BeitTigreAI/tigre-data-parallel-multilingual

tgt_text stringlengths 1 568	src_text stringlengths 1 487	src_lang stringclasses 1 value	tgt_lang stringclasses 7 values
o strengthen its defenses to minimize causalities	ለወራር ለወድየ እዴ እግል ተአቅልል ህይ ሳትሮታተ አደቀበት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o set up temporary medical operating stations	ናይ ዶሉ ናይ ጥበሕ ( ዐመልያት ) ሆስፒታላት አትዳሌት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o carry out widespread seminars to raise the morale of the public and tegadelti	ኤማን ገቢል ወምሔርበት እግል ተአስብት ህይ ሰሚናራት ዋሴዕ ወዲት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o distributed atropine syringes; anti poison gas, to the tegadelti and gas masks were prepared	ድድ ጋዝ ስሙም ለነፈዕ ሕገን ኣንትሮፒን እት ምሔርበት ወዘዐት እተክምሰልሁመ ናይ ካፍሖት ጋዝ ስሙም ማስኬራት ክምሰል ልትዳሌ ወዲት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o the eritrean people’s liberation front was organized in 10 brigades	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ዐስር ብርጌድ ንዙም ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
from all units, additional 3 battalions were formed and all able tegadelti stationed in the base area were assigned to the front line	ምን ክሉ ለውሕዳት ዴሽ ለፋግራት ሰለስ በጠሎኒ ክምሰል ለህልየ ወምነ እት ከልፍየት ለዐለው ድፈዕ እግል ትእቲ ለትቀድር ሒለት አዳምመ እት ድፈዓት ክምሰል ትሸፍፍ ገብአት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
all in all, the total number of fighting force were not more than 13,000	ብዝሑ ናይለ ልትሓረብ ዴሽ ምን 13 አልፍ ለዘይድ ይዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
this meant that the military balance of power was based on the ratio of 1 freedom fighter against 10 ethiopian troops	እሊ በህለት ህይ ሜዛን ሒለት ዐስከርየት ናይ ሰውረት እርትርየ ወዴሽ ደርግ ዎሮት ቅብላት 10 ነፈር እግል ልትሓረብ ዱሉይ ዐለ በህለት ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
besides the slogan of the eritrean people’s liberation front of the day was no matter how big the invading army, it will be consumed by flame of the revolution	“ ለመጽአ ዌራይ ምን መጽእመ ሃብ ሰውረት እግል ልሰውስዩ ቱ " እበ ትብል ስቅራት ለሸሬሕ ተፍኪር ወደሚር ምሑርበት ወገቢል እርትርየ ለዐበ መዳሊት ዋድያም ክምሰል ዐለው ምን ልብ አግል ልብዱ ኢለአስትህል	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the offensive	ለወራር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after two years of massive preparations, mengistu hailemariam and all his cabinet ministers came to asmara to lead and closely monitor the progress	ሐቆ እሊ ክልኤ ሰነት እብ ግዲደን ለነስአ መዳሊት፣ መንግስቱ ህይሌማርያም ምስል ክሎም አንፋር መጅልሱ ወውዘራሁ ለሐርብ ምን ቅሩብ እግል ልወጅሆ ወልታብዖ አስመረ አተው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the war began on february 15th, 1982 and continued uninterrupted for 95 days (i.e. over three months)	ለሐርብ ህዪ ዮም 15 ፈብራይር ሰነት 1982 እንዴ አንበተ እንዴ ኢካርም እግል መደት 95 አምዕል በህለት ዝያደት ሰለስ ወሬሕ አተላለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the offensive began from three fronts	አሊ ወራር እሊ እት ሰለስ ጀብህት ቱ ህጅማቱ ምስል ለአንበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the north eastern sahel front	ጀብህት ( ሳትሮታት ) ቅብለት ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ሳሕል	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the nakfa front	ጀብህት ( ሳትሮታት ) ነቅፈ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the barka and halhal fronts	ጀብህት ( ሳትሮታት ) በርከ ወሐልሐል	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
on the 15th of february (the day the offensive started) it was the 21st military division, that opened the war from koken, barka and was immediately repulsed by the eritrean people’s liberation front	ዮም 15 ፈብራይር ( አምዕል ለሐርብ አንበተየ ) ምን ኮከን ( በርከ ) እንዴ ቀንጸ ለህጅመ '21 ክፈል ዱሽ " አንዴ ኢልትበገስ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እንዱ በነገዩ ዐቅበለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the fighting that lasted for five days from the 18th up to the 22nd of february, the ethiopian army was totally destroyed losing its army and weapons	ለምን ዮም 18-22 እግል ሐምስ አምዕል ለገብአ ሸፍጐ ፣ ዴሽ አቶብየ ሰብኡ ወጽዋሩ እንዴ ትደመረ ትፈራተከ እቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
on the halhal front, the dergue forces were pushed by the subsequent counter offensives of the eritrean people’s liberation front	እብ እንክር ሐልሐል ለዐለ ዴሽ ደርጊመ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እበ ነስኡ ዐለ ምስዳራት ቀበልተ ህዱማት እንዴ ትበነገ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the barka and halhal fronts, 9,000 enemy troops were killed and wounded and 511 were taken as pows	እት ሳትሮታት ጀብህት በርከ ወሐልሐል ሌጠ ሐድ 9 አልፍ ለገብኦ ዐሳክር ደርግ ትቃተለው ወትዳምዐው 511 ህጹ ትጸበጠው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
while the war along barka and halhal was raging, intensive fightings were underway in the three sahel fronts	ለሸፍ እት በርከ ወሐልሐል እት ልተ ’' ላሌ እብ እንክር ሳሕልመ ትደቀበ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
on the 18th of february, the lion of the jungle unit (3rd military division) of the dergue, climbed mount aget and mendeat, and tryed to cut-off the road	‘ ዋበርሄ አንበሰ ስሙይ ለዐለ ናይ ሳልሳይ ክፍሌ-ጦር ዴሽ ደርግ እት ዮም 18 ፈብራይር አድብር ዐገት ወመንደዐት እንዴ ፈግረ ስከት እአግል ልድበአእ ወጠነ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
while one military division was mobilized from rear to capture nakfa one military division, reinforced with heavy artillery brigades were mobilized along the main front	አወላይ ክፍሌ-ጦር ምን-ረሐር እንዲዴ ተሐልበበ ነቅፈ እግል ልጽበጥ ልትፈረር እት ህለ እበ አግደ ሳትሮታት ናይ ነቅፋመ ዎሮት ክፍሌ-ጦር ወናይ ስለሕ ክቡድ ወሰክ ብርጌዳት ትበገሰ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in an attempt to destroy the north eastern sahel front, a military division crossed into the sudan on the 16lh of february and another two military divisions were deployed from all directions and an intensive, coordinated and fierce fighting took place	እተ እግል ፈርተኮት ሳትሮታት ቅብለት-ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ሳሕል ናዊ ለዐለ ህም እት ዮም 16 ፈብራይር ሕዱድ ሶዳን እንዴ ደከለአተ ዎሮት ክፍሌ-ጦር ወእብ እንክራት ብዕድመ ክልኦት ክፍሌ-ጦር ብዕዳም ፍክ ወትንፋስ ለአለቡ ህማት ምሱኑይ ወደ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
