result); } }) ); }
And more cleaner and preferred way is Akka’s Actor model is as below,
public static Result sayHello(String data) { Logger.debug("Got the request: {}" + data); ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("MySystem"); ActorRef myActor = system.actorOf(new Props(MyUntypedActor.class), "myactor"); return async( Akka.asPromise(ask(myActor, data, 1000)).map( new Function<Object,Result>() { public Result apply(Object response) { ObjectNode result = Json.newObject(); result.put("message", response.toString()); return ok(result); } } ) ); } static public class MyUntypedActor extends UntypedActor { public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception { if (message instanceof String){ Logger.debug("Received String message: {}" + message); //Here is where you can put your long running blocking code like getting //the product feed from various sources getSender().tell("Hello world"); } else { unhandled(message); } } }
f you want to understand how we can use Comet for asynchronously render data to the browser using Play, Akka and Comet refer the code in Github. Here is some good writeup comparing Comet and Websocket in Stackoverflow.
(Note: Opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of DZone, Inc.) | http://java.dzone.com/articles/harnessing-new-java-web-dev | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | refinedweb | 609 | 55.95 |
C Programming/C Reference/stdio.h/fclose
fclose is a C function belonging to the ANSI C standard library, and included in the file stdio.h. Its purpose is close a stream and all the structure associated with it. Usually the stream is an open file.
fclose has the following prototype:
int fclose(FILE *file_pointer)
It takes one argument: a pointer to the FILE structure of the stream to close, eg:
:fclose(my_file_pointer) This line call the function fclose to close FILE stream structure pointed by my_file_pointer.
The return value is an integer with the following meaning:
- 0 (zero): the stream was closed successfully;
- EOF: an error occurred;
One can check for an error by reading errno. fclose has undefined behavior if it attempts to close a file pointer that isn't currently assigned to a file - in many cases, this results in a program crash.
Example usage[edit]
#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { FILE *file_pointer; int i; file_pointer = fopen("myfile.txt", "r"); fscanf(file_pointer, "%d", &i); printf("The integer is %d\n", i); fclose(file_pointer); return 0; }
The above program opens a file called myfile.txt and scans for an integer in it. | http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/C_Reference/stdio.h/fclose | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | refinedweb | 195 | 55.13 |
!.3 - patch 20220806 [ncurses.git] / NEWS 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 -- Copyright 2018-2021,2022 Thomas E. Dickey -- 3 -- Copyright 1998-2017,2018: NEWS,v 1.3809 2022/05/21 21:10:54 20220521 50 + improve memory-leak checking in several test-programs. 51 + set trailing null on string passed from winsnstr() to wins_nwstr(). 52 + modify del_curterm() to fix memory-leak introduced by change to 53 copy_termtype(). 54 55 20220514 56 + further improvements to test/test_mouse.c; compare with ncurses test 57 program menu A/a. 58 59 20220507 60 + add test/test_mouse.c (patch by Leonid S Usov). 61 + add a few debug-traces for tic, fix a couple of memory-leaks. 62 63 20220501 64 + build-fix for debug-traces (report/patch by Chris Clayton). 65 66 20220430 67 + modify samples for xterm mouse 1002/1003 modes to use 1006 mode, and 68 also provide for focus in/out responses -TD 69 + modify default case in handle_wheel() to always report button-release 70 events, e.g., for xterm mouse mode 1003 (patch by Leonid S Usov). 71 + improve valid_entryname() to disallow characters used in terminfo 72 syntax: '#', '=', '|', '\'. 73 + alter copy_termtype() to allocate new str_table and ext_str_table 74 data rather than relying upon its callers. 75 + use calloc in _nc_init_entry() when allocating stringbuf, to ensure 76 it is initialized. 77 + add library-level TYPE_CALLOC for consistency with TYPE_MALLOC. 78 + add some debug-traces for tic/infocmp. 79 80 20220423 81 + in-progress work on invalid_merge(), disable it (cf: 20220402). 82 + fix memory leak in _nc_tic_dir() when called from _nc_set_writedir(). 83 + fix memory leak in tic when "-c" option is used. 84 85 20220416 86 + add a limit-check to guard against corrupt terminfo data 87 (report/testcase by NCNIPC of China). 88 + add check/warning in configure script if option --with-xterm-kbs is 89 missing or inconsistent (Arch #74379). 90 + add setlocale call to several test-programs. 91 + allow extended-color number in opts parameter of wattr_on. 92 93 20220409 94 + add test/test_unget_wch.c 95 96 20220402 97 + amend extended_captype(), returning CANCEL if a string is explicitly 98 cancelled. 99 + make description-fields distinct -TD 100 101 20220326 102 + update teken -TD 103 + add teken-16color, teken-vt and teken-sc -TD 104 + add a few missing details for vte-2018 (report by Robert Lange) -TD 105 106 20220319 107 + add xgterm -TD 108 + correct setal in mintty/tmux entries, add to vte-2018 (report by 109 Robert Lange) 110 + add blink to vte-2018 (report by Robert Lange) 111 + improve tic warning about XT versus redundant tsl, etc. 112 113 20220312 114 + add xterm+acs building-block -TD 115 + add xterm-p370, for use in older terminals -TD 116 + add dec+sl to xterm-new, per xterm patch #371 -TD 117 + add mosh and mosh-256color -TD 118 119 20220305 120 + replace obsolescent "-gnatg" option with "-gnatwa" and "-gnatyg", to 121 work around build problems with gnat 12. 122 + update external links in Ada95.html 123 + trim unused return-value from canonical_name(). 124 125 20220226 126 + fix issues found with coverity: 127 + rewrite canonical_name() function of infocmp to ensure buffer size 128 + corrected use of original tty-modes in tput init/reset subcommands 129 + modify tabs program to limit tab-stop values to max-columns 130 + add limit-checks for palette rgb values in test/ncurses.c 131 + add a few null-pointer checks to help with static-analysis. 132 + enforce limit on number of soft-keys used in c++ binding. 133 + adjust a buffer-limit in write_entry.c to quiet a bogus warning from 134 gcc 12.0.1 135 136 20220219 137 + expanded description in man/resizeterm.3x 138 + additional workaround for ImageMagick in test/picsmap.c 139 140 20220212 141 + improve font-formatting in other manpages, for consistency. 142 + correct/improve font-formatting in curs_wgetch.3x (patch by Benno 143 Schulenberg). 144 145 20220205 146 + workaround in test/picsmap.c for use of floating point for rgb values 147 by ImageMagick 6.9.11, which appears to use the wrong upper limit. 148 + improve use of "trap" in shell scripts, using "fixup-trap". 149 150 20220129 151 + minor updates for test-packages 152 + improve handling of --with-pkg-config-libdir option, allowing for the 153 case where either $PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR or the option value has a 154 colon-separated list of directories (report by Rudi Heitbaum, 155 cf: 20211113). 156 + update kitty -TD 157 158 20220122 159 + add ABI 7 defaults to configure script. 160 + add warning in configure script if file specified for "--with-caps" 161 does not exist. 162 + use fix for CF_FIX_WARNINGS from cdk-perl, ignoring error-exit on 163 format-warnings. 164 + improve readability of long parameterized expressions with the 165 infocmp "-f" option by allowing split before a "%p" marker. 166 167 20220115 168 + improve checks for valid mouse events when an intermediate mouse 169 state is not part of the mousemask specified by the caller (report by 170 Anton Vidovic, cf: 20111022). 171 + use newer version 1.36 of gnathtml for generating Ada html files. 172 173 20220101 174 + add section on releasing memory to curs_termcap.3x and 175 curs_terminfo.3x manpages. 176 177 20211225 178 + improve markup, e.g., for external manpage links in the manpages 179 (prompted by report by Helge Kreutzmann). 180 181 20211219 182 + install ncurses-examples programs in libexecdir, adding a wrapper 183 script to invoke those. 184 + add help-screen and screen-dump to test/combine.c 185 186 20211211 187 + add test/combine.c, to demo/test combining characters. 188 189 20211204 190 + improve configure check for getttynam (report by Werner Fink). 191 192 20211127 193 + fix errata in description fields (report by Eric Lindblad) -TD 194 + add x10term+sl, aixterm+sl, ncr260vp+sl, ncr260vp+vt, wyse+sl -TD 195 196 20211120 197 + add dim, ecma+strikeout to st-0.6 -TD 198 + deallocate the tparm cache when del_curterm is called for the last 199 allocated TERMINAL structure (report/testcase by Bram Moolenaar, 200 cf: 20200531). 201 + modify test-package to more closely conform to Debian multi-arch. 202 + if the --with-pkg-config-libdir option is not given, use 203 ${libdir}/pkgconfig as a default (prompted by discussion with Ross 204 Burton). 205 206 20211115 207 + fix memory-leak in delwin for pads (report by Werner Fink, OpenSUSE 208 #1192668, cf: 20211106), 209 210 20211113 211 + minor clarification to clear.1 (Debian #999437). 212 + add xterm+sl-alt, use that in foot+base (report by Jonas Grosse 213 Sundrup) -TD 214 + improve search-path check for pkg-config, for Debian testing which 215 installs pkg-config with architecture-prefixes. 216 217 20211106 218 + improve check in misc/Makefile.in for empty $PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR 219 + modify wnoutrefresh to call pnoutrefresh if its parameter is a pad, 220 rather than treating it as an error, and modify new_panel to permit 221 its window-parameter to be a pad (report by Giorgos Xou). 222 + fix a memory-leak in del_curterm (prompted by discussion with Bram 223 Moolenaar, cf: 20210821). 224 225 20211030 226 + simplify some references to WINDOWS._flags using macros. 227 + add a "check" rule in Ada95 makefile, to help with test-packages. 228 + build-fix for cross-compiling to MingW, conditionally add -lssp 229 230 20211026 231 + corrected regex needed for older pkg-config used in Solaris 10. 232 + amend configure option's auto-search to account for systems where 233 none of the directories known to pkg-config exist, adapted from 234 mailing-list comment (report by Milan P. Stanic). 235 236 20211021 6.3 release for upload to 237 + update release notes 238 + add "ncu2openbsd" script, to illustrate how to update an OpenBSD 239 system to use a current ncurses release. 240 241 20211018 242 + check for screen size-change in scr_init() and scr_restore(), in case 243 a screen dump does not match the current screen dimensions (report by 244 Frank Tkalcevic). 245 246 20211017 247 + amend change for pkg-config to account for "none" being returned in 248 the libdir-path result rather than "no" (report by Gabriele Balducci). 249 250 20211016 251 + build-fix for pmake with libtool. 252 + improve make-tar.sh scripts, adding COPYING to tar file, and clean up 253 shellcheck warnings. 254 + add link for "reset6" manpage in test-package ncurses6-doc 255 + revise configure option --with-pkg-config-libdir, using the actual 256 search path from pkg-config or pkgconf using the output from --debug 257 (report by Pascal Pignard). 258 + freeze ABI in ".map" files. 259 260 20211009 261 + implement "+m" option in tabs program. 262 + fill in some details for infoton -TD 263 + fix spelling/consistency in several descriptions -TD 264 + use vt420+lrmm in vt420 -TD 265 + modify save_tty_settings() to avoid opening /dev/tty for cases other 266 than reset/init, e.g., for clear. 267 + modify output of "toe -as" to show first description found rather 268 than the last. 269 + improve tic checks for number of parameters of smglp, smgrp, smgtp, 270 and smgbp (cf: 20020525). 271 + correct off-by-one comparison in last_char(), which did not allow 272 special case of ":" in a terminfo description field (cf: 20120407). 273 + remove check in tic that assumes that none or both parameterized and 274 non-parameterized margin-setting capabilities are present 275 (cf: 20101002). 276 277 20211002 278 + use return-value from vsnprintf to reallocate as needed to allow for 279 buffers larger than the screen size (report by "_RuRo_"). 280 + modify tset "-q" option to refrain from modifying terminal modes, to 281 match the documentation. 282 + add section on margins to terminfo.5, adapted from X/Open Curses. 283 + make tput/tset warning messages consistently using alias names when 284 those are used, rather than the underlying program's name. 285 + improve tput usage message for aliases such as clear, by eliminating 286 tput-specific portions. 287 + add a check in toe to ensure that a "termcap file" is text rather 288 than binary. 289 + further build-fixes for OpenBSD 6.9, whose header files differ from 290 the other BSDs. 291 292 20210925 293 + add kbeg to xterm+keypad to accommodate termcap applications -TD 294 + add smglp and smgrp to vt420+lrmm, to provide useful data for the 295 "tabs" +m option -TD 296 + build-fix for gcc 3.4.3 with Solaris10, which does not allow forward 297 reference of anonymous struct typedef. 298 + modify tput to allow multiple commands per line. 299 + minor fixes for tset manpage. 300 301 20210911 302 + adjust ifdef in test_opaque.c to fix build with ncurses 5.7 303 + add testing note for xterm-{hp|sco|sun} -TD 304 + corrected description for ansi.sys-old -TD 305 + add xterm+nopcfkeys, to fill in keys for xterm-hp, xterm-sun -TD 306 + use hp+arrows in a few places -TD 307 + use hp+pfk-cr in a few places -TD 308 309 20210905 310 + correct logic in filtering of redefinitions (report by Sven Joachim, 311 cf: 20210828). 312 313 20210904 314 + modify linux3.0 entry to reflect default mapping of shift-tab by 315 kbd 1.14 (report by Jan Engelhardt) -TD 316 + add historical note to tput, curses-terminfo and curses-color 317 manpages based on source-code for SVr2, SVr3 and SVr4. 318 + minor grammatical fixes for "it's" vs "its" (report by Nick Black). 319 + amend fix for --disable-root-environ (report by Arnav Singh). 320 + build-fix for compiling link_test 321 + drop symbols GCC_PRINTF and GCC_SCANF from curses.h.in, to simplify 322 use (Debian #993179). 323 324 20210828 325 + correct reversed check for --disable-root-environ (report/analysis 326 by Arnav Singh, cf: 20210626). 327 + apply gcc format attribute to prototypes which use a va_list 328 parameter rather than a "..." variable-length parameter list 329 (prompted by discussion in a tmux pull-request). 330 + modify configure scripts to filter out redefinitions of _XOPEN_SOURCE, 331 e.g., for NetBSD which generally supports 500, but 600 is needed for 332 ncursesw. 333 + improve documentation for tparm and static/dynamic variables. 334 + improve typography in terminfo.5 (patch by Branden Robinson). 335 336 20210821 337 + improve tparm implementation of %P and %g, more closely matching 338 SVr4 terminfo. 339 + move internals of TERMINAL structure to new header term.priv.h 340 + add "check" rule for ncurses/Makefile 341 + corrected tsl capability for terminator -TD 342 + add check in tic to report instances where tparm would detect an 343 error in an expression (cf: 20201010). 344 + correct a few places where SP->_pair_limit was used rather than 345 SP->_pair_alloc (cf: 20170812). 346 + fix missing "%d" for setaf/setab code 8-15 in xterm+direct16 (report 347 by Florian Weimer) -TD 348 + fix some documentation errata from OpenBSD changes. 349 + update config.sub 350 351 20210814 352 + add workaround for broken pcre2 package in Debian 10, from xterm #369. 353 354 20210807 355 + ignore "--dynamic-linker" option in generated pkg/config files, 356 adapted from "distr1" patch. 357 + add CF_SHARED_OPTS case for Haiku, from patch in haikuports. 358 359 20210731 360 + add extensions in xterm+tmux and ecma+strikeout to ms-terminal, 361 but cancel the non-working Cr and Ms capabilities -TD 362 + add foot and foot-direct -TD 363 364 20210724 365 + add workaround for Windows Terminal's problems with CR/LF mapping to 366 ms-terminal (patch by Juergen Pfeifer). 367 + review/update current Windows Terminal vs ms-terminal -TD 368 369 20210718 370 + correct typo in "vip" comments (report by Nick Black), reviewed this 371 against Glink manual -TD 372 + fill in some missing pieces for pccons, to make it comparable to the 373 vt220 entry -TD 374 + modify mk-1st.awk to account for extra-suffix configure option 375 (report by Juergen Pfeifer). 376 + change default for --disable-wattr-macros option to help packagers 377 who reuse wide ncursesw header file with non-wide ncurses library. 378 + build-fix for test/test_opaque.c, for configurations without opaque 379 curses structs. 380 381 20210710 382 + improve history section for tset manpage based on the 1BSD tarball, 383 which preceded BSD's SCCS checkins by more than three years. 384 + improve CF_XOPEN_CURSES macro used in test/configure (report by Urs 385 Jansen). 386 + further improvement of libtool configuration, adding a dependency of 387 the install.tic rule, etc., on the library in the build-tree. 388 + update config.sub 389 390 20210703 391 + amend libtool configuration to add dependency for install.tic, etc., 392 in ncurses/Makefile on the lower-level libraries. 393 + modify configure script to support ".PHONY" make program feature. 394 395 20210626 396 + add configure option --disable-root-access, which tells ncurses to 397 disallow most file-opens by setuid processes. 398 + use default colors in pccon "op" -TD 399 + correct rmacs/smacs in aaa+dec, aaa+rv -TD 400 + add hpterm-color2 and hp98550-color (Martin Trusler) 401 + regenerate man-html documentation. 402 403 20210619 404 + improve configure-macro used for dependencies of --disable-leaks such 405 as --with-valgrind 406 + trim trailing blanks from files 407 408 20210612 409 + fixes for scan-build, valgrind build/testing. 410 + update config.guess 411 412 20210605 413 + add a summary of ncurses-specific preprocessor symbols to curses.h 414 (prompted by discussion with Peter Farley, Bill Gray). 415 416 20210522 417 + regenerate configure scripts with autoconf 2.52.20210509 to eliminate 418 an unnecessary warning in config.log (report by Miroslav Lichvar). 419 + add a note in manual page to explain ungetch vs unget_wch (prompted 420 by discussion with Peter Farley). 421 + add sp-funcs for erasewchar, killwchar. 422 + modify wgetnstr, wgetn_wstr to improve compatibility with SVr4 curses 423 in its treatment of interrupt and quit characters (prompted by 424 report/testcase by Bill Gray) 425 + update config.guess, config.sub 426 427 20210515 428 + improve manual pages for wgetnstr, newwin (prompted by 429 report/testcase by Bill Gray). 430 431 20210508 432 + modify tputs' error check to allow it to be used without first 433 calling tgetent or setupterm, noting that terminfo initialization 434 is required for supporting the terminfo delay feature (report by 435 Sebastiano Vigna). 436 + fix several warnings from clang --analyze 437 + add null-pointer check in comp_parse.c, when a "use=" clause refers 438 to a nonexisting terminal description (report/patch by Miroslav 439 Lichvar, cf: 20210227). 440 441 20210501 442 + add a special case in the configure script to work around one of the 443 build-time breakages reported for OpenBSD 6 here: 444 445 There is no workaround for the other issue, a broken linker spec. 446 + modify configure check for libtool to prevent accidental use of an 447 OpenBSD program which uses the same name. 448 + update config.guess, config.sub 449 450 20210424 451 + avoid using broken system macros for snprintf which interfere with 452 _nc_SLIMIT's conditionally adding a parameter when the string-hacks 453 configure option is enabled. 454 + add a "all::" rule before the new "check" rule in test/Makefile.in 455 456 20210418 457 + improve CF_LINK_FUNCS by ensuring that the source-file is closed 458 before linking to the target. 459 + add "check" rules for headers in c++, progs and test-directories. 460 + build-fix for termsort module when configured with termcap (reports 461 by Rajeev V Pillai, Rudi Heitbaum). 462 463 20210417 464 + extend --disable-pkg-ldflags option to also control whether $LDFLAGS 465 from the build is provided in -config and .pc files (Debian #986764). 466 + fix some cppcheck warnings, mostly style, in ncurses and c++ 467 libraries and progs directory. 468 + fix off-by-one limit for tput's processing command-line arguments 469 (patch by Hadrien Lacour). 470 471 20210403 472 + fix some cppcheck warnings, mostly style, in ncurses library and 473 progs directory. 474 + improve description of BSD-style padding in curs_termcap.3x 475 + improved CF_C11_NORETURN macro, from byacc changes. 476 + fix "--enable-leak" in CF_DISABLE_LEAKS to allow turning 477 leak-checking off later in a set of options. 478 + relax modification-time comparison in CF_LINK_FUNCS to allow it to 479 accept link() function with NFS filesystems which change the mtime 480 on the link target, e.g., several BSD systems. 481 + call delay_output_sp to handle BSD-style padding when tputs_sp is 482 called, whether directly or internally, to ensure that the SCREEN 483 pointer is passed correctly (reports by Henric Jungheim, Juraj 484 Lutter). 485 486 20210327 487 + build-fixes for Solaris10 /bin/sh 488 + fix some cppcheck warnings, mostly style, in ncurses test-programs, 489 form and menu libraries. 490 491 20210323 492 + add configure option --enable-stdnoreturn, making the _Noreturn 493 keyword optional to ease transition (prompted by report by 494 Rajeev V Pillai). 495 496 20210320 497 + improve parameter-checking in tput by forcing it to analyze any 498 extended string capability, e.g., as used in the Cs and Ms 499 capabilities of the tmux description (report by Brad Town, 500 cf: 20200531). 501 + remove an incorrect free in the fallback (non-checking) version of 502 _nc_free_and_exit (report by Miroslav Lichvar). 503 + correct use-ordering in some xterm-direct flavors -TD 504 + add hterm, hterm-256color (Mike Frysinger) 505 + if the build-time compiler accepts c11's _Noreturn keyword, use that 506 rather than gcc's attribute. 507 + change configure-check for gcc's noreturn attribute to assume it is 508 a prefix rather than suffix, matching c11's _Noreturn convention. 509 + add "lint" rule to c++/Makefile, e.g., with cppcheck. 510 511 20210313 512 + improve configure CF_LD_SEARCHPATH macro used for ncurses*-config and 513 ".pc" files, from dialog changes. 514 + reduce dependency of math-library in test programs. 515 + minor fixes for test_tparm.c (cf: 20210306) 516 + mention "ncurses" prefix in curses_version() manpage (report by 517 Michal Bielinski). 518 519 20210306 520 + improved test/test_tparm.c, by limiting the tests to capabilities 521 that might have parameters or padding, and combined with tputs test. 522 + improve discussion of padding versus tparm and tputs in 523 man/curs_terminfo.3x 524 + update portability note for FreeBSD in man/tput.1 525 526 20210227 527 + modify tic/infocmp to eliminate unnecessary "\" to escape ":" in 528 terminfo format. 529 + add check in tic for duplicate "use=" clauses. 530 531 20210220 532 + improve tic warning when oc/op do not mention SGR 39/49 for xterm 533 compatible XT flag. 534 + revert change to lib_addch.c in waddch_literal() from 20210130, since 535 the followup fix in PutCharLR() actually corrects the problem while 536 this change causes too-early filling/wrapping (report by Johannes 537 Altmanninger). 538 + add/use vt220+pcedit and vt220+vtedit -TD 539 + add scrt/securecrt and absolute -TD 540 + add nel to xterm-new, though supported since X11R5 -TD 541 + add/use xterm+nofkeys -TD 542 + move use of ecma+italics from xterm-basic to xterm+nofkeys -TD 543 544 20210213 545 + add test/back_ground.c, to exercise the wide-character background 546 functions. 547 + add a check in _nc_build_wch() in case the background character is a 548 wide-character, rather than a new part of a multibyte character. 549 + improve tracemunch's coverage of form/menu/panel libraries. 550 + improve tracemunch's checking/reporting the type for the first 551 parameter, e.g., "WINDOW*" rather than "#1". 552 553 20210206 554 + provide for wide-characters as background character in wbkgrnd 555 (report/testcase by Anton Vidovic) 556 + add name for Fedora's pcre2 to configure check for "--with-pcre2" 557 option, from xterm #363 -TD 558 + modify adjustment in PutCharLR to restore the cursor position before 559 writing to the lower-right corner, rather than decrementing the 560 cursor column, in case it was a double-width character (cf: 20210130). 561 562 20210130 563 + correct an off-by-one in comparison in waddch_literal() which caused 564 scrolling when a double-cell character would not fit at the lower 565 right corner of the screen (report by Benno Schulenberg). 566 + split-out att610+cvis, vt220+cvis, vt220+cvis8 -TD 567 + add vt220-base, for terminal emulators which generally have not 568 supported att610's blinking cursor control -TD 569 + use vt220+cvis in vt220, etc -TD 570 + use att610+cvis, xterm+tmux and ansi+enq in kitty -TD 571 + use vt220+cvis in st, terminology, termite since they ignore 572 blinking-cursor detail in att610+cvis -TD 573 574 20210123 575 + modify package/config scripts to provide an explicit -L option for 576 cases when the loader search path has other directories preceding 577 the one in which ncurses is installed (report by Yuri Victorovich). 578 + minor build-fixes in configure script and makefiles to work around 579 quirks of pmake. 580 581 20210116 582 + add comment for linux2.6 regarding CONFIG_CONSOLE_TRANSLATIONS 583 (report by Patrick McDermott) -TD 584 + make opts extension for getcchar work as documented for ncurses 6.1, 585 adding "-g" flag to test/demo_new_pair to illustrate. 586 587 20210109 588 + fix errata in man/ncurses.3x from recent updates. 589 + improve quoting/escaping in configure script, uses some features of 590 autoconf 2.52.20210105 591 592 20210102 593 + update man/curs_memleaks.3x, to include <term.h> which declares 594 exit_terminfo. 595 + clarify man/curs_terminfo.3x, to mention why the macro setterm is 596 defined in <curses.h>, and remove it from the list of prototypes 597 (prompted by patch by Graeme McCutcheon). 598 + amend man/curs_terminfo.3x, to note that <curses.h> is required 599 for certain functions, e.g., those using chtype or attr_t for 600 types, as well as mvcur (cf: 20201031). 601 + use parameter-names in prototypes in curs_sp_funcs.3x, for 602 consistency with other manpages. 603 604 20201227 605 + update terminology entry to 1.8.1 -TD 606 + fix some compiler-warnings which gcc8 reports incorrectly. 607 608 20201219 609 + suppress hyphenation in generated html for manpages, to address 610 regression in upgrade of groff 1.22.2 to 1.22.3. 611 + fix inconsistent sort-order in see-also sections of manpages (report 612 by Chris Bennett). 613 614 20201212 615 + improve manual pages for form field-types. 616 617 20201205 618 + amend build-fixes for gnat 10 to work with certain systems lacking 619 gprbuild (cf: 20200627). 620 + eliminate an additional strlen and wsclen. 621 + eliminate an unnecessary strlen in waddnstr() (suggested by Benjamin 622 Abendroth). 623 + modify inopts manpage, separating the items for nodelay and notimeout 624 (patch by Benno Schulenberg). 625 + correct mlterm3 kf1-kf4 (Debian #975322) -TD 626 + add flash to mlterm3 -TD 627 628 20201128 629 + add Smulx to alacritty (Christian Duerr). 630 + add rep to PuTTY -TD 631 + add putty+keypad -TD 632 + add another fflush(stdout) in _nc_flush() to handle time-delays in 633 the middle of strings such as flash when the application uses 634 low-level calls rather than curses (cf: 20161217). 635 + modify configure check for c89/c99 aliases of clang to use its 636 -std option instead, because some platforms, in particular macOS, 637 do not provide workable c89/c99 aliases. 638 639 20201121 640 + fix some compiler-warnings in experimental Windows-10 driver. 641 + add the definitions needed in recent configure-check for clang 642 (report by Steven Pitman). 643 644 20201114 645 + fix some compiler-warnings in experimental Windows-10 driver. 646 + modify a check for parameters in terminfo capabilities to handle the 647 special case where short extended capability strings were not 648 converted from terminfo to termcap format. 649 + modify CF_MIXEDCASE_FILENAMES macro, adding darwin as special case 650 when cross-compiling (report by Eli Rykoff). 651 652 20201107 653 + update kitty+common -TD 654 + add putty+screen and putty-screen (suggested by Alexandre Montaron). 655 + explain in ncurses.3x that functions in the tinfo library do not rely 656 upon wide-characters (prompted by discussion with Reuben Thomas). 657 658 20201031 659 + modify MKterm.h.in so that it is not necessary to include <curses.h> 660 before <term.h> (prompted by discussion with Reuben Thomas). 661 + review/improve synopsis for curs_sp_funcs.3x (prompted by discussion 662 with Reuben Thomas). 663 + improve format of output in tic's check_infotocap() function, to 664 ensure that the messages contain only printable text. 665 + modify configure-check for clang to verify that -Qunused-arguments 666 is supported. IBM's xlclang does not support it (report by Steven 667 Pitman). 668 669 20201024 670 + provide workaround configure-check for bool when cross-compiling. 671 + fix a potential indexing error in _nc_parse_entry(), seen with 672 Herlim's test data using address-sanitizer. 673 + change a null-pointer check in set_curterm to a valid-string check, 674 needed in to tic's use-resolution when pad_char is cancelled 675 (report/testcase by Robert Sebastian Herlim) 676 + improve tic's -c option to validate the number and type of parameters 677 and compare against expected number/type before deciding which set of 678 parameter-lists to use in tparm calls (report/testcase by Robert 679 Sebastian Herlim). 680 + fix a link for tabs.1 manpage in announce.html.in (report by Nick 681 Black), as well as some fixes via linklint. 682 683 20201017 684 + improve manpage typography. 685 + improve discussion in curs_addch.3x of the use of unctrl to display 686 nonprintable characters. 687 + add a note in terminfo.5 explaining that no-parameter strings such 688 as sgr0 or cnorm should not be used with tparm. 689 690 20201010 691 + correct sgr in aaa+rv (report by Florian Weimer) -TD 692 + fix some sgr inconsistencies in d230c, ibm6153, ibm6154, 693 ncrvt100an -TD 694 + improve tic's check for errors detected in tparm (prompted by 695 discussion with Florian Weimer). 696 + set output-mode to binary in experimental Windows-10 driver (Juergen 697 Pfeifer). 698 699 20201003 700 + remove output-related checks for nl/nonl (report by Leon Winter). 701 + change tmux's kbs to ^? (report by Premysl Eric Janouch) 702 + simplify mlterm initialization with DECSTR -TD 703 + fix a typo in man/curs_terminfo.3 (Reuben Thomas). 704 + add tmux-direct (tmux #2370, Debian #895754) 705 + add user-defined capabilities from mintty to Caps-ncurses, for 706 checking consistency with tic. 707 708 20200926 709 + correct configure-check for gnurx library. 710 + regenerate llib-* files. 711 + modify tracemunch and the panel library to show readable traces for 712 panel- and user-pointers. 713 714 20200919 715 + update mlterm3 for 3.9.0 (report by Premysl Eric Janouch) -TD 716 717 20200918 718 + corrected condition for appending curses.events to the generated 719 curses.h (report by Sven Joachim, Debian #970545). 720 721 20200912 722 + add configure-check for systre/tre with mingw configuration, to get 723 the library-dependencies as seen in msys2 configuration for mingw64. 724 + build-fixes for the win32-driver configuration. 725 + use more defensive binary mode setting for Win32 (Juergen Pfeifer). 726 727 20200907 728 + fix regression in setupterm validating non-empty $TERM (report by 729 Soren Tempel). 730 731 20200906 732 + merge/adapt in-progress work by Juergen Pfeifer for new version of 733 win32-driver. 734 + correct description of vt330/vt340 (Ross Combs). 735 736 20200831 737 + build-fix for awk-scripts modified for win32-driver (report by Werner 738 Fink). 739 740 20200829 741 + remove a redundant NCURSES_EXPORT as a build-fix for "Maarten 742 Anonymous". 743 + merge/adapt in-progress work by Juergen Pfeifer for new version of 744 win32-driver. 745 + modify configure script, moving gcc -Werror options to EXTRA_CFLAGS 746 to avoid breaking configure-checks (adapted from ongoing work on 747 mawk and lynx). 748 > errata for terminfo.src (report by Florian Weimer): 749 + correct icl6404 csr 750 + correct ti916 cup 751 + improve ndr9500 752 753 20200822 754 + improve version-number extraction in MKlib_gen.sh 755 + make the test-package for manpages installable by adjusting the 756 man_db.renames file. 757 + correct an off-by-one loop-limit in convert_strings function 758 (report by Yue Tai). 759 + add CF_SHARED_OPTS cases for HPE NonStop systems (Randall S Becker). 760 + modify CF_SHARED_OPTS case for NetBSD to use the same "-shared" 761 option for the non-rpath case as for the rpath case, to allow gcc to 762 provide suitable runtime initialization (report by Rajeev V Pillai). 763 764 20200817 765 + reduce build-warnings by excluding ncurses-internals from deprecation 766 warnings. 767 + mark wgetch-events feature as deprecated. 768 + add definition for $(LIBS) to ncurses/Makefile.in, to simplify builds 769 using the string-hacks option. 