BackpropBuff/QED.en-ja · Datasets at Hugging Face

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In general, you don't have to go through this exercise, multiplying by a negative 1 and a negative 1.	ー1 を乗算する行程を行う必要はありません。これを認識した場合、
But you should always be able recognize that if you have a minus b over b minus a that that is equal to negative 1.	（a ーb）／（b−a ）は−１です。あるいは、（a ーb）は
Or think of it this way: a minus b is equal to the negative of b minus a.	ー（b−a ）と等しいです。この負の符号を配布する場合
If you distribute this negative sign, you get negative b plus a, which is exactly what this is over here.	ーb＋aが得られます。それはこちらです。これで終了です。
We're all done.	これで終了です。
I'm a brain scientist, and as a brain scientist,	実際にどのように脳が学習するのか
I'm actually interested in how the brain learns, and I'm especially interested in a possibility of making our brains smarter, better and faster.	脳がより賢くより良くより早く働く可能性に特に興味がありますこの観点からゲームについてお話しします
This is in this context I'm going to tell you about video games.	ビデオゲームというと
When we say video games, most of you think about children.	ほとんどの人が子供達を思い浮かべます実際に90％の子供がビデオゲームで遊びます
It's true. Ninety percent of children do play video games.	でも正直言って
But let's be frank.	子供達が寝た後プレイステーションの前に座っているのは誰でしょう？
When the kids are in bed, who is in front of the PlayStation?	皆様のほとんどですプレイヤーの平均年齢は
Most of you.	８歳ではなく 33歳なのです
The average age of a gamer is 33 years old, not eight years old, and in fact, if we look at the projected demographics of video game play, the video game players of tomorrow are older adults.	さらにプレイヤー層から考えれば未来のプレイヤーは高齢者なのです　（笑）
(Laughter)	ビデオゲームは社会にすっかり普及しました
So video [gaming] is pervasive throughout our society.	ゲームは確かに社会に定着し
It is clearly here to stay. It has an amazing impact on our everyday life.	我々の日常に強烈なインパクトを与えています
Consider these statistics released by Activision.	アクティビジョン社によるこの統計を見てください
After one month of release of the game "Call Of Duty:	｢コールオブデューティー:ブラックオプス」の発売後１ヵ月間の
Black Ops," it had been played for 68,000 years worldwide, right?	世界中あわせての合計プレイ時間は６万８千年に及びますこれが線形代数の勉強に使った時間なら
Would any of you complain if this was the case about doing linear algebra?	文句を言う人もいないでしょうそこで我々はこのパワーの活用法を研究しています
So what we are asking in the lab is, how can we leverage that power?	少し話を戻しましょう
Now I want to step back a bit.	家に帰ったらお子さんがゲームで遊んでいた
I know most of you have had the experience of coming back home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games.	という経験が皆さんにもおありでしょう悪者のゾンビを撃って
(Shooting noises) The name of the game is to get after your enemy zombie bad guys before they get to you, right?	やっつけるゲームですわかりますね？皆さんはこう考えるでしょう
And I'm almost sure most of you have thought,	｢ああ何だってゾンビをやっつけるより
"Oh, come on, can't you do something more intelligent than shooting at zombies?"	もう少しましなことができないの?｣さて一方で
I'd like you to put this kind of knee-jerk reaction in the context of what you would have thought if you had found your girl playing sudoku or your boy reading Shakespeare.	もしお嬢さんが数独をしていたり息子さんがシェークスピアを読んでいたらどんなふうに反応しますか？
Right?	ほとんどの方は素晴らしいと思うでしょう
Most parents would find that great.	なにも毎日ビデオゲームに明け暮れるのが
Well, I'm not going to tell you that playing video games days in and days out is actually good for your health.	健康に良いとは言っていません何事もやりすぎは禁物です
It's not, and binging is never good.	しかし適度であれば
But I'm going to argue that in reasonable doses, actually the very game I showed you at the beginning, those action-packed shooter games have quite powerful effects and positive effects on many different aspects of our behavior.	最初にお見せしたようなアクション射撃ゲームもいろいろな場面で