besides defending its frontline from the offensive, the eritrean people’s liberation front launched a counter offensive on the right flank of the northern eastern sahel front from 7th to 10th of march the dergue army lost 1,500 troops and numerous its weapons were destroyed	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ክርዐት እሊ ህጅማት አሊ ሌጠ እንዴ ኢልትከረዕ ናይ ቀበልተ ህችማት ምስዳራት እንዴ ነስአ ምን ዮም 7-10 ማርስ እግለ እብ ድማናይ ደንበር ጀብህት ቅብለት ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ሳሕል ለህጅም ለዐለ ዴሽ ደርግ እንዴ ለክዐ ዝያድ 1500 ዐስከሪ ወአጽዋር ብዞሕ ዐጠለ ምኑ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in addition, on the 24th of march, the eritrean people’s liberation front launched another counter offensive against the military division that was taking consecutive attacks crossing through the sudanese border around dembobiet, it cleared it out of the positions it had held and was pushed down towards alakieb	እምበል እሊመ እት ዮም 24 ማርስ እብ ድድለ ምድር ሶዳን እንዴ አበለ እብ እንክር ደምቦቤት ህጅማት ትሉሉይ ወዱዴ ለዐለ ዱሽ አባይህጂችም ቀበልተ እንዴ አትበገሰ ምነ አካናት ሻፍፍ ዐለ እንዴ ከበ ጀህት ዐላኬብ ህንፈዩ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 1,400 troops captured	1400 ትጸበጠው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 10,000 weapons of different type captured	10,000 ለትፈናተ ጅንስ ስለሕ ትሰለበ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 84 heavy trucks destroyed	84 መኪነት ትደመረየ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 28 battle tanks and armored personnel carriers destroyed	28 ደባበት ወዐረባት ድሮዕ ትደመረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 3 mig fighter planes shot down	ሰለስ ጥያረት ሚግ ናይ ሐርብ ወድቀየ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 1 helicopter gunship mi 24 shot down	ሐቴ ሄሊኮፕተር ኤም ኣይ ከስረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
on the eritrean people’s liberation front side	ምን ሰውረት እርትርየ ህይ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o 2,700 tegadelti were martyred and 5,000 tegadelti were lightly and heavily wounded	2,700 ምቈሴርባይ አስተሸህደው 5.000 ህይ ክቡድ ወቀሊል መሓክር ሳደፈዮም ሰበት እሊ እብ ዓመት ምን 13 አልፍ ምሑርበት ዝያድ ሰር ምኖም ምን ሽሂድ እት ሑኩር ምንመ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
o the dergue could not swallow the humiliating defeat of the sixth offensive	ደርግ እት ሳድስ ወራር ለሳደፈዩ መትፈላል ኢትወሐጠ እግሉ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as a result and in a quiet way, it soon began to make massive offensive preparations	እብ ወራር ብዕድ ህጹይ እብ ስቱር እግል ልትዳሌ አነበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the dergue thought that military capability of the eritrean people’s liberation front has been weaken and before the eritrean people’s liberation front regains its capability, a sudden and surprise attack could be fruitful	‘ ጀብህት ሸዕብየት ሳድስ ወራር አትሕዉነ ህለ ሰበት እሊ እንዴ ሬሕ ኢትበልስ ወኢትትዓፈ እንዴ አትህመልከ ዘቢጠ በሰር ሰኒ ቱ እበ ትብል ክጠት እት ወሬሕ ማርስ ሰነት 1983 ወራር ብዕድ አንበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
thus, unlike the sixth offensive, the new offensive was launched stealthily to surprise the eritrean revolution	እሊ ወራር ለሐዲስ ኢክምሰል ናይ ሳድስ ወራር ሕኔት እብ አዋጅ ሰውረት እርትርየ እግል አትህመሎት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
this offensive is duly named by the eritrean people’s liberation front as the stealth offensive	አብ ስቱር ህረሰዩ “ስቱር ወራር " ለትበህለ እቡ ሰበብ ህጹ ህቱ ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the stealth offensive began at a time when the eritrean people’s liberation front had not fully regained from the sixth offensive and had exacted heavy causalities	ስቱር ወራር እት አሰርለ ጀ.ሸ. ዐውል ቃሊ ለደፍዐት እቱ ሳድስ ወራር አገድ አንበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in addition to these, the enemy forces had better fighting tactics and good choice of terrain and all these added up, made the offensive as challenging as the sixth offensive	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እተ ሓለቱ ለጠቢዕየት እንዴ ኢለዐቀብል ሰበት ቀንጸ እቱ ወእት በሰር ሐርብ ወሕርያን አካናት ሐርብ ለሑሰት ቅድረት ወበሰር ለትረአ እቱ አክል ናይ ሳድስ ወራር ጸገም ጠልበ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the dergue lost 25000 troops in the offensive that had lasted up to mid august, 1983	አስክ ክፍለት ወሬሕ አጉስቶስ ሰነት 1983 ለአተሳላለ ወራር ደርግ ሐድ 25 አልፍ ዐስከሪ እንዴ ከስረ ፈሽለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the failure of the stealth offensive eventually weakened the ethiopian forces that had hoped to destroy the eritrean revolution with all its resources and power	ፈሸል እሊ እብ ክለ ሒለቱ ሰውረት እርትርየ እግል ለአብዴዱ ብጉስ ለዐለ ዴሽ አቶብየ አትሐወነዩ ወሰእየት አብተከዩ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
questions	ሰኣላት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
mention all kinds of preparations carried out by the dergue for the sixth offensive	ደርግ እግል ሳድስ ወራር ለወደዩ መዳሊት ቫሻምል ሽርሖ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
explain the outcome of the red star campaign	ፍገሪት ፊራሮ “ ኮከብ ቀይሕ " ከሮፎ ክምሰል ዐለት ሽርሖ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
question and discussion period	ሕሰት ህድግ ወሰኣላት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
discussion in groups	በርናምጅድ ህድግ መጃሚዕ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
every classroom forms groups, with each group electing a chairperson and secretary and discussing on assigned topics.	ክል ፈስል እት መጃሜዕ እንዴዱ ትካፈለት ርኢስ ወከታብ እንዴ ሐሬት እብ አሳስለ አርእስ ለእሉ ትትህየብ ሕበር ተህድግ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
a summary of the discussion is then presented to the class.	መጃሜዕ Ve ፍገሪት ህድት እንዴ ጨመእት ፈስል ቀድም።	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
assuming a period is 60 minutes long, 25 minutes are allocated for the discussion part and the remaining 35 minutes for the group presentations.	ሐቱ ሕሰት 60 ደቂቀት እንዴ ተሐሰበት እግል ህድግ ለልትህየብ ወቅት 25 ደቂቀት ቱ። መጃሜዕ ተቃሪሩ ለቀድም እቱ ወቅት ህይ 35 ደቂቀት እግል ልግበእ ቀድር።	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
points for grop discussion	ንቃጥ ህድግ መጃሚዕ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
discuss whether the decision to make a strategic withdrawal was a correct decision or not and why	ሰውረት እርትርየ ለነስአተ ምስዳር እንሰሓብ ራትዐት ዐለት መስል እትኩም እግል ሚ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
discuss whether the civil war between the eritrean liberation front and eritrean people’s liberation front was avoidable	ፍንጌ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ወጀብህት ሸዕብየት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ለቀንጸ ሐርብ ሕድ አግል ልትሳሬ ቀድር ዐለ መስለኩም ሕበር ህደጎ እቱ።	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