770 + prevent KEY_EVENT from appearing in curses.h unless the configure 771 option --enable-wgetch-events is used (report by Werner Fink). 772 773 20200816 774 + amend tic/infocmp check to allow for the respective tool's absence 775 (report by Steve Wills, cf: 20200808). 776 + improved some of the build-scripts with shellcheck 777 + filter out -MT/-MD/-MTd/-MDd options in script for Visual Studio C++ 778 (discussion with "Maarten Anonymous"). 779 780 20200808 781 + improve discussion of the system's tic utility when used as part 782 of cross-compiling (discussion with Keith Marshall). 783 + modify configuration checks for build-time tic/infocmp to use 784 AC_CHECK_TOOL. That can still be overridden by --with-tic-path and 785 --with-infocmp-path when fallbacks are used, but even if not using 786 fallbacks, the improved check may help with cross-compiling 787 (discussion with Keith Marshall). 788 + other build-fixes for Ada95 with MinGW. 789 + modify Ada95 source-generation utility to write to a file given as 790 parameter rather than to the standard output, allowing builds with 791 MinGW. 792 793 20200801 794 + remove remaining parts of checks for ISC Unix (cf: 20121006). 795 + add user32.lib to LDFLAGS for Visual Studio C++ configuration 796 (discussion with "Maarten Anonymous"). 797 + modify MKkey_defs.sh to hide ncurses' definition of KEY_EVENTS to 798 reduce Visual Studio C++ redefinition warnings. 799 + improve/update checks for external functions in test/configure 800 801 20200725 802 + set LINK_TESTS in CF_SHARED_OPTS for msvc (patch by 803 "Maarten Anonymous") 804 + improved workaround for redefinition-warnings for KEY_EVENT. 805 + improve man/term.5 section on legacy storage format (report by 806 Florian Weimer). 807 808 20200718 809 + reduce redefinition-warnings for KEY_EVENT when building with Visual 810 Studio C++. 811 + define NCURSES_STATIC when compiling programs to link with static 812 libraries, to work with MinGW vs Visual Studio C++. 813 > additional changes for building with Visual Studio C++ and msys2 814 (reports/patches by "Maarten Anonymous") 815 + modify c++/Makefile.in to set the current directory while compiling 816 the main program, so the linker can find related objects. 817 + several changes to allow the c++/demo program to compile/link. 818 + change an ifdef in test-directory, to use VC++ wide-character funcs. 819 820 20200711 821 + fix pound-sign mapping in acsc of linux2.6 entry (report by Ingo 822 Bruckl). 823 + additional changes for building with Visual Studio C++ and msys2 824 (reports/patches by "Maarten Anonymous") 825 + build-improvements for Windows 10 and MinGW (patch by Juergen 826 Pfeifer). 827 + fix a typo in curs_printw.3x (patch by William Pursell). 828 + fix two errors in infotocap which allowed indexing outside the 829 buffer (report/testcases by Zhang Gan). 830 + update length of strings in infocmp's usage function to restore a 831 trailing null on the longest string (report/testcase by Zhang Gen). 832 833 20200704 834 + modify version-check with Ada generics to use the same pattern as in 835 the check for supported gnat versions (report by Pascal Pignard). 836 > additional changes for building with Visual Studio C++ and msys2 837 (patches by "Maarten Anonymous"): 838 + adjust headers/declarations to provide for "dllimport" vs "dllexport" 839 declarations when constructing DLLs, to worko with Visual Studio C++. 840 841 20200627 842 + build-fixes for gnat 10.1.1, whose gnatmake drops integration with 843 gprbuild. 844 + correct buffer-length in test/color_name.h 845 846 20200613 847 + update list of functions in ncurses.3x 848 + move dlclose() call from lib_mouse.c to delscreen() to avoid a case 849 in the former which could be called from SIGTSTP handler (Debian 850 #961097). 851 852 20200606 853 + add xterm+256color2, xterm+88color2, to deprecate nonstandard usage 854 in xterm+256color, xterm+88color -TD 855 + add shifted Linux console keys in linux+sfkeys entry for 856 screen.linux (report by Alexandre Montaron). 857 + use vt100+enq in screen (report by Alexandre Montaron). 858 + add screen.linux-s alias (suggested by Alexandre Montaron). 859 860 20200531 861 + correct configure version-check/warnng for g++ to allow for 10.x 862 + re-enable "bel" in konsole-base (report by Nia Huang) 863 + add linux-s entry (patch by Alexandre Montaron). 864 + drop long-obsolete convert_configure.pl 865 + add test/test_tparm.c, for checking tparm changes. 866 + improve parameter-checking for tparm, adding function _nc_tiparm() to 867 handle the most-used case, which accepts only numeric parameters 868 (report/testcase by "puppet-meteor"). 869 + use a more conservative estimate of the buffer-size in lib_tparm.c's 870 save_text() and save_number(), in case the sprintf() function 871 passes-through unexpected characters from a format specifier 872 (report/testcase by "puppet-meteor"). 873 + add a check for end-of-string in cvtchar to handle a malformed 874 string in infotocap (report/testcase by "puppet-meteor"). 875 876 20200523 877 + update version-check for gnat to allow for gnat 10.x to 99.x 878 + fix an uninitialized variable in lib_mouse.c changes (cf: 20200502) 879 + add a check in EmitRange to guard against repeat_char emitting digits 880 which could be interpreted as BSD-style padding when --enable-bsdpad 881 is configured (report/patch by Hiltjo Posthuma). 882 + add --disable-pkg-ldflags to suppress EXTRA_LDFLAGS from the 883 generated pkg-config and ncurses*-config files, to simplify 884 configuring in the case where rpath is used but the packager wants 885 to hide the feature (report by Michael Stapelberg). 886 > fixes for building with Visual Studio C++ and msys2 (patches by 887 "Maarten Anonymous"): 888 + modify CF_SHARED_OPTS to generate a script which translates linker 889 options into Visual Studio's dialect. 890 + omit parentheses around function-names in generated lib_gen.c to 891 work around a Visual Studio C++ limitation. 892 893 20200516 894 + add notes on termcap.h header in curs_termcap.3x 895 + update notes on vscode / xterm.js -TD 896 897 20200509 898 + add "-r" option to the dots test-programs, to help with scripting 899 a performance comparison. 900 + build-fix test/move_field.c for NetBSD curses, whose form headers 901 use different names than SVr4 or ncurses. 902 903 20200502 904 + add details on the change to Linux SGR 21 in 2018 -TD 905 + add xterm-direct16 and xterm-direct256 -TD 906 + modify lib_mouse.c to check for out-of-range button numbers, convert 907 those to position reports. 908 909 20200425 910 + use vt100+fnkeys in putty -TD 911 + fix a typo in tput.1; "columns" should be "cols". 912 913 20200418 914 + improve tracemunch logic for "RUN" compaction. 915 + fix a special case in wresize() where copying the old text did not 916 check if the last cell on a row was the beginning of a fullwidth 917 character (adapted from patch by Benno Schulenberg). 918 + use vt52+keypad in xterm-vt52, from xterm #354 -TD 919 + improve see-also section of user_caps.5 920 921 20200411 922 + fix find_pair(), overlooked when refactoring for _nc_reserve_pairs() 923 (report/testcase by Brad Town, cf: 20170812). 924 + add a trailing null for magic-string in putwin, flagged by gcc 10 925 + update check for gcc version versus gnat to work with gcc 10.x 926 927 20200404 928 + modify -fvisibility check to work with g++ 929 > fixes for building with Visual Studio C++ and msys2 (patches by 930 "Maarten Anonymous"): 931 + add configure option and check for gcc -fvisibility=hidden feature 932 + define NCURSES_NOMACROS in lib_gen.c to work around Visual Studio 933 C++ preprocessor limitations. 934 + modify some of the configure-macros, as well as mk-1st.awk to work 935 with Visual Studio C++ default filenaming. 936 937 20200328 938 + correct length of buffer copied in dup_field(). 939 + remove "$(srcdir)/" from path of library.gpr, needed for out-of-tree 940 builds of Ada95 (patch by Adam Van Ymeren). 941 942 20200321 943 + improve configure-checks to reduce warnings about unused variables. 944 + improve description of error-returns in waddch and waddnstr manual 945 pages (prompted by patch by Benno Schulenberg). 946 + add test/move_field.c to demonstrate move_field(), and a stub for 947 a corresponding demo of dup_field(). 948 949 20200314 950 + add history note to curs_scanw.3x for <stdarg.h> and <varargs.h> 951 + add history note to curs_printw.3x for <stdarg.h> and <varargs.h> 952 + add portability note to ncurses.3x regarding <stdarg.h> 953 954 20200308 955 + update copyright notices in test-packages. 956 + modify tracemunch to guard against errors in its known_p1 table. 957 + add several --with-xxx-libname options, to help with pkgsrc (prompted 958 by discussion with Thomas Klausner). 959 960 20200301 961 + modify wbkgd() and wbkgrnd() to avoid storing a null in the 962 background character, because it may be used in cases where the 963 corresponding 0x80 is not treated as a null (report by Marc Rechte, 964 cf: 20181208). 965 966 20200229 967 + modify CF_NCURSES_CONFIG to work around xcode's c99 "-W" option, 968 which conflicts with conventional use for passing linker options. 969 > fixes for building with Visual Studio C++ and msys2 (patches by 970 "Maarten Anonymous"): 971 + check for pcre2posix.h instead of pcre2-posix.h 972 + add case in CF_SHARED_OPTS for msys2 + msvc 973 + add fallback definition for STDIN_FILENO in progs.priv.h 974 + modify win_driver.c to use _alloca() rather than gcc's variable 975 length array feature. 976 + add NCURSES_IMPEXP to ncurses wrapped-variable declarations 977 + remove NCURSES_IMPEXP from class variables in c++/cursslk.h 978 + remove fallback prototype for exit() from c++/etip.h.in 979 + use configured check for <sys/time.h> in a couple of places 980 + conditionally include winsock.h in ncurses/win32con/gettimeofday.c, 981 because Visual Studio needs this for the timestruct declaration. 982 + adjust syntax in a couple of files using the NCURSES_API symbol. 983 984 20200222 985 + expanded note in ncurses.3x regarding automatically-included headers 986 + improve vt50h and vt52 based on DECScope manual -TD 987 + add/use vt52+keypad and vt52-basic -TD 988 + check/workaround for line-too-long in Ada95 generate utility when 989 building out-of-tree. 990 + improve/update HEADER_DEPS in */Makefile.in 991 + add "check" rule to include/Makefile, to demonstrate that the headers 992 include all of the required headers for the types used. 993 994 20200215 995 + improve manual page for panel library, extending the portability 996 section as well as documenting error-returns. 997 + show tic's version when installing terminal database in run_tic.sh 998 + correct check for gcc vs other compilers used in ncurses 6.0, from 999 FreeBSD patch by Kyle Evans (cf: 20150725). 1000 + add notes for 6.2 to INSTALL. 1001 1002 20200212 6.2 release for upload to 1003 + update release notes 1004 + minor build-fixes, mostly to test-package scripts 1005 1006 20200208 1007 + modify check for sizeof(wchar_t) to ensure it gives useful result 1008 when cross-compiling. 1009 + drop assumption in configure script that Cygwin's linker is broken. 1010 + define NCURSES_BROKEN_LINKER if the broken-linker feature is used, 1011 to simplify configure-checks for ncurses-examples. 1012 1013 20200202 1014 + reassert copyright on ncurses, per discussion in ncurses FAQ: 1015 1016 1017 20200201 1018 + modify comparison in make_hash.c to correct a special case in 1019 collision handling for Caps-hpux11 1020 + add testing utility report_hashing to check hash-tables used for 1021 terminfo and termcap names. 1022 + fix a missing prototype for _nc_free_and_exit(). 1023 + update a few comments about tack 1.07 1024 + use an awk script to split too-long pathnames used in Ada95 sample 1025 programs for explain.txt 1026 1027 20200118 1028 + expanded description of XM in user_caps.5 1029 + improve xm example for xterm+x11mouse, xterm+sm+1006 -TD 1030 + add history section to curs_slk.3x and curs_terminfo.3x manpages. 1031 + update alacritty entries for 0.4.0 (prompted by patch by 1032 Christian Durr) -TD 1033 + correct spelling errors found with codespell. 1034 + fix for test/configure, from xterm #352. 1035 1036 20200111 1037 + improve configure macros which check for the X11/Intrinsic.h header, 1038 to accommodate recent MacOS changes. 1039 + suppress gcc's -Winline warning; it has not been useful for some time 1040 + update config.guess, config.sub 1041 1042 20200104 1043 + modify a couple of macros in aclocal.m4 to allow autoconf 2.69 to 1044 "work", to help illustrate discussion in 1045 1046 + fix some warnings from autoheader-252 1047 1048 20191228 1049 + in gen-pkgconfig.in, move the RPATH_LIST and PRIVATE_LIBS assignments 1050 past the various prefix/libdir assignments, to allow for using those 1051 symbols, e.g., as done via CF_SHARED_OPTS. 1052 + improve ncurses*-config and pc-files by filtering out linker-specs. 1053 + modify test-package to more closely match Fedora's configuration 1054 for PIE/PIC feature and debug-packages. 1055 1056 20191221 1057 + correct pathname used in Ada95 sample programs for explain.txt, to 1058 work with test-packages. 1059 + improve tracemunch: 1060 + keep track of TERMINAL* values 1061 + if tracing was first turned on after initialization, attempt to 1062 show distinct screen, window and terminal names anyway. 1063 + ensure that GCC_NORETURN is defined in term.h, because the prototype 1064 for exit_terminfo() uses it (report by Werner Fink). 1065 1066 20191214 1067 + add exit_curses() and exit_terminfo() to replace internal symbols for 1068 leak-checking. 1069 1070 20191207 1071 + fix a few warnings for test-package builds 1072 + add curses_trace(), to replace trace(). 1073 1074 20191130 1075 + add portability section to curs_getcchar manpage (prompted by 1076 discussion with Nick Black). 1077 + improve portability discussion of ACS characters in curs_addch 1078 manpage. 1079 + improve typography for double-quotes in manpages. 1080 1081 20191123 1082 + fix typo for MinGW rpm test-package. 1083 + workaround in rpm specs for NFS problems in Fedora 31. 1084 1085 20191116 1086 + modify ncurses/Makefile.in to fix a case where Debian/testing changes 1087 to the ld --as-needed configuration broke ncurses-examples test 1088 packages. 1089 + drop library-dependency on psapi for MinGW port, since win_driver.c 1090 defines PSAPI_VERSION to 2, making it use GetProcessImageFileName 1091 from kernel32.dll (prompted by patch by Simon Sobish, cf: 20140503). 1092 1093 20191109 1094 + add warning-check in tic for terminals with parm_dch vs parm_ich. 1095 + drop ich1 from rxvt-basic, Eterm and mlterm to improve compatibility 1096 with old non-curses programs -TD 1097 + reviewed st 0.8.2, updated some details -TD 1098 + use ansi+rep several places -TD 1099 + corrected tic's check for ich1 (report by Sebastian J. Bronner, 1100 cf: 20020901). 1101 1102 20191102 1103 + check parameter of set_escdelay, return ERR if negative. 1104 + check parameter of set_tabsize, return ERR if not greater than zero 1105 (report/patch by Anthony Sottile). 1106 + revise CF_ADD_LIBS macro to prepend rather than append libraries. 1107 + add "xterm-mono" to help packagers (report by Sven Joachim) -TD 1108 1109 20191026 1110 + add a note in man/curs_add_wch.3x about Unicode terminology for the 1111 line-drawing characters (report by Nick Black). 1112 + improve comment in lib_tgoto.c regarding the use of \200 where a 1113 \0 would be intended by the caller (report by "64 bit", cf: 20000923). 1114 + modify linux-16color to accommodate Linux console driver change in 1115 early 2018 (report by Dino Petrucci). 1116 1117 20191019 1118 + modify make_hash to not require --disable-leaks, to simplify building 1119 with address-sanitizer. 1120 + modify tic to exit if it cannot remove a conflicting name, because 1121 treating that as a partial success can cause an infinite loop in 1122 use-resolution (report/testcase by Hongxu Chen, cf: 20111001). 1123 1124 20191015 1125 + improve buffer-checks in captoinfo.c, for some cases when the 1126 input string is shorter than expected. 1127 > fix two errata in tic (report/testcases by Hongxu Chen): 1128 + check for missing character after backslash in write_it 1129 + check for missing characters after "%>" when converting from termcap 1130 syntax (cf: 980530). 1131 1132 20191012 1133 + amend recent changes to ncurses*-config and pc-files to filter out 1134 Debian linker-flags (report by Sven Joachim, cf: 20150516). 1135 + clarify relationship between tic, infocmp and captoinfo in manpage. 1136 + check for invalid hashcode in _nc_find_type_entry and 1137 _nc_find_name_entry. 1138 > fix several errata in tic (reports/testcases by "zjuchenyuan"): 1139 + check for invalid hashcode in _nc_find_entry. 1140 + check for missing character after backslash in fmt_entry 1141 + check for acsc with odd length in dump_entry in check for one-one 1142 mapping (cf: 20060415); 1143 + check length when converting from old AIX box_chars_1 capability, 1144 overlooked in changes to eliminate strcpy (cf: 20001007). 1145 1146 20191005 1147 + modify the ncurse*-config and pc-files to more closely match for the 1148 -I and -l options. 1149 1150 20190928 1151 + amend the ncurses*-config and pc-files to take into account the rpath 1152 hack which differed between those files. 1153 + improve -L option filtering in ncurses*-config 1154 + improve recovery from error when reading command-character in 1155 test/ncurses.c, showing the relevant error message and not exiting on 1156 EINTR (cf: 20180922) 1157 1158 20190921 1159 + add a note in resizeterm manpage about top-level windows which touch 1160 the screen's borders. 1161 + modify configure-checks for gnat to identify each of the tools path 1162 and version. 1163 1164 20190914 1165 + build-fixes for Ada95 configure-script and corresponding test package 1166 1167 20190907 1168 + add --with-ada-libname option and modify Ada95 configuration to 1169 allow renaming the "AdaCurses" library (prompted by proposed changes 1170 by Pascal Pignard). 1171 + modify configure script to distinguish gcc from icc and clang when 1172 the --enable-warnings option is not used, to avoid unnecessary 1173 warnings about unrecognized inline options (report by Sven Joachim). 1174 1175 20190831 1176 + build-fixes for configuration using --program-suffix with Ada95, 1177 noticed with MacOS but applicable to other platforms without 1178 libpanelw, etc. 1179 1180 20190824 1181 + fix some cppcheck warnings, mostly style, in ncurses test-programs. 1182 1183 20190817 1184 + amend 20181208 changes for wbkgd() and wbkgrnd(), fixing a few 1185 details where it still differed from SVr4. 1186 + fix some cppcheck warnings, mostly style, in ncurses test-programs. 1187 1188 20190810 1189 + fix a few more coverity warnings. 1190 1191 20190803 1192 + improve loop limits in _nc_scroll_window() to handle a case where 1193 the scrolled data is a pad which is taller than the window (patch 1194 by Rob King). 1195 + amend the change to screen, because tmux relies upon that entry 1196 and does not support that feature (Debian #933572) -TD 1197 + updated ms-terminal entry & notes -TD 1198 + updated kitty entry & notes -TD 1199 + updated alacritty+common entry & notes -TD 1200 + use xterm+sl-twm for consistency -TD 1201 1202 20190728 1203 + fix a few more coverity warnings. 1204 + more documentation updates based on tctest. 1205 1206 20190727 1207 + fix a few coverity warnings. 1208 + documentation updates based on tctest. 1209 1210 20190720 1211 + fix a few warnings for gcc 4.x 1212 + add some portability/historical details to the tic, toe and infocmp 1213 manual pages. 1214 + correct fix for broken link from terminfo(5) to tabs(1) manpage 1215 (report by Sven Joachim). 1216 1217 20190713 1218 + change reset's behavior for margins to simply clear soft-margins if 1219 possible, rather than clearing and then setting them according to the 1220 terminal's width (suggested by Thomas Wolff). 1221 + correct order of one wbkgd versus start_color call in test/padview.c 1222 1223 20190706 1224 + add domterm -TD 1225 + improve comments for recent changes, add alias xterm.js -TD 1226 1227 20190630 1228 + add --with-tic-path and --with-infocmp-path to work around problems 1229 building fallback source using pre-6.0 tic/infocmp. 1230 + add a check in tic for paired indn/rin 1231 + correct a buffer-limit in write_entry.c for systems that use caseless 1232 filenames. 1233 + add ms-terminal -TD 1234 + add vscode, vscode-direct -TD 1235 1236 20190623 1237 + improve the tabs.1 manual page to distinguish the PWB/Unix and 7th 1238 Edition versions of the tabs utility. 1239 + add configure check for getenv() to work around implementation shown 1240 in Emscripten #6766, use that to optionally suppress START_TRACE 1241 macro, whose call to getenv() may not work properly (report by Ilya 1242 Ig Petrov). 1243 + modify initialization functions to avoid relying upon persistent 1244 data for the result from getenv(). 1245 + update config.guess, config.sub 1246 1247 20190615 1248 + expand the portability section of the man/tabs.1 manual page. 1249 + regenerate HTML manpages. 1250 1251 20190609 1252 + add mintty, mintty-direct (adapted from patch by Thomas Wolff). 1253 Some of the suggested user-defined capabilities are commented-out, 1254 to allow builds with ncurses 5.9 and 6.0 1255 + add Smol/Rmol for tmux, vte-2018 (patch by Nicholas Marriott). 1256 + add rs1 to konsole, mlterm -TD 1257 + modify _nc_merge_entry() to make a copy of the data which it merges, 1258 to avoid modifying the source-data when aligning extended names. 1259 1260 20190601 1261 + modify an internal call to vid_puts to pass extended color pairs 1262 e.g., from tty_update.c and lib_mvcur.c (report by Niegodziwy Beru). 1263 + improve manual page description of init_tabs capability and TABSIZE 1264 variable. 1265 1266 20190525 1267 + modify reset_cmd.c to allow for tabstops at intervals other than 8 1268 (report by Vincent Huisman). 1269 1270 20190518 1271 + update xterm-new to xterm patch #345 -TD 1272 + add/use xterm+keypad in xterm-new (report by Alain D D Williams) -TD 1273 + update terminator entry -TD 1274 + remove hard-tabs from ti703 (report by Robert Clausecker) 1275 + mention meml/memu/box1 in user_caps manual page. 1276 + mention user_caps.5 in tic and infocmp manual pages. 1277 1278 20190511 1279 + fix a spurious blank line seen with "infocmp -1fx xterm+x11mouse" 1280 + add checks in repair_subwindows() to keep the current position and 1281 scroll-margins inside the resized subwindow. 1282 + add a limit check in newline_forces_scroll() for the case where the 1283 row is inside scroll-margins, but not at the end (report by Toshio 1284 Kuratomi, cf: 20170729). 1285 + corrected a warning message in tic for extended capabilities versus 1286 number of parameters. 1287 1288 20190504 1289 + improve workaround for Solaris wcwidth versus line-drawing characters 1290 (report by Pavel Stehule). 1291 + add special case in tic to validate RGB string-capability extension. 1292 + corrected string/parameter-field for RGB in Caps-ncurses. 1293 1294 20190427 1295 + corrected problem in terminfo load/realignment which prevented 1296 infocmp from comparing extended capabilities with the same name 1297 but different types. 1298 1299 20190420 1300 + improve ifdef's for TABSIZE variable, to help with AIX/HPUX ports. 1301 1302 20190413 1303 + check for TABSIZE variable in test/configure script. 1304 + used test/test_arrays.c to improve Caps.aix1 and Caps.hpux11 1305 + corrected filtering of comments in MKparametrized.sh 1306 + reduce duplication across Caps* files by moving some parts which do 1307 not depend on order into Caps-ncurses. 1308 1309 20190406 1310 + modify MKcaptab.sh, MKkey_defs.sh, and MKhashsize.sh to handle 1311 split-up Caps-files. 1312 + build-fixes if extended-functions are disabled. 1313 1314 20190330 1315 + add "screen5", to mention italics (report by Stefan Assmann) 1316 + modify description of xterm+x11hilite to eliminate unused p5 -TD 1317 + add configure script checks to help with a port to Ultrix 3.1 1318 (report by Dennis Grevenstein). 1319 + check if "b" binary feature of fopen works 1320 + check for missing feature of locale.h 1321 + add fallback for strstr() in test-programs 1322 + add fallback for STDOUT_FILENO in test-programs 1323 + update config.guess, config.sub 1324 1325 20190323 1326 + move macro for is_linetouched() inside NCURSES_NOMACROS ifndef. 1327 + corrected prototypes in several manpages using script to extract 1328 those in compilable form. 1329 + use _nc_copy_termtype2() rather than direct assignment in setupterm, 1330 in case it is called repeatedly using fallback terminfo descriptions 1331 (report/patch by Werner Fink). 1332 1333 20190317 1334 + regenerate llib-* files. 1335 + modify tic to also use new function for user-defined capability info. 1336 + modify _nc_parse_entry() to check if a user-defined capability has 1337 an unexpected type; ignore it in that case. 1338 + fix a special case of link-anchors in generated Ada html files. 1339 + use newer rel=author tag in generated html rather than rev=made, 1340 which did not become accepted. 1341 1342 20190309 1343 + in-progress changes to add parameter-checking for common user-defined 1344 capabilities in tic. 1345 + update MKcodes.awk and MKnames.awk to ignore the new "userdef" 1346 data in Caps-ncurses (cf: 20190302). 1347 1348 20190302 1349 + corrected some of the undocumented terminfo names in Caps.hpux11 1350 + add "Caps-ncurses" file to help with checking inconsistencies in some 1351 user-defined capabilities. 1352 + amend check for repeat_char to handle a case where setlocale() was 1353 called after initscr() (report by "Ampera"). 1354 1355 20190223 1356 + fix typo in adds200 -TD 1357 + add tic check for consistent alternate character set capabilities. 1358 + improve check in mvcur() to decide whether to use hard-tabs, using 1359 xt, tbc and hts as clues. 1360 + replace check in reset command for obsolete "pt" capability using 1361 tbc and hts capabilities as clues (report by Nicolas Marriott). 1362 1363 20190216 1364 + improve manual page description of TABSIZE. 1365 + add test/demo_tabs program. 1366 1367 20190209 1368 + add check in tic to provide warnings for mismatched number of 1369 parameters in the documented user-capability extensions. 1370 1371 20190202 1372 + modify rpm test-package ".spec" file to work around naming conflict 1373 with Redhat's package for ncurses6. 1374 + modify no-leaks code in test/picsmap to avoid non-standard tdestroy. 1375 + amend change to configure script which altered the top-level makefile 1376 to avoid attempting to install the terminfo database when it was not 1377 configured, to allow for installing the ".pc" files which are also 1378 in the misc directory (report by Steve Wills). 1379 1380 20190126 1381 + change some "%define" statements in test-packages for RPMs to 1382 "%global" to work around changes in rpm 4.14 from recent Redhat. 1383 + fixes for O_INPUT_FIELD extension (patch by Leon Winter). 1384 + eliminate fixed buffer-size when reading $TERMCAP variable. 1385 + correct logic in read_entry.c which prevented $TERMCAP variable from 1386 being interpreted as a fallback to terminfo entry (prompted by 1387 Savannah #54556, cf: 20110924). 1388 1389 20190121 1390 + add a check in test/configure to work around non-ncurses termcap.h 1391 file in Slackware. 1392 + corrected flag for "seq" method of db 1.8.5 interface, needed by toe 1393 on some of the BSDs. 1394 + updated "string-hacks" feature. 1395 + minor improvements to manpage typography. 1396 + corrected conditionally-compiled limit on color pairs (report by 1397 "Hudd"). 1398 + add -x option to test/pair_content, test/color_content for testing 1399 init_extended_pair, extended_pair_content, init_extended_color, 1400 extended_color_content 1401 + add -p option to test/pair_content, test/color_content to show the 1402 return values from the tested functions. 1403 + improve manual page curs_color.3x discussion of error returns and 1404 extensions. 1405 + add O_INPUT_FIELD extension to form library (patch by Leon Winter). 1406 + override/suppress --enable-db-install if --disable-database configure 1407 option was given. 1408 + change a too-large terminal entry in tic from a fatal error to a 1409 warning (prompted by discussion with Gabriele Balducci). 1410 1411 20190112 1412 + fix typo in term(5), improve explanation of format (report by Otto 1413 Modinos). 1414 + add nsterm-direct -TD 1415 + use SGR 1006 mouse for konsole-base -TD 1416 + use SGR 1006 mouse for putty -TD 1417 + add ti703/ti707, ti703-w/ti707-w (Robert Clausecker) 1418 1419 20190105 1420 + add dummy "check" rule in top-level and test-Makefile to simply 1421 building test-packages for Arch. 1422 + modify configure script to avoid conflict with a non-POSIX feature 1423 that enables all parts of the system headers by default. Some 1424 packagers have come to rely upon this behavior (FreeBSD #234049). 1425 + update config.guess, config.sub 1426 1427 20181229 1428 + improve man/curs_mouse.3x with regard to xterm 1429 + modify tracemunch to accept filename parameters in addition to use 1430 as a pipe/filter. 1431 + minor optimization to reduce calls to _nc_reserve_pairs (prompted by 1432 discussion with Bryan Christ). 1433 + add test/pair_content.c and test/color_content.c 1434 + modify infocmp to omit filtering of "OTxx" names which are used for 1435 obsolete capabilities, when the output is sorted by long-names. 1436 Doing this helps when making a table of the short/long capability 1437 names. 1438 1439 20181215 1440 + several fixes for gcc8 strict compiler warnings. 1441 + fix a typo in comments (Aaron Gyes). 1442 + add nsterm-build309 to replace nsterm-256color, assigning the latter 1443 as an alias of nsterm, to make mouse work with nsterm-256color -TD 1444 + base gnome-256color entry on "gnome", not "vte", for consistency -TD 1445 + updates for configure macros from work on tin and xterm: 1446 + CF_GNU_SOURCE, allow for Cygwin's newlib when checking for the 1447 _DEFAULT_SOURCE symbol. 1448 + CF_VA_COPY, add fallback check if neither va_copy/__va_copy is 1449 supported, to try copying the pointers for va_list, or as an array. 1450 Also add another fallback check, for __builtin_va_copy(), which 1451 could be used with AIX xlc in c89 mode. 1452 1453 20181208 1454 + modify wbkgd() and wbkgrnd() to improve compatibility with SVr4 1455 curses, changing the way the window rendition is updated when the 1456 background character is modified (report by Valery Ushakov). 1457 1458 20181201 1459 + add midnightbsd to CF_XOPEN_SOURCE macro (patch by Urs Jansen). 1460 + add "@" command to test/ncurses F-test, to allow rapid jump to 1461 different character pages. 1462 + update config.guess, config.sub from 1463 1464 1465 20181125 1466 + build-fix (reports by Chih-Hsuan Yen, Sven Joachim). 1467 1468 20181124 1469 + check --with-fallbacks option to ensure there is a value, and add 1470 the fallback information to top-level Makefile summary. 1471 + add some traces in initialization to show whether a fallback entry is 1472 used. 1473 + build-fix for test/movewindow with ncurses-examples on Solaris. 1474 + add "-l" option to test/background, to dump screen contents in a form 1475 that lets different curses implementations be compared. 1476 + modify the initialization checks for mouse so that the xterm+sm+1006 1477 block will work with terminal descriptions not mentioning xterm 1478 (report by Tomas Janousek). 1479 1480 20181117 1481 + ignore the hex/b64 $TERMINFO in toe's listing. 1482 + correct a status-check in _nc_read_tic_entry() so that if reading 1483 a hex/b64 $TERMINFO, and the $TERM does not match, fall-through to 1484 the compiled-in search list. 1485 1486 20181110 1487 + several workarounds to ensure proper C compiler used in parts of 1488 Ada95 tree. 1489 + update config.guess, config.sub from 1490 1491 1492 20181027 1493 + add OpenGL clients alacritty and kitty -TD 1494 + add Smulx for tmux, vte-2018 -Nicholas Marriott 1495 1496 20181020 1497 + ignore $TERMINFO as a default value in configure script if it came 1498 from the infocmp -Q option. 1499 + allow value for --with-versioned-syms to be a relative pathname 1500 + add a couple of broken-linker symbols to the list of versioned 1501 symbols to help with link-time optimization versus weak symbols. 1502 + apply shift/control/alt logic when decoding xterm's 1006 mode to 1503 wheel-mouse events (Redhat #1610681). 1504 1505 20181013 1506 + amend change from 20180818, which undid a fix for the $INSTALL value 1507 to make it an absolute path. 1508 1509 20181006 1510 + improve a configure check to work with newer optimizers (report by 1511 Denis Pronin, Gentoo #606142). 1512 + fix typo in tput.c (Sven Joachim, cf: 20180825). 1513 1514 20180929 1515 + fix typo in tvi955 -TD 1516 + corrected acsc for regent60 -TD 1517 + add alias n7900 -TD 1518 + corrected acsc for tvi950 -TD 1519 + remove bogus kf0 from tvi950 -TD 1520 + added function-key definitions to agree with Televideo 950 manual -TD 1521 + add bel to tvi950 -TD 1522 + add shifted function-keys to regent60 -TD 1523 + renumber regent40 function-keys to match manual -TD 1524 + add cd (clr_eos) to adds200 -TD 1525 1526 20180923 1527 + build-fix: remove a _tracef call which was used for debugging (report 1528 by Chris Clayton). 1529 1530 20180922 1531 + ignore interrupted system-call in test/ncurses's command-line, e.g., 1532 if the terminal were resized. 1533 + add shift/control/alt logic for decoding xterm's 1006 mode (Redhat 1534 #1610681, cf: 20141011). 