There's not one week that goes without some major headlines in the media about whether video games are good or bad for you, right?	毎週のように主要メディアにとりあげられています休みなしにです
You're all bombarded with that.	このようなとりとめのない討論はさておき
I'd like to put this kind of Friday night bar discussion aside and get you to actually step into the lab.	実際に研究室をのぞいてみましょう我々が研究室でしていることは
What we do in the lab is actually measure directly, in a quantitative fashion, what is the impact of video games on the brain.	ビデオゲームがどう脳に影響するか定量的に計測することですいくつかの例をお見せします
And so I'm going to take a few examples from our work.	まず最初に
One first saying that I'm sure you all have heard is the fact that too much screen time makes your eyesight worse.	ゲームの画面を長時間見ていると視力が落ちると聞いたことがあると思います視覚の問題です
That's a statement about vision.	皆さんの中にも視覚の専門家がいるでしょう
There may be vision scientists among you.	真偽を確かめるのは簡単です
We actually know how to test that statement.	視力を測ればいいだけです
We can step into the lab and measure how good your vision is.	さて結果はどうでしょう？
Well, guess what?	アクションゲームをプレイしない人
People that don't play a lot of action games, that don't actually spend a lot of time in front of screens, have normal, or what we call corrective-to-normal vision.	つまり画面をあまり見ない人は視力が通常でした当然ですさてビデオゲームに漬かっている人
The issue is what happens with these guys that actually indulge into playing video games like five hours per week, 10 hours per week, 15 hours per week.	１週間に何時間もプレイしている人はどうでしょう１週間に何時間もプレイしている人はどうでしょう彼らの視力はかなり悪いはずです
By that statement, their vision should be really bad, right?	ところが彼らの視力はとても良かったのです
Guess what? Their vision is really, really good.	ゲームをしない人より良かったんです
It's better than those that don't play.	優れていた点は２点です
And it's better in two different ways.	ひとつは雑多なものの中でも
The first way is that they're actually able to resolve small detail in the context of clutter, and though that means being able to read the fine print on a prescription rather than using magnifier glasses, you can actually do it with just your eyesight.	細部を見分ける力つまり細かい文字を読むとき虫眼鏡を使わなくても裸眼で読めるということです
The other way that they are better is actually being able to resolve different levels of gray.	灰色の濃淡を見分けられることです霧の中で車を運転しているとしましょう
Imagine you're driving in a fog.	前の車が見分けられるかどうかで
That makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avoiding the accident, or getting into an accident.	事故にあう確率が変わりますこの実験を基に私たちはゲームを開発しています
So we're actually leveraging that work to develop games for patients with low vision, and to have an impact on retraining their brain to see better.	視覚に問題のある人が頭脳を再訓練して視覚を改善するためのゲームですアクションゲームに関して言えば
Clearly, when it comes to action video games, screen time doesn't make your eyesight worse.	画面を長時間見ても視力は低下しないのですもう一つ俗説を紹介します
Another saying that I'm sure you have all heard around:	「ビデオゲームは集中力を弱め注意力を散漫にする」
Video games lead to attention problems and greater distractability.	さあ研究室では注意力も測れます
Okay, we know how to measure attention in the lab.	テストの方法をご紹介するために
I'm actually going to give you an example of how we do so.	実際にテストをやって見ましょう
I'm going to ask you to participate, so you're going to have to actually play the game with me.	皆さん一緒に参加してください色のついた単語が現れるので文字の色を言ってください
I'm going to show you colored words. I want you to shout out the color of the ink.	用意はいいですか？最初の例です
Right? So this is the first example.	｢椅子｣
["Chair"]	オレンジですね｢テーブル｣緑
Orange, good. ["Table"] Green.	｢黒板｣　赤
["Board"] Audience: Red.Daphne Bavelier:	｢馬｣　黄色