discuss the role of the base area in the success of the protracted peoples war	ከልፍየት እት ዐወቶት ናይለ ትራየመት ግድለ ገቢል ለበ ተ ተረት ህደጎ እተ።	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
no matter how big the invading army, it will be consumed by flame of the revolution	ለመጽአ ዌራይ ምን መጽእ ሃብ ሰውረት እግል ልቅለዩ ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
represented the nationalist feelings of fighters and the eritrean people	ለትወክል ሓለት ኤማን ወደሚር እሱስ ለዐለ መዳሊት ምቈርበት ወገቢል እርትርየ ድድ ሳድስ ወራር ዐለ።	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
discuss the role of a psychological preparation to achieve victory by take into consideration the sixth offensive as a case	መዳሊት መዕነውየት ወኤማን እት ዐውቱ ለቡ ተ ተረት ሳድስ ወራር መሰል እንዴ ወዴኩም ህደጎ እቱ።	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
transition of eritrean revolution towards an offensive phase (1984-1987)	መትዐዳይ ሰውረት እርትርየ እት መርሐለት ህጅም (1984-1987)	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
lesson goals	ለትትስኤ ፍገሪት ምህሮ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
at the end of this lesson; students are expected to gain basic knowledge about the following points:	እት ደንጎበ ናይ እሊ ምህሮ እሊ ደረሰ እብ ክሱስ እሊ ለተሌ መጃላት ፈህም መአንብታይ እግል ለህሌ እግሎም ልትሰአው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the role of the confrontations of 1978-1983, in transitioning the eritrean revolution from a defensive to an offensive mode.	ምን ሰነት 1978-83 ለገብአ ጌራታት ሰውረት እርትርየ እት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the capture of the towns of alighidr, tessenie, barentu. the destruction of the wukaw command (north eastern sahel front), the commando operation at the asmara air force base.	መርሐለት ህጅም እግል ትትዐዴ ለዐለት እግሉ ተረት መትጸባጥ መደይን ዐሊ-ግድር ተሰነይ ባረንቱ መትደውሻሽ ውቃው እዝ ወዐመልየት ኮማንዶ እት መከረይ ጥያራት አስመረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
cultural activities of the eritrean people’s liberation front	ነሻጣት ዓዳት ሰውረት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
global military experience conventional warfare has three phases	ዲብ ተጃሪብ ዕስክርየት እዲነ ሐርብ ለመድ ሰለስ መርሐለት እግል ለህልየ እግሉ ቀድር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the first phase, the one who have the upper hand launches (to achieve certain objective) an offensive while the other side defends	እተ መርሐለት ለአወለይት ሜዛን ሒለት እት መስለሐተ ለህለ ጀሀት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
this second stage is called a stalemate	እለ ካልአይት መርሓለት እለ መሎስ ትትበህል	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after sometime the balance of power again shifts to one or the other side and the one with the upper hand launches an offensive finishing the war in victory	እት ናይ ደንጎበ መርሐለት ሳልሰይት ህይ ለሜዛን ሒለት እት እንክር ዎሮት ልትደለል	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
if the offensive force is weakened in the process and is reduced to the level of the defensive force, a stage where no one has an upper hand is reached	ለእንክር ለትሩድ ህጹይ ለሐዋን እንዴ ህጅመ ለሐርብ እብ ዐውቴሁ እግል ለኣተክትሙ ቀድር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the period after the strategic withdrawal up to 1983, the ethiopian colonial army was in the offensive, while the eritrean revolution was on the defensive	ምን መደት እንሰሓብ አስክ ሰነት 1983 ለዐለት መርሐለት እስትዕማር አቶብየ እት ህጂም ወሰውረት እርትርየ ህጹይ እት ካፍሖት ዐለው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
despite conducting seven successive offensives, it could not succeed	አባይ እስትራተጅያይ ቀረዱ በህለት በደ ሰውረት እርትርየ እግል ለሐቅቅ፥ ሰቦዕ ወራር ትሉሉያም ምንመ ለአትበግስ ኢተዐወተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean revolution was able to successfully foil the offensives, however, before turning towards an offensive it had to strengthen its force	ሰውረት እርትርያመ እግል እሊ ወራራት እሊ እብ ኤማን ወበቃዐት ምንመ ትባጠረቱ ወአፍሸለቱ እት መርሐለት ህችም እግል ትትዐዴ ላተ ሒለተ እግል ትርጀዕ ወትትደቀብ ዐለት እግለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
for the eritrean revolution the defensive phase was of paramount importance in transitioning into the offensive phase	መርሐለት ካፍሖት ሰውረት እርትርየ እት መርሐለት ህጅም እግል ትሕለፈ ሰኒ ምህመት ወእኔፍዐይት ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
hence, in the experience of the eritrean revolution, it can be said that the stalemate period was the period where the revolution laid the basis for the transition into the offensive stage	ደብህት ሸዕብየት ምን ሰነት 1983-1987 ለአተላሌት ካልአይት መርሐለት መሎስ እት መርሐለት ህችጅም እግል ትትዐደዩ ለለአቀድረ ዐቅም ወሒለት ለረክበት እተ መርሐለት ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as an illustration to this, the eritrean people’s liberation front attacked & liberated tessenie and alighidr in january of 1984	ተኣምሪት ናይ እለ ሐቂቀት እለ ህዪ ጀ.ሸ. እት ወሬሕ ዩናይር ሰነት 1984 መደይን ተሰነይ ወዐሊ-ግድር እንዴ ጸብጠት ሐረረተን	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
again on 22 february of 1984, eritrean people’s liberation front launched an attack on the colonial army that was garrisoned in the northern sahel front for over five years	እት ዮም 22 ወሬሕ ፈብራይር ሰነት 1984 ህዪ ለእት ቅብለት ሳሕል ሻፍፍ ለዐለ ዴሽ እስትዕማር ዘብጠት እትሊ ምድር አሊ ዴሽ አባይ እግል 5 ሰነት እብ ግዲደን ሻፍፍ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
even though, the first attack of the eritrean people’s liberation front didnt succeed, in the second attack, which was conducted between 19 and 21 march, the epla managed to destroy the entire front and capture the entire area	ለናይ ሰልፍ ጀርቤ ፫፭፳. ምንመ ኢትትዐወት እተ ምን ዮም 19-21 ማርስ ለገብአ ህጁም ላተ ለጀብህት ረአሰ-ቀደም እንዴ ትደውሸሸት፣ ለምድር እት እዴ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ በርደ እትሊ ሐርብ እሊ አባይ ሐድ 9 አልፍ ዐስከሪ ከስረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in this attack the enemy lost around 7,000 soldiers, and over four-fifth of its military hardware that was located in the front was captured	አርበዕ-ሕምሲት (4/5) ናይለ እቱ ለዐለ መሻቀዪታት ወኣላት ህይ ምልክ ዱዲሽ ሸዕቢ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
two months after the destruction of the wuqaw command, eritrean people’s liberation front commando unit executed an operation that was unique in its organization and intelligence with devastating and precise destruction of 33 war planes inside the asmara air force base	መትደውሻሸ ውቃው እዝ እት ካልእ ወርሑ ረቃቀት ክጠቱ ወደረጀት መትነዛሙ ተአትዐጅብ ለዐለት ምንኮር " ለአተበለ ወ 33 ጥያረት ሐርብ አባይ ለትደመረየ እቱ ህጅም ኮማንዶ እት መጣር አስመረ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