1535 + modify rpm test-packages to not use --disable-relink with Redhat, 1536 since Fedora 28's tools do not work with that feature. 1537 1538 20180908 1539 + document --with-pcre2 configure option in INSTALL. 1540 + improve workaround for special case in PutAttrChar() where a cell is 1541 marked as alternate-character set, to handle a case where the 1542 character in the cell does not correspond to any of the ASCII 1543 fallbacks (report by Leon Winter, cf: 20180505). 1544 + amend change to form library which attempted to avoid unnecessary 1545 update of cursor position in non-public fields, to simply disable 1546 output in this case (patch by Leon Winter, cf: 20180414). 1547 + improve check for LINE_MAX runtime limit, to accommodate broken 1548 implementations of sysconf(). 1549 1550 20180901 1551 + improve manual page for wgetnstr, giving background for the length 1552 parameter. 1553 + define a limit for wgetnstr, wgetn_wstr when length is negative or 1554 "too large". 1555 + update configure script to autoconf 2.52.20180819 (Debian #887390). 1556 1557 20180825 1558 + add a section to tput manual page clarifying how it determines the 1559 terminal size (prompted by discussion with Grant Jenks). 1560 + add "--disable-relink" to rpm test-packages, for consistency with the 1561 deb test-packages. 1562 + split spec-file into ncurses6.spec and ncursest6.spec to work around 1563 toolset breakage in Fedora 28. 1564 + drop mention of "--disable-touching", which was not in the final 1565 20180818 updates. 1566 1567 20180818 1568 + build-fix for PDCurses with ncurses-examples. 1569 + improved CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS. 1570 + modify configure scripts to reduce relinking/ranlib during library 1571 install (Debian #903790): 1572 + use "install -p" when available, to avoid need for ranlib of 1573 static libraries. 1574 + modify scripts which use "--disable-relink" to add a 1-second 1575 sleep to work around tools which use whole-second timestamps, e.g., 1576 in utime() rather than the actual file system resolution. 1577 1578 20180804 1579 + improve logic for clear with E3 extension, in case the terminal 1580 scrolls content onto its saved-lines before actually clearing 1581 the display, by clearing the saved-lines after clearing the 1582 display (report/patch by Nicholas Marriott). 1583 1584 20180728 1585 + improve documentation regarding feature-test macros in curses.h 1586 + improve documentation regarding the virtual and physical screens. 1587 + formatting fixes for manpages, regenerate man-html documentation. 1588 1589 20180721 1590 + build-fixes for gcc8. 1591 + corrected acsc for wy50 -TD 1592 + add wy50 and wy60 shifted function-keys as kF1 to kF16 -TD 1593 + remove ansi+rep mis-added to interix in 2018-02-23 -TD 1594 1595 20180714 1596 + add enum, regex examples to test/demo_forms 1597 + add configure check for pcre-posix library to help with MinGW port. 1598 1599 20180707 1600 + build-fixes for gcc8. 1601 + correct order of WINDOW._ttytype versus WINDOW._windowlist in 1602 report_offsets. 1603 + fix a case where tiparm could return null if the format-string was 1604 empty (Debian #902630). 1605 1606 20180630 1607 + add acsc string to vi200 (Nibby Nebbulous) 1608 add right/down-arrow to vi200's acsc -TD 1609 + add "x" to tput's getopt string so that "tput -x clear" works 1610 (Nicholas Marriott). 1611 + minor fixes prompted by anonymous report on stack overflow: 1612 + correct order of checks in _nc_get_locale(), for systems lacking 1613 locale support. 1614 + add "#error" in a few places to flag unsupported configurations 1615 1616 20180623 1617 + use _WIN32/_WIN64 in preference to __MINGW32__/__MINGW64__ symbols 1618 to simplify building with MSVC, since the former are defined in both 1619 compiler configurations (report by Ali Abdulkadir). 1620 + further improvements to configure-checks from work on dialog, i.e., 1621 updated CF_ADD_INCDIR, CF_FIND_LINKAGE, CF_GCC_WARNINGS, 1622 CF_GNU_SOURCE, CF_LARGEFILE, CF_POSIX_C_SOURCE, CF_SIZECHANGE, and 1623 CF_TRY_XOPEN_SOURCE. 1624 + update config.guess, config.sub from 1625 1626 1627 20180616 1628 + build-fix for ncurses-examples related to gcc8-fixes (cf: 20180526). 1629 + reduce use of _GNU_SOURCE for current glibc where _DEFAULT_SOURCE 1630 combines with _XOPEN_SOURCE (Debian #900987). 1631 + change target configure level for _XOPEN_SOURCE to 600 to address 1632 use of vsscanf and setenv. 1633 + improved configure-checks CF_SIZECHANGE and CF_STRUCT_TERMIOS from 1634 work on dialog. 1635 1636 20180609 1637 + modify generated ncurses*config and ncurses.pc, ncursesw.pc, etc., 1638 to list helper libraries such as gpm for static linking (Debian 1639 #900839). 1640 + marked vwprintw and vwscanw as deprecated; recommend using vw_printw 1641 and vw_scanw, respectively. 1642 1643 20180602 1644 + add RPM test-package "ncursest-examples". 1645 + modified RPM test-package to work with Mageia6. 1646 1647 20180526 1648 + add note in curs_util.3x about unctrl.h 1649 + review/improve header files to ensure that those include necessary 1650 files except for the previously-documented cases (report by Isaac 1651 Pascual Monells). 1652 + improved test-package scripts, adapted from byacc 1.9 20180525. 1653 + fix some gcc8 warnings seen in Redhat package build, but 1654 work around bug in gcc8 compiler warnings in comp_parse.c 1655 1656 20180519 1657 + formatting fixes for manpages, regenerate man-html documentation. 1658 + trim spurious whitespace from tmux in 2018-02-24 changes; 1659 fix some inconsistencies in/between tmux- and iterm2-entries for SGR 1660 (report by C Anthony Risinger) 1661 + improve iterm2 using some xterm features which it has adapted -TD 1662 + add check in pair_content() to handle the case where caller asks 1663 for an uninitialized pair (Debian #898658). 1664 1665 20180512 1666 + remove trailing ';' from GCC_DEPRECATED definition. 1667 + repair a change from 20110730 which left an error-check/warning dead. 1668 + fix several minor Coverity warnings. 1669 1670 20180505 1671 + add deprecation warnings for internal functions called by older 1672 versions of tack. 1673 + fix a special case in PutAttrChar() where a cell is marked as 1674 alternate-character set, but the terminal does not actually support 1675 the given graphic character. This would happen in an older terminal 1676 such as vt52, which lacks most line-drawing capability. 1677 + use configure --with-config-suffix option to work around filename 1678 conflict with Debian packages versus test-packages. 1679 + update tracemunch to work with perl 5.26.2, which changed the rules 1680 for escaping regular expressions. 1681 1682 20180428 1683 + document new form-extension O_EDGE_INSERT_STAY (report by Leon 1684 Winter). 1685 + correct error-returns listed in manual pages for a few form functions 1686 (report by Leon Winter). 1687 + add a check in form-library for null-pointer dereference: 1688 unfocus_current_field (form); 1689 form_driver (form, REQ_VALIDATION); 1690 (patch by Leon Winter). 1691 1692 20180414 1693 + modify form library to optionally delay cursor movement on a field 1694 edge/boundary (patch by Leon Winter). 1695 + modify form library to avoid unnecessary update of cursor position in 1696 non-public fields (patch by Leon Winter). 1697 + remove unused _nc_import_termtype2() function. 1698 + also add/improve null-pointer checks in other places 1699 + add a null-pointer check in _nc_parse_entry to handle an error when 1700 a use-name is invalid syntax (report by Chung-Yi Lin). 1701 1702 20180407 1703 + clarify in manual pages that vwprintw and vwscanw are obsolete, 1704 not part of X/Open Curses since 2007. 1705 + use "const" in some prototypes rather than NCURSES_CONST where X/Open 1706 Curses was updated to do this, e.g., wscanw, newterm, the terminfo 1707 interface. Also use "const" for consistency in the termcap 1708 interface, which was withdrawn by X/Open Curses in Issue 5 (2007). 1709 As of Issue 7, X/Open Curses still lacks "const" for certain return 1710 values, e.g., keyname(). 1711 1712 20180331 1713 + improve terminfo write/read by modifying the fourth item of the 1714 extended header to denote the number of valid strings in the extended 1715 string table (prompted by a comment in unibilium's sources). 1716 1717 20180324 1718 + amend Scaled256() macro in test/picsmap.c to cover the full range 1719 0..1000 (report by Roger Pau Monne). 1720 + add some checks in tracemunch for undefined variables. 1721 + trim some redundant capabilities from st-0.7 -TD 1722 + trim unnecessary setf/setb from interix -TD 1723 1724 20180317 1725 + fix a check in infotocap which may not have detected a problem when 1726 it should have. 1727 + add a check in tic for the case where setf/setb are given using 1728 different strings, but provide identical results to setaf/setab. 1729 + further improve fix for terminfo.5 (patch by Kir Kolyshkin). 1730 + reorder loop-limit checks in winsnstr() in case the string has no 1731 terminating null and only the number of characters is used (patch 1732 by Gyorgy Jeney). 1733 1734 20180303 1735 + modify TurnOn/TurnOff macros in lib_vidattr.c and lib_vid_attr.c to 1736 avoid expansion of "CUR" in trace. 1737 + improve a few lintian warnings in test-packages. 1738 + modify lib_setup to avoid calling pthread_self() without first 1739 verifying that the address is valid, i.e., for weak symbols 1740 (report/patch by Werner Fink). 1741 + modify generated terminfo.5 to not use "expand" and related width 1742 on the last column of tables, making layout on wide terminals look 1743 better (adapted from patch by Kir Kolyshkin). 1744 + add a category to report_offsets, e.g., "w" for wide-character, "t" 1745 for threads to make the report more readable. Reorganized the 1746 structures reported to make the categories more apparent. 1747 + simplify some ifdef's for extended-colors. 1748 + add NCURSES_GLOBALS and NCURSES_PRESCREEN to report_offsets, to show 1749 how similar the different tinfo configurations are. 1750 1751 20180224 1752 + modify _nc_resolve_uses2() to detect incompatible types when merging 1753 a "use=" clause of extended capabilities. The problem was seen in a 1754 defective terminfo integrated from simpleterm sources in 20171111, 1755 compounded by repair in 20180121. 1756 + correct Ss/Ms interchange in st-0.7 entry (tmux #1264) -TD 1757 + fix remaining flash capabilities with trailing mandatory delays -TD 1758 + correct cut/paste in NEWS (report by Sven Joachim). 1759 1760 20180217 1761 + remove incorrect free() from 20170617 changes (report by David Macek). 1762 + correct type for "U8" in user_caps.5; it is a number not boolean. 1763 + add a null-pointer check in safe_sprintf.c (report by Steven Noonan). 1764 + improve fix for Debian #882620 by reusing limit2 variable (report by 1765 Julien Cristau, Sven Joachim). 1766 1767 20180210 1768 + modify misc/Makefile.in to install/uninstall explicit list in case 1769 the build-directory happens to have no ".pc" files when an uninstall 1770 is performed (report by Jeffrey Walton). 1771 + deprecate safe-sprintf, since the vsnprintf function, which does what 1772 was needed, was standardized long ago. 1773 + add several development/experimental options to development packages. 1774 + minor reordering of options in configure script to make the threaded 1775 and reentrant options distinct from the other extensions which are 1776 normally enabled. 1777 1778 20180203 1779 + minor fixes to test/*.h to make them idempotent. 1780 + add/use test/parse_rgb.h to show how the "RGB" capability works. 1781 + add a clarification in user_caps.5 regarding "RGB" capability. 1782 + add extended_slk_color{,_sp} symbols to the appropriate 1783 package/*.{map,sym} files (report by Sven Joachim, cf: 20170401). 1784 1785 20180129 1786 + update "VERSION" file, used in shared-library naming. 1787 1788 20180127 6.1 release for upload to 1789 1790 20180127 1791 + updated release notes 1792 + amend a warning message from tic which should have flagged misuse 1793 of "XT" capability in "screen" terminal description. 1794 > terminfo changes: 1795 + trim "XT" from screen entry, add comments to explain why it was 1796 not suitable -TD 1797 + modify iterm to use xterm+sl-twm building block -TD 1798 + mark konsole-420pc, konsole-vt100, konsole-xf3x obsolete reflecting 1799 konsole's removal in 2008 -TD 1800 + expanded the history section of konsole to explain its flawed 1801 imitation of xterm's keyboard -TD 1802 + use xterm+x11mouse in screen.* entries because screen does not yet 1803 support xterm's 1006 mode -TD 1804 + add nsterm-build400 for macOS 10.13 -TD 1805 + add ansi+idc1, use that in ansi+idc adding dch for consistency -TD 1806 + update vte to vte-2017 -TD 1807 + add ecma+strikeout to vte-2017 -TD 1808 + add iterm2-direct -TD 1809 + updated teraterm, added teraterm-256color -TD 1810 + add mlterm-direct -TD 1811 + add descriptions for ANSI building-blocks -TD 1812 1813 20180121 pre-release 1814 > terminfo changes: 1815 + add xterm+noalt, xterm+titlestack, xterm+alt1049, xterm+alt+title 1816 blocks from xterm #331 -TD 1817 + add xterm+direct, xterm+indirect, xterm-direct entries from xterm 1818 #331 -TD 1819 + modify xterm+256color and xterm+256setaf to use correct number of 1820 color pairs, for ncurses 6.1 -TD 1821 + add rs1 capability to xterm-256color -TD 1822 + modify xterm-r5, xterm-r6 and xterm-xf86-v32 to use xterm+kbs to 1823 match xterm #272, reflecting packager's changes -TD 1824 + remove "boolean" Se, Ss from st-0.7 -TD 1825 + add konsole-direct and st-direct -TD 1826 + remove unsupported "Tc" capability from st-0.7; use st-direct if 1827 direct-colors are wanted -TD 1828 + add vte-direct -TD 1829 + add XT, hpa, indn, and vpa to screen, and invis, E3 to tmux (patch by 1830 Pierre Carru) 1831 + use xterm+sm+1006 in xterm-new, vte-2014 -TD 1832 + use xterm+x11mouse in iterm, iterm2, mlterm3 because xterm's 1006 1833 mode does not work with those programs. konsole is debatable -TD 1834 + add "termite" entry (report by Markus Pfeiffer) -TD 1835 > merge branch begun April 2, 2017 which provides these features: 1836 + support read/write new binary-format for terminfo which stores 1837 numeric capabilities as a signed 32-bit integer. The test programs 1838 such as picsmap, ncurses were created or updated during 2017 to use 1839 this feature. 1840 + the new format is written by the wide-character configuration of 1841 tic when it finds a numeric capability larger than 32767. 1842 + other applications such as infocmp built with the wide-character 1843 ncurses library work as expected. 1844 + applications built with the "narrow" (8-bit) configuration will 1845 read the new format, but will limit those extended values to 32767. 1846 + in either wide/narrow configuration, the structure defined in 1847 term.h still uses signed 16-bit values. 1848 + because it is incompatible with the legacy (mid-1980s) binary format, 1849 a new magic value is provided for the "file" program. 1850 + the term.5 manual page is updated to describe this new format. 1851 + the limit on file-size for compiled terminfo is increased in the 1852 wide-character configuration to 32768. 1853 1854 20180120 1855 + build-fix in picsmap.c for stdint.h existence. 1856 + add --disable-stripping option to configure scripts. 1857 + modify ncurses-examples to install test-scripts in the data directory. 1858 + work around tool-breakage in Debian 9 and later by invoking 1859 gprconfig to specify the C compiler to be used by gnatmake, 1860 and conditionally suppressing Library_Options line for static 1861 libraries. 1862 + bump the compat level for test-packages to 7, i.e., Debian 5. 1863 1864 20180106 1865 + fixes for writing extended color pairs in putwin. 1866 + modify test/savescreen.c to add test patterns that exercise 88-, 1867 256-, etc., colors. 1868 + modify configure option --with-build-cc, adding clang, c89 and c99 1869 as possible default values. 1870 + modify ncurses-examples configure script to use pkg-config for the 1871 extra form/menu/panel libraries, to be more consistent with the 1872 handling of the curses/ncurses library. 1873 + modify test-packages for mingw to supply "pc" files. 1874 + modify gen-pkgconfig.in to list -lpthread as a private library when 1875 configured to access it via weak symbols. 1876 + simplify gen-pkgconfig.in, adding -ltinfo without the special linker 1877 checks because some versions of the linker simply hard-code the 1878 behavior. 1879 + update URLs for ncurses website to use https. 1880 + modify CF_CURSES_LIBS to fill in $cf_nculib_root in case the 1881 ncurses-examples are built with a system ncurses that lacks the 1882 standard "curses" symbolic link, as done by SuSE. The symbol is 1883 needed to make a followup check for the pthread library work, and 1884 would be set properly using the options "--with-screen", etc. 1885 + generate misc/*.pc with "all" rule, as done for "sources" rule 1886 (report by Jeffrey Walton). 1887 1888 20171230 1889 + build-fix for ncurses-examples with Fedora27, adding check for 1890 reset_color_pairs() -- not yet in Fedora's package. 1891 + consistently add $CFLAGS to $MK_SHARED_LIB symbol in configure 1892 script when the latter happens to use the C compiler rather than 1893 directly using the loader (report by Jeffrey Walton). 1894 + set ABI for upcoming 6.1 release in "*.map" files. While there are 1895 some remaining internals to apply, no ABI-related changes are 1896 anticipated. 1897 + add configure --with-config-suffix option to work around filename 1898 conflict with Redhat packages versus test-packages. 1899 1900 20171223 1901 + modify ncurses-examples to quiet const-warnings when building with 1902 PDCurses. 1903 + modify toe to not exit if unable to read a terminal description, 1904 e.g., if there is a permission problem. 1905 + minor fix for progs/toe.c, using _nc_free_termtype2. 1906 + assign 0 to pointer in _nc_tgetent_leak() after freeing it. Also 1907 avoid reusing pointer from previous successful call to tgetent 1908 if the latest call is unsuccessful (patch by Michael Schroeder, 1909 OpenSuSE #1070450). 1910 + minor fix for test/tracemunch, initialize $awaiting variable. 1911 1912 20171216 1913 + repair template in test/package/ncurses-examples.spec (cf: 20171111). 1914 + improve tic's warning about the number of parameters tparm might use 1915 for u1-u9 by making a special case for u6. 1916 + improve curs_attr.3x discussion of color pairs. 1917 1918 20171209 1919 + modify misc/ncurses-config.in to make output with --includedir 1920 consistent with --cflags, i.e., when --disable-overwrite option was 1921 configured the output should show the subdirectory where headers 1922 are. 1923 + modify MKlib_gen.sh to suppress macros when calling an "implemented" 1924 function in link_test.c 1925 + updated ftp-url used in test-packages, etc. 1926 + modify order of -pie/-shared options in configure script in case 1927 LDFLAGS uses "-pie", working around a defect or limitation in the GNU 1928 linker (prompted by patch by Yogesh Prasad, forwarded by Jay Shah). 1929 + add entry in man_db.renames for user_caps.5 1930 1931 20171125 1932 + modify MKlib_gen.sh to avoid tracing result from getstr/getnstr 1933 before initialized. 1934 + add "-a" aspect-ratio option to picsmap. 1935 + add configure check for default path of rgb.txt, used in picsmap. 1936 + modify _nc_write_entry() to truncate too-long filename (report by 1937 Hosein Askari, Debian #882620). 1938 + build-fix for ncurses-examples with NetBSD curses: 1939 + it lacks the use_env() function. 1940 + it lacks libpanel; a recent change used the wrong ifdef symbol. 1941 + add a macro for is_linetouched() and adjust the function's return 1942 value to make it possible for most applications to check for an 1943 error-return (report by Midolikawa H). 1944 + additional manpage cleanup. 1945 + update config.guess, config.sub from 1946 1947 1948 20171118 1949 + add a note to curs_addch.3x on portability. 1950 + add a note to curs_pad.3x on the origin and portability of pads. 1951 + improve manpage description of getattrs (report by Midolikawa H). 1952 + improve manpage macros (prompted by discussion in Debian #880551. 1953 + reviewed test-programs using KEY_RESIZE, made fixes to test/worm.c 1954 + add a "-d" option to picsmap for default-colors. 1955 + modify old terminology entry and a few other terminal emulators to 1956 account for xon -TD 1957 + correct sgr string for tmux, which used screen's "standout" code 1958 rather than the standard code (patch by Roman Kagan) 1959 + correct sgr/sgr0 strings in a few other cases reported by tic, making 1960 those correspond to the non-sgr settings where they differ, but 1961 otherwise use ECMA-48 consistently: 1962 jaixterm, aixterm, att5420_2, att4424, att500, decansi, d410-7b, 1963 dm80, hpterm, emu-220, hp2, iTerm2.app, mterm-ansi, ncrvt100an, 1964 st-0.7, vi603, vwmterm -TD 1965 + build-fix for diagnostics warning in lib_mouse.c for pre-5.0 versions 1966 of gcc which did not recognize the diagnostic "push" pragma (patch by 1967 Vassili Courzakis). 1968 1969 20171111 1970 + add "op" to xterm+256setaf -TD 1971 + reviewed terminology 1.0.0 -TD 1972 + reviewed st 0.7 -TD 1973 + suppress debug-package for ncurses-examples rpm build. 1974 1975 20171104 1976 + check for interrupt in color-pair initialization of dots_curses.c, 1977 dots_xcurses.c 1978 + add z/Z zoom feature to test/ncurses.c C/c screens. 1979 + add '<' and '>' commands to test/ncurses.c S/s screens, to better 1980 test off-by-ones in the overlap/copywin functions. 1981 1982 20171028 1983 + improve man/curs_inwstr.3x, correct end-logic for lib_inwstr.c 1984 (report by Midolikawa H). 1985 + fix typo in a few places for "improvements" (patch by Sven Joachim). 1986 + clear the other half of a double-width character on which a line 1987 drawing character is drawn. 1988 + make test/ncurses.c "s" test easier to understand which subtests are 1989 available; add a "S" wide-character overlap test-screen. 1990 + modify test/ncurses.c C/c tests to allow for extended color pairs. 1991 + add endwin() call in error-returns from test/ncurses.c omitted in 1992 recent redesign of its menu (cf: 20170923). 1993 + improve install of hashed-db by removing the ".db" file as done for 1994 directory-tree terminal databases. 1995 + repair a few overlooked items in include/ncurses_defs from recent 1996 port/refactoring of test-programs (cf: 20170909). 1997 + add test/padview.c, to compare pads with direct updates in view.c 1998 1999 20171021 2000 + modify test/view.c to expand tabs using the ncurses library rather 2001 than in the test-program. 2002 + remove very old SIGWINCH example in test/view.c, just use KEY_RESIZE. 2003 + add -T, -e, -f -m options to "dots" test-programs. 2004 + fix a few typos in usage-messages for test-programs. 2005 2006 20171014 2007 + minor cleanup to test/view.c: 2008 + eliminate "-n" option by simply reading the whole file. 2009 + implement page up/down commands. 2010 + add check in tput for init/reset operands to ensure those use a 2011 terminal. 2012 + improve manual pages which discuss chtype, cchar_t types and the 2013 attribute values which can be stored in those types. 2014 + correct array-index when parsing "-T" command-line option in tabs 2015 program. 2016 + modify demo_new_pair.c to pass extended pairs to setcchar(). 2017 + add test/dots_xcurses.c to illustrate a different approach used for 2018 extended colors which can be contrasted with dots_curses.c. 2019 + add a check in tic to note when a description uses non-mandatory 2020 delays without xon_xoff. This is not an error, but some descriptions 2021 for a terminal emulator may use the combination incorrectly. 2022 2023 20171007 2024 + modify "-T" option of clear and tput to call use_tioctl() to obtain 2025 the operating system's notion of the screensize if possible. 2026 + review/repair some exit-codes for tput, making usage-message exit 2027 with 2 rather than 1, and a failure to open terminal 4+errno. 2028 + amend check in tput, tabs and clear to allow those to use the 2029 database-only features in cron if a -T option gives a suitable 2030 terminal name (report by Lauri Tirkkonen). 2031 + correct an ifdef in test/ncurses.c for systems with soft-keys but 2032 not slk_color(). 2033 + regenerate man-html documentation. 2034 2035 20170930 2036 + fix a symbol conflict that made ncurses.c C/c menu not work with 2037 Solaris xpg4 curses. 2038 + add refresh() call to dots_mvcur.c, needed to use mvcur() with 2039 Solaris xpg4 curses after calling newterm(). 2040 + minor fixes for configure script from work on ncurses-examples and 2041 tin. 2042 + improve animation in test/xmas.c by adding a time-delay in blinkit(). 2043 + modify several test programs to reflect that ncurses honors existing 2044 signal handlers in initscr(), while other implementations do not. 2045 + modify bs.c to make it easier to quit. 2046 + change ncurses-examples to use attr_t vs chtype to follow X/Open 2047 documentation more closely since Solaris xpg4-curses uses different 2048 values for WA_xxx vs A_xxx that rely on attr_t being an unsigned 2049 short. Tru64 aka OSF1, HPUX, AIX did as ncurses does, equating the 2050 two sets. 2051 2052 20170923 2053 + modify menu for test/ncurses.c to fit on 24-line screen. 2054 + build-fix for configure --with-caps=uwin 2055 + add options to test_arrays.c, for selecting termcap vs terminfo, etc. 2056 2057 20170916 2058 + minor fix to test/filter.c to avoid clearing the command in one case. 2059 + modify filter() to discard clr_eos if back_color_erase is set. 2060 2061 20170909 2062 + improve wide-character implementation of myADDNSTR() in frm_driver.c, 2063 which was inconsistent with the normal implementation. 2064 + save/restore cursor position in Undo_Justification(), matching 2065 behavior of Buffer_To_Window() (report by Leon Winter). 2066 + modify test/knight to provide the "slow" solution for small screens 2067 using "R", noting that Warnsdorf's method is easily done with "a". 2068 + modify several test-programs which call use_default_colors() to 2069 consistently do this only if "-d" option is given. 2070 + additional changes to test with non-standard variants of curses: 2071 + modify a loop limit in firework.c to work around absence of limit 2072 checks in some libraries. 2073 + fill the last row of a window with "?" in firstlast if waddch does 2074 not return ERR on the lower-right corner. 2075 + add checks in test/configure for some functions not in 4.3BSD curses. 2076 + fix a regression in test/configure (cf: 20170826). 2077 2078 20170902 2079 + amend change for endwin-state for better consistency with the older 2080 logic (report/patch by Jeb Rosen, cf: 20170722). 2081 + modify check in fmt_entry() to handle a cancelled reset string 2082 (Debian #873746). Make similar fixes in other parts of dump_entry.c 2083 and tput.c 2084 2085 20170827 2086 + fix a bug in repeat_char logic (cf: 20170729, report by Chris Clayton). 2087 2088 20170826 2089 + fixes for "iterm2" (report by Leonardo Brondani Schenkel) -TD 2090 + corrected a warning from tic about keys which are the same, to skip 2091 over missing/cancelled values. 2092 + add check in tic for unnecessary use of "2" to denote a shifted 2093 special key. 2094 + improve checks in trim_sgr0, comp_parse.c and parse_entry.c, for 2095 cancelled string capabilities. 2096 + add check in _nc_parse_entry() for invalid entry name, setting the 2097 name to "invalid" to avoid problems storing entries. 2098 + add/improve checks in tic's parser to address invalid input 2099 + add a check in comp_scan.c to handle the special case where a 2100 nontext file ending with a NUL rather than newline is given to tic 2101 as input (Redhat #1484274). 2102 + allow for cancelled capabilities in _nc_save_str (Redhat #1484276). 2103 + add validity checks for "use=" target in _nc_parse_entry (Redhat 2104 #1484284). 2105 + check for invalid strings in postprocess_termcap (Redhat #1484285) 2106 + reset secondary pointers on EOF in next_char() (Redhat #1484287). 2107 + guard _nc_safe_strcpy() and _nc_safe_strcat() against calls using 2108 cancelled strings (Redhat #1484291). 2109 + correct typo in curs_memleaks.3x (Sven Joachim). 2110 + improve test/configure checks for some curses variants not based on 2111 X/Open Curses. 2112 + add options for test/configure to disable checks for form, menu and 2113 panel libraries. 2114 2115 20170819 2116 + update "iterm" entry -TD 2117 + add "iterm2" entry (report by Leonardo Brondani Schenkel) -TD 2118 + regenerate llib-* files. 2119 + regenerate HTML manpages. 2120 + improve picsmap test-program: 2121 + reduce memory used for tsearch 2122 + add report in log file showing cumulative color coverage. 2123 + add -x option to clear/tput to make the E3 extension optional 2124 (cf: 20130622). 2125 + add options -T and -V to clear command for compatibility with tput. 2126 + add usage message to clear command (Debian #371855). 2127 + improve usage messages for tset and tput. 2128 + minor fixes to "RGB" extension and reset_color_pairs(). 2129 2130 20170812 2131 + improve description of -R option in infocmp manual page (report by 2132 Stephane Chazelas). 2133 + add reset_color_pairs() function. 2134 + add user_caps.5 manual page to document the terminfo extensions used 2135 by ncurses. 2136 + improve build scripts, using SIGQUIT vs SIGTRAP; add other configure 2137 script fixes from work on xterm, lynx and tack. 2138 + modify install-rule for ncurses-examples to put the data files in 2139 /usr/share/ncurses-examples 2140 + improve tracemunch, by changing address-parameters of add_wch(), 2141 color_content() and pair_content() to dummy parameters. 2142 + minor optimization to _nc_change_pair, to return quickly when the 2143 current screen is marked for clearing. 2144 + in-progress changes to improve performance of test/picsmap.c for 2145 loading image files. 2146 + modify allocation for SCREEN's color-pair table to start small, grow 2147 on demand up to the existing limit. 2148 + add "RGB" extension capability for direct-color support, use this to 2149 improve color_content(). 2150 + improve picsmap test-program: 2151 + if no palette file is needed, attempt to load one based on $TERM, 2152 checking first in the current directory, then by adding ".dat" 2153 suffix, and finally in the data-directory, e.g., 2154 /usr/share/ncurses-examples 2155 + add "-l" option for logging 2156 + add "-d" option for debugging 2157 + add "-s" option for stepping automatically through list of images, 2158 with time delay. 2159 + use tsearch to improve time for loading color table for images. 2160 + update config.guess, config.sub from 2161 2162 2163 20170729 2164 + update interix entry using tack and SFU on Windows 7 Ultimate -TD 2165 + use ^? for kdch1 in interix (reported by Jonathan de Boyne Pollard) 2166 + add "rep" to xterm-new, available since 1997/01/26 -TD 2167 + move SGR 24 and 27 from vte-2014 to vte-2012 (request by Alain 2168 Williams) -TD 2169 + add a check in newline_forces_scroll() in case a program moves the 2170 cursor outside scrolling margins (report by Robert King). 2171 + improve _nc_tparm_analyze, using that to extend the checks made by 2172 tic for reporting inconsistencies between the expected number of 2173 parameters for a capability and the actual. 2174 + amend handling of repeat_char capability in EmitRange (adapted from 2175 report/patch by Dick Wesseling): 2176 + translate the character to the alternate character set when the 2177 alternate character set is enabled. 2178 + do not use repeat_char for characters past 255. 2179 + document "_nc_free_tinfo" in manual page, because it could be used in 2180 tack for memory-leak checking. 2181 + add "--without-tack" configure option to refine "--with-progs" 2182 configure option. Normally tack is no longer built in-tree, but 2183 a few packagers combine it during the build. If term_entry.h is 2184 installed, there is no advantage to in-tree builds. 2185 + adjust configure-script to define HAVE_CURSES_DATA_BOOLNAMES symbol 2186 needed for tack 1.08 when built in-tree. Rather than relying upon 2187 internal "_nc_" functions, tack now uses the boolean, number and 2188 string capability name-arrays provided by ncurses and SVr4 Unix 2189 curses. It still uses term_entry.h for the definitions of the 2190 extended capability arrays. 2191 + add an overlooked null-pointer check in mvcur changes from 20170722 2192 2193 20170722 2194 + improve test-packages for ncurses-examples and AdaCurses for lintian 2195 + modify logic for endwin-state to be able to detect the case where 2196 the screen was never initialized, using that to trigger a flush of 2197 ncurses' buffer for mvcur, e.g., in test/dots_mvcur.c for the 2198 term-driver configuration. 2199 + add dependency upon ncurses_cfg.h to a few other internal header 2200 files to allow each to be compiled separately. 2201 + add dependency upon ncurses_cfg.h to tic's header-files; any program 2202 using tic-library will have to supply this file. Legacy tack 2203 versions supply this file; ongoing tack development has dropped the 2204 dependency upon tic-library and new releases will not be affected. 2205 2206 20170715 2207 + modify command-line parameters for "convert" used in picsmap to work 2208 with ImageMagick 6.8 and newer. 2209 + fix build-problem with tack and ABI-5 (Debian #868328). 2210 + repair termcap-format from tic/infocmp broken in 20170701 fixes 2211 (Debian #868266). 2212 + reformat terminfo.src with 20170513 updates. 2213 + improve test-packages to address lintian warnings. 