["Horse"] DB: Yellow.	｢黄色｣　赤
["Yellow"] DB: Red.	｢青｣　黄色
["Blue"] DB: Yellow.	何が起こっているか分かりましたね（笑）
Okay, you get my point, right? (Laughter)	なぜこのテストは難しいのでしょう？
You're getting better, but it's hard. Why is it hard?	言葉とその色自体が
Because I introduced a conflict between the word itself and its color.	矛盾しているからです集中力の良し悪しは
How good your attention is determines actually how fast you resolve that conflict, so the young guys here at the top of their game probably, like, did a little better than some of us that are older.	矛盾を解消する早さで決まりますだから若い人は年配の人より良い成績が出せます
What we can show is that when you do this kind of task with people that play a lot of action games, they actually resolve the conflict faster.	このようなテストをしたとき頻繁にゲームをしている人は良い成績を出せるのですつまりアクションゲームをプレイしても
So clearly playing those action games doesn't lead to attention problems.	注意力に問題は生じないのですむしろゲームプレーヤーは
Actually, those action video game players have many other advantages in terms of attention, and one aspect of attention which is also improved for the better is our ability to track objects around in the world.	集中力の面で言えば優れています注意力の一要素である周囲の状況を把握する能力に優れているのです
This is something we use all the time.	例えば車を運転するときです周囲の車や
When you're driving, you're tracking, keeping track of the cars around you.	歩行者や犬の位置を把握していることで
You're also keeping track of the pedestrian, the running dog, and that's how you can actually be safe driving, right?	安全運転が出来るわけです研究室に来た人たちにはコンピューターの前に座ってもらいます
In the lab, we get people to come to the lab, sit in front of a computer screen, and we give them	研究室に来た人たちにはコンピューターの前に座ってもらいます皆さんにもやっていただきましょう
little tasks that I'm going to get you to do again.	黄色い幸福そうな顔と
You're going to see yellow happy faces and a few sad blue faces.	青い悲しそうな顔をお見せします
These are children in the schoolyard in Geneva during a recess during the winter.	冬のジュネーブの子供たちの顔ですほとんどの子供たちは幸せそうです休み時間ですからね悲しそうな子もいますコートを忘れたからです
But a few kids are sad and blue because they've forgotten their coat.	子供たちが動き始めますので
Everybody begins to move around, and your task is to keep track of who had a coat at the beginning and who didn't.	誰が始めにコートを着ていたか着ていなかったか見失わないで下さいちょっとやってみましょう
So I'm just going to show you an example where there is only one sad kid.	悲しそうな子は一人だけなら実際に眼で追えるので
It's easy because you can actually track it with your eyes.	これは簡単です映像が止まってはてなマークが付きました
You can track, you can track, and then when it stops, and there is a question mark, and I ask you, did this kid have a coat or not?	この子はコートを着ていましたか？最初は黄色でしたか青でしたか？
Was it yellow initially or blue?	黄色という声が聞こえました皆さん大丈夫です(笑)
I hear a few yellow. Good. So most of you have a brain.	では皆さんに挑戦してもらいますが
I'm now going to ask you to do the task, but now with a little more challenging task.	今度はもう少し難しくします青い子が３人になります
There are going to be three of them that are blue. Don't move your eyes.	目を動かさないで
Please don't move your eyes.	注意を払う範囲を広げてください
Keep your eyes fixated and expand, pull your attention. That's the only way you can actually do it.	視線を動かしたらダメですよ
If you move your eyes, you're doomed.	黄色ですか青ですか？
Yellow or blue?	聴衆:黄色ダフネ: いいでしょう
Audience: Yellow.DB: Good.	普通の若者は
So your typical normal young adult can have a span of about three or four objects of attention.	３～４つのものに注意を向けられます私たちが今やったようにね
That's what we just did.	アクション・ゲームプレーヤーは注意を６つ７つに向けられます
Your action video game player has a span of about six to seven objects of attention, which is what is shown in this video here.	アクション・ゲームプレーヤーは注意を６つ７つに向けられますではアクション・ゲームをする方やってみましょう