this operation was a source of pride and key in creating a renewed feeling of optimism in the eritrean population and it was a shock and brought shame to the enemy creating a feeling of defeat it was unique and a remarkable operation in the history of the armed struggle	እለ ዐመልየት እለ እግል ሸዐብ እርትርየ ሐበን ወፋሽቭ ወአእግል አባይ ህይ ክጅል ወሐሳር ወድንጋጽ ወናይ መትፈላል በታከት ሰእየት ለከልቀት ሐቱ ምነ ትወቀለ ወለዐበ እት ግድለ ስለሕ ሰውረት እርትርየ ለገብአ ለለሐብን ዐመልያት ፍሩግ ሐቱ ተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in addition to this, the eritrean people’s liberation front was conducting special penetrating raids deep behind enemy lines especially in the western part of eritrea	እምበል እሊመ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ግረ ሳትሮታት አባይ ወእብ ፍንቲት እት ግብለት ዐመልያት ONG ወደ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as a culmination these penetrating raids, the eritrean people’s liberation front carried out an attack on barentu in july 5, 1985 and liberated the town	ለዐመልያት እሊ እተ ትወቀለት ደረጀቱ እግል ዓበዮት ህዪ እት ዮም 5 ዩልዮ ሰነት 1985 መዲነት ባረንቱ ዘብጠ ወሐረረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the dergue was considering barentu as a symbol of resilience and could not accept loosing the it forever	ምናተ ደርግ እግል ተኣምሪት ሰባቱ እንዴ ወደ ለሐስበ ለዐለ መዲነት ባረንቱ እግል ዲመ-ደመይን እግል ልሕገለ መትከባተ አበ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the dergue regrouped and brought forces from far places like the ogaden and managed to recapture barentu, tessenei and alighidir after several attempts	እለ እግል ልብለስ ህጹይ አስክለ እት ኦጋዴን ለዐለ ዴሹ እንዴ ሐየበ ህማት ድቂብ ወደ እግል ዶሉ ህዬ እግል መዲነት ባረንቱ ተሰነይ ወዐሊ-ግድር ህጹይ እግል ዶሉ በልሰየን	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after the battle of barentu, the dergue launched its eighth and last offensive: "operation bahri negash" on october 10, 1985	ሐቆ መዕረከት ባረንቱ ደርግ እግለ " ወፍሪ በሐሪ-ነጋሽ " ( ፊራሮ በሐር-ነጋሽ ) ለሰመዩ ሳምን ወናይ ደንጎበ ወራሩ እት ዮም 10 ኦክቶበር ሰነት 1985 ህረሰዩ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after two consecutive attacks and a loss of 17,000 soldiers, the offensive came to an end	ሐቆ ናይ ክልኦት ወሬሕ ህችማት ትሉሉይ ህዪይ ከሳር ናይ ሐድ 17 አልፍ ነፈር እንዴ ጀሬት እቱ ከጠንሸ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
there after the eritrean people’s liberation front launched a widened guerrilla and commando operations in many comers of the country	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ብዞሕ አካናት ዐድነ ናይ ከሚናት ወኮማንዶ ዐመልያት አውሰዐ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
these operations on their part continuously engaged the enemy and hindered it from regrouping and conducting another massive military operation or taking initiatives	AA እብ ተረቱ አባይ ህዱማት እግል ኢለአትበግስ ማኔዕ ገብአ እቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
cultural activities	ወራታት ዓዳት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean people’s liberation front from its inception had taken the cultural activities as part and parcel of the armed struggle and had been working on it	ጅ. ሸ. ምን አምዕል መትወላደ እንዴ አንበተት እግል ነሻጣት ዓዳት ክምምሰል አግደ ክፋል ናይ ግድለ ገቢል እንዴ ሐስበቱ ትሸቄ እቱ ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
especially after the strategic withdrawal from 1979 onwards, the cultural activities that were allowed to mushroom throughout the organization were a big leap forward in building a new national culture	እብ ፍንቲት ሐቆ እንሰሓብ ምን ሰነት 1979 እንዴ አንበተት እት ክሉ ከፈፍል ናይለ ተንዚም ለኣንበተ በራምጅ ዋሴዕ አሳስ ዓዳት ሐዲስ እት ክርየት ምስዳር ሐቱ ቀጽ-ቀደም ጋብእ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
music, theater, literature and artistic groups were established	ፍረቅ ናይ ሙሲቀት ተማሲል አምር-ክቱብ ወፈን እንዴ ተአሰሰ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
during the period when the eritrean people’s liberation front was transitioning into the offensive phase, wide cultural activities were carried out in the field and abroad	እት መደት ለዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት መርሐለት ህጅም ተዐደ ዲበ ህይ ጅ. ሸ. እት ዐድ ልግበአ ወእት ካርጅ በርናምጃት ዋሴዕ ናይ ዓዳት ትወዴ ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the field, beside regular cultural activities that were being conducted at the unit level, grand cultural festivals were organized	እት ሐረት ግድለ እርትርየ እምበለ እት ክሉ ውሕዳት ገብእ ለዐለ ነሻጣት ዓዳት ዓያድ ዐበዪመ ገብእ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
for example on september 1, 1986, on the occasion of the silver anniversary of the start of the armed struggle, a grand cultural festival was conducted in the presence of nationals and friends of the eritrean revolution	እት ሄለል ሰብተምበር ሰነት 1986 እብ ምስምሰ እዮቤል ፍዲ ናይ መትአንባት ግድለ ስለሕ ምን ቀበት ዐድ ወካርጅ ለመጽአው ምዋጥኒን ወፈተች ሰውረት እርትርየ ለሐድረዉ ዒድ ዐቢ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
an international symposium on research and development aimed at laying the foundation and developing future eritreas education and research was conducted in july 1988	እምበል እሊመ እት ሐረት ግድለ ስለሕ እርትርየ ገብእ ለዐለ አሳስ እርትርየ ሐዳስ ለከሬ ወለቀይም ተዕሊም ወብሑስ እግል አጠወሮት ወዓበዮት መሻርከት ብዝሓም ለሐድረዉ እድንያይ ወዕለ በሐስ ዐቦት እት ወሬሕ ዩልዮ ሰነት 1988 እት ደዋይሕ ነቅፈ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
efforts were made to organize eritrean communities in the diaspora these communities, in addition to supporting the eritrean revolution, were instrumental in fostering national identity and culture the annual bologna festival in italy which started in the early 1980s was a typical examples of such successful cultural events carried out abroad	እት ዐለዮ ለዐለው እርትርዪን እት መሓብር ወጠናይ ወኮማት እንዴ ትነዘመው ወተሐየበው እት ግድል አ ወጠን እግል ልሻርኮ ወጅንስየቶም ወዓዳቶም እግል ልዕቀቦ አጸግም ብዞሕ ገብአ እት ቦሎንየ ጥልያን ምን ሰነት 1984-1991 ክል-ሰነት ገብእ ለዐለ መህረጃን እርትርዪን ዋሴዕ ህጹይ በርናምጅ ሰኒ ምህም እት እንቱ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
questions	ሰኣላት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
elaborate the difference between the stalemate and offensive phases	ፍንኔዪ መራሕል መሎስ ወህጅም ለዐለ ፈርግ ሚ ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
list the developments that show the transition from a stalemate to an offensive phase	ምን መርሐለት መሎስ እት መርሐለት ህችጅም ክምሰል ተዐዴት ለአምጸአቱ ተጠውራት ዘርዝሮ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn

o strengthen its defenses to minimize causalities

ለወራር ለወድየ እዴ እግል ተአቅልል ህይ ሳትሮታተ አደቀበት

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o set up temporary medical operating stations

ናይ ዶሉ ናይ ጥበሕ ( ዐመልያት ) ሆስፒታላት አትዳሌት

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o carry out widespread seminars to raise the morale of the public and tegadelti

ኤማን ገቢል ወምሔርበት እግል ተአስብት ህይ ሰሚናራት ዋሴዕ ወዲት

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o distributed atropine syringes; anti poison gas, to the tegadelti and gas masks were prepared

ድድ ጋዝ ስሙም ለነፈዕ ሕገን ኣንትሮፒን እት ምሔርበት ወዘዐት እተክምሰልሁመ ናይ ካፍሖት ጋዝ ስሙም ማስኬራት ክምሰል ልትዳሌ ወዲት

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o the eritrean people’s liberation front was organized in 10 brigades

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ዐስር ብርጌድ ንዙም ዐለ

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from all units, additional 3 battalions were formed and all able tegadelti stationed in the base area were assigned to the front line

ምን ክሉ ለውሕዳት ዴሽ ለፋግራት ሰለስ በጠሎኒ ክምሰል ለህልየ ወምነ እት ከልፍየት ለዐለው ድፈዕ እግል ትእቲ ለትቀድር ሒለት አዳምመ እት ድፈዓት ክምሰል ትሸፍፍ ገብአት

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all in all, the total number of fighting force were not more than 13,000

ብዝሑ ናይለ ልትሓረብ ዴሽ ምን 13 አልፍ ለዘይድ ይዐለ

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this meant that the military balance of power was based on the ratio of 1 freedom fighter against 10 ethiopian troops

እሊ በህለት ህይ ሜዛን ሒለት ዐስከርየት ናይ ሰውረት እርትርየ ወዴሽ ደርግ ዎሮት ቅብላት 10 ነፈር እግል ልትሓረብ ዱሉይ ዐለ በህለት ቱ

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besides the slogan of the eritrean people’s liberation front of the day was no matter how big the invading army, it will be consumed by flame of the revolution

“ ለመጽአ ዌራይ ምን መጽእመ ሃብ ሰውረት እግል ልሰውስዩ ቱ " እበ ትብል ስቅራት ለሸሬሕ ተፍኪር ወደሚር ምሑርበት ወገቢል እርትርየ ለዐበ መዳሊት ዋድያም ክምሰል ዐለው ምን ልብ አግል ልብዱ ኢለአስትህል

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the offensive

ለወራር

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after two years of massive preparations, mengistu hailemariam and all his cabinet ministers came to asmara to lead and closely monitor the progress

ሐቆ እሊ ክልኤ ሰነት እብ ግዲደን ለነስአ መዳሊት፣ መንግስቱ ህይሌማርያም ምስል ክሎም አንፋር መጅልሱ ወውዘራሁ ለሐርብ ምን ቅሩብ እግል ልወጅሆ ወልታብዖ አስመረ አተው

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the war began on february 15th, 1982 and continued uninterrupted for 95 days (i.e. over three months)

ለሐርብ ህዪ ዮም 15 ፈብራይር ሰነት 1982 እንዴ አንበተ እንዴ ኢካርም እግል መደት 95 አምዕል በህለት ዝያደት ሰለስ ወሬሕ አተላለ

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the offensive began from three fronts

አሊ ወራር እሊ እት ሰለስ ጀብህት ቱ ህጅማቱ ምስል ለአንበተ

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the north eastern sahel front

ጀብህት ( ሳትሮታት ) ቅብለት ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ሳሕል

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the nakfa front

ጀብህት ( ሳትሮታት ) ነቅፈ

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the barka and halhal fronts

ጀብህት ( ሳትሮታት ) በርከ ወሐልሐል

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on the 15th of february (the day the offensive started) it was the 21st military division, that opened the war from koken, barka and was immediately repulsed by the eritrean people’s liberation front

ዮም 15 ፈብራይር ( አምዕል ለሐርብ አንበተየ ) ምን ኮከን ( በርከ ) እንዴ ቀንጸ ለህጅመ '21 ክፈል ዱሽ " አንዴ ኢልትበገስ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እንዱ በነገዩ ዐቅበለ

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in the fighting that lasted for five days from the 18th up to the 22nd of february, the ethiopian army was totally destroyed losing its army and weapons

ለምን ዮም 18-22 እግል ሐምስ አምዕል ለገብአ ሸፍጐ ፣ ዴሽ አቶብየ ሰብኡ ወጽዋሩ እንዴ ትደመረ ትፈራተከ እቱ

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on the halhal front, the dergue forces were pushed by the subsequent counter offensives of the eritrean people’s liberation front

እብ እንክር ሐልሐል ለዐለ ዴሽ ደርጊመ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እበ ነስኡ ዐለ ምስዳራት ቀበልተ ህዱማት እንዴ ትበነገ

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eng_Latn

in the barka and halhal fronts, 9,000 enemy troops were killed and wounded and 511 were taken as pows

እት ሳትሮታት ጀብህት በርከ ወሐልሐል ሌጠ ሐድ 9 አልፍ ለገብኦ ዐሳክር ደርግ ትቃተለው ወትዳምዐው 511 ህጹ ትጸበጠው

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

while the war along barka and halhal was raging, intensive fightings were underway in the three sahel fronts

ለሸፍ እት በርከ ወሐልሐል እት ልተ ’' ላሌ እብ እንክር ሳሕልመ ትደቀበ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

on the 18th of february, the lion of the jungle unit (3rd military division) of the dergue, climbed mount aget and mendeat, and tryed to cut-off the road

‘ ዋበርሄ አንበሰ ስሙይ ለዐለ ናይ ሳልሳይ ክፍሌ-ጦር ዴሽ ደርግ እት ዮም 18 ፈብራይር አድብር ዐገት ወመንደዐት እንዴ ፈግረ ስከት እአግል ልድበአእ ወጠነ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

while one military division was mobilized from rear to capture nakfa one military division, reinforced with heavy artillery brigades were mobilized along the main front

አወላይ ክፍሌ-ጦር ምን-ረሐር እንዲዴ ተሐልበበ ነቅፈ እግል ልጽበጥ ልትፈረር እት ህለ እበ አግደ ሳትሮታት ናይ ነቅፋመ ዎሮት ክፍሌ-ጦር ወናይ ስለሕ ክቡድ ወሰክ ብርጌዳት ትበገሰ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in an attempt to destroy the north eastern sahel front, a military division crossed into the sudan on the 16lh of february and another two military divisions were deployed from all directions and an intensive, coordinated and fierce fighting took place

እተ እግል ፈርተኮት ሳትሮታት ቅብለት-ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ሳሕል ናዊ ለዐለ ህም እት ዮም 16 ፈብራይር ሕዱድ ሶዳን እንዴ ደከለአተ ዎሮት ክፍሌ-ጦር ወእብ እንክራት ብዕድመ ክልኦት ክፍሌ-ጦር ብዕዳም ፍክ ወትንፋስ ለአለቡ ህማት ምሱኑይ ወደ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

besides defending its frontline from the offensive, the eritrean people’s liberation front launched a counter offensive on the right flank of the northern eastern sahel front from 7th to 10th of march the dergue army lost 1,500 troops and numerous its weapons were destroyed