2214 2215 20170708 2216 + add a note to tic manual page about -W versus -f options. 2217 + correct a limit-check in fixes from 20170701 (report by Sven Joachim). 2218 2219 20170701 2220 + modify update_getenv() in db_iterator.c to ensure that environment 2221 variables which are not initially set will be checked later if an 2222 application happens to set them (patch by Guillaume Maudoux). 2223 + remove initialization-check for calling napms() in the term-driver 2224 configuration; none is needed. 2225 + add help-screen to test/test_getstr.c and test/test_get_wstr.c 2226 + improve compatibility between different configurations of new_prescr, 2227 fixing a case with threaded code and term-driver where c++/demo did 2228 not work (cf: 20160213). 2229 + the fixes for Redhat #1464685 obscured a problem subsequently 2230 reported in Redhat #1464687; the given test-case was no longer 2231 reproducible. Testing without the fixes for the earlier reports 2232 showed a problem with buffer overflow in dump_entry.c, which is 2233 addressed by reducing the use of a fixed-size buffer. 2234 + add/improve checks in tic's parser to address invalid input 2235 (Redhat #1464684, #1464685, #1464686, #1464691). 2236 + alloc_entry.c, add a check for a null-pointer. 2237 + parse_entry.c, add several checks for valid pointers as well as 2238 one check to ensure that a single character on a line is not 2239 treated as the 2-character termcap short-name. 2240 + fix a memory leak in delscreen() (report by Bai Junq). 2241 + improve tracemunch, showing thread identifiers as names. 2242 + fix a use-after-free in NCursesMenu::~NCursesMenu() 2243 + further amend incorrect calls for memory-leaks from 20170617 changes 2244 (report by Allen Hewes). 2245 2246 20170624 2247 + modify c++/etip.h.in to accommodate deprecation of throw() and 2248 throws() in c++17 (prompted by patch by Romain Geissler). 2249 + remove some incorrect calls for memory-leaks from 20170617 changes 2250 (report by Allen Hewes). 2251 + add test-programs for termattrs and term_attrs. 2252 + modify _nc_outc_wrapper to use the standard output if the screen was 2253 not initialized, rather than returning an error. 2254 + improve checks for low-level terminfo functions when the terminal 2255 has not been initialized (Redhat #1345963). 2256 + modify make_hash to allow building with address-sanitizer, 2257 assuming that --disable-leaks is configured. 2258 + amend changes for number_format() in 20170506 to avoid undefined 2259 behavior when shifting (patch by Emanuele Giaquinta). 2260 2261 20170617 2262 + fill in some places where TERMTYPE2 vs TERMTYPE was not used 2263 (report by Allen Hewes). 2264 + use ExitTerminfo() internally in error-exits for ncurses' setupterm 2265 to help with leak checking. 2266 + use ExitProgram() in error-exit from initscr() to help with leak 2267 checking. 2268 + review test-programs, adding checks for cases where the terminal 2269 cannot be initialized. 2270 2271 20170610 2272 + add option "-xp" to picsmap.c, to use init_extended_pair(). 2273 + make simple performance fixes for picsmap.c 2274 + improve aspect ratio of images read from "convert" in picsmap.c 2275 2276 20170603 2277 + add option to picsmap to use color-palette files, e.g., for mapping 2278 to xterm-256color. 2279 + move the data in SCREEN used for the alloc_pair() function to the 2280 end, to restore compatibility between ncurses/ncursesw libtinfo 2281 (report/patch by Miroslav Lichvar). 2282 + add build-time utility "report_offsets" to help show when the various 2283 configurations of tinfo library are compatible or not. 2284 2285 20170527 2286 + improved test/picsmap.c: 2287 + lookup named colors for xpm files in rgb.txt 2288 + accept blanks in color-keys for xpm files. 2289 + if neither xbm/xpm work, try "convert", which may be available. 2290 2291 20170520 2292 + modify test/picsmap.c to read xpm files. 2293 + modify package/debian/* to create documentation packages, so the 2294 related files can be checked with lintian. 2295 + fix some typos in manpages (report/patch by Sven Joachim). 2296 2297 20170513 2298 + add test/picsmap.c to fill in some testing issues not met by dots. 2299 The initial version reads X bitmap (".xbm") files. 2300 + repair logic which forces a repaint where a color-pair's content is 2301 changed (cf: 20170311). 2302 + improve tracemunch, showing screenXX pointers as names. 2303 2304 20170506 2305 + modify tic/infocmp display of numeric values to use hexadecimal when 2306 they are "close" to a power of two, making the result more readable. 2307 + improve discussion of portability in curs_mouse.3x 2308 + change line-length for generated html/manpages to 78 columns from 65. 2309 + improve discussion of line-drawing characters in curs_add_wch.3x 2310 (prompted by discussion with Lorinczy Zsigmond). 2311 + cleanup formatting of hackguide.html and ncurses-intro.html 2312 + add examples for WACS_D_PLUS and WACS_T_PLUS to test/ncurses.c 2313 2314 20170429 2315 + corrected a case where $with_gpm was set to "maybe" after CF_WITH_GPM, 2316 overlooked in 20160528 fixes (report by Alexandre Bury). 2317 + improve a couple of test-program's help-messages. 2318 + corrected loop in rain.c from 20170415 changes. 2319 + modify winnstr and winchnstr to return error if the output pointer is 2320 null, as well as adding a null pointer check of the window pointer 2321 for better compatibility with other implementations. 2322 + improve discussion of NetBSD curses in scr_dump.5 2323 + modify LIMIT_TYPED macro in new_pair.h to avoid changing sign of the 2324 value to be limited (reports by Darby Payne, Rob Boudreau). 2325 + update config.guess, config.sub from 2326 2327 2328 20170422 2329 + build-fix for termcap-configuration (report by Chi-Hsuan Yen). 2330 + improve terminfo manual page discussion of control- and graphics- 2331 characters. 2332 + remove tic warning about "^?" in string capabilities, which was 2333 marked as an extension (cf: 20000610, 20110820); however all Unix 2334 implementations support this and X/Open Curses does not address it. 2335 On the other hand, termcap never did support this feature. 2336 + correct missing comma-separator between string capabilities in 2337 icl6402 and m2-nam -TD 2338 + restore rmir/smir in ansi+idc to better match original ansiterm+idc, 2339 add alias ansiterm (report by Robert King). 2340 + amend an old check for ambiguous use of "ma" in terminfo versus 2341 a termcap use, if the capability is cancelled to treat it as number. 2342 + correct a case in _nc_captoinfo() which read "%%" and emitted "%". 2343 + modify sscanf calls in _nc_infotocap() for patterns "%{number}%+%c" 2344 and "%'char'%+%c" to check that the final character is really 'c', 2345 avoiding a case in icl6404 which cannot be converted to termcap. 2346 + in _nc_infotocap(), add a check to ensure that terminfo "^?" is not 2347 written to termcap, because the BSDs did not implement that. 2348 + in _nc_tic_expand() and _nc_infotocap(), improve string-length check 2349 when deciding whether to use "^X" or "\xxx" format for control 2350 characters, to make the output of tic/infocmp more predictable. 2351 + limit termcap "%d" width to 2 digits on input, and use "%2" in 2352 preference to "%02" on output. 2353 + correct terminfo/termcap conversion of "%02" and "%03" into "%2" and 2354 "%3"; the result repeated the last character. 2355 + add man/scr_dump.5 to document screen-dump format. 2356 2357 20170415 2358 + modify several test programs to use new popup_msgs, adapted from 2359 help-screen used in test/edit_field.c 2360 + drop two symbols obsoleted in 2004: _nc_check_termtype, and 2361 _nc_resolve_uses 2362 + fix some old copyright dates (cf: 20031025). 2363 + build-fixes for test/savescreen.c to work with AIX and HPUX. 2364 + minor fix to configure script, adding a backslash/continuation. 2365 + extend TERMINAL structure for ABI 6 to store numbers internally as 2366 integers rather than short, by adding new data for this purpose. 2367 + more fixes for minor memory-leaks in test-programs. 2368 2369 20170408 2370 + change logic in wins_nwstr() to avoid addressing data past the output 2371 of mbstowcs(). 2372 + correct a call to setcchar() in Data_Entry_w() from 20131207 changes. 2373 + fix minor memory-leaks in test-programs. 2374 + further improve ifdef in term_entry.h for internal definitions not 2375 used by tack. 2376 2377 20170401 2378 + minor fixes for vt100+4bsd, e.g., delay in sgr for consistency -TD 2379 + add smso for env230, to match sgr -TD 2380 + remove p7/protect from sgr in fbterm -TD 2381 + drop setf/setb from fbterm; setaf/setab are enough -TD 2382 + make xterm-pcolor sgr consistent with other capabilities -TD 2383 + add rmxx/smxx ECMA-48 strikeout extension to tmux and xterm-basic 2384 (discussion with Nicholas Marriott) 2385 + add test-programs sp_tinfo and extended_color 2386 + modify no-leaks code for lib_cur_term.c to account for the tgetent() 2387 cache. 2388 + modify setupterm() to save original tty-modes so that erasechar() 2389 works as expected. Also modify _nc_setupscreen() to avoid redundant 2390 calls to get original tty-modes. 2391 + modify set_curterm() to update ttytype[] data used by longname(). 2392 + modify wattr_set() and wattr_get() to return ERR if win-parameter is 2393 null, as documented. 2394 + improve cast used for null-pointer checks in header macros, to 2395 reduce compiler warnings. 2396 + modify several functions, using the reserved "opts" parameter to pass 2397 color- and pair-values larger than 16-bits: 2398 + getcchar(), setcchar(), slk_attr_set(), vid_puts(), wattr_get(), 2399 wattr_set(), wchgat(), wcolor_set(). 2400 + Other functions call these with the corresponding altered behavior, 2401 including chgat(), mvchgat(), mvwchgat(), slk_color_on(), 2402 slk_color_off(), vid_attr(). 2403 + add new functions for manipulating color- and pair-values larger 2404 than 16-bits. These are extended_color_content(), 2405 extended_pair_content(), extended_slk_color(), init_extended_color(), 2406 init_extended_pair(), and the corresponding sp-funcs. 2407 2408 20170325 2409 + fix a memory leak in the window-list when creating multiple screens 2410 (reports by Andres Martinelli, Debian #783486). 2411 + reviewed calls from link_test.c, added a few more null-pointer 2412 checks. 2413 + add a null-pointer check in ungetmouse, in case mousemask was not 2414 called (report by "Kau"). 2415 + updated curs_sp_funcs.3x for new functions. 2416 2417 20170318 2418 + change TERMINAL structure in term.h to make it opaque. Some 2419 applications misuse its members, e.g., directly modifying it 2420 rather than using def_prog_mode(). 2421 + modify utility headers such as tic.h to make it clearer which are 2422 externals that are used by tack. 2423 + improve curs_slk.3x in particular its discussion of portability. 2424 + fix cut/paste in legacy_encoding.3x 2425 + add prototype for find_pair() to new_pair.3x (report by Branden 2426 Robinson). 2427 + fix a couple of broken links in generated man-html documentation. 2428 + regenerate man-html documentation. 2429 2430 20170311 2431 + modify vt100 rs2 string to reset vt52 mode and scrolling regions 2432 (report/analysis by Robert King) -TD 2433 + add vt100+4bsd building block, use that for older terminals rather 2434 than "vt100" which is now mostly used as a building block for 2435 terminal emulators -TD 2436 + correct a few spelling errors in terminfo.src comments -TD 2437 + add fbterm -TD 2438 + fix a typo in ncurses.c test_attr legend (patch by Petr Vanek). 2439 + changed internal colorpair_t to a struct, eliminating an internal 2440 8-bit limit on colors 2441 + add ncurses/new_pair.h 2442 + add ncurses/base/new_pair.c with alloc_pair(), find_pair() and 2443 free_pair() functions 2444 + add test/demo_new_pair.c 2445 2446 20170304 2447 + improve terminfo manual description of terminfo syntax. 2448 + clarify the use of wint_t vs wchar_t in curs_get_wstr.3x 2449 + improve description of endwin() in manual. 2450 + modify setcchar() and getcchar() to treat negative color-pair as an 2451 error. 2452 + fix a typo in include/hashed_db.h (Andre Sa). 2453 2454 20170225 2455 + fixes for CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS (report by Ross Burton). 2456 2457 20170218 2458 + fix several formatting issues with manual pages. 2459 + correct read of terminfo entry in which all strings are absent or 2460 explicitly cancelled. Before this fix, the result was that all were 2461 treated as only absent. 2462 + modify infocmp to suppress mixture of absent/cancelled capabilities 2463 that would only show as "NULL, NULL", unless the -q option is used, 2464 e.g., to show "-, @" or "@, -". 2465 2466 20170212 2467 + build-fixes for PGI compilers (report by Adam J. Stewart) 2468 + accept whitespace in sed expression for generating expanded.c 2469 + modify configure check that g++ compiler warnings are not used. 2470 + add configure check for -fPIC option needed for shared libraries. 2471 + let configure --disable-ext-funcs override the default for the 2472 --enable-sp-funcs option. 2473 + mark some structs in form/menu/panel libraries as potentially opaque 2474 without modifying API/ABI. 2475 + add configure option --enable-opaque-curses for ncurses library and 2476 similar options for the other libraries. 2477 2478 20170204 2479 + trim newlines, tabs and escaped newlines from terminfo "paths" passed 2480 to db-iterator. 2481 + ignore zero-length files in db-iterator; these are useful for 2482 instance to suppress "$HOME/.terminfo" when not wanted. 2483 + amended "b64:" encoder to work with the terminfo reader. 2484 + modify terminfo reader to accept "b64:" format using RFC-3548 in 2485 as well as RFC-4648 url/filename-safe format. 2486 + modify terminfo reader to accept "hex:" format as generated by 2487 "infocmp -0qQ1" (cf: 20150905). 2488 + adjust authors comment to reflect drop below 1% for SV. 2489 2490 20170128 2491 + minor comment-fixes to help automate links to bug-urls -TD 2492 + add dvtm, dvtm-256color -TD 2493 + add settings corresponding to xterm-keys option to tmux entry to 2494 reflect upcoming change to make that option "on" by default 2495 (patch by Nicholas Marriott). 2496 + uncancel Ms in tmux entry (Harry Gindi, Nicholas Marriott). 2497 + add dumb-emacs-ansi -TD 2498 2499 20170121 2500 + improve discussion of early history of tput program. 2501 + incorporate A_COLOR mask into COLOR_PAIR(), in case user application 2502 provides an out-of-range pair number (report by Elijah Stone). 2503 + clarify description in tput manual page regarding support for 2504 termcap names (prompted by FreeBSD #214709). 2505 + remove a restriction in tput's support for termcap names which 2506 omitted capabilities normally not shown in termcap translations 2507 (cf: 990123). 2508 + modify configure script for clang as used on FreeBSD, to work around 2509 clang's differences in exit codes vs gcc. 2510 2511 20170114 2512 + improve discussion of early history of tset/reset programs. 2513 + clarify in manual pages that the optional verbose option level is 2514 available only when ncurses is configured for tracing. 2515 + amend change from 20161231 to avoid writing traces to the standard 2516 error after initializing the trace feature using the environment 2517 variable. 2518 2519 20170107 2520 + amend changes for tput to reset tty modes to "sane" if the program 2521 is run as "reset", like tset. Likewise, ensure that tset sends 2522 either reset- or init-strings. 2523 + improve manual page descriptions of tput init/reset and tset/reset, 2524 to make it easier to see how they are similar and different. 2525 + move a static result from key_name() to _nc_globals 2526 + modify _nc_get_screensize to allow for use_env() and use_tioctl() 2527 state to be per-screen when sp-funcs are configured, better matching 2528 the behavior when using the term-driver configuration. 2529 + improve cross-references in manual pages for often used functions 2530 + move SCREEN field for use_tioctl() data before the ncursesw fields, 2531 and limit that to the sp-funcs configuration to improve termlib 2532 compatibility (cf: 20120714). 2533 + correct order of initialization for traces in use_env() and 2534 use_tioctl() versus first trace calls. 2535 2536 20161231 2537 + fix errata for ncurses-howto (report by Damien Ruscoe). 2538 + fix a few places in configure/build scripts where DESTDIR and rpath 2539 were combined (report by Thomas Klausner). 2540 + merge current st description (report by Harry Gindi) -TD 2541 + modify flash capability for linux and wyse entries to put the delay 2542 between the reverse/normal escapes rather than after -TD 2543 + modify program tabs to pass the actual tty file descriptor to 2544 setupterm rather than the standard output, making padding work 2545 consistently. 2546 + explain in clear's manual page that it writes to stdout. 2547 + add special case for verbose debugging traces of command-line 2548 utilities which write to stderr (cf: 20161126). 2549 + remove a trace with literal escapes from skip_DECSCNM(), added in 2550 20161203. 2551 + update config.guess, config.sub from 2552 2553 2554 20161224 2555 + correct parameters for copywin call in _nc_Synchronize_Attributes() 2556 (patch by Leon Winter). 2557 + improve color-handling section in terminfo manual page (prompted by 2558 patch by Mihail Konev). 2559 + modify programs clear, tput and tset to pass the actual tty file 2560 descriptor to setupterm rather than the standard output, making 2561 padding work. 2562 2563 20161217 2564 + add tput-colorcube demo script. 2565 + add -r and -s options to tput-initc demo, to match usage in xterm. 2566 + flush the standard output in _nc_flush for the case where SP is zero, 2567 e.g., when called via putp. This fixes a scenario where "tput flash" 2568 did not work after changes in 20130112. 2569 2570 20161210 2571 + add configure script option --disable-wattr-macros for use in cases 2572 where one wants to use the same headers for ncurses5/ncurses6 2573 development, by suppressing the wattr* macros which differ due to 2574 the introduction of extended colors (prompted by comments in 2575 Debian #230990, Redhat #1270534). 2576 + add test/tput-initc to demonstrate tput used to initialize palette 2577 from a data file. 2578 + modify test/xterm*.dat to use the newer color4/color12 values. 2579 2580 20161203 2581 + improve discussion of field validation in form_driver.3x manual page. 2582 + update curs_trace.3x manual page. 2583 2584 20161126 2585 + modify linux-16color to not mask dim, standout or reverse with the 2586 ncv capability -TD 2587 + add 0.1sec mandatory delay to flash capabilities using the VT100 2588 reverse-video control -TD 2589 + omit selection of ISO-8859-1 for G0 in enacs capability from linux2.6 2590 entry, to avoid conflict with the user-defined mapping. The reset 2591 feature will use ISO-8859-1 in any case (Mikulas Patocka). 2592 + improve check in tic for delays by also warning about beep/flash 2593 when a delay is not embedded, or if those use the VT100 reverse 2594 video escape without using a delay. 2595 + minor fix for syntax-check of delays from 20161119 changes. 2596 + modify trace() to avoid overwriting existing file (report by Maor 2597 Shwartz). 2598 2599 20161119 2600 + add check in tic for some syntax errors of delays, as well as use of 2601 proportional delays for non-line capabilities. 2602 + document history of the clear program and the E3 extension, prompted 2603 by various discussions including 2604 2605 2606 20161112 2607 + improve -W option in tic/infocmp: 2608 + correct order of size-adjustments in wrapped lines 2609 + if -f option splits line, do not further split it with -W 2610 + begin a new line when adding "use=" after a wrapped line 2611 2612 20161105 2613 + fix typo in man/terminfo.tail (Alain Williams). 2614 + correct program-name in adacurses6-config.1 manual page. 2615 2616 20161029 2617 + add new function "unfocus_current_field" (Leon Winter) 2618 2619 20161022 2620 + modify tset -w (and tput reset) to update the program's copy of the 2621 screensize if it was already set in the system, to improve tabstop 2622 setting which relies upon knowing the actual screensize. 2623 + add functionality of tset -w to tput, like the "-c" feature this is 2624 not optional in tput. 2625 + add "clear" as a possible link/alias to tput. 2626 + improve tput's check for being called as "init" or "reset" to allow 2627 for transformed names. 2628 + split-out the "clear" function from progs/clear.c, share with 2629 tput to get the same behavior, e.g., the E3 extension. 2630 2631 20161015 2632 + amend internal use of tputs to consistently use the number of lines 2633 affected, e.g., for insert/delete character operations. While 2634 merging terminfo source early in 1995, several descriptions used the 2635 "*" proportional delay for these operations, prompting a change in 2636 doupdate. 2637 + regenerate llib-* files. 2638 + regenerate HTML manpages. 2639 + fix several formatting issues with manual pages. 2640 2641 20161008 2642 + adjust size in infocmp/tic to work with strlcpy. 2643 + fix configure script to record when strlcat is found on OpenBSD. 2644 + build-fix for "recent" OpenBSD vs baudrate. 2645 2646 20161001 2647 + add -W option to tic/infocmp to force long strings to wrap. This is 2648 in addition to the -w option which attempts to fit capabilities into 2649 a given line-length. 2650 + add linux-m1 minitel entries (patch by Alexandre Montaron). 2651 + correct rs2 string for vt100-nam -TD 2652 2653 20160924 2654 + modify _nc_tic_expand to escape comma if it immediately follows a 2655 percent sign, to work with minitel change. 2656 + updated minitel and viewdata descriptions (Alexandre Montaron). 2657 2658 20160917 2659 + build-fix for gnat6, which unhelpfully attempts to compile C files. 2660 + fix typo in 20160910 changes (Debian #837892, patch by Sven Joachim). 2661 2662 20160910 2663 + trim dead code ifdef'd with HIDE_EINTR since 970830 (discussion with 2664 Leon Winter). 2665 + trim some obsolete/incorrect wording about EINTR from wgetch manual 2666 page (patch by Leon Winter). 2667 + really correct 20100515 change (patch by Rich Coe). 2668 + add "--enable-string-hacks" option to test/configure 2669 + completed string-hacks for "sprintf", etc., including test-programs. 2670 + make "--enable-string-hacks" work with Debian by checking for the 2671 "bsd" library and its associated "<bsd/string.h>" header. 2672 2673 20160903 2674 + correct 20100515 change for weak signals versus sigprocmask (report 2675 by Rich Coe). 2676 + modify misc/Makefile.in to work around OpenBSD "make" which unlike 2677 all other versions of "make" does not recognize continuation lines 2678 of comments. 2679 + amend the last change to CF_C_ENV_FLAGS to move only the 2680 preprocessor, optimization and warning flags to CPPFLAGS and CFLAGS, 2681 leaving the residue in CC. That happens to work for gcc's various 2682 "model" options, but may require tuning for other compilers (report 2683 by Sven Joachim). 2684 2685 20160827 2686 + add "v" menu entry to test/ncurses.c to show baudrate and other 2687 values. 2688 + add "newer" baudrate symbols from Linux and FreeBSD to progs/tset.c, 2689 lib_baudrate.c 2690 + modify CF_XOPEN_SOURCE macro: 2691 + add "uclinux" to case for "linux" (patch by Yann E. Morin) 2692 + modify _GNU_SOURCE for cygwin headers, tested with cygwin 2.3, 2.5 2693 (patch by Corinna Vinschen, from changes to tin). 2694 + improve CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS macro to allow for compiler wrappers such 2695 as "ccache" (report by Enrico Scholz). 2696 + update config.guess, config.sub from 2697 2698 2699 20160820 2700 + update tput manual page to reflect changes to manipulate terminal 2701 modes by sharing functions with tset. 2702 + add the terminal-mode parts of "reset" (aka tset) to the "tput reset" 2703 command, making the two almost the same except for window-size. 2704 + adapt logic used in dialog "--keep-tite" option for test/filter.c as 2705 "-a" option. When set, test/filter attempts to suppress the 2706 alternate screen. 2707 + correct a typo in interix entry -TD 2708 2709 20160813 2710 + add a dependency upon generated-sources in Ada95/src/Makefile.in to 2711 handle a case of "configure && make install". 2712 + trim trailing blanks from include/Caps*, to work around a problem 2713 in sed (Debian #818067). 2714 2715 20160806 2716 + improve CF_GNU_SOURCE configure macro to optionally define 2717 _DEFAULT_SOURCE work around a nuisance in recent glibc releases. 2718 + move the terminfo-specific parts of tput's "reset" function into 2719 the shared reset_cmd.c, making the two forms of reset use the same 2720 strings. 2721 + split-out the terminal initialization functions from tset as 2722 progs/reset_cmd.c, as part of changes to merge the reset-feature 2723 with tput. 2724 2725 20160730 2726 + change tset's initialization to allow it to get settings from the 2727 standard input as well as /dev/tty, to be more effective when 2728 output or error are redirected. 2729 + improve discussion of history and portability for tset/reset/tput 2730 manual pages. 2731 2732 20160723 2733 + improve error message from tset/reset when both stderr/stdout are 2734 redirected to a file or pipe. 2735 + improve organization of curs_attr.3x, curs_color.3x 2736 2737 20160709 2738 + work around Debian's antique/unmaintained version of mawk when 2739 building link_test. 2740 + improve test/list_keys.c, showing ncurses's convention of modifiers 2741 for special keys, based on xterm. 2742 2743 20160702 2744 + improve test/list_keys.c, using $TERM if no parameters are given. 2745 2746 20160625 2747 + build-fixes for ncurses "test_progs" rule. 2748 + amend change to CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS in 20160521 to make multilib build 2749 work (report by Sven Joachim). 2750 2751 20160618 2752 + build-fixes for ncurses-examples with NetBSD curses. 2753 + improve test/list_keys.c, fixing column-widths and sorting the list 2754 to make it more readable. 2755 2756 20160611 2757 + revise fix for Debian #805618 (report by Vlado Potisk, cf: 20151128). 2758 + modify test/ncurses.c a/A screens to make exiting on an escape 2759 character depend on the start of keypad and timeout modes, to allow 2760 better testing of function-keys. 2761 + modify rs1 for xterm-16color, xterm-88color and xterm-256color to 2762 reset palette using "oc" string as in linux -TD 2763 + use ANSI reply for u8 in xterm-new, to reflect vt220-style responses 2764 that could be returned -TD 2765 + added a few capabilities fixed in recent vte -TD 2766 2767 20160604 2768 + correct logic for -f option in test/demo_terminfo.c 2769 + add test/list_keys.c 2770 2771 20160528 2772 + further workaround for PIE/PIC breakage which causes gpm to not link. 2773 + fix most cppcheck warnings, mostly style, in ncurses library. 2774 2775 20160521 2776 + improved manual page description of tset/reset versus window-size. 2777 + fixes to work with a slightly broken compiler configuration which 2778 cannot compile "Hello World!" without adding compiler options 2779 (report by Ola x Nilsson): 2780 + pass appropriate compiler options to the CF_PROG_CC_C_O macro. 2781 + when separating compiler and options in CF_CC_ENV_FLAGS, ensure 2782 that all options are split-off into CFLAGS or CPPFLAGS 2783 + restore some -I options removed in 20140726 because they appeared 2784 to be redundant. In fact, they are needed for a compiler that 2785 cannot combine -c and -o options. 2786 2787 20160514 2788 + regenerate HTML manpages. 2789 + improve manual pages for wgetch and wget_wch to point out that they 2790 might return values without names in curses.h (Debian #822426). 2791 + make linux3.0 entry the default linux entry (Debian #823658) -TD 2792 + modify linux2.6 entry to improve line-drawing so that the linux3.0 2793 entry can be used in non-UTF-8 mode -TD 2794 + document return value of use_extended_names (report by Mike Gran). 2795 2796 20160507 2797 + amend change to _nc_do_color to restore the early return for the 2798 special case used in _nc_screen_wrap (report by Dick Streefland, 2799 cf: 20151017). 2800 + modify test/ncurses.c: 2801 + check return-value of putwin 2802 + correct ifdef which made the 'g' test's legend not reflect changes 2803 to keypad- and scroll-modes. 2804 + correct return-value of extended putwin (report by Mike Gran). 2805 2806 20160423 2807 + modify test/ncurses.c 'd' edit-color menu to optionally read xterm 2808 color palette directly from terminal, as well as handling KEY_RESIZE 2809 and screen-repainting with control/L and control/R. 2810 + add 'oc' capability to xterm+256color, allowing palette reset for 2811 xterm -TD 2812 2813 20160416 2814 + add workaround in configure script for inept transition to PIE vs 2815 PIC builds documented in 2816 2817 + add "reset" to list of programs whose names might change in manpages 2818 due to program-transformation configure options. 2819 + drop long-obsolete "-n" option from tset. 2820 2821 20160409 2822 + modify test/blue.c to use Unicode values for card-glyphs when 2823 available, as well as improving the check for CP437 and CP850. 2824 2825 20160402 2826 + regenerate HTML manpages. 2827 + improve manual pages for utilities with respect to POSIX versus 2828 X/Open Curses. 2829 2830 20160326 2831 + regenerate HTML manpages. 2832 + improve test/demo_menus.c, allowing mouse-click on the menu-headers 2833 to switch the active menu. This requires a new extension option 2834 O_MOUSE_MENU to tell the menu driver to put mouse events which do not 2835 apply to the active menu back into the queue so that the application 2836 can handle the event. 2837 2838 20160319 2839 + improve description of tgoto parameters (report by Steffen Nurpmeso). 2840 + amend workaround for Solaris line-drawing to restore a special case 2841 that maps Unicode line-drawing characters into the acsc string for 2842 non-Unicode locales (Debian #816888). 2843 2844 20160312 2845 + modified test/filter.c to illustrate an alternative to getnstr, that 2846 polls for input while updating a clock on the right margin as well 2847 as responding to window size-changes. 2848 2849 20160305 2850 + omit a redefinition of "inline" when traces are enabled, since this 2851 does not work with gcc 5.3.x MinGW cross-compiling (cf: 20150912). 2852 2853 20160220 2854 + modify test/configure script to check for pthread dependency of 2855 ncursest or ncursestw library when building ncurses examples, e.g., 2856 in case weak symbols are used. 2857 + modify configure macro for shared-library rules to use -Wl,-rpath 2858 rather than -rpath to work around a bug in scons (FreeBSD #178732, 2859 cf: 20061021). 2860 + double-width multibyte characters were not counted properly in 2861 winsnstr and wins_nwstr (report/example by Eric Pruitt). 2862 + update config.guess, config.sub from 2863 2864 2865 20160213 2866 + amend fix for _nc_ripoffline from 20091031 to make test/ditto.c work 2867 in threaded configuration. 2868 + move _nc_tracebits, _tracedump and _tracemouse to curses.priv.h, 2869 since they are not part of the suggested ABI6. 2870 2871 20160206 2872 + define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN for MinGW port, making builds faster. 2873 + modify test/ditto.c to allow $XTERM_PROG environment variable to 2874 override "xterm" as the name of the program to run in the threaded 2875 configuration. 2876 2877 20160130 2878 + improve formatting of man/curs_refresh.3x and man/tset.1 manpages 2879 + regenerate HTML manpages using newer man2html to eliminate some 2880 unwanted blank lines. 2881 2882 20160123 2883 + ifdef'd header-file definition of mouse_trafo() with NCURSES_NOMACROS 2884 (report by Corey Minyard). 2885 + fix some strict compiler-warnings in traces. 2886 2887 20160116 2888 + tidy up comments about hardcoded 256color palette (report by 2889 Leonardo Brondani Schenkel) -TD 2890 + add putty-noapp entry, and amend putty entry to use application mode 2891 for better consistency with xterm (report by Leonardo Brondani 2892 Schenkel) -TD 2893 + modify _nc_viscbuf2() and _tracecchar_t2() to trace wide-characters 2894 as a whole rather than their multibyte equivalents. 2895 + minor fix in wadd_wchnstr() to ensure that each cell has nonzero 2896 width. 2897 + move PUTC_INIT calls next to wcrtomb calls, to avoid carry-over of 2898 error status when processing Unicode values which are not mapped. 2899 2900 20160102 2901 + modify ncurses c/C color test-screens to take advantage of wide 2902 screens, reducing the number of lines used for 88- and 256-colors. 2903 + minor refinement to check versus ncv to ignore two parameters of 2904 SGR 38 and 48 when those come from color-capabilities. 2905 2906 20151226 2907 + add check in tic for use of bold, etc., video attributes in the 2908 color capabilities, accounting whether the feature is listed in ncv. 2909 + add check in tic for conflict between ritm, rmso, rmul versus sgr0. 2910 2911 20151219 2912 + add a paragraph to curs_getch.3x discussing key naming (discussion 2913 with James Crippen). 2914 + amend workaround for Solaris vs line-drawing to take the configure 2915 check into account. 2916 + add a configure check for wcwidth() versus the ncurses line-drawing 2917 characters, to use in special-casing systems such as Solaris. 2918 2919 20151212 2920 + improve CF_XOPEN_CURSES macro used in test/configure, to define as 2921 needed NCURSES_WIDECHAR for platforms where _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED 2922 does not work. Also modified the test program to ensure that if 2923 building with ncurses, that the cchar_t type is checked, since that 2924 normally is since 20111030 ifdef'd depending on this test. 2925 + improve 20121222 workaround for broken acs, letting Solaris "work" 2926 in spite of its misconfigured wcwidth which marks all of the line 2927 drawing characters as double-width. 