In general, you don't have to go through this exercise, multiplying by a negative 1 and a negative 1.

ー1 を乗算する行程を行う必要はありません。これを認識した場合、

But you should always be able recognize that if you have a minus b over b minus a that that is equal to negative 1.

（a ーb）／（b−a ）は−１です。あるいは、（a ーb）は

Or think of it this way: a minus b is equal to the negative of b minus a.

ー（b−a ）と等しいです。この負の符号を配布する場合

If you distribute this negative sign, you get negative b plus a, which is exactly what this is over here.

ーb＋aが得られます。それはこちらです。これで終了です。

We're all done.

これで終了です。

I'm a brain scientist, and as a brain scientist,

実際にどのように脳が学習するのか

I'm actually interested in how the brain learns, and I'm especially interested in a possibility of making our brains smarter, better and faster.

脳がより賢くより良くより早く働く可能性に特に興味がありますこの観点からゲームについてお話しします

This is in this context I'm going to tell you about video games.

ビデオゲームというと

When we say video games, most of you think about children.

ほとんどの人が子供達を思い浮かべます実際に90％の子供がビデオゲームで遊びます

It's true. Ninety percent of children do play video games.

でも正直言って

But let's be frank.

子供達が寝た後プレイステーションの前に座っているのは誰でしょう？

When the kids are in bed, who is in front of the PlayStation?

皆様のほとんどですプレイヤーの平均年齢は

Most of you.

８歳ではなく 33歳なのです

The average age of a gamer is 33 years old, not eight years old, and in fact, if we look at the projected demographics of video game play, the video game players of tomorrow are older adults.

さらにプレイヤー層から考えれば未来のプレイヤーは高齢者なのです　（笑）

(Laughter)

ビデオゲームは社会にすっかり普及しました

So video [gaming] is pervasive throughout our society.

ゲームは確かに社会に定着し

It is clearly here to stay. It has an amazing impact on our everyday life.

我々の日常に強烈なインパクトを与えています

Consider these statistics released by Activision.

アクティビジョン社によるこの統計を見てください

After one month of release of the game "Call Of Duty:

｢コールオブデューティー:ブラックオプス」の発売後１ヵ月間の

Black Ops," it had been played for 68,000 years worldwide, right?

世界中あわせての合計プレイ時間は６万８千年に及びますこれが線形代数の勉強に使った時間なら

Would any of you complain if this was the case about doing linear algebra?

文句を言う人もいないでしょうそこで我々はこのパワーの活用法を研究しています

So what we are asking in the lab is, how can we leverage that power?

少し話を戻しましょう

Now I want to step back a bit.

家に帰ったらお子さんがゲームで遊んでいた

I know most of you have had the experience of coming back home and finding your kids playing these kinds of games.

という経験が皆さんにもおありでしょう悪者のゾンビを撃って

(Shooting noises) The name of the game is to get after your enemy zombie bad guys before they get to you, right?

やっつけるゲームですわかりますね？皆さんはこう考えるでしょう

And I'm almost sure most of you have thought,

｢ああ何だってゾンビをやっつけるより

"Oh, come on, can't you do something more intelligent than shooting at zombies?"

もう少しましなことができないの?｣さて一方で

I'd like you to put this kind of knee-jerk reaction in the context of what you would have thought if you had found your girl playing sudoku or your boy reading Shakespeare.

もしお嬢さんが数独をしていたり息子さんがシェークスピアを読んでいたらどんなふうに反応しますか？

Right?

ほとんどの方は素晴らしいと思うでしょう

Most parents would find that great.

なにも毎日ビデオゲームに明け暮れるのが

Well, I'm not going to tell you that playing video games days in and days out is actually good for your health.

健康に良いとは言っていません何事もやりすぎは禁物です

It's not, and binging is never good.

しかし適度であれば

But I'm going to argue that in reasonable doses, actually the very game I showed you at the beginning, those action-packed shooter games have quite powerful effects and positive effects on many different aspects of our behavior.

最初にお見せしたようなアクション射撃ゲームもいろいろな場面で

There's not one week that goes without some major headlines in the media about whether video games are good or bad for you, right?

毎週のように主要メディアにとりあげられています休みなしにです

You're all bombarded with that.

このようなとりとめのない討論はさておき

I'd like to put this kind of Friday night bar discussion aside and get you to actually step into the lab.

実際に研究室をのぞいてみましょう我々が研究室でしていることは

What we do in the lab is actually measure directly, in a quantitative fashion, what is the impact of video games on the brain.

ビデオゲームがどう脳に影響するか定量的に計測することですいくつかの例をお見せします

And so I'm going to take a few examples from our work.

まず最初に

One first saying that I'm sure you all have heard is the fact that too much screen time makes your eyesight worse.

ゲームの画面を長時間見ていると視力が落ちると聞いたことがあると思います視覚の問題です

That's a statement about vision.

皆さんの中にも視覚の専門家がいるでしょう

There may be vision scientists among you.

真偽を確かめるのは簡単です

We actually know how to test that statement.

視力を測ればいいだけです

We can step into the lab and measure how good your vision is.

さて結果はどうでしょう？

Well, guess what?

アクションゲームをプレイしない人

People that don't play a lot of action games, that don't actually spend a lot of time in front of screens, have normal, or what we call corrective-to-normal vision.

つまり画面をあまり見ない人は視力が通常でした当然ですさてビデオゲームに漬かっている人

The issue is what happens with these guys that actually indulge into playing video games like five hours per week, 10 hours per week, 15 hours per week.

１週間に何時間もプレイしている人はどうでしょう１週間に何時間もプレイしている人はどうでしょう彼らの視力はかなり悪いはずです

By that statement, their vision should be really bad, right?

ところが彼らの視力はとても良かったのです

Guess what? Their vision is really, really good.

ゲームをしない人より良かったんです

It's better than those that don't play.

優れていた点は２点です

And it's better in two different ways.

ひとつは雑多なものの中でも

The first way is that they're actually able to resolve small detail in the context of clutter, and though that means being able to read the fine print on a prescription rather than using magnifier glasses, you can actually do it with just your eyesight.

細部を見分ける力つまり細かい文字を読むとき虫眼鏡を使わなくても裸眼で読めるということです

The other way that they are better is actually being able to resolve different levels of gray.

灰色の濃淡を見分けられることです霧の中で車を運転しているとしましょう

Imagine you're driving in a fog.

前の車が見分けられるかどうかで

That makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avoiding the accident, or getting into an accident.

事故にあう確率が変わりますこの実験を基に私たちはゲームを開発しています

So we're actually leveraging that work to develop games for patients with low vision, and to have an impact on retraining their brain to see better.

視覚に問題のある人が頭脳を再訓練して視覚を改善するためのゲームですアクションゲームに関して言えば

Clearly, when it comes to action video games, screen time doesn't make your eyesight worse.

画面を長時間見ても視力は低下しないのですもう一つ俗説を紹介します

Another saying that I'm sure you have all heard around:

「ビデオゲームは集中力を弱め注意力を散漫にする」

Video games lead to attention problems and greater distractability.

さあ研究室では注意力も測れます

Okay, we know how to measure attention in the lab.

テストの方法をご紹介するために

I'm actually going to give you an example of how we do so.

実際にテストをやって見ましょう

I'm going to ask you to participate, so you're going to have to actually play the game with me.

皆さん一緒に参加してください色のついた単語が現れるので文字の色を言ってください

I'm going to show you colored words. I want you to shout out the color of the ink.

用意はいいですか？最初の例です

Right? So this is the first example.

｢椅子｣

["Chair"]

オレンジですね｢テーブル｣緑

Orange, good. ["Table"] Green.

｢黒板｣　赤

["Board"] Audience: Red.Daphne Bavelier:

｢馬｣　黄色

["Horse"] DB: Yellow.

｢黄色｣　赤

["Yellow"] DB: Red.