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ክርዐት እሊ ህጅማት አሊ ሌጠ እንዴ ኢልትከረዕ ናይ ቀበልተ ህችማት ምስዳራት እንዴ ነስአ ምን ዮም 7-10 ማርስ እግለ እብ ድማናይ ደንበር ጀብህት ቅብለት ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ሳሕል ለህጅም ለዐለ ዴሽ ደርግ እንዴ ለክዐ ዝያድ 1500 ዐስከሪ ወአጽዋር ብዞሕ ዐጠለ ምኑ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in addition, on the 24th of march, the eritrean people’s liberation front launched another counter offensive against the military division that was taking consecutive attacks crossing through the sudanese border around dembobiet, it cleared it out of the positions it had held and was pushed down towards alakieb

እምበል እሊመ እት ዮም 24 ማርስ እብ ድድለ ምድር ሶዳን እንዴ አበለ እብ እንክር ደምቦቤት ህጅማት ትሉሉይ ወዱዴ ለዐለ ዱሽ አባይህጂችም ቀበልተ እንዴ አትበገሰ ምነ አካናት ሻፍፍ ዐለ እንዴ ከበ ጀህት ዐላኬብ ህንፈዩ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 1,400 troops captured

1400 ትጸበጠው

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 10,000 weapons of different type captured

10,000 ለትፈናተ ጅንስ ስለሕ ትሰለበ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 84 heavy trucks destroyed

84 መኪነት ትደመረየ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 28 battle tanks and armored personnel carriers destroyed

28 ደባበት ወዐረባት ድሮዕ ትደመረ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 3 mig fighter planes shot down

ሰለስ ጥያረት ሚግ ናይ ሐርብ ወድቀየ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 1 helicopter gunship mi 24 shot down

ሐቴ ሄሊኮፕተር ኤም ኣይ ከስረ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

on the eritrean people’s liberation front side

ምን ሰውረት እርትርየ ህይ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o 2,700 tegadelti were martyred and 5,000 tegadelti were lightly and heavily wounded

2,700 ምቈሴርባይ አስተሸህደው 5.000 ህይ ክቡድ ወቀሊል መሓክር ሳደፈዮም ሰበት እሊ እብ ዓመት ምን 13 አልፍ ምሑርበት ዝያድ ሰር ምኖም ምን ሽሂድ እት ሑኩር ምንመ ገብአ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

o the dergue could not swallow the humiliating defeat of the sixth offensive

ደርግ እት ሳድስ ወራር ለሳደፈዩ መትፈላል ኢትወሐጠ እግሉ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

as a result and in a quiet way, it soon began to make massive offensive preparations

እብ ወራር ብዕድ ህጹይ እብ ስቱር እግል ልትዳሌ አነበተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the dergue thought that military capability of the eritrean people’s liberation front has been weaken and before the eritrean people’s liberation front regains its capability, a sudden and surprise attack could be fruitful

‘ ጀብህት ሸዕብየት ሳድስ ወራር አትሕዉነ ህለ ሰበት እሊ እንዴ ሬሕ ኢትበልስ ወኢትትዓፈ እንዴ አትህመልከ ዘቢጠ በሰር ሰኒ ቱ እበ ትብል ክጠት እት ወሬሕ ማርስ ሰነት 1983 ወራር ብዕድ አንበተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

thus, unlike the sixth offensive, the new offensive was launched stealthily to surprise the eritrean revolution

እሊ ወራር ለሐዲስ ኢክምሰል ናይ ሳድስ ወራር ሕኔት እብ አዋጅ ሰውረት እርትርየ እግል አትህመሎት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

this offensive is duly named by the eritrean people’s liberation front as the stealth offensive

አብ ስቱር ህረሰዩ “ስቱር ወራር " ለትበህለ እቡ ሰበብ ህጹ ህቱ ቱ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the stealth offensive began at a time when the eritrean people’s liberation front had not fully regained from the sixth offensive and had exacted heavy causalities

ስቱር ወራር እት አሰርለ ጀ.ሸ. ዐውል ቃሊ ለደፍዐት እቱ ሳድስ ወራር አገድ አንበተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in addition to these, the enemy forces had better fighting tactics and good choice of terrain and all these added up, made the offensive as challenging as the sixth offensive

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እተ ሓለቱ ለጠቢዕየት እንዴ ኢለዐቀብል ሰበት ቀንጸ እቱ ወእት በሰር ሐርብ ወሕርያን አካናት ሐርብ ለሑሰት ቅድረት ወበሰር ለትረአ እቱ አክል ናይ ሳድስ ወራር ጸገም ጠልበ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the dergue lost 25000 troops in the offensive that had lasted up to mid august, 1983

አስክ ክፍለት ወሬሕ አጉስቶስ ሰነት 1983 ለአተሳላለ ወራር ደርግ ሐድ 25 አልፍ ዐስከሪ እንዴ ከስረ ፈሽለ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the failure of the stealth offensive eventually weakened the ethiopian forces that had hoped to destroy the eritrean revolution with all its resources and power

ፈሸል እሊ እብ ክለ ሒለቱ ሰውረት እርትርየ እግል ለአብዴዱ ብጉስ ለዐለ ዴሽ አቶብየ አትሐወነዩ ወሰእየት አብተከዩ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

questions

ሰኣላት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

mention all kinds of preparations carried out by the dergue for the sixth offensive

ደርግ እግል ሳድስ ወራር ለወደዩ መዳሊት ቫሻምል ሽርሖ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

explain the outcome of the red star campaign

ፍገሪት ፊራሮ “ ኮከብ ቀይሕ " ከሮፎ ክምሰል ዐለት ሽርሖ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

question and discussion period

ሕሰት ህድግ ወሰኣላት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

discussion in groups

በርናምጅድ ህድግ መጃሚዕ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

every classroom forms groups, with each group electing a chairperson and secretary and discussing on assigned topics.

ክል ፈስል እት መጃሜዕ እንዴዱ ትካፈለት ርኢስ ወከታብ እንዴ ሐሬት እብ አሳስለ አርእስ ለእሉ ትትህየብ ሕበር ተህድግ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

a summary of the discussion is then presented to the class.

መጃሜዕ Ve ፍገሪት ህድት እንዴ ጨመእት ፈስል ቀድም።

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

assuming a period is 60 minutes long, 25 minutes are allocated for the discussion part and the remaining 35 minutes for the group presentations.

ሐቱ ሕሰት 60 ደቂቀት እንዴ ተሐሰበት እግል ህድግ ለልትህየብ ወቅት 25 ደቂቀት ቱ። መጃሜዕ ተቃሪሩ ለቀድም እቱ ወቅት ህይ 35 ደቂቀት እግል ልግበእ ቀድር።

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

points for grop discussion

ንቃጥ ህድግ መጃሚዕ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

discuss whether the decision to make a strategic withdrawal was a correct decision or not and why

ሰውረት እርትርየ ለነስአተ ምስዳር እንሰሓብ ራትዐት ዐለት መስል እትኩም እግል ሚ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

discuss whether the civil war between the eritrean liberation front and eritrean people’s liberation front was avoidable

ፍንጌ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ወጀብህት ሸዕብየት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ለቀንጸ ሐርብ ሕድ አግል ልትሳሬ ቀድር ዐለ መስለኩም ሕበር ህደጎ እቱ።

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

discuss the role of the base area in the success of the protracted peoples war

ከልፍየት እት ዐወቶት ናይለ ትራየመት ግድለ ገቢል ለበ ተ ተረት ህደጎ እተ።

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

no matter how big the invading army, it will be consumed by flame of the revolution