2928 2929 20151205 2930 + update form_cursor.3x, form_post.3x, menu_attributes.3x to list 2931 function names in NAME section (patch by Jason McIntyre). 2932 + minor fixes to manpage NAME/SYNOPSIS sections to consistently use 2933 rule that either all functions which are prototyped in SYNOPSIS are 2934 listed in the NAME section, or the manual-page name is the sole item 2935 listed in the NAME section. The latter is used to reduce clutter, 2936 e.g., for the top-level library manual pages as well as for certain 2937 feature-pages such as SP-funcs and threading (prompted by patches by 2938 Jason McIntyre). 2939 2940 20151128 2941 + add option to preserve leading whitespace in form fields (patch by 2942 Leon Winter). 2943 + add missing assignment in lib_getch.c to make notimeout() work 2944 (Debian #805618). 2945 + add 't' toggle for notimeout() function in test/ncurses.c a/A screens 2946 + add viewdata terminal description (Alexandre Montaron). 2947 + fix a case in tic/infocmp for formatting capabilities where a 2948 backslash at the end of a string was mishandled. 2949 + fix some typos in curs_inopts.3x (Benno Schulenberg). 2950 2951 20151121 2952 + fix some inconsistencies in the pccon* entries -TD 2953 + add bold to pccon+sgr+acs and pccon-base (Tati Chevron). 2954 + add keys f12-f124 to pccon+keys (Tati Chevron). 2955 + add test/test_sgr.c program to exercise all combinations of sgr. 2956 2957 20151107 2958 + modify tset's assignment to TERM in its output to reflect the name by 2959 which the terminal description is found, rather than the primary 2960 name. That was an unnecessary part from the initial conversion of 2961 tset from termcap to terminfo. The termcap program in 4.3BSD did 2962 this to avoid using the short 2-character name (report by Rich 2963 Burridge). 2964 + minor fix to configure script to ensure that rules for resulting.map 2965 are only generated when needed (cf: 20151101). 2966 + modify configure script to handle the case where tic-library is 2967 renamed, but the --with-debug option is used by itself without 2968 normal or shared libraries (prompted by comment in Debian #803482). 2969 2970 20151101 2971 + amend change for pkg-config which allows build of pc-files when no 2972 valid pkg-config library directory was configured to suppress the 2973 actual install if it is not overridden to a valid directory at 2974 install time (cf: 20150822). 2975 + modify editing script which generates resulting.map to work with the 2976 clang configuration on recent FreeBSD, which gives an error on an 2977 empty "local" section. 2978 + fix a spurious "(Part)" message in test/ncurses.c b/B tests due 2979 to incorrect attribute-masking. 2980 2981 20151024 2982 + modify MKexpanded.sh to update the expansion of a temporary filename 2983 to "expanded.c", for use in trace statements. 2984 + modify layout of b/B tests in test/ncurses.c to allow for additional 2985 annotation on the right margin; some terminals with partial support 2986 did not display well. 2987 + fix typo in curs_attr.3x (patch by Sven Joachim). 2988 + fix typo in INSTALL (patch by Tomas Cech). 2989 + improve configure check for setting WILDCARD_SYMS variable; on ppc64 2990 the variable is in the Data section rather than Text (patch by Michel 2991 Normand, Novell #946048). 2992 + using configure option "--without-fallbacks" incorrectly caused 2993 FALLBACK_LIST to be set to "no" (patch by Tomas Cech). 2994 + updated minitel entries to fix kel problem with emacs, and add 2995 minitel1b-nb (Alexandre Montaron). 2996 + reviewed/updated nsterm entry Terminal.app in OSX -TD 2997 + replace some dead URLs in comments with equivalents from the 2998 Internet Archive -TD 2999 + update config.guess, config.sub from 3000 3001 3002 20151017 3003 + modify ncurses/Makefile.in to sort keys.list in POSIX locale 3004 (Debian #801864, patch by Esa Peuha). 3005 + remove an early-return from _nc_do_color, which can interfere with 3006 data needed by bkgd when ncurses is configured with extended colors 3007 (patch by Denis Tikhomirov). 3008 > fixes for OS/2 (patches by KO Myung-Hun) 3009 + use button instead of kbuf[0] in EMX-specific part of lib_mouse.c 3010 + support building with libtool on OS/2 3011 + use stdc++ on OS/2 kLIBC 3012 + clear cf_XOPEN_SOURCE on OS/2 3013 3014 20151010 3015 + add configure check for openpty to test/configure script, for ditto. 3016 + minor fixes to test/view.c in investigating Debian #790847. 3017 + update autoconf patch to 2.52.20150926, incorporates a fix for Cdk. 3018 + add workaround for breakage of POSIX makefiles by recent binutils 3019 change. 3020 + improve check for working poll() by using posix_openpt() as a 3021 fallback in case there is no valid terminal on the standard input 3022 (prompted by discussion on bug-ncurses mailing list, Debian #676461). 3023 3024 20150926 3025 + change makefile rule for removing resulting.map to distclean rather 3026 than clean. 3027 + add /lib/terminfo to terminfo-dirs in ".deb" test-package. 3028 + add note on portability of resizeterm and wresize to manual pages. 3029 3030 20150919 3031 + clarify in resizeterm.3x how KEY_RESIZE is pushed onto the input 3032 stream. 3033 + clarify in curs_getch.3x that the keypad mode affects ability to 3034 read KEY_MOUSE codes, but does not affect KEY_RESIZE. 3035 + add overlooked build-fix needed with Cygwin for separate Ada95 3036 configure script, cf: 20150606 (report by Nicolas Boulenguez) 3037 3038 20150912 3039 + fixes for configure/build using clang on OSX (prompted by report by 3040 William Gallafent). 3041 + do not redefine "inline" in ncurses_cfg.h; this was originally to 3042 solve a problem with gcc/g++, but is aggravated by clang's misuse 3043 of symbols to pretend it is gcc. 3044 + add braces to configure script to prevent unwanted add of 3045 "-lstdc++" to the CXXLIBS symbol. 3046 + improve/update test-program used for checking existence of stdc++ 3047 library. 3048 + if $CXXLIBS is set, the linkage test uses that in addition to $LIBS 3049 3050 20150905 3051 + add note in curs_addch.3x about line-drawing when it depends upon 3052 UTF-8. 3053 + add tic -q option for consistency with infocmp, use it to suppress 3054 all comments from the "tic -I" output. 3055 + modify infocmp -q option to suppress the "Reconstructed from" 3056 header. 3057 + add infocmp/tic -Q option, which allows one to dump the compiled 3058 form of the terminal entry, in hexadecimal or base64. 3059 3060 20150822 3061 + sort options in usage message for infocmp, to make it simpler to 3062 see unused letters. 3063 + update usage message for tic, adding "-0" option. 3064 + documented differences in ESCDELAY versus AIX's implementation. 3065 + fix some compiler warnings from ports. 3066 + modify --with-pkg-config-libdir option to make it possible to install 3067 ".pc" files even if pkg-config is not found (adapted from patch by 3068 Joshua Root). 3069 3070 20150815 3071 + disallow "no" as a possible value for "--with-shlib-version" option, 3072 overlooked in cleanup-changes for 20000708 (report by Tommy Alex). 3073 + update release notes in INSTALL. 3074 + regenerate llib-* files to help with review for release notes. 3075 3076 20150810 3077 + workaround for Debian #65617, which was fixed in mawk's upstream 3078 releases in 2009 (report by Sven Joachim). See 3079 3080 3081 20150808 6.0 release for upload to 3082 3083 20150808 3084 + build-fix for Ada95 on older platforms without stdint.h 3085 + build-fix for Solaris, whose /bin/sh and /usr/bin/sed are non-POSIX. 3086 + update release announcement, summarizing more than 800 changes across 3087 more than 200 snapshots. 3088 + minor fixes to manpages, etc., to simplify linking from announcement 3089 page. 3090 3091 20150725 3092 + updated llib-* files. 3093 + build-fixes for ncurses library "test_progs" rule. 3094 + use alternate workaround for gcc 5.x feature (adapted from patch by 3095 Mikhail Peselnik). 3096 + add status line to tmux via xterm+sl (patch by Nicholas Marriott). 3097 + fixes for st 0.5 from testing with tack -TD 3098 + review/improve several manual pages to break up wall-of-text: 3099 curs_add_wch.3x, curs_attr.3x, curs_bkgd.3x, curs_bkgrnd.3x, 3100 curs_getcchar.3x, curs_getch.3x, curs_kernel.3x, curs_mouse.3x, 3101 curs_outopts.3x, curs_overlay.3x, curs_pad.3x, curs_termattrs.3x 3102 curs_trace.3x, and curs_window.3x 3103 3104 20150719 3105 + correct an old logic error for %A and %O in tparm (report by "zreed"). 3106 + improve documentation for signal handlers by adding section in the 3107 curs_initscr.3x page. 3108 + modify logic in make_keys.c to not assume anything about the size 3109 of strnames and strfnames variables, since those may be functions 3110 in the thread- or broken-linker configurations (problem found by 3111 Coverity). 3112 + modify test/configure script to check for pthreads configuration, 3113 e.g., ncursestw library. 3114 3115 20150711 3116 + modify scripts to build/use test-packages for the pthreads 3117 configuration of ncurses6. 3118 + add references to ttytype and termcap symbols in demo_terminfo.c and 3119 demo_termcap.c to ensure that when building ncursest.map, etc., that 3120 the corresponding names such as _nc_ttytype are added to the list of 3121 versioned symbols (report by Werner Fink) 3122 + fix regression from 20150704 (report/patch by Werner Fink). 3123 3124 20150704 3125 + fix a few problems reported by Coverity. 3126 + fix comparison against "/usr/include" in misc/gen-pkgconfig.in 3127 (report by Daiki Ueno, Debian #790548, cf: 20141213). 3128 3129 20150627 3130 + modify configure script to remove deprecated ABI 5 symbols when 3131 building ABI 6. 3132 + add symbols _nc_Default_Field, _nc_Default_Form, _nc_has_mouse to 3133 map-files, but marked as deprecated so that they can easily be 3134 suppressed from ABI 6 builds (Debian #788610). 3135 + comment-out "screen.xterm" entry, and inherit screen.xterm-256color 3136 from xterm-new (report by Richard Birkett) -TD 3137 + modify read_entry.c to set the error-return to -1 if no terminal 3138 databases were found, as documented for setupterm. 3139 + add test_setupterm.c to demonstrate normal/error returns from the 3140 setupterm and restartterm functions. 3141 + amend cleanup change from 20110813 which removed redundant definition 3142 of ret_error, etc., from tinfo_driver.c, to account for the fact that 3143 it should return a bool rather than int (report/analysis by Johannes 3144 Schindelin). 3145 3146 20150613 3147 + fix overflow warning for OSX with lib_baudrate.c (cf: 20010630). 3148 + modify script used to generate map/sym files to mark 5.9.20150530 as 3149 the last "5.9" version, and regenerated the files. That makes the 3150 files not use ".current" for the post-5.9 symbols. This also 3151 corrects the label for _nc_sigprocmask used in when weak symbols are 3152 configured for the ncursest/ncursestw libraries (prompted by 3153 discussion with Sven Joachim). 3154 + fix typo in NEWS (report by Sven Joachim). 3155 3156 20150606 pre-release 3157 + make ABI 6 the default by updates to dist.mk and VERSION, with the 3158 intention that the existing ABI 5 should build as before using the 3159 "--with-abi-version=5" option. 3160 + regenerate ada- and man-html documentation. 3161 + minor fixes to color- and util-manpages. 3162 + fix a regression in Ada95/gen/Makefile.in, to handle special case of 3163 Cygwin, which uses the broken-linker feature. 3164 + amend fix for CF_NCURSES_CONFIG used in test/configure to assume that 3165 ncurses package scripts work when present for cross-compiling, as the 3166 lessor of two evils (cf: 20150530). 3167 + add check in configure script to disallow conflicting options 3168 "--with-termlib" and "--enable-term-driver". 3169 + move defaults for "--disable-lp64" and "--with-versioned-syms" into 3170 CF_ABI_DEFAULTS macro. 3171 3172 20150530 3173 + change private type for Event_Mask in Ada95 binding to work when 3174 mmask_t is set to 32-bits. 3175 + remove spurious "%;" from st entry (report by Daniel Pitts) -TD 3176 + add vte-2014, update vte to use that -TD 3177 + modify tic and infocmp to "move" a diagnostic for tparm strings that 3178 have a syntax error to tic's "-c" option (report by Daniel Pitts). 3179 + fix two problems with configure script macros (Debian #786436, 3180 cf: 20150425, cf: 20100529). 3181 3182 20150523 3183 + add 'P' menu item to test/ncurses.c, to show pad in color. 3184 + improve discussion in curs_color.3x about color rendering (prompted 3185 by comment on Stack Overflow forum): 3186 + remove screen-bce.mlterm, since mlterm does not do "bce" -TD 3187 + add several screen.XXX entries to support the respective variations 3188 for 256 colors -TD 3189 + add putty+fnkeys* building-block entries -TD 3190 + add smkx/rmkx to capabilities analyzed with infocmp "-i" option. 3191 3192 20150516 3193 + amend change to ".pc" files to only use the extra loader flags which 3194 may have rpath options (report by Sven Joachim, cf: 20150502). 3195 + change versioning for dpkg's in test-packages for Ada95 and 3196 ncurses-examples for consistency with Debian, to work with package 3197 updates. 3198 + regenerate html manpages. 3199 + clarify handling of carriage return in waddch manual page; it was 3200 discussed only in the portability section (prompted by comment on 3201 Stack Overflow forum): 3202 3203 20150509 3204 + add test-packages for cross-compiling ncurses-examples using the 3205 MinGW test-packages. These are only the Debian packages; RPM later. 3206 + cleanup format of debian/copyright files 3207 + add pc-files to the MinGW cross-compiling test-packages. 3208 + correct a couple of places in gen-pkgconfig.in to handle renaming of 3209 the tinfo library. 3210 3211 20150502 3212 + modify the configure script to allow different default values 3213 for ABI 5 versus ABI 6. 3214 + add wgetch-events to test-packages. 3215 + add a note on how to build ncurses-examples to test/README. 3216 + fix a memory leak in delscreen (report by Daniel Kahn Gillmor, 3217 Debian #783486) -TD 3218 + remove unnecessary ';' from E3 capabilities -TD 3219 + add tmux entry, derived from screen (patch by Nicholas Marriott). 3220 + split-out recent change to nsterm-bce as nsterm-build326, and add 3221 nsterm-build342 to reflect changes with successive releases of OSX 3222 (discussion with Leonardo B Schenkel) 3223 + add xon, ich1, il1 to ibm3161 (patch by Stephen Powell, Debian 3224 #783806) 3225 + add sample "magic" file, to document ext-putwin. 3226 + modify gen-pkgconfig.in to add explicit -ltinfo, etc., to the 3227 generated ".pc" file when ld option "--as-needed" is used, or when 3228 ncurses and tinfo are installed without using rpath (prompted by 3229 discussion with Sylvain Bertrand). 3230 + modify test-package for ncurses6 to omit rpath feature when installed 3231 in /usr. 3232 + add OSX's "*.dSYM" to clean-rules in makefiles. 3233 + make extra-suffix work for OSX configuration, e.g., for shared 3234 libraries. 3235 + modify Ada95/configure script to work with pkg-config 3236 + move test-package for ncurses6 to /usr, since filename-conflicts have 3237 been eliminated. 3238 + corrected build rules for Ada95/gen/generate; it does not depend on 3239 the ncurses library aside from headers. 3240 + reviewed man pages, fixed a few other spelling errors. 3241 + fix a typo in curs_util.3x (Sven Joachim). 3242 + use extra-suffix in some overlooked shared library dependencies 3243 found by 20150425 changes for test-packages. 3244 + update config.guess, config.sub from 3245 3246 3247 20150425 3248 + expanded description of tgetstr's area pointer in manual page 3249 (report by Todd M Lewis). 3250 + in-progress changes to modify test-packages to use ncursesw6 rather 3251 than ncursesw, with updated configure scripts. 3252 + modify CF_NCURSES_CONFIG in Ada95- and test-configure scripts to 3253 check for ".pc" files via pkg-config, but add a linkage check since 3254 frequently pkg-config configurations are broken. 3255 + modify misc/gen-pkgconfig.in to include EXTRA_LDFLAGS, e.g., for the 3256 rpath option. 3257 + add 'dim' capability to screen entry (report by Leonardo B Schenkel) 3258 + add several key definitions to nsterm-bce to match preconfigured 3259 keys, e.g., with OSX 10.9 and 10.10 (report by Leonardo B Schenkel) 3260 + fix repeated "extra-suffix" in ncurses-config.in (cf: 20150418). 3261 + improve term_variables manual page, adding section on the terminfo 3262 long-name symbols which are defined in the term.h header. 3263 + fix bug in lib_tracebits.c introduced in const-fixes (cf: 20150404). 3264 3265 20150418 3266 + avoid a blank line in output from tabs program by ending it with 3267 a carriage return as done in FreeBSD (patch by James Clarke). 3268 + build-fix for the "--enable-ext-putwin" feature when not using 3269 wide characters (report by Werner Fink). 3270 + modify autoconf macros to use scripting improvement from xterm. 3271 + add -brtl option to compiler options on AIX 5-7, needed to link 3272 with the shared libraries. 3273 + add --with-extra-suffix option to help with installing nonconflicting 3274 ncurses6 packages, e.g., avoiding header- and library-conflicts. 3275 NOTE: as a side-effect, this renames 3276 adacurses-config to adacurses5-config and 3277 adacursesw-config to adacursesw5-config 3278 + modify debian/rules test package to suffix programs with "6". 3279 + clarify in curs_inopts.3x that window-specific settings do not 3280 inherit into new windows. 3281 3282 20150404 3283 + improve description of start_color() in the manual. 3284 + modify several files in ncurses- and progs-directories to allow 3285 const data used in internal tables to be put by the linker into the 3286 readonly text segment. 3287 3288 20150329 3289 + correct cut/paste error for "--enable-ext-putwin" that made it the 3290 same as "--enable-ext-colors" (report by Roumen Petrov) 3291 3292 20150328 3293 + add "-f" option to test/savescreen.c to help with testing/debugging 3294 the extended putwin/getwin. 3295 + add logic for writing/reading combining characters in the extended 3296 putwin/getwin. 3297 + add "--enable-ext-putwin" configure option to turn on the extended 3298 putwin/getwin. 3299 3300 20150321 3301 + in-progress changes to provide an extended version of putwin and 3302 getwin which will be capable of reading screen-dumps between the 3303 wide/normal ncurses configurations. These are text files, except 3304 for a magic code at the beginning: 3305 0 string \210\210 Screen-dump (ncurses) 3306 3307 20150307 3308 + document limitations of getwin in manual page (prompted by discussion 3309 with John S Urban). 3310 + extend test/savescreen.c to demonstrate that color pair values 3311 and graphic characters can be restored using getwin. 3312 3313 20150228 3314 + modify win_driver.c to eliminate the constructor, to make it more 3315 usable in an application which may/may not need the console window 3316 (report by Grady Martin). 3317 3318 20150221 3319 + capture define's related to -D_XOPEN_SOURCE from the configure check 3320 and add those to the *-config and *.pc files, to simplify use for 3321 the wide-character libraries. 3322 + modify ncurses.spec to accommodate Fedora21's location of pkg-config 3323 directory. 3324 + correct sense of "--disable-lib-suffixes" configure option (report 3325 by Nicolas Boos, cf: 20140426). 3326 3327 20150214 3328 + regenerate html manpages using improved man2html from work on xterm. 3329 + regenerated ".map" and ".sym" files using improved script, accounting 3330 for the "--enable-weak-symbols" configure option (report by Werner 3331 Fink). 3332 3333 20150131 3334 + regenerated ".map" and ".sym" files using improved script, showing 3335 the combinations of configure options used at each stage. 3336 3337 20150124 3338 + add configure check to determine if "local: _*;" can be used in the 3339 ".map" files to selectively omit symbols beginning with "_". On at 3340 least recent FreeBSD, the wildcard applies to all "_" symbols. 3341 + remove obsolete/conflicting rule for ncurses.map from 3342 ncurses/Makefile.in (cf: 20130706). 3343 3344 20150117 3345 + improve description in INSTALL of the --with-versioned-syms option. 3346 + add combination of --with-hashed-db and --with-ticlib to 3347 configurations for ".map" files (report by Werner Fink). 3348 3349 20150110 3350 + add a step to generating ".map" files, to declare any remaining 3351 symbols beginning with "_" as local, at the last version node. 3352 + improve configure checks for pkg-config, addressing a variant found 3353 with FreeBSD ports. 3354 + modify win_driver.c to provide characters for special keys, like 3355 ansi.sys, when keypad mode is off, rather than returning nothing at 3356 all (discussion with Eli Zaretskii). 3357 + add "broken_linker" and "hashed-db" configure options to combinations 3358 use for generating the ".map" and ".sym" files. 3359 + avoid using "ld" directly when creating shared library, to simplify 3360 cross-compiles. Also drop "-Bsharable" option from shared-library 3361 rules for FreeBSD and DragonFly (FreeBSD #196592). 3362 + fix a memory leak in form library Free_RegularExpression_Type() 3363 (report by Pavel Balaev). 3364 3365 20150103 3366 + modify_nc_flush() to retry if interrupted (patch by Stian Skjelstad). 3367 + change map files to make _nc_freeall a global, since it may be used 3368 via the Ada95 binding when checking for memory leaks. 3369 + improve sed script used in 20141220 to account for wide-, threaded- 3370 variations in ABI 6. 3371 3372 20141227 3373 + regenerate ".map" files, using step overlooked in 20141213 to use 3374 the same patch-dates across each file to match ncurses.map (report by 3375 Sven Joachim). 3376 3377 20141221 3378 + fix an incorrect variable assignment in 20141220 changes (report by 3379 Sven Joachim). 3380 3381 20141220 3382 + updated Ada95/configure with macro changes from 20141213 3383 + tie configure options --with-abi-version and --with-versioned-syms 3384 together, so that ABI 6 libraries have distinct symbol versions from 3385 the ABI 5 libraries. 3386 + replace obsolete/nonworking link to man2html with current one, 3387 regenerate html-manpages. 3388 3389 20141213 3390 + modify misc/gen-pkgconfig.in to add -I option for include-directory 3391 when using both --prefix and --disable-overwrite (report by Misty 3392 De Meo). 3393 + add configure option --with-pc-suffix to allow minor renaming of 3394 ".pc" files and the corresponding library. Use this in the test 3395 package for ncurses6. 3396 + modify configure script so that if pkg-config is not installed, it 3397 is still possible to install ".pc" files (report by Misty De Meo). 3398 + updated ".sym" files, removing symbols which are marked as "local" 3399 in the corresponding ".map" files. 3400 + updated ".map" files to reflect move of comp_captab and comp_hash 3401 from tic-library to tinfo-library in 20090711 (report by Sven 3402 Joachim). 3403 3404 20141206 3405 + updated ".map" files so that each symbol that may be shared across 3406 the different library configurations has the same label. Some 3407 review is needed to ensure these are really compatible. 3408 + modify MKlib_gen.sh to work around change in development version of 3409 gcc introduced here: 3410 3411 3412 (reports by Marcus Shawcroft, Maohui Lei). 3413 + improved configure macro CF_SUBDIR_PATH, from lynx changes. 3414 3415 20141129 3416 + improved ".map" files by generating them with a script that builds 3417 ncurses with several related configurations and merges the results. 3418 A further refinement is planned, to make the tic- and tinfo-library 3419 symbols use the same versions across each of the four configurations 3420 which are represented (reports by Sven Joachim, Werner Fink). 3421 3422 20141115 3423 + improve description of limits for color values and color pairs in 3424 curs_color.3x (prompted by patch by Tim van der Molen). 3425 + add VERSION file, using first field in that to record the ABI version 3426 used for configure --with-libtool --disable-libtool-version 3427 + add configure options for applying the ".map" and ".sym" files to 3428 the ncurses, form, menu and panel libraries. 3429 + add ".map" and ".sym" files to show exported symbols, e.g., for 3430 symbol-versioning. 3431 3432 20141101 3433 + improve strict compiler-warnings by adding a cast in TRACE_RETURN 3434 and making a new TRACE_RETURN1 macro for cases where the cast does 3435 not apply. 3436 3437 20141025 3438 + in-progress changes to integrate the win32 console driver with the 3439 msys2 configuration. 3440 3441 20141018 3442 + reviewed terminology 0.6.1, add function key definitions. None of 3443 the vt100-compatibility issues were improved -TD 3444 + improve infocmp conversion of extended capabilities to termcap by 3445 correcting the limit check against parametrized[], as well as filling 3446 in a check if the string happens to have parameters, e.g., "xm" 3447 in recent changes. 3448 + add check for zero/negative dimensions for resizeterm and resize_term 3449 (report by Mike Gran). 3450 3451 20141011 3452 + add experimental support for xterm's 1005 mouse mode, to use in a 3453 demonstration of its limitations. 3454 + add experimental support for "%u" format to terminfo. 3455 + modify test/ncurses.c to also show position reports in 'a' test. 3456 + minor formatting fixes to _nc_trace_mmask_t, make this function 3457 exported to help with debugging mouse changes. 3458 + improve behavior of wheel-mice for xterm protocol, noting that there 3459 are only button-presses for buttons "4" and "5", so there is no need 3460 to wait to combine events into double-clicks (report/analysis by 3461 Greg Field). 3462 + provide examples xterm-1005 and xterm-1006 terminfo entries -TD 3463 + implement decoder for xterm SGR 1006 mouse mode. 3464 3465 20140927 3466 + implement curs_set in win_driver.c 3467 + implement flash in win_driver.c 3468 + fix an infinite loop in win_driver.c if the command-window loses 3469 focus. 3470 + improve the non-buffered mode, i.e., NCURSES_CONSOLE2, of 3471 win_driver.c by temporarily changing the buffer-size to match the 3472 window-size to eliminate the scrollback. Also enforce a minimum 3473 screen-size of 24x80 in the non-buffered mode. 3474 + modify generated misc/Makefile to suppress install.data from the 3475 dependencies if the --disable-db-install option is used, compensating 3476 for the top-level makefile changes used to add ncurses*-config in the 3477 20140920 changes (report by Steven Honeyman). 3478 3479 20140920 3480 + add ncurses*-config to bin-directory of sample package-scripts. 3481 + add check to ensure that getopt is available; this is a problem in 3482 some older cross-compiler environments. 3483 + expanded on the description of --disable-overwrite in INSTALL 3484 (prompted by reports by Joakim Tjernlund, Thomas Klausner). 3485 See Gentoo #522586 and NetBSD #49200 for examples. 3486 which relates to the clarified guidelines. 3487 + remove special logic from CF_INCLUDE_DIRS which adds the directory 3488 for the --includedir from the build (report by Joakim Tjernlund). 3489 + add case for Unixware to CF_XOPEN_SOURCE, from lynx changes. 3490 + update config.sub from 3491 3492 3493 20140913 3494 + add a configure check to ignore some of the plethora of non-working 3495 C++ cross-compilers. 3496 + build-fixes for Ada95 with gnat 4.9 3497 3498 20140906 3499 + build-fix and other improvements for port of ncurses-examples to 3500 NetBSD. 3501 + minor compiler-warning fixes. 3502 3503 20140831 3504 + modify test/demo_termcap.c and test/demo_terminfo.c to make their 3505 options more directly comparable, and add "-i" option to specify 3506 a terminal description filename to parse for names to lookup. 3507 3508 20140823 3509 + fix special case where double-width character overwrites a single- 3510 width character in the first column (report by Egmont Koblinger, 3511 cf: 20050813). 3512 3513 20140816 3514 + fix colors in ncurses 'b' test which did not work after changing 3515 it to put the test-strings in subwindows (cf: 20140705). 3516 + merge redundant SEE-ALSO sections in form and menu manpages. 3517 3518 20140809 3519 + modify declarations for user-data pointers in C++ binding to use 3520 reinterpret_cast to facilitate converting typed pointers to void* 3521 in user's application (patch by Adam Jiang). 3522 + regenerated html manpages. 3523 + add note regarding cause and effect for TERM in ncurses manpage, 3524 having noted clueless verbiage in Terminal.app's "help" file 3525 which reverses cause/effect. 3526 + remove special fallback definition for NCURSES_ATTR_T, since macros 3527 have resolved type-mismatches using casts (cf: 970412). 3528 + fixes for win_driver.c: 3529 + handle repainting on endwin/refresh combination. 3530 + implement beep(). 3531 + minor cleanup. 3532 3533 20140802 3534 + minor portability fixes for MinGW: 3535 + ensure WINVER is defined in makefiles rather than using headers 3536 + add check for gnatprep "-T" option 3537 + work around bug introduced by gcc 4.8.1 in MinGW which breaks 3538 "trace" feature: 3539 3540 + fix most compiler warnings for Cygwin ncurses-examples. 3541 + restore "redundant" -I options in test/Makefile.in, since they are 3542 typically needed when building the derived ncurses-examples package 3543 (cf: 20140726). 3544 3545 20140726 3546 + eliminate some redundant -I options used for building libraries, and 3547 ensure that ${srcdir} is added to the include-options (prompted by 3548 discussion with Paul Gilmartin). 3549 + modify configure script to work with Minix3.2 3550 + add form library extension O_DYNAMIC_JUSTIFY option which can be 3551 used to override the different treatment of justification for static 3552 versus dynamic fields (adapted from patch by Leon Winter). 3553 + add a null pointer check in test/edit_field.c (report/analysis by 3554 Leon Winter, cf: 20130608). 3555 3556 20140719 3557 + make workarounds for compiling test-programs with NetBSD curses. 3558 + improve configure macro CF_ADD_LIBS, to eliminate repeated -l/-L 3559 options, from xterm changes. 3560 3561 20140712 3562 + correct Charable() macro check for A_ALTCHARSET in wide-characters. 3563 + build-fix for position-debug code in tty_update.c, to work with or 3564 without sp-funcs. 3565 3566 20140705 3567 + add w/W toggle to ncurses.c 'B' test, to demonstrate permutation of 3568 video-attributes and colors with double-width character strings. 3569 3570 20140629 3571 + correct check in win_driver.c for saving screen contents, e.g., when 3572 NCURSES_CONSOLE2 is set (cf: 20140503). 3573 + reorganize b/B menu items in ncurses.c, putting the test-strings into 3574 subwindows. This is needed for a planned change to use Unicode 3575 fullwidth characters in the test-screens. 3576 + correct update to form status for _NEWTOP, broken by fixes for 3577 compiler warnings (patch by Leon Winter, cf: 20120616). 3578 3579 20140621 3580 + change shared-library suffix for AIX 5 and 6 to ".so", avoiding 3581 conflict with the static library (report by Ben Lentz). 3582 + document RPATH_LIST in INSTALLATION file, as part of workarounds for 3583 upgrading an ncurses library using the "--with-shared" option. 3584 + modify test/ncurses.c c/C tests to cycle through subsets of the 3585 total number of colors, to better illustrate 8/16/88/256-colors by 3586 providing directly comparable screens. 3587 + add test/dots_curses.c, for comparison with the low-level examples. 3588 3589 20140614 3590 + fix dereference before null check found by Coverity in tic.c 3591 (cf: 20140524). 3592 + fix sign-extension bug in read_entry.c which prevented "toe" from 3593 reading empty "screen+italics" entry. 3594 + modify sgr for screen.xterm-new to support dim capability -TD 3595 + add dim capability to nsterm+7 -TD 3596 + cancel dim capability for iterm -TD 3597 + add dim, invis capabilities to vte-2012 -TD 3598 + add sitm/ritm to konsole-base and mlterm3 -TD 3599 3600 20140609 3601 > fix regression in screen terminfo entries (reports by Christian 3602 Ebert, Gabriele Balducci) -TD 3603 + revert the change to screen; see notes for why this did not work -TD 3604 + cancel sitm/ritm for entries which extend "screen", to work around 3605 screen's hardcoded behavior for SGR 3 -TD 3606 3607 20140607 3608 + separate masking for sgr in vidputs from sitm/ritm, which do not 3609 overlap with sgr functionality. 3610 + remove unneeded -i option from adacurses-config; put -a in the -I 3611 option for consistency (patch by Pascal Pignard). 3612 + update xterm-new terminfo entry to xterm patch #305 -TD 3613 + change format of test-scripts for Debian Ada95 and ncurses-examples 3614 packages to quilted to work around Debian #700177 (cf: 20130907). 3615 + build fix for form_driver_w.c as part of ncurses-examples package for 3616 older ncurses than 20131207. 3617 + add Hello World example to adacurses-config manpage. 3618 + remove unused --enable-pc-files option from Ada95/configure. 3619 + add --disable-gnat-projects option for testing. 3620 + revert changes to Ada95 project-files configuration (cf: 20140524). 3621 + corrected usage message in adacurses-config. 3622 3623 20140524 3624 + fix typo in ncurses manpage for the NCURSES_NO_MAGIC_COOKIE 3625 environment variable. 3626 + improve discussion of input-echoing in curs_getch.3x 3627 + clarify discussion in curs_addch.3x of wrapping. 