｢青｣　黄色

["Blue"] DB: Yellow.

何が起こっているか分かりましたね（笑）

Okay, you get my point, right? (Laughter)

なぜこのテストは難しいのでしょう？

You're getting better, but it's hard. Why is it hard?

言葉とその色自体が

Because I introduced a conflict between the word itself and its color.

矛盾しているからです集中力の良し悪しは

How good your attention is determines actually how fast you resolve that conflict, so the young guys here at the top of their game probably, like, did a little better than some of us that are older.

矛盾を解消する早さで決まりますだから若い人は年配の人より良い成績が出せます

What we can show is that when you do this kind of task with people that play a lot of action games, they actually resolve the conflict faster.

このようなテストをしたとき頻繁にゲームをしている人は良い成績を出せるのですつまりアクションゲームをプレイしても

So clearly playing those action games doesn't lead to attention problems.

注意力に問題は生じないのですむしろゲームプレーヤーは

Actually, those action video game players have many other advantages in terms of attention, and one aspect of attention which is also improved for the better is our ability to track objects around in the world.

集中力の面で言えば優れています注意力の一要素である周囲の状況を把握する能力に優れているのです

This is something we use all the time.

例えば車を運転するときです周囲の車や

When you're driving, you're tracking, keeping track of the cars around you.

歩行者や犬の位置を把握していることで

You're also keeping track of the pedestrian, the running dog, and that's how you can actually be safe driving, right?

安全運転が出来るわけです研究室に来た人たちにはコンピューターの前に座ってもらいます

In the lab, we get people to come to the lab, sit in front of a computer screen, and we give them

研究室に来た人たちにはコンピューターの前に座ってもらいます皆さんにもやっていただきましょう

little tasks that I'm going to get you to do again.

黄色い幸福そうな顔と

You're going to see yellow happy faces and a few sad blue faces.

青い悲しそうな顔をお見せします

These are children in the schoolyard in Geneva during a recess during the winter.

冬のジュネーブの子供たちの顔ですほとんどの子供たちは幸せそうです休み時間ですからね悲しそうな子もいますコートを忘れたからです

But a few kids are sad and blue because they've forgotten their coat.

子供たちが動き始めますので

Everybody begins to move around, and your task is to keep track of who had a coat at the beginning and who didn't.

誰が始めにコートを着ていたか着ていなかったか見失わないで下さいちょっとやってみましょう

So I'm just going to show you an example where there is only one sad kid.

悲しそうな子は一人だけなら実際に眼で追えるので

It's easy because you can actually track it with your eyes.

これは簡単です映像が止まってはてなマークが付きました

You can track, you can track, and then when it stops, and there is a question mark, and I ask you, did this kid have a coat or not?

この子はコートを着ていましたか？最初は黄色でしたか青でしたか？

Was it yellow initially or blue?

黄色という声が聞こえました皆さん大丈夫です(笑)

I hear a few yellow. Good. So most of you have a brain.

では皆さんに挑戦してもらいますが

I'm now going to ask you to do the task, but now with a little more challenging task.

今度はもう少し難しくします青い子が３人になります

There are going to be three of them that are blue. Don't move your eyes.

目を動かさないで

Please don't move your eyes.

注意を払う範囲を広げてください

Keep your eyes fixated and expand, pull your attention. That's the only way you can actually do it.

視線を動かしたらダメですよ

If you move your eyes, you're doomed.

黄色ですか青ですか？

Yellow or blue?

聴衆:黄色ダフネ: いいでしょう

Audience: Yellow.DB: Good.

普通の若者は

So your typical normal young adult can have a span of about three or four objects of attention.

３～４つのものに注意を向けられます私たちが今やったようにね

That's what we just did.

アクション・ゲームプレーヤーは注意を６つ７つに向けられます

Your action video game player has a span of about six to seven objects of attention, which is what is shown in this video here.

アクション・ゲームプレーヤーは注意を６つ７つに向けられますではアクション・ゲームをする方やってみましょう