ለመጽአ ዌራይ ምን መጽእ ሃብ ሰውረት እግል ልቅለዩ ቱ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

represented the nationalist feelings of fighters and the eritrean people

ለትወክል ሓለት ኤማን ወደሚር እሱስ ለዐለ መዳሊት ምቈርበት ወገቢል እርትርየ ድድ ሳድስ ወራር ዐለ።

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

discuss the role of a psychological preparation to achieve victory by take into consideration the sixth offensive as a case

መዳሊት መዕነውየት ወኤማን እት ዐውቱ ለቡ ተ ተረት ሳድስ ወራር መሰል እንዴ ወዴኩም ህደጎ እቱ።

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

transition of eritrean revolution towards an offensive phase (1984-1987)

መትዐዳይ ሰውረት እርትርየ እት መርሐለት ህጅም (1984-1987)

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

lesson goals

ለትትስኤ ፍገሪት ምህሮ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

at the end of this lesson; students are expected to gain basic knowledge about the following points:

እት ደንጎበ ናይ እሊ ምህሮ እሊ ደረሰ እብ ክሱስ እሊ ለተሌ መጃላት ፈህም መአንብታይ እግል ለህሌ እግሎም ልትሰአው

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the role of the confrontations of 1978-1983, in transitioning the eritrean revolution from a defensive to an offensive mode.

ምን ሰነት 1978-83 ለገብአ ጌራታት ሰውረት እርትርየ እት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the capture of the towns of alighidr, tessenie, barentu. the destruction of the wukaw command (north eastern sahel front), the commando operation at the asmara air force base.

መርሐለት ህጅም እግል ትትዐዴ ለዐለት እግሉ ተረት መትጸባጥ መደይን ዐሊ-ግድር ተሰነይ ባረንቱ መትደውሻሽ ውቃው እዝ ወዐመልየት ኮማንዶ እት መከረይ ጥያራት አስመረ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

cultural activities of the eritrean people’s liberation front

ነሻጣት ዓዳት ሰውረት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

global military experience conventional warfare has three phases

ዲብ ተጃሪብ ዕስክርየት እዲነ ሐርብ ለመድ ሰለስ መርሐለት እግል ለህልየ እግሉ ቀድር

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in the first phase, the one who have the upper hand launches (to achieve certain objective) an offensive while the other side defends

እተ መርሐለት ለአወለይት ሜዛን ሒለት እት መስለሐተ ለህለ ጀሀት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

this second stage is called a stalemate

እለ ካልአይት መርሓለት እለ መሎስ ትትበህል

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

after sometime the balance of power again shifts to one or the other side and the one with the upper hand launches an offensive finishing the war in victory

እት ናይ ደንጎበ መርሐለት ሳልሰይት ህይ ለሜዛን ሒለት እት እንክር ዎሮት ልትደለል

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

if the offensive force is weakened in the process and is reduced to the level of the defensive force, a stage where no one has an upper hand is reached

ለእንክር ለትሩድ ህጹይ ለሐዋን እንዴ ህጅመ ለሐርብ እብ ዐውቴሁ እግል ለኣተክትሙ ቀድር

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in the period after the strategic withdrawal up to 1983, the ethiopian colonial army was in the offensive, while the eritrean revolution was on the defensive

ምን መደት እንሰሓብ አስክ ሰነት 1983 ለዐለት መርሐለት እስትዕማር አቶብየ እት ህጂም ወሰውረት እርትርየ ህጹይ እት ካፍሖት ዐለው

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

despite conducting seven successive offensives, it could not succeed

አባይ እስትራተጅያይ ቀረዱ በህለት በደ ሰውረት እርትርየ እግል ለሐቅቅ፥ ሰቦዕ ወራር ትሉሉያም ምንመ ለአትበግስ ኢተዐወተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the eritrean revolution was able to successfully foil the offensives, however, before turning towards an offensive it had to strengthen its force

ሰውረት እርትርያመ እግል እሊ ወራራት እሊ እብ ኤማን ወበቃዐት ምንመ ትባጠረቱ ወአፍሸለቱ እት መርሐለት ህችም እግል ትትዐዴ ላተ ሒለተ እግል ትርጀዕ ወትትደቀብ ዐለት እግለ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

for the eritrean revolution the defensive phase was of paramount importance in transitioning into the offensive phase

መርሐለት ካፍሖት ሰውረት እርትርየ እት መርሐለት ህጅም እግል ትሕለፈ ሰኒ ምህመት ወእኔፍዐይት ዐለት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

hence, in the experience of the eritrean revolution, it can be said that the stalemate period was the period where the revolution laid the basis for the transition into the offensive stage

ደብህት ሸዕብየት ምን ሰነት 1983-1987 ለአተላሌት ካልአይት መርሐለት መሎስ እት መርሐለት ህችጅም እግል ትትዐደዩ ለለአቀድረ ዐቅም ወሒለት ለረክበት እተ መርሐለት ዐለት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

as an illustration to this, the eritrean people’s liberation front attacked & liberated tessenie and alighidr in january of 1984

ተኣምሪት ናይ እለ ሐቂቀት እለ ህዪ ጀ.ሸ. እት ወሬሕ ዩናይር ሰነት 1984 መደይን ተሰነይ ወዐሊ-ግድር እንዴ ጸብጠት ሐረረተን

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

again on 22 february of 1984, eritrean people’s liberation front launched an attack on the colonial army that was garrisoned in the northern sahel front for over five years

እት ዮም 22 ወሬሕ ፈብራይር ሰነት 1984 ህዪ ለእት ቅብለት ሳሕል ሻፍፍ ለዐለ ዴሽ እስትዕማር ዘብጠት እትሊ ምድር አሊ ዴሽ አባይ እግል 5 ሰነት እብ ግዲደን ሻፍፍ ዐለ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

even though, the first attack of the eritrean people’s liberation front didnt succeed, in the second attack, which was conducted between 19 and 21 march, the epla managed to destroy the entire front and capture the entire area

ለናይ ሰልፍ ጀርቤ ፫፭፳. ምንመ ኢትትዐወት እተ ምን ዮም 19-21 ማርስ ለገብአ ህጁም ላተ ለጀብህት ረአሰ-ቀደም እንዴ ትደውሸሸት፣ ለምድር እት እዴ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ በርደ እትሊ ሐርብ እሊ አባይ ሐድ 9 አልፍ ዐስከሪ ከስረ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in this attack the enemy lost around 7,000 soldiers, and over four-fifth of its military hardware that was located in the front was captured

አርበዕ-ሕምሲት (4/5) ናይለ እቱ ለዐለ መሻቀዪታት ወኣላት ህይ ምልክ ዱዲሽ ሸዕቢ ገብአ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

two months after the destruction of the wuqaw command, eritrean people’s liberation front commando unit executed an operation that was unique in its organization and intelligence with devastating and precise destruction of 33 war planes inside the asmara air force base

መትደውሻሸ ውቃው እዝ እት ካልእ ወርሑ ረቃቀት ክጠቱ ወደረጀት መትነዛሙ ተአትዐጅብ ለዐለት ምንኮር " ለአተበለ ወ 33 ጥያረት ሐርብ አባይ ለትደመረየ እቱ ህጅም ኮማንዶ እት መጣር አስመረ ገብአ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

this operation was a source of pride and key in creating a renewed feeling of optimism in the eritrean population and it was a shock and brought shame to the enemy creating a feeling of defeat it was unique and a remarkable operation in the history of the armed struggle