3628 + modify parametrized.h to make fln non-padded. 3629 + correct several entries which had termcap-style padding used in 3630 terminfo: adm21, aj510, alto-h19, att605-pc, x820 -TD 3631 + correct syntax for padding in some entries: dg211, h19 -TD 3632 + correct ti924-8 which had confused padding versus octal escapes -TD 3633 + correct padding in sbi entry -TD 3634 + fix an old bug in the termcap emulation; "%i" was ignored in tparm() 3635 because the parameters to be incremented were already on the internal 3636 stack (report by Corinna Vinschen). 3637 + modify tic's "-c" option to take into account the "-C" option to 3638 activate additional checks which compare the results from running 3639 tparm() on the terminfo expressions versus the translated termcap 3640 expressions. 3641 + modify tic to allow it to read from FIFOs (report by Matthieu Fronton, 3642 cf: 20120324). 3643 > patches by Nicolas Boulenguez: 3644 + explicit dereferences to suppress some style warnings. 3645 + when c_varargs_to_ada.c includes its header, use double quotes 3646 instead of <>. 3647 + samples/ncurses2-util.adb: removed unused with clause. The warning 3648 was removed by an obsolete pragma. 3649 + replaced Unreferenced pragmas with Warnings (Off). The latter, 3650 available with older GNATs, needs no configure test. This also 3651 replaces 3 untested Unreferenced pragmas. 3652 + simplified To_C usage in trace handling. Using two parameters allows 3653 some basic formatting, and avoids a warning about security with some 3654 compiler flags. 3655 + for generated Ada sources, replace many snippets with one pure 3656 package. 3657 + removed C_Chtype and its conversions. 3658 + removed C_AttrType and its conversions. 3659 + removed conversions between int, Item_Option_Set, Menu_Option_Set. 3660 + removed int, Field_Option_Set, Item_Option_Set conversions. 3661 + removed C_TraceType, Attribute_Option_Set conversions. 3662 + replaced C.int with direct use of Eti_Error, now enumerated. As it 3663 was used in a case statement, values were tested by the Ada compiler 3664 to be consecutive anyway. 3665 + src/Makefile.in: remove duplicate stanza 3666 + only consider using a project for shared libraries. 3667 + style. Silent gnat-4.9 warning about misplaced "then". 3668 + generate shared library project to honor ADAFLAGS, LDFLAGS. 3669 3670 20140510 3671 + cleanup recently introduced compiler warnings for MingW port. 3672 + workaround for ${MAKEFLAGS} configure check versus GNU make 4.0, 3673 which introduces more than one gratuitous incompatibility. 3674 3675 20140503 3676 + add vt520ansi terminfo entry (patch by Mike Gran) 3677 + further improve MinGW support for the scenario where there is an 3678 ANSI-escapes handler such as ansicon running in the console window 3679 (patch by Juergen Pfeifer). 3680 3681 20140426 3682 + add --disable-lib-suffixes option (adapted from patch by Juergen 3683 Pfeifer). 3684 + merge some changes from Juergen Pfeifer's work with MSYS2, to 3685 simplify later merging: 3686 + use NC_ISATTY() macro for isatty() in library 3687 + add _nc_mingw_isatty() and related functions to windows-driver 3688 + rename terminal driver entrypoints to simplify grep's 3689 + remove a check in the sp-funcs flavor of newterm() which allowed only 3690 the first call to newterm() to succeed (report by Thomas Beierlein, 3691 cf: 20090927). 3692 3693 20140419 3694 + update config.guess, config.sub from 3695 3696 3697 20140412 3698 + modify configure script: 3699 + drop the -no-gcc option from Intel compiler, from lynx changes. 3700 + extend the --with-hashed-db configure option to simplify building 3701 with different versions of Berkeley database using FreeBSD ports. 3702 + improve initialization for MinGW port (Juergen Pfeifer): 3703 + enforce Windows-style path-separator if cross-compiling, 3704 + add a driver-name method to each of the drivers, 3705 + allow the Windows driver name to match "unknown", ignoring case, 3706 + lengthen the built-in name for the Windows console driver to 3707 "#win32console", and 3708 + move the comparison of driver-names allowing abbreviation, e.g., 3709 to "#win32con" into the Windows console driver. 3710 3711 20140329 3712 + add check in tic for mismatch between ccc and initp/initc 3713 + cancel ccc in putty-256color and konsole-256color for consistency 3714 with the cancelled initc capability (patch by Sven Zuhlsdorf). 3715 + add xterm+256setaf building block for various terminals which only 3716 get the 256-color feature half-implemented -TD 3717 + updated "st" entry (leaving the 0.1.1 version as "simpleterm") to 3718 0.4.1 -TD 3719 3720 20140323 3721 + fix typo in "mlterm" entry (report by Gabriele Balducci) -TD 3722 3723 20140322 3724 + use types from <stdint.h> in sample build-scripts for chtype, etc. 3725 + modify configure script and curses.h.in to allow the types specified 3726 using --with-chtype and related options to be defined in <stdint.h> 3727 + add terminology entry -TD 3728 + add mlterm3 entry, use that as "mlterm" -TD 3729 + inherit mlterm-256color from mlterm -TD 3730 3731 20140315 3732 + modify _nc_New_TopRow_and_CurrentItem() to ensure that the menu's 3733 top-row is adjusted as needed to ensure that the current item is 3734 on the screen (patch by Johann Klammer). 3735 + add wgetdelay() to retrieve _delay member of WINDOW if it happens to 3736 be opaque, e.g., in the pthread configuration (prompted by patch by 3737 Soren Brinkmann). 3738 3739 20140308 3740 + modify ifdef in read_entry.c to handle the case where 3741 NCURSES_USE_DATABASE is not defined (patch by Xin Li). 3742 + add cast in form_driver_w() to fix ARM build (patch by Xin Li). 3743 + add logic to win_driver.c to save/restore screen contents when not 3744 allocating a console-buffer (cf: 20140215). 3745 3746 20140301 3747 + clarify error-returns from newwin (report by Ruslan Nabioullin). 3748 3749 20140222 3750 + fix some compiler warnings in win_driver.c 3751 + updated notes for wsvt25 based on tack and vttest -TD 3752 + add teken entry to show actual properties of FreeBSD's "xterm" 3753 console -TD 3754 3755 20140215 3756 + in-progress changes to win_driver.c to implement output without 3757 allocating a console-buffer. This uses a pre-existing environment 3758 variable NCGDB used by Juergen Pfeifer for debugging (prompted by 3759 discussion with Erwin Waterlander regarding Console2, which hangs 3760 when reading in an allocated console-buffer). 3761 + add -t option to gdc.c, and modify to accept "S" to step through the 3762 scrolling-stages. 3763 + regenerate NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html to fix some of the broken 3764 html emitted by docbook. 3765 3766 20140209 3767 + modify CF_XOPEN_SOURCE macro to omit followup check to determine if 3768 _XOPEN_SOURCE can/should be defined. g++ 4.7.2 built on Solaris 10 3769 has some header breakage due to its own predefinition of this symbol 3770 (report by Jean-Pierre Flori, Sage #15796). 3771 3772 20140201 3773 + add/use symbol NCURSES_PAIRS_T like NCURSES_COLOR_T, to illustrate 3774 which "short" types are for color pairs and which are color values. 3775 + fix build for s390x, by correcting field bit offsets in generated 3776 representation clauses when int=32 long=64 and endian=big, or at 3777 least on s390x (patch by Nicolas Boulenguez). 3778 + minor cleanup change to test/form_driver_w.c (patch by Gaute Hope). 3779 3780 20140125 3781 + remove unnecessary ifdef's in Ada95/gen/gen.c, which reportedly do 3782 not work as is with gcc 4.8 due to fixes using chtype cast made for 3783 new compiler warnings by gcc 4.8 in 20130824 (Debian #735753, patch 3784 by Nicolas Boulenguez). 3785 3786 20140118 3787 + apply includesubdir variable which was introduced in 20130805 to 3788 gen-pkgconfig.in (Debian #735782). 3789 3790 20131221 3791 + further improved man2html, used this to fix broken links in html 3792 manpages. See 3793 3794 3795 20131214 3796 + modify configure-script/ifdef's to allow OLD_TTY feature to be 3797 suppressed if the type of ospeed is configured using the option 3798 --with-ospeed to not be a short. By default, it is a short for 3799 termcap-compatibility (adapted from suggestion by Christian 3800 Weisgerber). 3801 + correct a typo in _nc_baudrate() (patch by Christian Weisgerber, 3802 cf: 20061230). 3803 + fix a few -Wlogical-op warnings. 3804 + updated llib-l* files. 3805 3806 20131207 3807 + add form_driver_w() entrypoint to wide-character forms library, as 3808 well as test program form_driver_w (adapted from patch by Gaute 3809 Hope). 3810 3811 20131123 3812 + minor fix for CF_GCC_WARNINGS to special-case options which are not 3813 recognized by clang. 3814 3815 20131116 3816 + add special case to configure script to move _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED 3817 definition from CPPFLAGS to CFLAGS if it happens to be needed for 3818 Solaris, because g++ errors with that definition (report by 3819 Jean-Pierre Flori, Sage #15268). 3820 + correct logic in infocmp's -i option which was intended to ignore 3821 strings which correspond to function-keys as candidates for piecing 3822 together initialization- or reset-strings. The problem dates to 3823 1.9.7a, but was overlooked until changes in -Wlogical-op warnings for 3824 gcc 4.8 (report by David Binderman). 3825 + updated CF_GCC_WARNINGS to documented options for gcc 4.9.0, moving 3826 checks for -Wextra and -Wdeclaration-after-statement into the macro, 3827 and adding checks for -Wignored-qualifiers, -Wlogical-op and 3828 -Wvarargs 3829 + updated CF_CURSES_UNCTRL_H and CF_SHARED_OPTS macros from ongoing 3830 work on cdk. 3831 + update config.sub from 3832 3833 3834 20131110 3835 + minor cleanup of terminfo.tail 3836 3837 20131102 3838 + use TS extension to describe xterm's title-escapes -TD 3839 + modify terminator and nsterm-s to use xterm+sl-twm building block -TD 3840 + update hurd.ti, add xenl to reflect 2011-03-06 change in 3841 3842 (Debian #727119). 3843 + simplify pfkey expression in ansi.sys -TD 3844 3845 20131027 3846 + correct/simplify ifdef's for cur_term versus broken-linker and 3847 reentrant options (report by Jean-Pierre Flori, cf: 20090530). 3848 + modify release/version combinations in test build-scripts to make 3849 them more consistent with other packages. 3850 3851 20131019 3852 + add nc_mingw.h to installed headers for MinGW port; needed for 3853 compiling ncurses-examples. 3854 + add rpm-script for testing cross-compile of ncurses-examples. 3855 3856 20131014 3857 + fix new typo in CF_ADA_INCLUDE_DIRS macro (report by Roumen Petrov). 3858 3859 20131012 3860 + fix a few compiler warnings in progs and test. 3861 + minor fix to package/debian-mingw/rules, do not strip dll's. 3862 + minor fixes to configure script for empty $prefix, e.g., when doing 3863 cross-compiles to MinGW. 3864 + add script for building test-packages of binaries cross-compiled to 3865 MinGW using NSIS. 3866 3867 20131005 3868 + minor fixes for ncurses-example package and makefile. 3869 + add scripts for test-builds of cross-compiler packages for ncurses6 3870 to MinGW. 3871 3872 20130928 3873 + some build-fixes for ncurses-examples with NetBSD-6.0 curses, though 3874 it lacks some common functions such as use_env() which is not yet 3875 addressed. 3876 + build-fix and some compiler warning fixes for ncurses-examples with 3877 OpenBSD 5.3 3878 + fix a possible null-pointer reference in a trace message from newterm. 3879 + quiet a few warnings from NetBSD 6.0 namespace pollution by 3880 nonstandard popcount() function in standard strings.h header. 3881 + ignore g++ 4.2.1 warnings for "-Weffc++" in c++/cursesmain.cc 3882 + fix a few overlooked places for --enable-string-hacks option. 3883 3884 20130921 3885 + fix typo in curs_attr.3x (patch by Sven Joachim, cf: 20130831). 3886 + build-fix for --with-shared option for DragonFly and FreeBSD (report 3887 by Rong-En Fan, cf: 20130727). 3888 3889 20130907 3890 + build-fixes for MSYS for two test-programs (patches by Ray Donnelly, 3891 Alexey Pavlov). 3892 + revert change to two of the dpkg format files, to work with dpkg 3893 before/after Debian #700177. 3894 + fix gcc -Wconversion warning in wattr_get() macro. 3895 + add msys and msysdll to known host/configuration types (patch by 3896 Alexey Pavlov). 3897 + modify CF_RPATH_HACK configure macro to not rely upon "-u" option 3898 of sort, improving portability. 3899 + minor improvements for test-programs from reviewing Solaris port. 3900 + update config.guess, config.sub from 3901 3902 3903 20130831 3904 + modify test/ncurses.c b/B tests to display lines only for the 3905 attributes which a given terminal supports, to make room for an 3906 italics test. 3907 + completed ncv table in terminfo.tail; it did not list the wide 3908 character codes listed in X/Open Curses issue 7. 3909 + add A_ITALIC extension (prompted by discussion with Egmont Koblinger). 3910 3911 20130824 3912 + fix some gcc 4.8 -Wconversion warnings. 3913 + change format of dpkg test-scripts to quilted to work around bug 3914 introduced by Debian #700177. 3915 + discard cached keyname() values if meta() is changed after a value 3916 was cached using (report by Kurban Mallachiev). 3917 3918 20130816 3919 + add checks in tic to warn about terminals which lack cursor 3920 addressing, capabilities or having those, are marked as hard_copy or 3921 generic_type. 3922 + use --without-progs in mingw-ncurses rpm. 3923 + split out _nc_init_termtype() from alloc_entry.c to use in MinGW 3924 | https://ncurses.scripts.mit.edu/?p=ncurses.git;a=blob;f=NEWS;h=fd3e7b0605b6517b1fd1f4a339ea77b9aee6acd6;hb=HEAD | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | refinedweb | 28,954 | 57.27 |
plock(3) OpenBSD Programmer's Manual uucplock(3)
NAME
uu_lock, uu_unlock, uu_lockerr - acquire and release control of a serial
device
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <libutil.h>
int
uu_lock(const char *ttyname);
int
uu_lock_txfr(const char *ttyname, pid_t pid);
int
uu_unlock(const char *ttyname);
const char *
uu_lockerr(int uu_lockresult);
Link with -lutil on the cc(1) command line.
DESCRIPTION
The uu_lock() function attempts to create a lock file called
/var/spool/lock/LCK.. with a suffix given by the passed ttyname. If the
file already exists, it is expected to contain the process id of the
locking program.
If the file does not already exist, or the owning process given by the
process ID found in the lock file is no longer running, uu_lock() will
write its own process ID into the file and return success.
uu_lock_txfr() transfers lock ownership to another process. uu_lock()
must have previously been successful.
uu_unlock() removes the lockfile created by uu_lock() for the given
ttyname. Care should be taken that uu_lock() was successful before call-
ing uu_unlock().
uu_lockerr() returns an error string representing the error
uu_lockresult, as returned from uu_lock().
RETURN VALUES
uu_unlock() returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.
uu_lock() may return any of the following values:
UU_LOCK_INUSE: The lock is in use by another process.
UU_LOCK_OK: The lock was successfully created.
UU_LOCK_OPEN_ERR: The lock file could not be opened via open(2).
UU_LOCK_READ_ERR: The lock file could not be read via read(2).
UU_LOCK_CREAT_ERR: Can't create temporary lock file via creat(2).
exact error. Care should be made not to allow errno to be changed be-
tween calls to uu_lock() and uu_lockerr().
uu_lock_txfr() may return any of the following values:
UU_LOCK_OK: The transfer was successful. The specified process now holds
the device lock.
UU_LOCK_OWNER_ERR: The current process does not already own a lock on the
specified device.
UU_LOCK_WRITE_ERR: The new process ID could not be written to the lock
file via a call to write(2).
ERRORS
If uu_lock() returns one of the error values above, the global value
errno can be used to determine the cause. Refer to the respective manual
pages for further details.
uu_unlock() will set the global variable errno to reflect the reason that
the lock file could not be removed. Refer to the description of un-
link(2) for further details.
SEE ALSO
lseek(2), open(2), read(2), write(2)
BUGS
It is possible that a stale lock is not recognised as such if a new pro-
cess is assigned the same process ID as the program that left the stale
lock.
The calling process must have write permissions to the /var/spool/lock
directory. There is no mechanism in place to ensure that the permissions
of this directory are the same as those of the serial devices that might
be locked.
OpenBSD 2.6 March 30, 1997 2 | http://www.rocketaware.com/man/man3/uucplock.3.htm | crawl-002 | refinedweb | 475 | 65.22 |
CppCon 2015: Chandler Carruth "Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!"
758 13 66985
—.
--.
--
Videos Filmed & Edited by Bash Films:
There is
test::black_box() (link to old docs) which is still unstable (as is the whole
test crate). This function takes a value of an arbitrary type and returns the same value again. So it is basically the identity function. "Oh well, now that's very useful, isn't it?" you might ask ironically.
But there is something special: the value which is passed through is hidden from LLVM (the thing doing nearly all optimizations in Rust right now)! It's truly a black box as LLVM doesn't know anything about a piece of code. And without knowing anything LLVM can't prove that optimizations won't be changing the program's behavior. Thus: no optimizations.
How does it do that? Let's look at the definition:
pub fn black_box<T>(dummy: T) -> T { // we need to "use" the argument in some way LLVM can't // introspect. unsafe { asm!("" : : "r"(&dummy)) } dummy }
I'd be lying if I were to pretend I understand this piece of code completely, but it goes something like that: we insert empty inline assembly (not a single instruction) but tell Rust (which tells LLVM) that this piece of assembly uses the variable
dummy. This makes it impossible for the optimizer to reason about the variable. Stupid compiler, so easy to deceive, muhahahaha! If you want another explanation, Chandler Carruth explained the dark magic at CppCon 2015.
So how do you use it now? Just use it for some kind of value... anything that goes through
black_box() needs to be calculated. How about something like this?
black_box(my_function());
The return value of
my_function() needs to be calculated, because the compiler can't prove it's useless! So the function call won't be removed. Note however, that you have to use unstable features (either the
test crate or inline asm to write the function yourself) or use FFI. I certainly wouldn't ship this kind of code in a production library, but it's certainly useful for testing purposes!
It seems a bad idea to use the if there, to me.
You are right. Whether or not
idx >= idx_max, it will be under idx_max after
idx %= idx_max. If
idx < idx_max, it will be unchanged, whether the if is followed or not.
While you might think branching around the modulo might save time, real culprit, I'd say, is that when branches are followed, pipelining modern CPU's have to reset their pipeline, and that costs a relative lot of time. Better not to have to follow a branch, than do an integer modulo, which costs roughly as much time as an integer division.
EDIT: It turns out that the modulus is pretty slow vs. the branch, as suggested by others here. Here's a guy examining this exact same question: CppCon 2015: Chandler Carruth "Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!" (suggested in another SO question linked to in another answer to this question).
This guy writes compilers, and thought it would be faster without the branch; but his benchmarks proved him wrong. Even when the branch was taken only 20% of the time, it tested faster.
Another reason not to have the if: One less line of code to maintain, and for someone else to puzzle out what it means. The guy in the above link actually created a "faster modulus" macro. IMHO, this or an inline function is the way to go for performance-critical applications, because your code will be ever so much more understandable without the branch, but will execute as fast.
Finally, the guy in the above video is planning to make this optimization known to compiler writers. Thus, the if will probably be added for you, if not in the code. Hence, just the mod alone will do, when this comes about.
Assume that you have to implement a
static_vector<T, N> class, which is a fixed capacity container that entirely lives on the stack and never allocates, and exposes an
std::vector-like interface. (Boost provides
boost::static_vector.)
Considering that we must have uninitialized storage for maximum
N instances of
T, there are multiple choices that can be made when designing the internal data layout:
Single-member
union:
union U { T _x; }; std::array<U, N> _data;
Single
std::aligned_storage_t:
std::aligned_storage_t<sizeof(T) * N, alignof(T)> _data;
Array of
std::aligned_storage_t:
using storage = std::aligned_storage_t<sizeof(T), alignof(T)>; std::array<storage, N> _data;
Regardless of the choice, creating the members will require the use of "placement
new" and accessing them will require something along the lines of
reinterpret_cast.
Now assume that we have two very minimal implementations of
static_vector<T, N>:
with_union: implemented using the "single-member
union" approach;
with_storage: implemented using the "single
std::aligned_storage_t" approach.
Let's perform the following benchmark using both
g++ and
clang++ with
-O3. I used quick-bench.com for this task:
void escape(void* p) { asm volatile("" : : "g"(p) : "memory"); } void clobber() { asm volatile("" : : : "memory"); } template <typename Vector> void test() { for(std::size_t j = 0; j < 10; ++j) { clobber(); Vector v; for(int i = 0; i < 123456; ++i) v.emplace_back(i); escape(&v); } }
(
escape and
clobber are taken from Chandler Carruth's CppCon 2015 talk: "Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!")
As you can see from the results,
g++ seems to be able to aggressively optimize (vectorization) the implementation that uses the "single
std::aligned_storage_t" approach, but not the implementation using the
union.
My questions are:
Is there anything in the Standard that prevents the implementation using
unionfrom being aggressively optimized? (I.e. does the Standard grant more freedom to the compiler when using
std::aligned_storage_t- if so, why?)
Is this purely a "quality of implementation" issue?
That looks like a cumulative total, so the top-level parent of (almost?) everything gets (almost) all the CPU time for itself + children. Related: see Chandler Carruth's CppCon 2015 talk: ["Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!"]() for some tips/tricks on using `perf`. Some of it should be applicable to Java (like the parts about interpreting the output, moreso than the parts about creating source that compiles the way you want without optimizing away your microbenchmark, or optimizing between iterations.)
For more about constructing microbenchmarks that optimize properly without optimizing away, see **[CppCon 2015: Chandler Carruth "Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!"]()**. He uses an empty inline asm statement with appropriate constraints (GNU syntax) to require the compiler to have a variable value in a register at some point. Chandler is a clang developer. (edit: this is the same talk linked in the other answer.)
Benchmarking code is not easy. What I found most useful was Google benchmark library. Even if you are not planning to use it, it might be good to read some of examples. It has a lot of possibilities to parametrize test, output results to file and even returning you Big O notation complexity of your algorithm (to name just few of them). If you are any familiar with Google test framework I would recommend you to use it. It also keeps compiler optimization possible to manage so you can be sure that your code wasn't optimized away.
There is also great talk about benchmarking code on CppCon 2015: Chandler Carruth "Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!". There are many insights in possible mistake that you can make (it also uses google benchmark)
Chandler Carruth has a really good talk on how to benchmark:
IIRC, Chandler Carruth mentions compiling with frame pointers enabled (`-fno-omit-frame-pointer`) to let perf efficiently collect stack backtraces in his CppCon2015 talk about `perf`:. But I forget what perf options he then uses to tell `perf` it can use frame pointers and to get it to even collect parent callers. It's a very good video, worth watching.
Summing up the results into an `unsigned tmp` which you print at the end can stop the compiler from optimizing away, or store to a `volatile int dummy` (but don't make a key part of the code under test use `volatile`!) or use more advanced things like inline `asm` statements that the compiler treats as a black box. See [CppCon 2015: Chandler Carruth "Tuning C++: Benchmarks, and CPUs, and Compilers! Oh My!"]() for an `escape` function that requires the compiler to produce a value in a register, but doesn't add extra asm instructions.
I may see some improvements in your implementation. Here is what I can tell you from my own experience.
For a short answer, this his how I would write your function:
// //) } }
Now for a longer answer with explanations:
Strings (Performance): Strings are generally costly, specially when dealing with str processing and comparisons. For instance 'String.Remove(int)' creates a new string, which may call several costly methods such as malloc etc (Behind the scene). As far as I see, you keep all your dates as strings but could use only the raw format DateTime. A better approach would be to keep your data in the 'DateTime' format and convert them as a string only for the end user. (For instance, to update your Unity display). It is better to compare two int (ex: DateTime.ElapsedMilliseconds) than string (ex: m_PreTime != m_TimeNow.Remove(14))
Date format (Flexibility): You would have several issues when dealing with different date formats. Your implementation expects "HH:mm AM / PM" format, but user may have a possibility to change the format (24h for instance).. Use the dark magic power that C# gives you. For instance, use the CultureInfo or the already implemented "DateTime.ToString(format)". (I just learned about 'CultureInfo'. There may be other ways. But as a general rule, see whether the language already has the feature you need).
Functions name: This is a little thing, but try to have little functions that does what it says. In your case, from 'GetCurrentTime', we would expect a return value. This function actually update a display and return void. Something like 'UpdateTimeDisplay' is probably better.
Duplicate calls: A second little thing: you have 2 calls to m_timeNow.Remove(14). You could create a new string once (From this function) and use this new string in both places.
Experiment (Measurements and validation)
Anyway, when dealing with performance, you have to measure, benchmark your code. (As an example, I first did an implementation for your GetCurrentTime and realized it wasn't actually better.). The following is a little experiemnt I created to show you some measurement. I'm not a C# shaman expert, nor a performance wizard expert but I hope my example is clear enought. I run the experiment on my laptop: (Intel i5-3320M CPU @ 2.60GHz).
I have two implementations of your function. I run 10 000 times each function and print the execution time for each. (I omit the call to update the unity display, which is the same in both cases). My measurements show that your implementation took 45 ms, the other took 23 ms.
The second implementation sounds better. However, don't forget that I called 10 000 times the functions. In practice, with 60fps, you call the update 60 times per seconds. On my laptop, 60 iterations took 0 miliseconds for both.
There is another element to point out:
m_PreTime = m_TimeNow.Remove(14); m_Times = m_TimeNow.Split(' '); m_Time = m_Times[1].Remove(4);
These are kind of slow functions since dealing with strings creation. However, there are called only once per minute. As a matter of fack, I measured that, my implementation, when switching minute, uses the same amount of milliseconds as your. I may have failed my measurement or whatever, but maybe, once each minute, my function takes as much time as your. In all other cases, it is 'faster'. I may summerize this point using a quote:
"Solve for the most common case first, Not for the most generic"
(As far as I remember, this is a quote from the talk about optimization:. Good talk btw)
Experiment (Source code)
So here is the full code of my terrible experiment:
using System; using System.Globalization; using System.Diagnostics; // Instructions to compile (With mono) // csc Program.cs // mono Program.exe class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { TimerExample_V1 timer_v1 = new TimerExample_V1(); TimerExample_V2 timer_v2 = new TimerExample_V2(); Stopwatch profiler; int nbBenchLoops = 10000; // 10 000 times float t1; float t2; // Profil version 1 profiler = Stopwatch.StartNew(); for(int k = 0; k < nbBenchLoops; ++k) { timer_v1.UpdateCurrentTimeUI(); } t1 = profiler.ElapsedMilliseconds; // Profil version 2 profiler = Stopwatch.StartNew(); for(int k = 0; k < nbBenchLoops; ++k) { timer_v2.UpdateCurrentTimeUI(); } t2 = profiler.ElapsedMilliseconds; // Print mesured times Console.WriteLine("[SCOPE_PROFILER] [Version 1]: {0} ms", t1); Console.WriteLine("[SCOPE_PROFILER] [Version 2]: {0} ms", t2); } } // // Version 1 // class TimerExample_V1 { private string m_TimeNow = System.Convert.ToString(System.DateTime.Now); private string m_PreTime = System.Convert.ToString(System.DateTime.Now); private string[] m_Times; private string m_Time; public void UpdateCurrentTimeUI() { m_TimeNow = System.Convert.ToString(System.DateTime.Now); if (m_PreTime != m_TimeNow.Remove(14)) { // Note: this case appear only once per minute. m_PreTime = m_TimeNow.Remove(14); m_Times = m_TimeNow.Split(' '); m_Time = m_Times[1].Remove(4); string newText = m_Time + " " + m_Times[2]; //m_Text_Time.text = newText; // Update unity display // I omit this display unity. (Same cost in both case) } } } // //) } } }
For further information about DateTime.ToString and CultureInfo, checkout the documentation:
Hope this will help :)
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By anonymous 2017-09-20
There is no golden rule for this. Unfortunately, the performance of code like this is notoriously hard to predict. The most important thing to take away from that is
Measure everything!
Now to what's going on in your code: As others noted correctly, we can observe that
isAllowedgets compiled to a function using branches, while
isAllowed2ends up being branchless.
Branches are interesting when talking about performance: They are somewhere between literally free and ridiculously expensive, inclusively. This is due to a CPU component called the branch predictor. It tries to predict which branch your control flow will take and makes the CPU speculatively execute it. If it guesses right, the branch is free. If it guesses wrong, the branch is expensive. A great and detailed explanation of that concept, including some numbers, can be found in this answer.
So now we need to decide whether we want the branching or the branchless version. In general, neither need be faster than the other! It really depends on how well your target CPUs can predict the branches, which of course depends on the actual input. (Choosing whether to compile a function to a branching or a branchless result is thus a hard problem for compilers as they don't know what CPUs the binary will be run on, nor what kind of input data to expect. See for example this blogpost.)
So if your benchmark was actually correct†, we have determined that on your CPU the branches are too hard to predict to beat the relatively cheap integer arithmetic. This may also be due to the tiny amount of test cases, the branch predictor cannot learn a pattern from such few invocations. But again, we cannot just call that one way or the other, we have to look at the actual performance in the specific case.
†As noted in the comments, the execution time is somewhat short for a good measurement, I see huge deviations on my machine. For information about micro benchmarking you can have a look at this talk, it's harder than one might think.
Also, as Martin Bonner helpfully noticed, your two functions don't do the same thing, you'd have to fix that for a correct benchmark of course.
Original Thread | https://dev-videos.com/videos/nXaxk27zwlk/CppCon-2015-Chandler-Carruth-Tuning-C-Benchmarks-and-CPUs-and-Compilers-Oh-My | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | refinedweb | 2,622 | 64.81 |
I am trying to use the rayshoot method on some objects in a rhino scene.
geometry = rs.GetObject ("Pick object")
intPt = Rhino.Geometry.Intersect.Intersection.RayShoot(ray, [geometry], bounce)
print intPt
currently I an just trying to get it to work by selecting the object (mesh or surface) and see the return value. This gives the error:
Unable to cast object of type 'System.Guid' to type 'Rhino.Geometry.GeometryBase'.
Is there a way to convert a Guid to a geometry base object?
Ultimately I want to just parse the entire scene and go through all the objects, so the user wont be selecting each one, but for now, I can't find information on how to get the basetype and not the guid.
Hi Matthew,
If you have an object's id (e.g. Guid), then you can get the object. And from the object you can get the geometry.
Also, rhinoscryptsyntax does have a ShootRay method. Check the help file for details.
import rhinoscriptsyntax as rs
def TestRayShooter():
corners = []
corners.append((0,0,0))
corners.append((10,0,0))
corners.append((10,10,0))
corners.append((0,10,0))
corners.append((0,0,10))
corners.append((10,0,10))
corners.append((10,10,10))
corners.append((0,10,10))
box = rs.AddBox(corners)
dir = 10,7.5,7
reflections = rs.ShootRay(box, (0,0,0), dir)
rs.AddPolyline( reflections )
rs.AddPoints( reflections )
TestRayShooter()
More on Rhino.Python
-- Dale
For others, the function I was looking for was coerce
geometry = rs.coercebrep(geometry) | https://discourse.mcneel.com/t/getting-geometrybase-from-guid/44665 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | refinedweb | 254 | 53.07 |
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Unformatted text preview: COP3530 Solution 3 Question 1: The worst case complexity of the SetSize(int size) method will be O(n) and best case complexity can be O(1). The code is as follows: /** Extension of array implementation of Linear List*/ package dataStructures; import java.util.*; import utilities.*; public class ArrayLinearListExt extends ArrayLinearList { public ArrayLinearListExt(int capacity) { super(capacity); } public void SetSize(int size) { if(size>element.length) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("The size should be smaller than the capacity of the List"); } if(this.size<size) { for(int i=this.size+1;i<=size;i++) { element[i]=null; } this.size=size; } else if(this.size>size) { for(int i=this.size‐1;i>=size;i‐‐) { element[i]=null; } this.size=size; } } public static void main(String args) { // test default constructor ArrayLinearListExt x = new ArrayLinearListExt(10); // test size System.out.println("Initial size is " + x.size()); // test isEmpty if (x.isEmpty()) System.out.println("The list is empty"); else System.out.println("The list is not empty"); // test put x.add(0, new Integer(2)); x.add(1, new Integer(6)); x.add(0, new Integer(1)); x.add(2, new Integer(4)); System.out.println("List size is " + x.size()); //test SetSize x.SetSize(5); System.out.println("List size is " + x.size()); x.SetSize(3); System.out.println("List size is " + x.size()); x.SetSize(11); System.out.println("List size is " + x.size()); } } Question 2: a) The time consumptions with different sizes are shown below: Data Set Total Time (ms) Size 50 Q 6.35*10^‐2 S 0.0149 I 0.0104 500 Q 0.107 S 1.30 I 0.771 5000 Q 1.36 S 127 I 83.0 50000 Q 18.4 S 1.29*10^4 I 9.26*10^3 (the time is depending on their machine) Q = Quick sort, S = Selection sort, I = Insertion Sort. b)(20) On the random data set, the time complexity of quick sort seems to be a little more than O(n) (looks like O(nlogn)). The time complexities of selection sort and insertion sort might be O(n^2). Explainations: Quick sort: By employing a divide and conquer algorithm, qsort rearranges and divides a unsorted array into two parts, and repeats this recurrsively. On average, these two parts have similar sizes. So qsort will last for logn rounds. Within each round, O(n) actions will be done. So its complexity is O(nlogn). Selection sort: Selection sort alwayes scans the array and makes O(n^2) comparison. Insertion sort: As stated in the previous assignment, the time complexity of insertion sort is O(n+d), where d is the number of inversions within the array. Geneally, d = O(n^2). But in some cases, d can be very small. And the insertion sort will be very fast. In all cases, in general the results agree with the theoretical expectations. There might be some deviations ‐ especially with the smallest data set ‐ that might be due to several reasons. Repeating the tests only 10 times, measuring the time of processes that run very fast ‐ too fast for the measurements to be dependable, and running the simulation for only 4‐5 different data sets might be some of the reasons. ...
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- Fall '08
- Davis
- Algorithms, Data Structures
Click to edit the document details | https://www.coursehero.com/file/5696294/sol3/ | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | refinedweb | 570 | 54.39 |
Willem de Beijer and Daan Kolkman
This tutorial will take you through the steps of using Google Colab for data science. It is part of our Cloud Computing for Data Science series.
1. About Google Colab
Google Colaboraty is a service that allows you to run Jupyter Notebooks in the cloud for free. While it is more limited than a virtual machine, it’s much easier to set up and get going. Aditionally, you can use your existing Google account to login to the service. A good introduction to Colab can be found on
2. Getting started
To get started, go to “File” in the top menu and choose either “New Python 3 notebook” or “Upload notebook…” to start with one of your existing notebooks.
Getting data in Colab can be a bit of a hassle sometimes. Colab can be synchronized with Google Drive, but the connection is not always seamless. The easiest way to upload a dataset is to run the following in a notebook cell:
from google.colab import files uploaded = files.upload()
This will prompt you to select and upload a file.
For other methods on how to upload data to Google Colab I would recommend the following blogpost:
3. What you get
Packages
Most packages you will need for data science are pre-installed on Google Colab. This is especially true for Google-made packages such as TensorFlow. Recently, Google has introduced Swift for TensorFlow which allows you to use the Swift programming language with TensorFlow directly in a Colab notebook. As of writing the project is still in beta version, but it might be interesting to note for those who are interested.
Computing resources
Just like with Kaggle, Google Colab will provide you with free computing resources. Colab also offers TPU support, which is like a GPU but faster for deep learning. Keep in mind though that while TensorFlow does support TPU usage, PyTorch does not.
4. When to use
Collaboration
Google Colab can be especially useful to use for group projects since Colab notebooks can be easily shared on Google Drive.
Personal
Just like with Kaggle, Google Colab can also be used to extend on the computing resources of your own device. Whether you want to use Google Colab or Kaggle ultimately comes down to personal preference, but for
For a good comparison between Google Colab and Kaggle I would suggest: | https://jadsmkbdatalab.nl/data-science-on-google-colab/ | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | refinedweb | 397 | 62.68 |
Okay, so if you haven’t done so, read my last post before you start out with this one. It will introduce you to the basic idea behind running an ARIMA model. This post will go over how to get a perfect fit from the data, in that post. I know that it is a perfect fit because I deterministically generated the data myself.
In that last post we kind of hacked together an estimator that works. We over fit the model, to the extent that we had a singular variance/covariance matrix for our parameters. That is a little troublesome, but it made sense to me, that we got a model that broke when we let it estimate so many parameters.
In this post, we will learn a new trick to achieve a stationary time-series. In particular we will learn how to get rid of seasonal components that mess up our estimates. In fact, whenever you hear someone talk about a seasonally adjusted number, they are doing something very similar to what we are going to be doing here.
So this is what you will learn to do in this post:
- Analyze a time-series with python to determine if it has a seasonal component.
- Fit a SARIMA model to get to stationarity.
- Make Forecasts with a SARIMA model.
The Difference Between ARIMA and SARIMA Models
The big difference between an ARIMA model and a SARIMA model is the addition of seasonal error components to the model. Remember that the purpose of an ARIMA model is to make the time-series that you are working with act like a stationary series. This is important because if it isn’t stationary, you can get biased estimates of the coefficients.
There is no difference with a SARIMA model. We are still trying to get the series to behave in a stationary way, so that our model gets estimated correctly. I want to emphasize that you could get away with a regular old ARIMA model for this if you satisfy a couple of conditions.
- You have enough data to estimate a large number of coefficients
- You are willing to assume a really complicated error structure
Generally, I am not willing to entertain either of those assumptions, and that’s why we have a SARIMA model. Seasonality can come in two basic varieties, multiplicative and additive. By default statsmodels works with a multiplicative seasonal components. For our model it really won’t matter.
Our Data
So just like last time, we will use the following salesdata dataset. I generated this dataset with a SARIMA(0,1,0),(0,1,0,12) process. We will go over how to interpret that in a moment. For now, just know that will be the correct model that we need to use on this data. In fact, it will generate a perfect fit for this dataset.
Okay so a SARIMA model has 7 parameters. The first 3 parameters are the same as an ARIMA model. The last 4 define the seasonal process. It takes the seasonal autoregressive component, the seasonal difference, the seasonal moving average component, the length of the season, as additional parameters. In this sense the ARIMA model that we have already considered is just a special case of the SARIMA model, i.e. ARIMA(1,1,1) = SARIMA(1,1,1)(0,0,0,X) where X can be any whole number.
Taking a look at the data file, you can see it exhibits a linear trend and a seasonal component of about 6 months.
The code to generate this plot is:. I won’t drag you through the augmented Dickey-Fuller test again, at least right now, since we did it in the last post. We will revisit it to check the stationarity of the residuals from our model. So, for now, just remember that the series looks like it has a unit root, because it does. So we will only consider the first difference.
As a reminder, here are the ACF and PACF plots for the differenced time series. Notice that every sixth ACF component is significant. Any time you see a regular pattern like that in one of these plots, you should suspect that there is some sort of significant seasonal thing going on. Again, like I showed you in the last post, the idea is to get this thing to be stationary, and you can do that with a complicated error structure, or you can bake the seasonality right in.
Autocorrelation on differenced series
Here is the code to reproduce this figure:()
At this point let’s try a SARIMA model with 1 additive MA(6) term, just because that seems to be what the ACF plot is telling us to do, even though we already know the correct model. The code to do this is:
model=sm.tsa.statespace.SARIMAX(endog=df['Sales'],order=(0,1,0),seasonal_order=(0,0,1,6),trend='c',enforce_invertibility=False) results=model.fit() print(results.summary())
Which will produce this output:
Statespace Model Results ========================================================================================= Dep. Variable: Sales No. Observations: 120 Model: SARIMAX(0, 1, 0)x(0, 0, 1, 6) Log Likelihood -2698.188 Date: Fri, 16 Jun 2017 AIC 5402.376 Time: 07:32:09 BIC 5410.738 Sample: 01-01-2007 HQIC 5405.772 - 12-01-2016 Covariance Type: opg ============================================================================== coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ intercept 146.2185 nan nan nan nan nan ma.S.L6 5.48e+13 0 inf 0.000 5.48e+13 5.48e+13 sigma2 2.621e-09 5.29e-10 4.960 0.000 1.59e-09 3.66e-09 =================================================================================== Ljung-Box (Q): 715.62 Jarque-Bera (JB): 84.34 Prob(Q): 0.00 Prob(JB): 0.00 Heteroskedasticity (H): 1.00 Skew: -1.89 Prob(H) (two-sided): 1.00 Kurtosis: 4.64 =================================================================================== Warnings: [1] Covariance matrix calculated using the outer product of gradients (complex-step). [2] Covariance matrix is singular or near-singular, with condition number inf. Standard errors may be unstable.
What you will notice is the warnings that come along with this output, once again we have a singular covariance matrix. This is because of the deterministic way that I generated this output. But it still isn’t correct. Notice that I also had to disable the warnings for a matrix that isn’t invertible in order to even get this thing to run. In general, that is a bad idea. I just did it to get some results.
Now for the meat, a genuine perfect fit. A SARIMA(0,1,0)(0,1,0,12) model. The only problem is of course that there is literally nothing to estimate, and so statsmodels is going to yell at us. And it is going to throw out our results.
So since there is just differencing, which you don’t need to run a SARIMA at all to get at the best possible model. To prove it I will provide a one liner of code that will give you residuals of exactly zero for every time period. Here it is:
print(df['Sales'].diff().diff(12))
This one line of code says take the first difference, and then the seasonal difference, and print that out. This gives you residuals of zero for every observation. Unfortunately, that is not very satisfying. By the way, if you want to seasonally adjust this time series, just do this:
print(df['Sales'].diff(12))
That will give you a seasonally adjusted growth rate of $1200. The first difference bit controls for this growth rate, and you end up with zero. Again, meh. So let’s kick it up a notch with a new dataset. One that is very similar, but has some noise and that noise isn’t just white noise. Here is the code to generate an AR(1) process, with noise having a $500 standard deviation:
np.random.seed(5968) noise=[np.random.normal(scale=500)] for i in range(len(df)-1): noise.append(np.random.normal(scale=500)+noise[i]*(-0.85)) df['Sales2']=df['Sales']+noise df['Sales2'].plot() plt.show()
If you run this code, you will get this output:
What you will notice is that it looks like our sales data from before, but it is much more wiggly and it might even look more “real” to you. And it does. It has some extra noise, which is realistic. For those of you keeping score, this dataset has an AR(1) process with a coefficient on the AR(1) term of -0.85.
I’m going to cheat a little bit, but since we already know that I need a seasonal difference and a total difference, we’ll go ahead and do that, and then we’ll plot the autocorrelations of the differenced series. That is we are plotting the autocorrelations of the residuals of the SARIMA(0,1,0)(0,1,0,12) process. We can do that with this code:() print(sm.tsa.stattools.adfuller(df['Sales2'].diff().diff(12).dropna()))
That gives you this plot:
This pattern is typical of an AR(1) process with a coefficient of -0.85. Which isn’t unexpected given that we generated the series a few steps back. We also tested for the stationarity of the series, and clearly reject the null of a unit root in favor of a stationary series (Test stat=-4.45 with 1% critical value of -3.50). So we’ll run a SARIMA(1,1,0)(0,1,0,12) model. This will execute, because we have a parameter to estimate.
model=sm.tsa.statespace.SARIMAX(endog=df['Sales2'],order=(1,1,0),seasonal_order=(0,1,0,12),trend='c',enforce_invertibility=False) results=model.fit() print(results.summary())
Which gives the following results:
Statespace Model Results ========================================================================================== Dep. Variable: Sales2 No. Observations: 120 Model: SARIMAX(1, 1, 0)x(0, 1, 0, 12) Log Likelihood -886.252 Date: Mon, 19 Jun 2017 AIC 1778.505 Time: 07:52:06 BIC 1786.867 Sample: 01-01-2007 HQIC 1781.901 - 12-01-2016 Covariance Type: opg ============================================================================== coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ intercept -49.4753 85.956 -0.576 0.565 -217.946 118.995 ar.L1 -0.8991 0.037 -24.005 0.000 -0.973 -0.826 sigma2 8.115e+05 1.13e+05 7.159 0.000 5.89e+05 1.03e+06 =================================================================================== Ljung-Box (Q): 109.02 Jarque-Bera (JB): 15.01 Prob(Q): 0.00 Prob(JB): 0.00 Heteroskedasticity (H): 0.50 Skew: -0.47 Prob(H) (two-sided): 0.04 Kurtosis: 4.57 =================================================================================== Warnings: [1] Covariance matrix calculated using the outer product of gradients (complex-step).
Let’s go through this output really fast. The log-likelihood of this regression is just -886.25 which is much lower (in absolute value) than the previous regression that we did in this post which had a log-likelihood of -2698.18. That means that this regression is a better fit of the data. It better be, because we new what the correct model was all along. The intercept in this regression was -$49.57, but it wasn’t significant. That makes sense since the intercept should have been 0, since the mean of the double differenced series is zero, and without the noise it is exactly zero. The AR(1) term has a coefficient of -0.8991, with a 95% confidence interval of [-0.826,-0.973], which easily contains the true value of -0.85. So I’m going to call that a win. Sigma-squared is an estimate of the variability of the residuals, we need it to do the maximum likelihood estimation. Recall that the true noise has a standard deviation of $500.00, this translates to a sigma-squared of 250,000, or 2.5e5 notice that our estimate was a little high here, but that mainly affects the standard errors, and the rest of our estimates were on point.
Ljung-Box indicates whether or not we can reject the null of all of the autocorrelations being equal to zero in the residuals. We have controlled for the true autocorrelation, so it is a surprise that we reject. The heteroskedasticity test tests for heteroskedasticity (go figure), which is a bit of a surprise, except that our sigma-squared was off. If we used a heteroskedastic robust estimate of the covariance matrix, maybe we would correct for that weird result. The Jarque-Bera test looks for nomality of the residuals by looking at their skew and kurtosis. It is a joint hypothesis test. Again I am surprised to see that it rejects normality. If we look at the skewness, we would have expected an estimate of zero, which is what we see basically at -0.47. And we want a kurtosis of 3, but we got 4.57. So it rejected, probably because of our weird kurtosis. That may be due to the sample that we got. I would play around with the seed that we used to generate the noise. I suspect that the weird results we got will go away by taking a different sample of noise.
Let’s look at what the autocorrelations look like for these residuals:
Hmmm, it looks like we have a seasonal MA term, the MA(12) term looks significant based on the plot above. This may be due to the fact that we did the seasonal difference before we did the estimation. We may have over differenced the series unintentionally, giving us weird results we were seeing. Let’s try to get back to stationarity by adding that MA(12) term back in.
Let’s try running the numbers again to see what is going on this time we’ll include a seasonal MA term, just to see what happens. Here’s the code.
model2=sm.tsa.statespace.SARIMAX(endog=df['Sales2'],order=(1,1,0),seasonal_order=(0,1,1,12),trend='c',enforce_invertibility=False) results2=model2.fit() print(results2.summary())
And here are the results that you get:
Statespace Model Results ========================================================================================== Dep. Variable: Sales2 No. Observations: 120 Model: SARIMAX(1, 1, 0)x(0, 1, 1, 12) Log Likelihood -861.879 Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2017 AIC 1731.758 Time: 07:23:12 BIC 1742.908 Sample: 01-01-2007 HQIC 1736.286 - 12-01-2016 Covariance Type: opg ============================================================================== coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ intercept -16.0390 22.420 -0.715 0.474 -59.981 27.903 ar.L1 -0.9363 0.028 -33.875 0.000 -0.990 -0.882 ma.S.L12 -0.7668 0.122 -6.285 0.000 -1.006 -0.528 sigma2 4.115e+05 6.41e+04 6.424 0.000 2.86e+05 5.37e+05 =================================================================================== Ljung-Box (Q): 77.52 Jarque-Bera (JB): 3.41 Prob(Q): 0.00 Prob(JB): 0.18 Heteroskedasticity (H): 0.73 Skew: -0.44 Prob(H) (two-sided): 0.34 Kurtosis: 3.02 =================================================================================== Warnings: [1] Covariance matrix calculated using the outer product of gradients (complex-step).
The intercept is still non-significant, the AR term is a little high. The MA term, is looking okay, I guess, it looks like it will absorb some of that over differencing. Sigma-squared is looking much better though. The true value is just outside of the confidence interval.
Ljung-Box suggests that there might be more work to do here. But I think you get the idea so we won’t keep searching for this stationarity. We no longer have heteroskedacticity problems and the residuals appear to be normally distributed. I am, at the risk of being proven wrong, going to declare victory over the noise. It appears that I may have over differenced the time series, by taking the difference and the seasonal difference. That Ljung-Box test statistic does seem to imply that I could do a little bit better, maybe get sigma-squared in the right range, but that is another day, perhaps.
Last thing, here is some code to visually inspect the residuals against the true noise:
df['noise']=[noise[i]+0.85*noise[i-1] if i>0 else 0 for i in range(len(noise))] results.resid2.loc['2008-02-01':].plot(label='Regression Residuals') df['noise'].loc['2008-02-01':].plot(color='r',label='True Noise') plt.legend(loc=2) plt.show()
Notice how the residuals look a heck of a lot like our noise, but it does seem to indicate that we have slightly larger fluctuations than the true value, that’s probably what the Ljung-Box test is indicating.
As always, here is the full code to reproduce everything, or you can get it from my github repo:
import pandas as pd import statsmodels.api as sm import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np df=pd.read_csv('salesdata.csv') df.index=pd.to_datetime(df['Date']) df['Sales'].plot() plt.show()() #This model is shown but not run because it will return an error. #model=sm.tsa.statespace.SARIMAX(endog=df['Sales'],order=(0,1,0),seasonal_order=(0,1,0,12),trend='c',enforce_invertibility=False) #results=model.fit() #print(results.summary()) #To show you why it will return an error use this code: print(df['Sales'].diff().diff(12)) #%% np.random.seed(5967) noise=[np.random.normal(scale=500)] for i in range(len(df)-1): noise.append(np.random.normal(scale=500)+noise[i]*(-0.85)) df['Sales2']=df['Sales']+noise df['Sales2'].plot() plt.show() #%%() model=sm.tsa.statespace.SARIMAX(endog=df['Sales2'],order=(1,1,0),seasonal_order=(0,1,0,12),trend='c',enforce_invertibility=False) results=model.fit() print(results.summary()) #%% fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8)) ax1 = fig.add_subplot(211) fig = sm.graphics.tsa.plot_acf(results.resid, lags=40, ax=ax1) ax2 = fig.add_subplot(212) fig = sm.graphics.tsa.plot_pacf(results.resid, lags=40, ax=ax2) plt.show() df['noise']=noise results.resid.loc['2008-02-01':].plot(label='Regression Residuals') df['noise'].loc['2008-02-01':].plot(color='r',label='True Noise') plt.legend(loc=2) plt.show() #%% model2=sm.tsa.statespace.SARIMAX(endog=df['Sales2'],order=(1,1,0),seasonal_order=(0,1,1,12),trend='c',enforce_invertibility=False) results2=model2.fit() print(results2.summary()) fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8)) ax1 = fig.add_subplot(211) fig = sm.graphics.tsa.plot_acf(results2.resid, lags=40, ax=ax1) ax2 = fig.add_subplot(212) fig = sm.graphics.tsa.plot_pacf(results2.resid, lags=40, ax=ax2) plt.show() df['noise']=[noise[i]+0.85*noise[i-1] if i>0 else 0 for i in range(len(noise))] results2.resid.loc['2008-02-01':].plot(label='Regression Residuals') df['noise'].loc['2008-02-01':].plot(color='r',label='True Noise') plt.legend(loc=2) plt.show()
3 thoughts on “SARIMA models using Statsmodels in Python”
hi. I will admit I have just skim read the article on the way home from work. I intend to read it properly on Monday.
However what’s not clear to me is can I have multiple seasonal periods. e.g I have hourly data, where there is daily weekly and yearly periodicly. is it possible to implement all three at once?
Cheers. and apologies if this is already mentioned
Hey Simon,
Thanks for reaching out. I hope you enjoy the read!
That is a good question, the short answer is yes you can do this. But the way you implement it would be very, very annoying. It would involve making a vector like I did in the post above to record whether or not there is a seasonal element. However, to implement a daily periodicity you would need a vector/array of 24 elements, where the last one was a 1. To get daily and weekly periodicity you would need to extend the array to be 168 elements long where all of the elements are zero except for the 24th and 168th element. And if you want all three you need an array that is 8760 elements long with elements 24,168, and 8760 set to 1 zeroes everywhere else. I’m thinking something along the lines of this to build the array:
Then you just need to plug this array into the call to the SARIMA model. I hope that helps, good luck and let me know how it goes. | https://barnesanalytics.com/sarima-models-using-statsmodels-in-python | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | refinedweb | 3,393 | 67.96 |
How can I split a
const char * string in the fastest possible way.
char *inputStr="abcde";
char buff[500];
I would like to have in buffer the following formatted string, format of which must be:
IN('a','ab','abc','abcd','abcde')
I'm learning C and new to the language. I have no clue where to start on this splitting problem.
I don't think you can do this particularly "fast", it seems like it's quite heavily limited since it needs to iterate over the source string many times.
I'd do something like:
void permute(char *out, const char *in) { const size_t in_len = strlen(in); char *put; strcpy(out, "IN("); put = out + 3; for(i = 1; i < in_len; ++i) { if(i > 1) *put++ = ','; *put++ = '\''; memcpy(put, in, i); put += i; *put++ = '\''; } *put++ = ')'; *put++ = '\0'; }
Note that this doesn't protect against buffer overrun in the output.
You could use
strcpy,
strcat/
strncat and a simple loop:
#include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main(void) { char* inputStr = "abcde"; char buff[500]; // start the formatted string: strcpy(buff,"IN("); int i, len = strlen(inputStr); for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) { strcat(buff, "'"); strncat(buff, inputStr, i + 1); strcat(buff, "'"); // if it is not last token: if (i != len - 1) strcat(buff, ","); } // end the formatted string: strcat(buff,")"); printf("%s", buff); return 0; }
outputs the desired
IN('a','ab','abc','abcd','abcde')
To give you a start, consider the following code:
char buffer[64]; const char str[] = "abcde"; for (size_t i = 1; i <= strlen(str); ++i) { strncpy(buffer, str, i); buffer[i] = '\0'; /* Make sure string is terminated */ printf("i = %lu, buffer = \"%s\"\n", i, buffer); }
The above code should print
i = 1, buffer = "a" i = 2, buffer = "ab" i = 3, buffer = "abc" i = 4, buffer = "abcd" i = 5, buffer = "abcde"
If you are looking for something like this in C++:-
#include <iostream> #include <string.h> using namespace std; int main() { const char *inputStr = "abcde"; //const to remove warning of deprecated conversion char buff[500]; int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < (int) strlen(inputStr); i++) { //cast it to int to remove // warning of comparison between signed and unsigned for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) { buff[count++] = inputStr[j]; } buff[count++] = ','; } buff[--count] = '\0'; cout << buff; return 0; }
Output - a,ab,abc,abcd,abcde | http://www.dlxedu.com/askdetail/3/cf738af4399605ca5e23a593a83f36f4.html | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | refinedweb | 386 | 54.6 |
IPC. Semaphores were chosen for synchronisation (out of several options).
- Randall Watts
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 IPC Two processes will use shared memory to communicate and some mechanism for synchronise their actions. This is necessary because shared memory does not come with any synchronisation tools: if you can access it at all, you can access it anytime regardless of the other process. Semaphores were chosen for synchronisation (out of several options). Note that there is a much simpler way to implement a solution to the producer consumer (with confirmations) problem: two message queues. 1
2 References Beej s guide to shared memory Beej s guide to semaphores Linux guide (sketchy) Marshall s guide to shared memory Marshall s guide to semaphores Another attempt to explain shared memory 2
3 IPC identifier Each IPC object is identified by two labels: key: which is an external identifier. All the processes that want a given object must produce the one and only key that allows access to it. identifier: once a key was accepted, a process will refer to an IPC object by an internal id (an object will have a different id in each process using it). A key identifies uniquely an object in a particular IPC domain but can be used simultaneously in several domains. 3
4 There are two ways of getting a key: Invent one Pick any number such as and use it. As long as nobody picks the same number, you are fine (the number above should be avoided: it is the telephone of the White House). Get one from the system A special system call ftok() exists solely to give you a unique key based on two arguments: key = ftok( char, char ) ; where the first argument is the path of any existing (and accessible) file in the system and the second argument is a number between 0 and 255 (every character has this property). domains. 4
5 Acquiring some shared memory You already have your favourite key and you want a shared memory area of size bytes with access rights shmflg. A call like this will create one: if ((shmid = shmget (key, size, shmflg )) == 1) { perror("shmget failed"); exit( 1); The access rights could be: 0666 (anybody can do anything) plus create or fail: shmflg = 0666 IPC CREAT IPC EXCL ; It could also be: 0640 (the owner can do anything, group members may read) plus create or fail: shmflg = 0640 IPC CREAT IPC EXCL ; 5
6 shmget() got you a shared memory identifier but it is not a pointer to a location in memory and thus is useless in itself. What you need is a pointer that you can use to access the memory area: shmptr = shmat( shmid, mychoice, 0 ) ; if( shmptr == (char ) 1 ) { perror( "shmat" ) ; exit( 1 ) ; The second argument mychoice is almost always 0; if not, it asks that the value returned by shmat be equal to this argument, if possible. The last argument gives access rights again. Now you can access the shared memory using the pointer provided by shmat(). 6
7 Here is some nonsensical code copied from Marshall: main() { char c; int shmid; key t key = 5678 ; char shm, s; if ((shmid = shmget(key, 27, IPC CREAT 0666)) < 0)... if ((shm = shmat(shmid, 0, 0)) == (char ) 1)... s = shm; for (c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; s++ = c++) ; s = NULL; while ( shm! = '*') sleep(1); 7
8 Creating a semaphore You cannot get one semaphore; you must ask for an array of them. The code below asks for nsems semaphores. if ((semid = semget(key, nsems, semflg)) == 1) { perror("semget failed"); exit( 1); You give a magic key which is the external name ( public name ) of your semaphore cluster and you provide flags that indicate what access permission you are willing to grant to users of this cluster. The standard permission is 0600 (I can read and write and nobody else can). The returned value is an identifier (not a pointer). A semaphore is a tightly controlled entity and you cannot simply access it directly as in: semid[2] = 0 ; This will not compile. If you want to set the third semaphore of the cluster identified by semid to 0, you must use the system call semctl() which has most obscure semantics. 8
9 Acquiring a semaphore (again) The key is the public name of the semaphore cluster you want; the same name will be used by all the processes that will share this semaphore cluster. Consider using the inode of the current directory (if you are there, it is accessible) to create 2 semaphores with the requirement that they must be brand new: key = ftok( ".", 'Q' ) ; semid = semget( key, 2, 0600 IPC CREAT IPC EXCL ) ; if( semid == 1) { perror( "semget refused" ); kill( getpid(), SIGINT ) ; The Q argument is an integer between 0 and 255 (as required). 9
10 Clean after your code void delete( int sig ) { printf( "Cleaning\n" ) ; shmctl( shmid, IPC RMID, 0 ) ; semctl( semid, IPC RMID, 0 ) ; exit( 0 ) ; void start( ) { signal( SIGINT, delete) ;
11 Semaphore operations Two operations are of real interest: semctl() allows to manipulate the values of semaphores. semop() provides the basic P and V operations on a semaphore. You can use semop() to define your own operations (such as a non blocking Poll()). 11
12 Basic use of semaphores P( semaphore ) ;... modify the shared memory... V( semaphore ) ; If the semaphore is properly initialised (to 1), the P operation will block any process that wants to touch the shared memory when another process is doing so. 12
13 void V( int s ) { struct sembuf S ; S.sem num = s ; S.sem op = 1 ; if( semop( semid, &S, 1 ) == 1 ) { perror( "V failed" ) ; kill( getpid(), SIGINT ) ; 13
14 P void P( int s ) { struct sembuf S ; S.sem num = s ; S.sem op = 1 ; while( semop( semid, &S, 1 ) == 1 ) { perror( "P failed" ) ; sleep( 1 ) ; This code assumes that semop() failed due to an interrupted system call ordue to a race condition (this is the purpose of the sleep()). It will not work if there is asynchronisation error; in such case, it will loop forever. 14
15 semun The system call semctl requires a union type called semun. Some systems have it defined in bits/sem.h (called inside sys/sem.h); other systems require that you define it yourself. #include<sys/sem.h> #ifdef SEM SEMUN UNDEFINED union semun { int val ; struct semid ds buf ; unsigned short array ; ; #endif // SEM SEMUN UNDEFINED Consult the file /usr/include/bits/sem.h for details. 15
16 Two non standard operations on semaphores: a non blocking Poll() and an initialisation function I(). int Poll( int s ) { return semctl( semid, s, GETVAL ) ; void I( int s ) { union semun arg ; arg.val = 1 ; // sets it to 1 if( semctl( semid, s, SETVAL, arg ) == 1 ) perror( "semctl" ) ; 16
17 struct VID { int code ; // the current state of this entry // = 0 empty (sem 0 == 1) // = 1 vid inside (sem 1 == 0) // = 2 confirmed vid (sem 1 == 0) pid t pid ; // Validator s pid int vid ; // the vid to be recorded ; int confirmation ; // passed back from Tallier 17
18 fh = fopen( "Booth pid pid", "w" ) ; if( fh == NULL ) perror( "Could not open the pid file" ) ; fprintf( fh, "%d\n", getpid() ) ; fclose( fh ) ; key = ftok( "/dev/null", 'B' ) ; if( (key t) key == 1 ) perror( "ftok" ) ; shmid = shmget( key,... shmptr = (struct VID )shmat( shmid, 0, 0 ) ; ) ; semid = semget( key, 2, 0600 IPC CREAT IPC EXCL 18
Lecture 24 Systems Programming in C
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REACH-IT Industry User Manual Part 02 - Sign-up and account management 2 REACH-IT Industry User Manual Version: 2.1 Version Changes 2.1 April 2014 Updates related to REACH-IT 2.7 regarding Terms and Conditions, | http://docplayer.net/283174-Ipc-semaphores-were-chosen-for-synchronisation-out-of-several-options.html | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | refinedweb | 2,007 | 59.74 |
Below is all the code for this program, it's very small and simple currently:
from Tkinter import * import os class EmacsLauncher(Frame): def __init__(self): """Set up Graphical User Interface Frame.""" Frame.__init__(self) self.master.title("Emacs Launcher") self.grid() self._label1 = Label(self, text = "File:") self._label1.grid(row = 0, column = 0) self._fileTextVar = StringVar() self._fileText = Entry(self, textvariable = self._fileTextVar) self._fileText.grid(row = 0, column = 1) self._launchButton = Button(self, text = "Launch", command = self._launch) self._launchButton.grid(row = 1, column = 1) def _launch(self): """Open the _fileTextVar file in Emacs""" filePath = "emacs " + str(self._fileTextVar) os.popen(filePath, "w") def main(): """Run main loop""" EmacsLauncher().mainloop() main()
Basically all the code is just setting up the GUI, and the main point of interest are these lines below:
filePath = "emacs " + str(self._fileTextVar) os.popen(filePath, "w")
What happens when I run this code is that the program with open Emacs as if you entered just "emacs" in the terminal. What I was under the impression that os.popen() should do is open Emacs, but with the filename. For instance, if one was to enter "emacs example.py" into the terminal. I've browsed the link below as it contains documentation of the os.popen() function, however, I just can't seem to make heads or tails of it.
Python v2.7.1 Documentaion
If anyone has some insight for me, it would be greatly appreciated! | http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/221457-python-ospopen-not-working-as-expected/ | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | refinedweb | 242 | 60.92 |
Django URL Variables - Business Name in URL in stead of ID
Trying to pass Business Name in URL in stead of ID. When I pass IDs, everything is fine.
urls.py
url(r'^(?P<name>\w+)/$', 'views.business'),
views.py
def business(request, name=1): return render_to_response('business.html', {'business': business.objects.get(name=name) })
template.html
<a href="{{ business.name|slugify }}/">Name{{ business.name }}</a>
When I do this, it will only work for single word business name such as "Bank" however if the business has multiple words "Wells Fargo" it will not work.
My goal is to use slugify to pass short SEO friendly URL such as
Thanks for your time and for your help!
Answers
First of all, you need to allow dashes in your url configuration:
url(r'^(?P<name>[-\w]+)/$', 'views.business'),
[-\w]+ matches "alphanumeric" characters in any case, underscore (_) and a dash.
Also, in the view, you need to "unslugify" the value passed in:
def business(request, name='unknown'): name = name.replace('-', ' ').capitalize() return render_to_response('business.html', {'business': business.objects.get(name=name) })
Also see:
Hope that helps.
Accordint to re module docs \w:
matches any alphanumeric character and the underscore
and the url you are trying to match has a dash because django's slugify method converts spaces and some non-ascii chars into dashes. So the fix consists in modifying the urls.py pattern to:
url(r'^(?P<name>[\w-]+)/$', 'views.business'),
But this isn't enough. Your current view will try to get a Business instance with the slugified name and will throw a DoesNotExists exception. So you should do one of the folowing things:
Add an slug field to your Business model which value must be slugify(business.name)
or add an id to the url, like this:
url(r'^(?P[\w-]+)/(?P\d+)/$', 'views.business'),
and modify your view to get the instance by id:
def business(request, name, obj_id): return render_to_response('business.html', {'business': business.objects.get(id=obj_id) })
Need Your Help
refresh fragment when dialogFragment dismiss
android fragment android-dialogfragmentin my application, my Fragment AppointmentFrag contains a customListView which load data from database
Unnecessary padding in CardView?
android android-layout android-5.0-lollipop android-cardviewI have implemented CardView in my app and everything works fine except there is a little padding around the image if I put radius to the card. | http://www.brokencontrollers.com/faq/22239598.shtml | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | refinedweb | 396 | 50.02 |
GNU
2017-09-15
NAME
grantpt - grant access to the slave pseudoterminal
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdlib.h>
Since glibc 2.24:
_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
(_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED)
Glibc 2.23 and earlier:
_XOPEN_SOURCE
int grantpt(int fd);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
grantpt():
Since glibc 2.24:
_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
(_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED)
Glibc 2.23 and earlier:
_XOPEN_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
The grantpt() function changes the mode and owner of the slave pseudoterminal device corresponding to the master pseudoterminal
VERSIONS
grantpt() is provided in glibc since version 2.1.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
NOTES). | https://reposcope.com/man/en/3/grantpt | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | refinedweb | 110 | 50.94 |
In this article, we will learn about some basic concepts of multithreading, how to differenciate between them, and how to use it correctly.
Let’s get started.
Table of contents
- Program, Thread, Process
- Multithreading, Concurrency, Parallel
- Race condition
- Characteristic of thread
- How to use correct concurrent code
- Benefits and drawback for using threads
- Some consequences of multithreading when using it improperly
- Wrapping up
Program, Thread, Process
A program is a set of instructions and associated data that resides on the disk and is loaded by the Operating System to perform some task.
A process is a program in execution. A process is an execution environment that consists of instructions, user-data, and system-data segments, as well as lots of other resources such as CPU, memory, address space, disk and network I/0 acquired at runtime.
A program can have several copies of it running at the same time but a process necessarily belongs to only one program.
Thread is the smallest unit of execution in a process. A thread simply executes instructions serially. A process can have multiple threads running as part of it.
Usually, there would be some state associated with the process that is shared among all the threads and in turn each thread would have some state private to itself. The globally shared state amongst the threads of a process is visible and accessible to all the threads, and special attention needs to be paid when any thread tries to read or write to this global shared state.
–> Processes do not share any resources among themselves whereas threads of a process can share the resources allocated to that particular process, including memory address space.
The basic concepts of multithreading, concurrency, Parallelism
Multithreading is the ability of an application that can handle multiple tasks at a time and to synchronize those tasks.
This means that multithreading allows the maximum utilization of a CPU by executing two or more tasks virtually at the same time. It means that the tasks only look like they are running simultanenously; however, essentially, they can’t do that. They take advantage of CPU context switching or the time slicing feature of the OS. In other words, CPU time is shared across all running tasks, and each tasks is scheduled to run for a certain period of time.
Concurrency is the ability of an application to handle the multiple tasks it works on. The program or application can process one task at a time (sequence processing with context switching) or process multiple tasks at the same time (concurrent processing).
Parallelism
So, to recap about concurrency and parallelism, we have:
Concurrency is about handling (not doing) lots of things at once; while parallelism is about doing lots of things at once.
With a single core CPU, we may achieve concurrency but not parallelism.
An application can be splitted into some types:
Concurrent but not parallel
It handles more than one task at the same time, but no two tasks are executed at the same time.
Parallel but not concurrent
It executes multiple subtasks of a task in a multicore CPU at the same time.
Neither parallel nor concurrent
It executes all of the tasks at a time (sequential execution).
Both parallel and concurrent
It executes multiple tasks concurrently in a multicore CPU at the same time.
Race condition
When two different threads are trying to read or write the same variable or the same field, at the same time, so this concurrent reading and writing is what is called a race condition.
Several threads can be able to read the same variable at the same time, if the value of this variable does not change, it will not raise an issue. But if they are reading and writing the same variable, then it may raise a problem.
The same time does not mean the same thing on a single core and on a multi core CPU.
In order to give an example of race condition, we will go into Singleton pattern in multithreading.
public class Singleton { private static Singeton instance; private Single() {} public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } return instance; } }
So, we have a questions about the above code of Singleton pattern - What is happening if two threads are calling
getInstance()?
* –> Because T1 is in the if block, it will not check if the instance field has been initialized one more time. So, it will create another instance of singleton, and copy it in the private static field instance, thus erasing the instance that has beeen created by the thread T2.
Solution:
- In order to prevent the race condition, we need to use synchronization.
Characteristic of a thread
Belows are some characteristics of a thread.
- Need its own stack
- Have some memory overhead
- Creating and destroying takes time
The scheduler will also need to ensure the thread’s state is saved before another can execute, thus swapping one to the next takes time.
It means that the scheduler is responsible for the CPU sharing, evenly the CPU timeline, divided into tim slices, to all the tasks that need to be run.
There are three reasons for the scheduler to pause a thread, and to tell a thread –> now, it is the time to run another thread, so we should stop running.
First, the CPU resource should be share equally among the thread, and there are sometimes very sophisticated priority stuff that are taken into account to share equally the CPU as a resouce.
A thread might be waiting for some more data. Think about a thread that is doing some input output, reading or writing data to a disk or to a network. We know that writing or reading from a disk is a slow process. If the CPU is very fast, it might pause a thread waiting for the data to be available.
A thread might be waiting for another thread to do something. For instance, to release a resource.
How to use correct concurrent code
Check for race conditions
We need to have a look at our code and especially what is happening to the fields of our classes because race conditions cannot occur on variables inside methods nor parameters.
If we have more than one thread trying to read or write a given field, then it means that we have a race condition on that field.
Check for happens-before link
On the given field, if we want things to be correct, we need to have a happens-before link between our read operations and our write operations. It is quite easy, in fact, to check for these points. They have two questions we need to answer for that.
- Are the read / write operations volatile?
- Are they synchronized?
If the field we are checking has been declared volatile, they are synchronized if they occur inside the boundary of a synchronized block, so it is very simple to check for that.
If it is not the case we must probably have a bug.
Synchronized or Volatile
Synchronized = atomicity
With synchronization, we need to answer the question, do we need atomicity on a certain portion of code? If we have a portion of code that should not be interrupted between threads, then we need to have a synchronized block to protect our portion of code.
Volatile = visibility
If it is not the case that using synchronization, then volatility is enough. It will ensure visibility and correct concurrent code.
Benefits and Drawbacks for using threads
Benefits
- Improve performance of system when we choose the compatible number of threads.
Drawbacks when using too many threads
Creating too many threads can easily run the machine out of memory.
Prevent other threads getting enough time on the CPU, which is starvation.
Some consequences of multithreading when using it improperly
Depending on the consequences, the problems caused by concurrency can be categorized into some types:
race conditions
The program ends with an undesired output, resulting from the sequence of execution among the processes.
deadlocks
The concurrent processes wait for some necessary resources from each other. As a result, none of them can make progress.
resource starvation
A process is perpetually denied necessary resources to progress its works.
live lock
Wrapping up
Some points to note about race conditions
It is safe if multiple threads are trying to read a shared resource as long as they are not trying to change it.
Multiple threads executing inside a method is not a problem in itself, problem arises when these threads try to access the same resource.
For instance, class variables, record in a table, a file.
There is no race condition between threads since no data is shared between them.
The race conditions can generate different results, including unexpected results, that are dependent on the execution order.
The synchronization of a multithreaded environment is achieved by locking. Locking is used to orchestrate and limit access to a resource in a multithreaded environment.
Refer:
The complete coding interview guide in Java | https://ducmanhphan.github.io/2020-03-26-Understanding-basic-concepts-in-Java-multithreading/ | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | refinedweb | 1,494 | 59.23 |
thanks and how would I be sure that its returning degrees(I dont want Radians)?and what of the regular cos(double x) that one is giving me an error too?
Type: Posts; User: Delstateprogramer
thanks and how would I be sure that its returning degrees(I dont want Radians)?and what of the regular cos(double x) that one is giving me an error too?
Hello all you Java programmers out there. I have a tiny problem. The code is not allowing me to use the cos(double x) and acos(double x) methods even though I imported the math class. So....Whats...
it worked thx alot man
ok thx ill try that
hey i tried it.. maybe i invoked the method at the wrong point. there is an infinite recursion some where. Heres the code
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
lol the code works and that all that matters
Thank you for your help everyone i figured the problem out heres the code i used
public static int addDigits(int number)
{
if(number<10)
{
sum=number+sum;
}
else
Tried this code and it didnt work
if(number<10)
{
return number;
}
else
{
return (number%10)+((addDigits(number/10)));
Ok thx ill try that out
how do i save the prior digits to add them up at the end becuz here they keep changing and are not saved so they cant be added at the end
The user should be able to enter any integer and the program should output the sum of the digits in the integer.
I didnt intend for it to be a number 1 through 99. It would not matter what the user put in. and yes it would add the digits in an integer. Heres an example.
If the user entered the integer 223...
thats the new code but yea its a logical error in there somewhere
public class AddEmUp {
/**
* @param args the command line arguments
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Enter an integer:");
...
yes thats exactly it and I fear i thought i got it but i didnt still need some help lol
Nvm all i got it
Changed my mind not gonna use an array, ive decided to do something like this but its not really working and i kno why but i dnt know how to change itm
while(number>10)
{
digit=number%10;
sum...
this program is supposed to add up the integers in a number entered by a user and print out the sum. i got the easy part down.
if(number<10)
{
sum=number;
}
for the next part i was...
...I just knew it was something simple like that....I feel dumb lol, But thanks man preciate it.
Heres the modified code
System.out.println("Enter an integer:");
Scanner input=new Scanner(System.in);
int number= input.nextInt();
...
Hey thx.. I changed the code a bit since this post... I have decided to use the modulus operator and I still need a bit of help. And yes this problem does require recursion. Heres the problem from...
I need help making a recursive program that computes the number of odd digits in a number. This is as far as I have gotten.
public class ComputeOddNumbers {
/**
* @param args the...
Hey everybody whats goin on. Im a starter java programmer and I have been doing this for a year. Im tryna learn more about programming and i came to this site cuz i need some help. Stay creative guys... | http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/search.php?s=de21115c4e0fb6f0e550a2cb6d113ed9&searchid=1725016 | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | refinedweb | 582 | 74.29 |
Hello,
I have linked a library, However, I get the following message. And can't seem to find out what the problem is. I have changed the arguments to 0 to see if that would make a difference. However, I am still getting the problem.
I also deleted the code inside CreateSocket to make it easy to finding what the problem is.
Many thanks for any advice on this problem,
Steve
steve@steve01:~/Projects/ClientApp/src$ g++ -o ../bin/client ClientApp.cpp -I ../include -L ../lib -lSocketFunctions
/tmp/cciZxGP6.o: In function `main':
ClientApp.cpp
.text+0xc3): undefined reference to `CreateSocket()'.text+0xc3): undefined reference to `CreateSocket()'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
My header file:
My library:My library:Code://SocketApp.h int CreateSocket(); int SendData(int sockfd, char* buffer, int bytes); char* SendAndReceiveData(int sockfd, char *buffer);
The program that uses the library.The program that uses the library.Code:#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <string.h> #include "SocketApp.h" /* Creates a new socket and return the sock file descriptor.*/ int CreateSocket() { return 1; }
Code:#include <iostream> #include "SocketApp.h" using namespace std; int main(int argc, char** argv) { cout << "******* This is the client application ********" << endl; cout << endl; int sockfd = 0; //Create a new socket sockfd = CreateSocket(); cout << "sockfd: " << sockfd << endl; return 0; } | https://cboard.cprogramming.com/c-programming/99960-undefined-reference-when-linking-library.html | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | refinedweb | 223 | 61.33 |
script called forever in the same directory:
#!/usr/bin/python from subprocess import Popen import sys filename = sys.argv[1] while True: print("\nStarting " + filename) p = Popen("python " + filename, shell=True) p.wait()
It uses python to open
test.py as a new subprocess. It does so in an infinite while loop, and whenever
test.py fails, the while loop restarts
test.py as a new subprocess.
I’ll have to make the forever script executable by running
chmod +x forever. Optionally
forever script can be moved to some location in the
PATH variable, to make it available from anywhere.
Next, I can start my program with:
./forever test.py
Which will result in the following output:
Starting test.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 4, in <module> raise Exception("Oh oh, this script just died") Exception: Oh oh, this script just died Starting test.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "test.py", line 4, in <module> raise Exception("Oh oh, this script just died") Exception: Oh oh, this script just died Starting test.py
As you can tell, this script will run repeatedly, until it is killed with
ctr+c.
this works great 🙂
one issue i have though is that i need to do it with sudo. is there a way to do this where it enters the password aswell?
everything i have found dont look to work right
Excellent Thanks.. Exactly what i am looking for… anyways can you pls tell me how to stop this based on time.. for eg once the time is 17:00:00, this forever script should stop.
Of the top of my head, if you google how to get current date in Python, you should be able to extract hour of the day, then you can add logic to your script to exit, when that hour is hit.
Any chance I can get a windows batch file equivalent?
I’m trying this out now, I have two discord bots and recently they’ve been crashing at random without saying why, even with logging. I’ve been looking for a solution to my problem for weeks now and so far, your solution is working great! Thank you for sharing this!
great
Thanks a lot
This is very helpful. Thank you.
Alex thanks for your guidance.
It worked in Debian GNU/linux machine but I’m getting error on Linux 18.04. The error message:
./forever.py: /usr/bin/python: bad interpreter: No such file or directory
When I removed first line the error was being like that:
./forever.py: line 2: from: command not found
./forever.py: line 3: import: command not found
./forever.py: line 4: import: command not found
./forever.py: line 6: filename: command not found
./forever.py: line 8: syntax error near unexpected token
"\nStarting "'print(“\nStarting ” + filename)’
./forever.py: line 8:
What can be the problem?
Not sure, do any other python scripts work?
You’re trying to invoke Python 2’s interpreter, instead of Python 3. Your very first line should look like
#!/usr/bin/python3.
print('some text')– Python 3 (print function)
print 'some text'– Python 2 (print statement)
I might have been too late for you, but maybe it will help someone else in the near, but distant, space-time.
Hello, I have an implementation where a python script calls two other scripts, is there a way to adapt your implementation with my example?
I have a flask framework implementation. I have a global variable which is being used in a route(ie. /xyz) and nowhere else.
When I don’t run /xyz, the global variable gets vanished(my may or may not accurate #AfterDebuggingConclusion). How can I keep the variable in the memory if my conclusion is right?
Hmm, I think if you declare it outside of scope of this /xyz method it should exist even if method did not run. Then you can reference it inside of function by declaring it
global xyz.
Thank You VERY MUCH! <3
This script help me a lot my friend thank you so much.
Thanks for this great tip. I’m trying to output the subprocess script’s
printstatements to the screen, but so far no success :(. Here’s what I have so far:
import subprocess
import sys
filename = ‘my_script.py’
while True:
print(‘Starting ‘ + filename + ‘ …’)
p = subprocess.Popen(‘python ‘ + filename, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
(output, err) = p.communicate()
print(output)
p.wait()
It would be awesome if you could point me in the right direction. Thanks! | https://www.alexkras.com/how-to-restart-python-script-after-exception-and-run-it-forever/ | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | refinedweb | 756 | 76.62 |
Hi friends,
I am writing an editor plugin. Its actually an update. Can you please solve this for me? If you have any alternatives please let me know.
In Unity's documentation this enum is there. But it is not available in the editor code. I've placed the source file in Editor folder and used
using UnityEditor;
using UnityEditor;
But the error still comes.
Answer by GameVortex
·
Feb 19, 2015 at 09:29 AM
That enum does not exist anymore. It has been deprecated and removed. The only place referencing that enum is in the documentation for StaticOcclusionCulling.Compute function, the documentation has not been updated properly as that function no longer takes any parameters at all.
Thanks. Is there any replacement to update to the enum? I mean what I can do with my old code. if the enum is deprecated and deleted, then there must be an alternative for the.
Remove or disable an EditorGUILayout.PropertyField
0
Answers
How to make a editor script that sets the values of serialized variables in the editor
1
Answer
SearchableEditorWindow
2
Answers
Writing a custom inspector for a filetype
1
Answer
Android Texture compression through Editor Script
1
Answer | https://answers.unity.com/questions/904889/the-name-staticocclusioncullingmode-does-not-exist.html | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | refinedweb | 199 | 59.19 |
digitalmars.D - Static import revisited
- Georg Wrede (63/63) Jul 12 2006 When I first saw "static import", I got the impression it's Walters Q&D,...
When I first saw "static import", I got the impression it's Walters Q&D, incomplete fix, shot from the hip just to muffle some of the most aggressive complaining. It may have been the initial (terse and defensive?) wording in his first posts about it (I don't remember), or the choice of word "static", which yields a truly obscure statement that simply forces you to RTFM. I've been against it, especially when "import a.b.c.d as f" looks both nice, is short, and is unavoidably clear and obvious, without RTFM. ----- Having said the above, I'm starting to dither. (Sorry guys, don't shoot me!) Scenario A: All importing is by default "static". Alias is used to fetch symbols, and to fetch namespaces. Non-static import is entirely removed from the language. Questions: Would this remove the issue of public/private import altogether? Would this be (significantly) easier for Walter to implement? Would this yield an entirely robust import system? !! And please, let only QUALIFIED people here answer these, ok! With this scenario, I assume (corrections welcome) the following: // module a void fooa(){}; void fooa2(){}; void fooa3(){}; // module b import a; // static, so nothing is visible without FQN alias a ma; // just because "a" is a long name in reality :-) a.fooa(); // using the "long name" ma.fooa(); // using the "short alias" fooa(); // ERROR, fooa not in current namespace alias ma.fooa3 f3 // just to bring it visible for "my clients" alias ma.fooa3 fooa3 // same thing // main.d import b; b.a.fooa(); // ok, since a.fooa does appear in b b.a.fooa2(); // ERROR b.ma.fooa2(); // ERROR b.ma.fooa(); // ok, appears in b alias b.ma b; // we want to use (potentially many) from b b.fooa(); // ok, ma.fooa appears in b b.fooa2(); // ERROR no ma.fooa2 in b b.f3(); // ok, a.fooa3 brought visible explicitly in b b.fooa3(); // ok, same thing alias b.fooa3 fooa3; // so bring it here too fooa3(); // now ok Could it be that this actually is nuke proof?? Also, this of course means that /if/ a module exists solely for reimporting stuff from other modules, then all that stuff would have to be explicitly listed in it. But that's the price of robustness anyway. Scenario A got long enough as is, so I skipped examining scenario B. It would have been about "import a.b.c as d" etc. Somebody else might want to write that one. ;-) As to the three questios earlier in this post, scenario A does not at all touch the issue of module private top level stuff. module h; private int foo; private class da { //... } I think _that_privacy_thing_ should be discussed totally separately from Scenario A/B stuff, since privacy is orthogonal to the A vs B *choice*. (Of course it is not orthogonal to module logic and protection as such, but it _is_ orthogonal to the A/B choice.)
Jul 12 2006 | http://www.digitalmars.com/d/archives/digitalmars/D/40178.html | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | refinedweb | 523 | 77.84 |
.
public class AllPersons {
private HashMap<String,HashMap> allPersons = new HashMap<String,HashMap>;
public void addPerson( Person person) { HashMap<String,HashMap> persons = this.allPersons.get( person.getLastName()); if ( persons == null) { persons = new HashMap<String,Person>(); this.allPersons.add( person.getLastName(), persons); } persons.add( person.getFirstName(), person); }
}
Listing 1. AllPersons, an implied collection.. Listing 2. demonstrates the code with our newly discovered class..
Though it is perhaps a bit difficult to see in this short example, the new version will contain far less code than the original. This implosion in the code base is typical when one improves the design. Not only do we have less code to read, the code is more readable in that CompoundKey has a specific meaning in our domain that clearly communicates purpose. | http://commons.oreilly.com/wiki/index.php?title=Collection_of_Collections_Is_a_Code_Smell&oldid=22573 | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | refinedweb | 126 | 50.63 |
In this step, we'll add an input field for users to add tasks to the list.
First, let's add a form to our App component:
4.1 Add form for new tasks
...<div className="container"><header><h1>Todo List</h1><form className="new-task" onSubmit={this.handleSubmit.bind(this)} ><</form></header><ul>...
Tip: You can add comments to your JSX code by wrapping them in {/* ... */}
You can see that the form element has an onSubmit attribute that references a method on the component called handleSubmit. In React, this is how you listen to browser events, like the submit event on the form. The input element has a ref property which will let us easily access this element later.
Let's add a handleSubmit method to our App component:
4.2 Add handleSubmit method to App component
import React, { Component } from 'react';import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';import { withTracker } from 'meteor/react-meteor-data';import { Tasks } from '../api/tasks.js';...some lines skipped...// App component - represents the whole appclass App extends Component {handleSubmit(event) {event.preventDefault();// Find the text field via the React refconst text = ReactDOM.findDOMNode(this.refs.textInput).value.trim();Tasks.insert({text,createdAt: new Date(), // current time});// Clear formReactDOM.findDOMNode(this.refs.textInput).value = '';}renderTasks() {return this.props.tasks.map((task) => (<Task key={task._id} task={task} />...
Now your app has a new input field. To add a task, just type into the input field and hit enter. If you open a new browser window and open the app again, you'll see that the list is automatically synchronized between all clients.
Listening for events in React
As you can see, in React you handle DOM events by directly referencing a method on the component. Inside the event handler, you can reference elements from the component by giving them a ref property and using ReactDOM.findDOMNode. Read more about the different kinds of events React supports, and how the event system works, in the React docs.
Inserting into a collection
Inside the event handler, we are adding a task to the tasks collection by calling Tasks.insert(). We can assign any properties to the task object, such as the time created, since we don't ever have to define a schema for the collection.
Being able to insert anything into the database from the client isn't very secure, but it's okay for now. In later steps, we'll learn how we can make our app secure and restrict how data is inserted into the database.
Sorting our tasks
Currently, our code displays all new tasks at the bottom of the list. That's not very good for a task list, because we want to see the newest tasks first.
We can solve this by sorting the results using the createdAt field that is automatically added by our new code. Just add a sort option to the find call inside the data container wrapping the App component:
4.3 Update data container to sort tasks by time
export default withTracker(() => {return {tasks: Tasks.find({}, { sort: { createdAt: -1 } }).fetch(),};})(App);
Let's go back to the browser and make sure this worked: any new tasks that you add should appear at the top of the list, rather than at the bottom.
In the next step, we'll add some very important todo list features: checking off and deleting tasks. | https://www.commonlounge.com/discussion/b9c0f2748262467a9963729dbe48a5c6 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | refinedweb | 563 | 65.12 |
-
REPL caching?
Sun, 2011-12-18, 04:25
Hey all!
Recently I started using JRebel with the Scala REPL and came across
some strange behavior. For example, consider the following workflow.
One explanation is that the REPL caches members of a class, which can
get out of sync with the class if the class changes.
emacs test.scala
# Create an object Test with a function foo
object Test {
def foo: String = "bar"
}
scalac test.scala
scala
scala> Test.foo
res0: String = bar
# Now I go and add a new function to Test
emacs test.scala
# Create an object Test with functions foo and bar
object Test {
def foo: String = "bar"
def bar: String = "foo"
}
scalac test.scala
# In the same REPL, I now reload the class using JRebel
# When I list all the declared methods on Test, I see bar
scala> Test.getClass.getDeclaredMethods
res8: Array[java.lang.reflect.Method] = Array(public java.lang.String
Test$.foo(), public java.lang.String Test$.bar())
# However, the REPL doesn't
scala> Test.bar
:40: error: value bar is not a member of object Test
Test.bar | http://www.scala-lang.org/old/node/11967 | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | refinedweb | 184 | 76.82 |
Remember that if this appears to introduce coupling, it is EXPLICIT
coupling that was implicit in the session.getAttribute(xx) approach
before. And if seeing that scares you then you should have been doubly
scared before! At least now, you can start to reduce it.
I should remember that this is a JSF list and not a
let's-write-bloated-JSP list. Simon is very right. Managed beans are
the way to go. If you find that there is too much user state, the class
has too many unrelated variables then you can always partition it into
several concise objects, like ConnectionState, FinancialState,
SecurityState...
Session attributes are exactly like global variables. They can be very
useful, but in a large system, the can "just change" and you have no
idea why. The JSF managed beans or Spring beans solve that by
controlling access. They become "the place" to go to understand how
they are created, referenced, updated and destroyed.
Neil
p.s. Simon reminds me of a place where some attributes were sometimes
String and sometimes String[]. Arrrrrgh. Strong typing is good.
-----Original Message-----
From: Simon Kitching [mailto:simon.kitching@chello.at]
Sent: November 21, 2007 10:28 AM
To: MyFaces Discussion
Subject: Re: Session context was RE: Question about FacesContext
Data in the session can be stored into a single class rather than
scattered:
public class UserState {
private boolean isBlueMonday;
private String someOtherDataItem;
public boolean isBlueMonday() {
return isBlueMonday;
}
public String getSomeOtherDataItem() {
return someOtherDataItem;
}
}
Of course that can create unnecessary coupling between different parts
of your app, so there is some tradeoff there.
But this bean can be declared as a managed-bean, and then injected into
other beans that need this info:
<managed-bean>
<managed-bean-name>userState</managed-bean-name>
<managed-bean-class>example.UserState</managed-bean-class>
<managed-bean-scope>session</managed-bean-scope>
</managed-bean>
<managed-bean>
<managed-bean-name>someBean</managed-bean-name>
<managed-bean-class>example.SomeBean</managed-bean-class>
<managed-bean-scope>request</managed-bean-scope>
<managed-property>
<property-name>userState</property-name>
<value>#{userState}</value>
</managed-property>
</managed-bean>
The someBean object now has access to the user state from the session
without having to know about the HttpSession object at all. And in a
typesafe manner.
Regards,
Simon
---- NABA <naba.nabou@gmx.net> schrieb:
> Hi Neil..
> You wrote:
>
> The question is whether every class should know exactly how they are
> stored. And have to fetch them itself.
>
>
> How can a class fetch them istself to the other classes!
> Or is there an other method to get the objects.
> I m using now:
>
> session.getAttribute("isBlueMonday");
>
> However, this is a very good idea/approach to centrelize the access to
> the session to get objects!
> naba
>
> Neil Pitman schrieb:
> > Hi Naba,
> >
> > The Session object and JSF are both part of the web layer. For all
> > intents and purposes they are tightly bound together in webapps. I
> > think that both should be unknown to EJBs or other model/data
layers.
> > The boundary between webapps and appservers should allow simple
domain
> > objects, but no technology decisions on either side; it becomes a
real
> > pain when you want to change a web technology, but the server has
become
> > dependent on it.
> >
> > My comment regarding HTTPSessions was more a question of clutter.
> > Obviously you need essential objects, like user key, and objects
related
> > to the interaction or user preferences, since they are costly to
obtain,
> > and should be near at hand for every subsequent request.
> >
> > The question is whether every class should know exactly how they are
> > stored. And have to fetch them itself.
> >
> > I would prefer a SessionWrapper class that has specific get/set
methods
> > with strong typing rather than a free-for-all of hardcoded session
> > queries like: session.getAttribute("isBlueMonday");
> >
> > The session object tends to get bloated, because everyone puts in,
but
> > no one dares clean it. You need to pass the session around in every
> > call; it would be better to use a managed bean or a spring bean.
This
> > bean can certainly use the session for holding data. But, it is the
> > only one holding the keys, literally. Other classes do not need to
find
> > the key or make sure that it's correctly initialized, or decide
whether
> > the whole object is stored or just the keys. And best of all, if
some
> > session attribute is getting corrupted, you can breakpoint the
> > SessionWrapper access to it.
> >
> > Right now, I have a reasonably complex JSF system. I only keep the
some
> > keys related to the principle there. Again, for performance and
> > clustering reasons, an essential (only the essential) session object
is
> > much better. (let's not even talk about programmer sanity!)
> >
> > Neil
> >
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: NABA [mailto:naba.nabou@gmx.net]
> > Sent: November 21, 2007 3:18 AM
> > To: MyFaces Discussion
> > Subject: Re: Question about FacesContext
> >
> > Hi Neil!!
> > Is it a bad thing too, to access the session in JSF??
> > I do it all the time to get some beans from the session!!
> > Or do you answerd only the question from pdt! the access to a
session
> > >from the ejb?
> >
> > naba
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Neil Pitman schrieb:
> >
> >> Hi Pdt,
> >>
> >> Whoa! That does not sound like a very good thing. JSF is
definitely a
> >> web-layer/presentation thing. While it might work in JBoss,
accessing
> >> the HTTP Sessions or HTTP Requests or JSF objects are a really bad
> >>
> > idea.
> >
> >> Here is a short and incomplete list of bad things that could
happen:
> >>
> >> 1) Web objects are not necessarily serializable, and if they are,
then
> >> modifications made in an EJB may be lost if the serialization is
one
> >>
> > way
> >
> >> 2) Even if it works, these are big objects with complex graphs of
> >> subobjects or sister objects, the performance hit could be large
> >>
> >> 3) JBoss is outside the EJB spec when it allows collocated web apps
> >>
> > and
> >
> >> enterprise apps to see each others' class loader. Migration to
other
> >> app servers will be problematic
> >>
> >> 4) The dependencies become nightmarish
> >>
> >> 5) The appserver now depends on the JSF (again, an inversion of
> >> dependencies) so that a webservice might need to simulate JSF
> >>
> >> 6) kiss goodbye to any hope of decoupling the webserver from the
> >> appserver for performance reasons.
> >>
> >> If there is data that you need from the context, like domain keys,
> >>
> > then
> >
> >> these should be passed in explicitly as parameters to the session
> >>
> > beans.
> >
> >> These can be fundamental types like Strings, or your own value
> >>
> > objects.
> >
> >> I have spent the last 2 months trying to understand a webapp with
> >>
> > every
> >
> >> kind of data item, control flag and return code in their
HTTPSession
> >> object keyed with hardcoded strings. Use simple serializable value
> >> objects; life is easier that way.
> >>
> >> Neil
> >>
> >>
> >> -----Original Message-----
> >> From: pdt_p [mailto:pinlie@gmail.com]
> >> Sent: November 21, 2007 12:33 AM
> >> To: users@myfaces.apache.org
> >> Subject: Question about FacesContext
> >>
> >>
> >> Hi...
> >>
> >> I have 1 JSF ear, and 1 ejb ear deployed in a Jboss.
> >>
> >> normally, we execute FacesContext.getCurrentInstance() in order to
get
> >> current facescontext. But this method will return null when you
> >>
> > execute
> >
> >> it
> >> in one of the ejb class.
> >>
> >> is that possible to get JSF faces context from one of ejb class?
> >> if it's possible, how to do it?
> >>
> >> any idea
> >>
> >> thanks
> >>
> >>
> >> Pdt
> >>
> >>
> >
> >
> | http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/myfaces-users/200711.mbox/%3C1B4C7EF716647D4C95B3FB463849594A2ADA6E@MM08.mahjongmania.com%3E | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | refinedweb | 1,198 | 56.15 |
what the heck does this mean, and how the heck should I go about fixing this?? because quite frankly, I do not understand what this error is telling me...If I had to venture a guess, I want to say that it is telling me that vb.net express does not allow for such a function...but I'm definitely hoping that that is a wrong thought...because otherwise I'm quite frankly screwed...
upon reading more into the debugging, theres a few more bugs that I'm not sure what to do about...the code is as follows:
Open (file) For Input As #intf Do While Not EOF(intf) Input #intf, txtInput praz = praz + txtInput Loop Close #intf
and the errors are as follows where the first line is line 37:
end of statement expected 37
expression expected 39
method argument must be enclosed in parentheses 39
close is not declared. file i/o functionality is available in the 'microsoft.visualbasic' namespace 42
expression expected 42
This post has been edited by mapmd1234: 14 December 2011 - 10:17 AM | http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/259856-open-file-replacement-for-vbnet/ | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | refinedweb | 180 | 71.34 |
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