እለ ዐመልየት እለ እግል ሸዐብ እርትርየ ሐበን ወፋሽቭ ወአእግል አባይ ህይ ክጅል ወሐሳር ወድንጋጽ ወናይ መትፈላል በታከት ሰእየት ለከልቀት ሐቱ ምነ ትወቀለ ወለዐበ እት ግድለ ስለሕ ሰውረት እርትርየ ለገብአ ለለሐብን ዐመልያት ፍሩግ ሐቱ ተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in addition to this, the eritrean people’s liberation front was conducting special penetrating raids deep behind enemy lines especially in the western part of eritrea

እምበል እሊመ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ግረ ሳትሮታት አባይ ወእብ ፍንቲት እት ግብለት ዐመልያት ONG ወደ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

as a culmination these penetrating raids, the eritrean people’s liberation front carried out an attack on barentu in july 5, 1985 and liberated the town

ለዐመልያት እሊ እተ ትወቀለት ደረጀቱ እግል ዓበዮት ህዪ እት ዮም 5 ዩልዮ ሰነት 1985 መዲነት ባረንቱ ዘብጠ ወሐረረ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the dergue was considering barentu as a symbol of resilience and could not accept loosing the it forever

ምናተ ደርግ እግል ተኣምሪት ሰባቱ እንዴ ወደ ለሐስበ ለዐለ መዲነት ባረንቱ እግል ዲመ-ደመይን እግል ልሕገለ መትከባተ አበ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the dergue regrouped and brought forces from far places like the ogaden and managed to recapture barentu, tessenei and alighidir after several attempts

እለ እግል ልብለስ ህጹይ አስክለ እት ኦጋዴን ለዐለ ዴሹ እንዴ ሐየበ ህማት ድቂብ ወደ እግል ዶሉ ህዬ እግል መዲነት ባረንቱ ተሰነይ ወዐሊ-ግድር ህጹይ እግል ዶሉ በልሰየን

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

after the battle of barentu, the dergue launched its eighth and last offensive: "operation bahri negash" on october 10, 1985

ሐቆ መዕረከት ባረንቱ ደርግ እግለ " ወፍሪ በሐሪ-ነጋሽ " ( ፊራሮ በሐር-ነጋሽ ) ለሰመዩ ሳምን ወናይ ደንጎበ ወራሩ እት ዮም 10 ኦክቶበር ሰነት 1985 ህረሰዩ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

after two consecutive attacks and a loss of 17,000 soldiers, the offensive came to an end

ሐቆ ናይ ክልኦት ወሬሕ ህችማት ትሉሉይ ህዪይ ከሳር ናይ ሐድ 17 አልፍ ነፈር እንዴ ጀሬት እቱ ከጠንሸ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

there after the eritrean people’s liberation front launched a widened guerrilla and commando operations in many comers of the country

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ብዞሕ አካናት ዐድነ ናይ ከሚናት ወኮማንዶ ዐመልያት አውሰዐ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

these operations on their part continuously engaged the enemy and hindered it from regrouping and conducting another massive military operation or taking initiatives

AA እብ ተረቱ አባይ ህዱማት እግል ኢለአትበግስ ማኔዕ ገብአ እቱ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

cultural activities

ወራታት ዓዳት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the eritrean people’s liberation front from its inception had taken the cultural activities as part and parcel of the armed struggle and had been working on it

ጅ. ሸ. ምን አምዕል መትወላደ እንዴ አንበተት እግል ነሻጣት ዓዳት ክምምሰል አግደ ክፋል ናይ ግድለ ገቢል እንዴ ሐስበቱ ትሸቄ እቱ ዐለት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

especially after the strategic withdrawal from 1979 onwards, the cultural activities that were allowed to mushroom throughout the organization were a big leap forward in building a new national culture

እብ ፍንቲት ሐቆ እንሰሓብ ምን ሰነት 1979 እንዴ አንበተት እት ክሉ ከፈፍል ናይለ ተንዚም ለኣንበተ በራምጅ ዋሴዕ አሳስ ዓዳት ሐዲስ እት ክርየት ምስዳር ሐቱ ቀጽ-ቀደም ጋብእ ዐለ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

music, theater, literature and artistic groups were established

ፍረቅ ናይ ሙሲቀት ተማሲል አምር-ክቱብ ወፈን እንዴ ተአሰሰ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

during the period when the eritrean people’s liberation front was transitioning into the offensive phase, wide cultural activities were carried out in the field and abroad

እት መደት ለዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት መርሐለት ህጅም ተዐደ ዲበ ህይ ጅ. ሸ. እት ዐድ ልግበአ ወእት ካርጅ በርናምጃት ዋሴዕ ናይ ዓዳት ትወዴ ዐለት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in the field, beside regular cultural activities that were being conducted at the unit level, grand cultural festivals were organized

እት ሐረት ግድለ እርትርየ እምበለ እት ክሉ ውሕዳት ገብእ ለዐለ ነሻጣት ዓዳት ዓያድ ዐበዪመ ገብእ ዐለ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

for example on september 1, 1986, on the occasion of the silver anniversary of the start of the armed struggle, a grand cultural festival was conducted in the presence of nationals and friends of the eritrean revolution

እት ሄለል ሰብተምበር ሰነት 1986 እብ ምስምሰ እዮቤል ፍዲ ናይ መትአንባት ግድለ ስለሕ ምን ቀበት ዐድ ወካርጅ ለመጽአው ምዋጥኒን ወፈተች ሰውረት እርትርየ ለሐድረዉ ዒድ ዐቢ ገብአ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

an international symposium on research and development aimed at laying the foundation and developing future eritreas education and research was conducted in july 1988

እምበል እሊመ እት ሐረት ግድለ ስለሕ እርትርየ ገብእ ለዐለ አሳስ እርትርየ ሐዳስ ለከሬ ወለቀይም ተዕሊም ወብሑስ እግል አጠወሮት ወዓበዮት መሻርከት ብዝሓም ለሐድረዉ እድንያይ ወዕለ በሐስ ዐቦት እት ወሬሕ ዩልዮ ሰነት 1988 እት ደዋይሕ ነቅፈ ገብአ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

efforts were made to organize eritrean communities in the diaspora these communities, in addition to supporting the eritrean revolution, were instrumental in fostering national identity and culture the annual bologna festival in italy which started in the early 1980s was a typical examples of such successful cultural events carried out abroad

እት ዐለዮ ለዐለው እርትርዪን እት መሓብር ወጠናይ ወኮማት እንዴ ትነዘመው ወተሐየበው እት ግድል አ ወጠን እግል ልሻርኮ ወጅንስየቶም ወዓዳቶም እግል ልዕቀቦ አጸግም ብዞሕ ገብአ እት ቦሎንየ ጥልያን ምን ሰነት 1984-1991 ክል-ሰነት ገብእ ለዐለ መህረጃን እርትርዪን ዋሴዕ ህጹይ በርናምጅ ሰኒ ምህም እት እንቱ ዐለ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

questions

ሰኣላት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

elaborate the difference between the stalemate and offensive phases

ፍንኔዪ መራሕል መሎስ ወህጅም ለዐለ ፈርግ ሚ ቱ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

list the developments that show the transition from a stalemate to an offensive phase

ምን መርሐለት መሎስ እት መርሐለት ህችጅም ክምሰል ተዐዴት ለአምጸአቱ ተጠውራት ዘርዝሮ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn