BeitTigreAI/tigre-data-parallel-multilingual

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second and unity congress	ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
lesson goals:	ለትትስኤ ፍገሪት ምህሮ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
at the end of this lesson; students are expected to gain basic knowledge about the following points:	እት ደንጎበ ናይ እሊ ምህሮ እሊ ደረሰ እብ ክሱስ እሊ ለተሌ ጋራት ፈህም መአንብታይ እግል ልርከቦ ልትሰአው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the process of unity between the eritrean people’s liberation front and eritrean liberation front-central leadership (sagim)	መሲረት ውሕደት ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ. ወ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ. ቅያደት ምግበይት ( ሳግም )	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
second and unity congress	ካከልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the national democratic program and the organizational structure of the eritrean people’s liberation front that was amended and approved in the second congress	እት ካልኣይ ሙእተመር ለትሳደቀ ለትሓየሰ ወጠናይ ወዲሞቅራጥያይ ኤታን ወእት ሸክል ተንዚም ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ. ለገብአ ተቅዪር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
second and unity congress, as its name implies, was not only the 2nd eritrean people’s liberation fronts congress but also a congress for unity	ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ስሜቱ ክምሰለ ትወደሐ ሙእተመር ተንዚም ጅ. ሺ ሌጠ እንዴኢገብእ ናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመርመ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as already stated in previous lessons, the eritrean liberation front, after it was forced to pushed into the sudan, had disintegrated and was fragmented into many factions and organizations	ቀደም እለ ክምሰለ ህደግናሁ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ምን ሐረት እርትርየ ሶዳን ክምሰል አቱት እት ተናዚም ብዞሕ ትካፈለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
one of the organizations that were formed after the disintegration of the eritrean liberation front was the eritrean liberation front central leadership (sagim)	ዎሮ ምነ ሐቆ መትፈርታክ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ለትአሰሰ ተንዚም ህይ ጅ. ተ. እ. ቅያደት ምግበይት (ሳግም) ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the two organizations namely the eritrean people’s liberation front and sagim were discussing about unity	እት ሰነት 1983 ሳግም ምስል ጀብህት ሸዕብየት እግል ትትዋጀህ ወትህደግ እንበተት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after they reached a unity agreement, sagim forces, which were limited to the camps in the sudan came back to the field in june 11, 1983	እብ አሳስ ውፋቅ ክልኢቱ ለተናዚም ለዲብ ሶዳን ሌጠ ክርዕት ለዐለት ሳግም እት ዮም 11 ዩንዮ ሰነት 1983 ሐረት እርትርየ አቱት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
political resolutions of the congress	እተ ተለ ሰኖታት ናይ ሕበር በራምጅ ሽቅል አንዴ ፈግረ ክልኢቱ ተናዚም ሸቂ እቡ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
second and unity congress of the eritrean people’s liberation front and eritrean liberation front-cl	ሐቆ ክልኤ ሰነት ክልኢቱ ተናዚም እግል ለአትህድ ውፋቅ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean people’s liberation front was supposed to conduct its congress two years after the first congress	ወአብሊ ለዕላቀት እት ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር At ውሕደት ቫምለት ናይ ክልኢቱ ተናዚም በጽሐት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as stated in the previous lessons, the eritrean people’s liberation front was in a heavy engagement and could not conduct its congress as per its program	ጅ.ሺ. ሙእተመረ ለርቱብ እት ካልእ ሰነት ናይለ አወሳይ ሙእተመረ እግል ልግበአ ምንመ ዐለት አግሉ ክምሰለ እሉ ህደግነ መርሐለት ሕለ ወካፍሖት ድቅብት ሰበት ዐሬት እቡ፣ እግል ልግበአእ ኢቀድረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in 1986, as the enemy was weakened, the eritrean people’s liberation front got the opportunity to organize the second and unity congress	እት ሰነት 1986 አባይ ሰበት ሐወነ መዳሊት እግል ካልኣይ ሙእተመር እግል ልግበእ በክት ትረከበ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
before conducting the congress: a committee prepared draft constitution and an amended national democratic program and disseminated it for discussion among the tegadelti and mass organizations	ለሙእተመር እንዴ ኢገብእ መትዳልየይት ልጅነት አንዴ ፈግረት ህይከል ደስቱር ወለትሓየሰ ወጠናይ ወዲሞቅራጥያይ ኤታን እንዴ አትዳሌት ዴሽ ወመሕበራይ መሓብር እግል ልናቅሹ ወዘዐቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
report on the ten years experience of 1977 to 1987 was also disseminated for discussion	ተቅሪር ተጃሪብ ናይለ ምን ሰነት 1977 አስክ 1987 ለዐለየ ዐስር ሰነት እንዴ ትዳለ ንቃሽ ገብአኣ እቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after the completion of the necessary preparations, the second and unity congress between the eritrean people’s liberation front and eritrean liberation front central leadership (sagm) was conducted from 12 to 19 march 1987	ለለአትሐዜ መዳሊት ሐቆ ተመ ህይ ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ጅ. ሸ. ወሳግም ምን ዮም 12- ገ 9 ማርስ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the congress 1,287 democratically elected representatives of tegadelti and civilians, mr woldeab woldemariam, mr ibrahim sultan, nationalist organizations such as the eritrean liberation front-rc, eritrean liberation front-plf unified organization, and individuals were present representatives of 25 governments, parties and organizations representatives of eritrean support committees read their messages in person and another	እተ ሙእተመር 1287 ነፈር ምን ዴሽ ወገቢል እብ ገበይ ዲሞቅራጥየት ለተሐረው ወከይል ወልደኣብ ወልዱዴማርያም ሼክ እብራሂም ስልጣን ናይ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ መጅልስ ሰውሪ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ. ቅ. ተ. እ. ተንዚም ምወሐድ ለልትረከቦ እቱ ተናዚም ወጠናይ ወአፍራድ እተክምሰልሁመ ወከይል 25 ሕኩማት ሓዛብ ወተናዚም ወወከይል ልቛን ሰደይት እርትርየ አቅዋሎም ቀርአው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
50 sent their messages to the congress	50 ብዕዳም ህይ ልእኮታቶም ነድአው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the congress mr woldeab woldemariam in person, and sheik ibrahim sultan via video passed sensational messages that touched the hearts of the participants	ለሙእተመር ወልደኣብ ወልዴዱማርያም እብ ሕዱር ወቘክ እብራሂም ስልጣን እብ ልእከት ቪድዮ፣ ሽዑር ምቈሴርበት-ለቆቀሰ ለአይክ ቀደመው እቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
natsinet (independence) if it is stated by its nationals and in their native language as natsinet it is enough	ሕርየት እብ ውላድ ዐድ ወህግየ ዐድ ሕርየት ትትበሀል ገብአት ምን ገብእ ካፍየት ተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in order for independence to be independence, it doesnt not need and is not necessary to be called independence, liberta in foreign languages	ሕርየት ጀላብ እግል ትግበእ እብ ህግየ ሕኩማት ካርጅ ፍሪዶም ሊበርተ … መትበሃል ኢለአትሐዝየ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the core point of natsinet is its presence or absence if its existence is confirmed, whether	ለሽከረት ናይ ሕርየት ሀለዮተ ወይሀለዮተ ቱ ሀለዮተ ሐቆ ትደመነ ሰብ-ካርጅ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
if it is blessed or not been blessed is immaterial	ልድሖረ ወኢልድሖረ ዝያዳት ሌጠ ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean public, by its own will and strength has put the crown of independence, woe unto him who dares touch this crown	ሸዐብ እርትርየ አህዬ እብ ቅልጭሙ ቱ ታጅ ላብስ ለሀለ …	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
sheik ibrahim sultan on his part called for unity using the simple phrase: my fellow countrymen, be in one accord	ሹሺክ እብራሂም ስልጣንመ አብ እንክሩ " ውላድ ዐጃ dvk AL. VA” እት ልብል ውሕደት ሸዐብ እርትርየ ለትጠልብ ምክር ዋልዳይ ህበ እብ ዓመት እተ ሙእተመር	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in general in the congress: political reports of the two organizations were presented	ናይ ክልኢቱ ተናዚም ተቃሪር ስይስያይ ትቀደመ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
congress participants discussed and approved all the articles of the political programs and constitution of the organization passed resolutions on important national, neighboring countries and global issues	ለሙእተመር ወሰይቅ ኤታን ስያስያይ ወደስቱር ተንዚም እብ ባብ-ባብ እንዴ ናቀሸ ሳደቀ ወጠነ፤ ድዋርነ ወክለ እዲነ ለከስስ ቀራራት ፈግረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
a central committee mandated to lead up to the third congress, comprised of 71 permanent and 7 alternative members was elected	አስክ ሳልስ ሙእተመር ገብእ ለመሬሕ 71 ነፈር ሳብታም ወ ነፈር ቅያር ለቡ መጅልስ መርከዚ ተሐረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in turn the central committee elected isaias afwerki as the secretary general of the organization and nine members (including isaias) to form the politburo of the eritrean people’s liberation front	ላመጅልስ ለመርከዚ ህዪ እግል “ ኢሰያስ አፍወርቂ " ርኢስ ወህቱ ለታስዓዮም 9 ነፈር ለአንፋሩ መክተብ ስያስያይ ሐረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the second congress, changes were made on the eritrean people’s liberation front's organizational structure and its political programs	እሊ ሙእተመር እሊ እት ተንዚማይ መባትክ ጅ. ሺ. ወናይ ስያሰት ኤታነ ተቃዪር ምህም ወደ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
to state some of the paramount contents of the national democratic program:	ገሌ ምነ አግደ ጽበጥ ናይ ወጠናይ ዲሞቅራጥያይ ኤታን እግል ሰሜ -	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
establish peoples democratic government	ናይ ሸዐብ ሕኩመት ዲሞቅራጥየት አሰሶት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
a) destroy colonialist ethiopias administrative organs and system of administration, and annulling any agreement signed on issues dealing with eritrea regarding military, economic, political and cultural agreements	ህ ) አስራር ሕክም እስትዕማር አቶብየ ደመሮት እርትርየ ለከስስ አቶብየ ለፍርምቱ ውፋቃት ዕስክርየት እቅትሳድ ስያሰት ወዓዳት በለሸት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
b) establish government that keeps the interest of the masses and not serve the interest of foreign powers	ለ ) መስለሐት ገቢል ለትከድም ወወደይት ካርጅ ለኢገብአት ሕኩመት ከወኖት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
c) establish a freely elected peoples assembly that drafts the constitution, draws laws, elects the judiciary and executive organs	ሐ ) ደስቱር ለከጥጥ ቀዋኒን ለለአፈግር ህይአት ፍርድ ወተንፊዝ ለለሐሬ ገቢል እብ ገበይ ራትዐት ለሐረዩ መጅልስ ሸዐብ አሰሶት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
d) rights to free expression, free assembly, free peaceful demonstration, and freedom of religion	መ ) ረአይከ ናይ ህዪብ ናይ መትጀምዖት አሴራር ሰላም ናይ ውድየት ወዲን ናይ መተብዖት ሕቁቅ ዐቂብ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
furthermore, the program accepted political pluralism and guaranteed the establishment of national political parties and other associations	እብ ተውሳክ ለኤታን አትሐዘዮት ብዝቈ ስያስያይ ሓዛብ ስያሰት ወጠናይ ወመሓብር ብዕድ ናይ አሰሶት ሐቅ ትከበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
establish a government free from foreign control and follow a system of planned mixed economy that enables the participation of government and private sector, based on the principles of seritrean liberation front- reliance	ምን ምልክ ሰብ ካርጅ ለብሩእ እት ፈልሰፈት ደማነት ኖስ ለትበነ ወእብ ስታት ለልትቀየድ ወለልትመረሕ መሓብር ብሕተ ለሻርኮ ዲቡ ሕበር-በሮ ንዛም እቅትሳድ ወጠን አሰሶት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
follow a peaceful and non-aligned foreign policy	ናይ ሰላም ጽጌዕ ለአለበ ስያሰት ካርጅየት መተብዖት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean people’s liberation front believing that a military coup detat cant be a replacement to peoples government, if the ethiopian army by ousting the dergue establishes a democratic environment, and is ready to surrender power to the people, accepts the right of the	ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ. ውሕደት እርትርየ ጀላብ እግል አከዶት ወጠናይ ተንዚም መጃሜዕ ወአፋራድ አግል ልትከምከም ወጀብህት ዲሞቅራጥየት ወጠንየት እግል ትትአሰስ ለዐለት እግለ ንየት ወረደ አከደት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
eritrean people for seritrean liberation front determination, confirms its readiness to solve the eritrean case peaceful, then the eritrean people’s liberation front gives its assurance for a ceasefire	ሸዐብ እርትርየ ሐቅ መሲሩ እብ ኖሱ ቀረሮት እንዴ ገብለ ለገብእ መፋህማት ወህድግ እግል ትሕደር ለበ ቱ ምራድ እንዴ አከደት እት ቀር እብ ገበይ ሰሳም እግል ልባሌሕ ዱሉይ ክምሰል ቱ ዶል ለአክድ ጅ. ሺ. ሐርብ ክምሰል ተአበጥር ገለድ በአት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
questions	ሰኣሳላት -	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
why was the organizational congress held in 1987, named as second and unity congress	እት ሰነት 1987 ሙእተመር ተንዚም እግል ሚ ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ትበህዘለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
list the changes made in the organizational structure and programs of the eritrean people’s liberation front in the second and unity congress	እት ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር እት ተንዚማይ መባትክ ደ፭. ተ. እ. ለገብአ ተቃዪር ሽርሖ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
strategic offensive phase of the eritrean revolution (1988-1991)	ናይ ሰውረት እርትርየ መርሐለት ህጅማት እስትራተጂ አስክ ዐውቱ ቫምለት (1988-1991)	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
lesson goals:	ለትትስኤ ፍገሪት ድራሰት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
at the end of this lesson; students are expected to gain basic knowledge about the following points:	እት ደንጎበ ናይ እሊ ደርስ አሊ ደረሰ እብ ክሱስ እሊ ለተሌ ጋራት ፈህም መአንብታይ እግል ልርከቦ ልትሰአው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the strategic significance of the destruction of the nadew command	መትደውሻሽ ናደው እዝ ወምህመት አእስትራተጂሁ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean revolution in between nadew and fenkel	ሰውረት እርትርየ እት ፍንጌ ናደው ወፈንቅል እተ ዐለት መደት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
operation fenkel	ዐመልየት ፈንቅል	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the final push for the liberation of all of eritrea	ናይ ደንጎበ ምስዳራት እግል ሕርየት እርትርየ ቫምለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
peace negotiations with the dergue and the principled stand of the eritrean people’s liberation front	መሲረት ህድግ ምስል ሕክም ደርግ ወመባጥር ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ.	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after the second and unity congress, the eritrean people’s liberation front facilitated its work in all aspects	ሐቆ ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ጅ. ሺ. እት ክሉ መጃላት ግድላህ እንዴ አደቀበት ወአንሸጠት ዐውቴቱታት ዐበዪ ሰጀለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as an illustration to this, in the year 1987 alone, 168 military confrontations were carried out	እት ሰነት 1987 ምስል አባይ ሌጠ 168 መዕረከት ወዴት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
most of these military operations were behind enemy lines	አሊ ለመብዝሑ ግረ ሳትሮታት አባይ ለገብአ መዓርክ እት አባይ ኣለ ዐባይ ወደ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
these confrontations they were key in clearing the road for the strategic offensive of the revolution that followed	ወአግል ናይ ሰውረት እርትርየ ህችማት እስትራተጅያይ ገበይ አጥፈሐ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
destruction of nadew command: the dien bien phu of eritrea	መትደውሻሽ ናደው እዝ ድዩን-ብጹይ ፉ እት እርትርየ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
destruction of nadew command which occurred after the second and unity congress was one of the biggest strategic offensives that tipped the balance of power in favor of the eritrean revolution	መትደውሻሽ ናደው እዝ አሰር ካላኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ለሐስለ ሜዛን ሒለት ዐስከርየት እት መስለሐት ሰውረት እርትርየ ለበደለት መንፈዐት እስትራተጅየት ዐባይ ለዐለት አግለ ዐመልየት ፈዳቢት ተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the nadew command (the amharic word nadew literally means destroy it) stationed at nakfa and afabiet fronts for nine years had 22,000 soldiers	“ ናደው እዝ " እት ጀብህት ነቅፈ ወአፍዐበት ሴዕ ሰነት እብ ግዲደን. ዕስኩር ወሻፍፍ ለዐለ ዝያድ 22 አልፍ ዕስከሪ ለዐለ እግሉ ዴሽ ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the epla, prior to launching the offensive that destroyed the nadew command, had conducted a tactical attack in december 1987 to strengthen its position	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ቀደመ ናደው ለደከ እበ መዕረከት እት ወሬሕ ዲሰምበር ሰነት 1987 ህም እስትራተጂ እንዴ ወደ መሳክቡ እትጡፎሕ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after a meticulous and secretive preparation, the epla launched its offensive against the nadew command from 17 to 19 march 1988 from three flanks	ሐቆ መደት ብዝሕት ለጠልበ መዳሊት ትሩድ ወምስጢራይ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ምን ዮም 17-19 ማርስ ሰነት 1988 እብ ሰለስ እንክር እት ናደው ዘብጥ ፈትሐ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
left flank: attacked from the side of coastal area, blocking the feleket valley, sheleb and azhara and cutting off enemy forces who were attempting to escape from afabet to the east	እብ እንክር ድገለባይ አስክ አገንን በሐር እንዴ ደነ አወድግ ወሳሳት ሸለብ ወአዝህረ እንዴ ገፍለ እግለ ምን አፍዐበት አስክ ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ እግል ልህረብ ለጀረበ ዲሽ ከርዐ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
central flank: carried out a surprise attack on enemy trenches on the side of hiday river	እብ ደብህት ምግበይት እብ እንክር ሕሊል ሕዳይ ለዐለ አግደ ሳትሮታት አባይ ህጅመ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the right flank, the eritrean people’s liberation front attacked the enemy trenches of the 18th division	እብ እንክር ድማናይ ለቀንጸ ዱሽ ፳ሸ. ህዪ እግለ እቱ ሻፍፍ ለዐለ 21 ክፍሌ-ጦር አባይ ህጅመ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
there was also an eritrean people’s liberation front attack that came from behind enemy line that cut the afabiet-keren road	ምን-ረሐር እንዴ ዶረ ገበይ አፍዐበት-ከረን ለበትከ ዴሽ ሸዕቢመ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as planned, the epla liberated the town of afabet within 48 hours, in the morning hours of march 19	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ክምሰለ እለ ብርሙጅ ዐለ እት ዕስረ ወአርበዕ ሳዐት እት ዮም 19 ማርስ አስቦሕ አፍዐበት ሐረረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the dergue out of its 22,000 experienced soldiers, lost 18,000 as pows, wounded or killed (that was 20% of the total dergue army)	ደርግ ምነ 22 አልፍ ዴሽ ድሩብ ወጅሩብ ሐድ 18 አልፍ ( እሊ 20 ናይ ክሉ ዱዴሽ ደርግ በህለት ቱ ) ምን ማይት እት ድሞዕ ወጽቡጥ ገብአ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
for the first time, three soviet military advisors; (two colonels and one lieutenant), who were actively participating in the war were captured	እግል አወል መረት ህዬ መጦሩ ምነ ብጉሳም ዐለው ውላድ ሶኩት፣ ክልኦት ኮሎኔል ወዎሮት መስኡል 100 ( ሞቶ-ኣለቀ ') ለብእቶም መስኡሊን ትጸበጠው	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
50 tanks, 100 trucks, 60 heavy artilleries, 20 anti aircraft artillery and tens of thousands light weapons became the property of the eritrean revolution	50 ደባበት፣ 100 ዐረብየት 60 መድፈዕ 20 ድድ ጥያራት ረሻሽ ወዐስሮታት ኣላፍ ምን ስለሕ ቀሊል ብዕድ ምልክ ሰውረት ገብአ ምኖም	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
as a result of the nadew offensive and the attacks launched by the eritrean people’s liberation front at hal-hal front, the dergue pulled out of tessenei, barentu & akurdet and decided to establish a garrison narrowly in the northern part of keren, thus entering into a state of defensive mode	ፍገሪት ናደው እዝ ወሐቆ ናደው ለዐለ ተጠውር ጅ. ሺ. እት ጀብህት ሐልሐል ለጠለቀቱ ህም፣ ደርግ ተሰነይ ዐሊ-ግድር ባረንቱ ወአቅርደት እንዴ ጠለቀ እት ቅብለት-ከረን እንዴዱ ሸፈ እግል ልካፊሕ ዱዴሹ ሐየበ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
basil davidson; the renowned researcher of african history and author, in his interview with the bbc through a satellite telephone from the field described the destruction of the nadew command as one of the biggest ever scored by a liberation movement anywhere since dien bien phu3	ለእሙር ባሕስ ወኬትባይ ተእሪክ አፍሪቀ ባሲል ደቪድሰን; ምን ሐረት እርትርየ እብ ገበይ ሳተሳላይት ምስል ቢቢሲ እት ወደየ መቃበለት መትደውሻሽሸ ናደው እዝ " ሐቆ መዕረከት ዴይን-ብይን ፉ ምነ ሐረካት ተሕሪር ለወደዩ መዓርክ ለዐቤት ዐውቱቴ እት ልብል ሸርሐዩ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in reality the nadew offensive was not only a step forward in changing the military balance of power; but also a turning point with a huge political & propaganda gain for the just struggle of the eritrean people	ዐመልየት ናደው ህይ እብ አማን እት መትቀያር ሜዛን ሒለት ዐስከርየት ምስዳር ዐባይ ገጽ-ቀደም ሌጠ ዐለት እንዴ ኢትገብእ እግል ግድለ ሕርየት ገቢል እርትርየ ለዓድለት ወራትዐት መክሰብ ስያሰት ወፕሮፖጋንደ ለገብአት ንቅጠት ተቅዪር ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in addition, the epla, established a small unit equipped with fast boats that started confronting the experienced and relatively big colonial ethiopias navy in the sea	እምበል እሊመ Lo ሸዕቢ ጅላብ-ገያድ ( ሞቶስካፍ ) እንዴ ተወበ ድድ ናይለ ተጃሪብ ብዞሕ ወደቅብ ለዐለ እግሉ ቅዋት በሕርየት እስትዕማር አቶብየ እት በሐር መዓርክ እግል ልጽመድ አንበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
for example, on 19 april 1988, an attack was launched on assab, damaging the refinery and an ethiopian navy ship	ተኣምሪት ናይ እሊ ህዪይ እት ዮም 19 ኣፕሪል ሰነት 1988 እት ዐሰብ ሐርብ እንዴ ፈትሐ እት መአሰሳት አጫራይ ብትሮል ወዎሮት ባቡር ሐርብ አቶብየ ብቆት ከረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
on the same year on may 31, an attack was carried out using fast boats and destroying two ethiopian ships which were on the narrow straits of massawa	እት ዮም 31 ማዮ ናይ እለ ሰነት እላመ ድላብ-ገያድ እንዴ ትነፈዐ እት ሖር ባጹዕ ለዐለው ክልኦት ባቡር ሐርብ ቅዋት በሐር አቶብየ ወእት ዮም 6 ሰብተምበር ህይ እት ሚነት ባጹዕ ህጅም እንዴ ጠለቀ እተ ለዐለው ሰለስ ባቡር-በሐር ዐበዪ ወመካዝን ደመረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the battle of dien bien phu was the finalbattle between the viet minh nationalist revolutionaries and the french colonial army that went on from 1946 through 1954	‘ መዕረከት ድዪዩን ብጹይን ፉ ካቲመ ናይለ ምን ሰነት 1946 አስክ 1954 እት ፍንጌ እግል ሕርየት ኬትናም ቃንጻም ለዐለው ምቈጨርበት ወእስትዕማር ፈረንሰ ገብእ ለዐለ ሐርብ ተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
this battle in dien bien phua city in north western vietnam between march and may of 1954 culminated in a comprehensive french defeat influencingthe french to come to negotiations over the future of indochina	ለእ ት ድዬን ብይን ፉ ለትትበህል አእት ቅብለት-ምውዳቅ-ጸሓይ ኩትናም ለትትረከብ መዲነት ለገብአት መዕረከት እስትዕማር ፈረንሰ ትፈለለ እተ ፈረንሰ ህይ እትፋቅ ሰላም እግል ትፈርም ለቀሰበተ መዕረከት ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eplas launching of big offensives against the dergue assisted ethiopian opposition organizations	እሊ ዐመልያት ዐበዪ ናይ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት አደቀቦት ተናዚም መቃወማት አቶብያመ ሰኒ ሰደ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean people’s liberation front, to preserve & sustain its victories, continued its cooperation with ethiopian opposition organizations and signed agreements of military assistance (with the tplf in april 1988 and the olf in march 1988)	ጅ. ሺ. ለትረክቡ ለዐለት ዐውቂታት ዐበዪ እግል ትዕቀብ ወአተላላዩ ጀላብ እግል ትድመን ምስል ተናዚም አቶብየ ( ምስል ወያኔ እት ወሬሕ ኣፕሪል ሰነት 1988 ምስል ጀብህት ሕርየት አሮሞ እት ወሬሕ ማርስ ሰነት 1988) ትወድዩ ለዐለት መትሳዳይ እንዴ አተላሌት ውፋቅ ምህም ፈረመት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the eritrean revolution between nadew and fenkel	ሰውረት እርትርየ እት ፍንጌ ናደው ወፈንቅል እተ ዐለት መደት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
to sustain the momentum gained by the destruction of nadew, and to accelerate and maintain its pressure on the enemy, the eritrean people’s liberation front increased its attack on different trenches of the enemy	ጅ.ሺ. እብ ሰበብ መትደውሻሽቭ ናደው ለረክበተ ሰእየት ወሒለት አግል ትዕቀብ እትለ ትፈናተ መዐሳክር አባይ ትወድዩ ለዐለት ህችማት አብዘሐት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in april 1988, it launched a wide unsuccessful offensive in keren front	ወእብሊ እት ወሬሕ ኣፕሪል ሰነት 1988 እት ጀብህት ከረን ህቕም ዋሴዕ ወዴት ምናተ ለጀርቤ እለ ኢተዐወተት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
again in may 1988, the eritrean people’s liberation front launched another unsuccessful offensive in the same front	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ወሬሕ ማዮ ሰነት 1988 እግል ካልእ ደርበት እት ጀብህት ከረን እበ ወደዩ ህም ክምሰለ አወለይት ጀርቤ እሊመ ኢተዐወተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the dergue after stabilizing its position in the keren front and to ease the pressure it was facing from the epla, tried to recapture afabet by opening a front in the plains of azhara and maamide	ደርግ ሐጠጦቱ አብ ከረን ሐቆ አከደ ምነ ጨቅጥ ለጅቨሸ ትወድዩ እቱ ዐለት እግል ለአባሬ እብ ጋድሞታት አዝህረ ወመዕሚዴዱ ጀብህት ሐዳ፥ስ እንዴ ፈትሐ አፍዐበት እግል ልብለስ ወጠነ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the epla foiled the offensive and improved its position by opening a limited tactical attack in the mensae front	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እለ ጀርቤ አለ ሐቆ አፍሸለ እት ጀብህት ሮረ መንሰዕ ህማት ሕዱድ እንዴ ወደ መሳክቡ አትጣፍሐ ወአትሓየሰ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in the second half of 1988, the naval force of the eritrean peoples liberation army launched military operations over the dergues naval force garrisoned in the gulf of massawa targeting its naval assets	እተ ካልአይት ክፍለት ናይ ሰነት 1988 ቅዋት በሐር ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እብ እንክሩ እት ረአስለ እት ሐር ባጹዕ ወደዋይሑ ለዐለ ቅዋት በሐር ዐመልያት ወዴ ዐለ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
for this reason, it made a tactical shift and set its focus on the eastern plains (semhar province, presently named as the northern red sea region)	ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ከረን እንዴ ደውሸሸ አግል ልሕለፍ ለወደዩ ጀርቤታት መባጽሑ ክምሰል ኢተመ ልቡ እት ጋድሞታት ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ( አቅሊም ሰምህር ) ከረዩ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
beginning in 1989, a commando unit carried out a mechanized operation in the northern plains of semhar as an example of this new tactical plan	እት መአንበት ሰነት 1989 እት ጋድሞታት ቅብለት ሰምህር ውሕዳት ኮማንዶ ለወደወ ዐመልየት ህዪይ እለ ሐቂቀት እለ ተአሰብት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
other important epla military operations were the joint operations with the tplf and olf in shire (tigray, northern ethiopia) and asosa (welega, western ethiopia)	ጅ. ሺ. ለወዴቱ ፊራሮታት ዐስከሪ ምህም ብዕድ ህይ ለምስል ህወሓት ወጅብህት ሕርየት አሮሞ እንዴ ትላበነት እት ሽፊ ( ትግራይ ) ወአሶሰ ( ወለገ ) ለወዴቱ ዐመልያት ቱ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the shire offensive was a huge victory that compelled the dergue to completely pull its army out of tigray	ዐመልየት ሽፊ ህዪ ፈጊር ዴሽ ደርግ ምን ክለ ትግራይ ለሰበበት ዐውቴቲ ዐባይ ዐለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
these victorious attacks in addition to their political significance (reflected the friendship the eritrean people’s liberation front forged with ethiopian opposition organizations), weakened the military capability of the dergue, confused the military intelligence of the dergue and enabled the surprise fenkel offensive	እሊ ዐመልያት እሊ ምን ምህመት ስያሰት ( ምስንዮት ምስል ተናዚም መቃወማት አቶብየ ) ወኬንመ ሒለት ደርግ ለዐስከርየት እንዴ አትሐወነ ዐይን ደርግ እንዴ ለክመ ወቀሸ ዐመልየት ፈንቅል እግል ደርግ ህዶመይት ወአመተ ኢትአመረት እግል ትግበእ እቱ አቅደረ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
surprise attacks play paramount role in victorious offensives	ህጅማት ህዶመይት እት ዐውቱ ተረቱ ዐባይ ተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
in general, in the period between the destruction of nadew and operation fenkel, 50 moderate and big battles were conducted	እብ ዓመት ፍንጌ ናደው ወፈንቅል ለዐለት መደት ምን ምግባይ እት ዋሴዕ ሐድ 50 መዕረከት ገብአየ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
these battles cleared the way for the liberation of massawa	እሊ ዐመልያት እሊ ህዪ እብ እንክሩ እግል ሕርየት ባጹዕ ባብ አርሐ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
operation fenkil: gateway to liberation	ዐመልየት ፈንቅል ባብ ሕርየት ቫምለት	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
after one year of preparation, the eritrean people’s liberation front started to secretly garrison its units around semhar	ሐቆ ናይ ሰነት ካምለት መዳሊት፣ ውሕዳት ጅ. ሺ.እብ ስቱር እት ድዋራት ባጹዕ እግል ልሽፈፍ አንበተ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn
the offensive started on february 8	እት ዮም 8 ፈብራይር ህጹ ህጅም ዋሴዕ አትበገሰ	tig_Ethi	eng_Latn

second and unity congress

ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር

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lesson goals:

ለትትስኤ ፍገሪት ምህሮ

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at the end of this lesson; students are expected to gain basic knowledge about the following points:

እት ደንጎበ ናይ እሊ ምህሮ እሊ ደረሰ እብ ክሱስ እሊ ለተሌ ጋራት ፈህም መአንብታይ እግል ልርከቦ ልትሰአው

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the process of unity between the eritrean people’s liberation front and eritrean liberation front-central leadership (sagim)

መሲረት ውሕደት ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ. ወ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ. ቅያደት ምግበይት ( ሳግም )

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second and unity congress

ካከልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር

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the national democratic program and the organizational structure of the eritrean people’s liberation front that was amended and approved in the second congress

እት ካልኣይ ሙእተመር ለትሳደቀ ለትሓየሰ ወጠናይ ወዲሞቅራጥያይ ኤታን ወእት ሸክል ተንዚም ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ. ለገብአ ተቅዪር

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second and unity congress, as its name implies, was not only the 2nd eritrean people’s liberation fronts congress but also a congress for unity

ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ስሜቱ ክምሰለ ትወደሐ ሙእተመር ተንዚም ጅ. ሺ ሌጠ እንዴኢገብእ ናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመርመ ዐለ

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as already stated in previous lessons, the eritrean liberation front, after it was forced to pushed into the sudan, had disintegrated and was fragmented into many factions and organizations

ቀደም እለ ክምሰለ ህደግናሁ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ምን ሐረት እርትርየ ሶዳን ክምሰል አቱት እት ተናዚም ብዞሕ ትካፈለት

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one of the organizations that were formed after the disintegration of the eritrean liberation front was the eritrean liberation front central leadership (sagim)

ዎሮ ምነ ሐቆ መትፈርታክ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ ለትአሰሰ ተንዚም ህይ ጅ. ተ. እ. ቅያደት ምግበይት (ሳግም) ቱ

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the two organizations namely the eritrean people’s liberation front and sagim were discussing about unity

እት ሰነት 1983 ሳግም ምስል ጀብህት ሸዕብየት እግል ትትዋጀህ ወትህደግ እንበተት

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after they reached a unity agreement, sagim forces, which were limited to the camps in the sudan came back to the field in june 11, 1983

እብ አሳስ ውፋቅ ክልኢቱ ለተናዚም ለዲብ ሶዳን ሌጠ ክርዕት ለዐለት ሳግም እት ዮም 11 ዩንዮ ሰነት 1983 ሐረት እርትርየ አቱት

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political resolutions of the congress

እተ ተለ ሰኖታት ናይ ሕበር በራምጅ ሽቅል አንዴ ፈግረ ክልኢቱ ተናዚም ሸቂ እቡ ዐለ

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second and unity congress of the eritrean people’s liberation front and eritrean liberation front-cl

ሐቆ ክልኤ ሰነት ክልኢቱ ተናዚም እግል ለአትህድ ውፋቅ ገብአ

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the eritrean people’s liberation front was supposed to conduct its congress two years after the first congress

ወአብሊ ለዕላቀት እት ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር At ውሕደት ቫምለት ናይ ክልኢቱ ተናዚም በጽሐት

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as stated in the previous lessons, the eritrean people’s liberation front was in a heavy engagement and could not conduct its congress as per its program

ጅ.ሺ. ሙእተመረ ለርቱብ እት ካልእ ሰነት ናይለ አወሳይ ሙእተመረ እግል ልግበአ ምንመ ዐለት አግሉ ክምሰለ እሉ ህደግነ መርሐለት ሕለ ወካፍሖት ድቅብት ሰበት ዐሬት እቡ፣ እግል ልግበአእ ኢቀድረ

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in 1986, as the enemy was weakened, the eritrean people’s liberation front got the opportunity to organize the second and unity congress

እት ሰነት 1986 አባይ ሰበት ሐወነ መዳሊት እግል ካልኣይ ሙእተመር እግል ልግበእ በክት ትረከበ

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before conducting the congress: a committee prepared draft constitution and an amended national democratic program and disseminated it for discussion among the tegadelti and mass organizations

ለሙእተመር እንዴ ኢገብእ መትዳልየይት ልጅነት አንዴ ፈግረት ህይከል ደስቱር ወለትሓየሰ ወጠናይ ወዲሞቅራጥያይ ኤታን እንዴ አትዳሌት ዴሽ ወመሕበራይ መሓብር እግል ልናቅሹ ወዘዐቱ

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report on the ten years experience of 1977 to 1987 was also disseminated for discussion

ተቅሪር ተጃሪብ ናይለ ምን ሰነት 1977 አስክ 1987 ለዐለየ ዐስር ሰነት እንዴ ትዳለ ንቃሽ ገብአኣ እቱ

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after the completion of the necessary preparations, the second and unity congress between the eritrean people’s liberation front and eritrean liberation front central leadership (sagm) was conducted from 12 to 19 march 1987

ለለአትሐዜ መዳሊት ሐቆ ተመ ህይ ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ጅ. ሸ. ወሳግም ምን ዮም 12- ገ 9 ማርስ ገብአ

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in the congress 1,287 democratically elected representatives of tegadelti and civilians, mr woldeab woldemariam, mr ibrahim sultan, nationalist organizations such as the eritrean liberation front-rc, eritrean liberation front-plf unified organization, and individuals were present representatives of 25 governments, parties and organizations representatives of eritrean support committees read their messages in person and another

እተ ሙእተመር 1287 ነፈር ምን ዴሽ ወገቢል እብ ገበይ ዲሞቅራጥየት ለተሐረው ወከይል ወልደኣብ ወልዱዴማርያም ሼክ እብራሂም ስልጣን ናይ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ መጅልስ ሰውሪ ጀብህት ተሕሪር እርትርየ. ቅ. ተ. እ. ተንዚም ምወሐድ ለልትረከቦ እቱ ተናዚም ወጠናይ ወአፍራድ እተክምሰልሁመ ወከይል 25 ሕኩማት ሓዛብ ወተናዚም ወወከይል ልቛን ሰደይት እርትርየ አቅዋሎም ቀርአው

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50 sent their messages to the congress

50 ብዕዳም ህይ ልእኮታቶም ነድአው

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in the congress mr woldeab woldemariam in person, and sheik ibrahim sultan via video passed sensational messages that touched the hearts of the participants

ለሙእተመር ወልደኣብ ወልዴዱማርያም እብ ሕዱር ወቘክ እብራሂም ስልጣን እብ ልእከት ቪድዮ፣ ሽዑር ምቈሴርበት-ለቆቀሰ ለአይክ ቀደመው እቱ

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natsinet (independence) if it is stated by its nationals and in their native language as natsinet it is enough

ሕርየት እብ ውላድ ዐድ ወህግየ ዐድ ሕርየት ትትበሀል ገብአት ምን ገብእ ካፍየት ተ

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in order for independence to be independence, it doesnt not need and is not necessary to be called independence, liberta in foreign languages

ሕርየት ጀላብ እግል ትግበእ እብ ህግየ ሕኩማት ካርጅ ፍሪዶም ሊበርተ … መትበሃል ኢለአትሐዝየ

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the core point of natsinet is its presence or absence if its existence is confirmed, whether

ለሽከረት ናይ ሕርየት ሀለዮተ ወይሀለዮተ ቱ ሀለዮተ ሐቆ ትደመነ ሰብ-ካርጅ

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if it is blessed or not been blessed is immaterial

ልድሖረ ወኢልድሖረ ዝያዳት ሌጠ ቱ

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the eritrean public, by its own will and strength has put the crown of independence, woe unto him who dares touch this crown

ሸዐብ እርትርየ አህዬ እብ ቅልጭሙ ቱ ታጅ ላብስ ለሀለ …

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sheik ibrahim sultan on his part called for unity using the simple phrase: my fellow countrymen, be in one accord

ሹሺክ እብራሂም ስልጣንመ አብ እንክሩ " ውላድ ዐጃ dvk AL. VA” እት ልብል ውሕደት ሸዐብ እርትርየ ለትጠልብ ምክር ዋልዳይ ህበ እብ ዓመት እተ ሙእተመር

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in general in the congress: political reports of the two organizations were presented

ናይ ክልኢቱ ተናዚም ተቃሪር ስይስያይ ትቀደመ

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congress participants discussed and approved all the articles of the political programs and constitution of the organization passed resolutions on important national, neighboring countries and global issues

ለሙእተመር ወሰይቅ ኤታን ስያስያይ ወደስቱር ተንዚም እብ ባብ-ባብ እንዴ ናቀሸ ሳደቀ ወጠነ፤ ድዋርነ ወክለ እዲነ ለከስስ ቀራራት ፈግረ

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a central committee mandated to lead up to the third congress, comprised of 71 permanent and 7 alternative members was elected

አስክ ሳልስ ሙእተመር ገብእ ለመሬሕ 71 ነፈር ሳብታም ወ ነፈር ቅያር ለቡ መጅልስ መርከዚ ተሐረ

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in turn the central committee elected isaias afwerki as the secretary general of the organization and nine members (including isaias) to form the politburo of the eritrean people’s liberation front

ላመጅልስ ለመርከዚ ህዪ እግል “ ኢሰያስ አፍወርቂ " ርኢስ ወህቱ ለታስዓዮም 9 ነፈር ለአንፋሩ መክተብ ስያስያይ ሐረ

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in the second congress, changes were made on the eritrean people’s liberation front's organizational structure and its political programs

እሊ ሙእተመር እሊ እት ተንዚማይ መባትክ ጅ. ሺ. ወናይ ስያሰት ኤታነ ተቃዪር ምህም ወደ

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to state some of the paramount contents of the national democratic program:

ገሌ ምነ አግደ ጽበጥ ናይ ወጠናይ ዲሞቅራጥያይ ኤታን እግል ሰሜ -

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establish peoples democratic government

ናይ ሸዐብ ሕኩመት ዲሞቅራጥየት አሰሶት

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a) destroy colonialist ethiopias administrative organs and system of administration, and annulling any agreement signed on issues dealing with eritrea regarding military, economic, political and cultural agreements

ህ ) አስራር ሕክም እስትዕማር አቶብየ ደመሮት እርትርየ ለከስስ አቶብየ ለፍርምቱ ውፋቃት ዕስክርየት እቅትሳድ ስያሰት ወዓዳት በለሸት

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b) establish government that keeps the interest of the masses and not serve the interest of foreign powers

ለ ) መስለሐት ገቢል ለትከድም ወወደይት ካርጅ ለኢገብአት ሕኩመት ከወኖት

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c) establish a freely elected peoples assembly that drafts the constitution, draws laws, elects the judiciary and executive organs

ሐ ) ደስቱር ለከጥጥ ቀዋኒን ለለአፈግር ህይአት ፍርድ ወተንፊዝ ለለሐሬ ገቢል እብ ገበይ ራትዐት ለሐረዩ መጅልስ ሸዐብ አሰሶት

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d) rights to free expression, free assembly, free peaceful demonstration, and freedom of religion

መ ) ረአይከ ናይ ህዪብ ናይ መትጀምዖት አሴራር ሰላም ናይ ውድየት ወዲን ናይ መተብዖት ሕቁቅ ዐቂብ

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furthermore, the program accepted political pluralism and guaranteed the establishment of national political parties and other associations

እብ ተውሳክ ለኤታን አትሐዘዮት ብዝቈ ስያስያይ ሓዛብ ስያሰት ወጠናይ ወመሓብር ብዕድ ናይ አሰሶት ሐቅ ትከበተ

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establish a government free from foreign control and follow a system of planned mixed economy that enables the participation of government and private sector, based on the principles of seritrean liberation front- reliance

ምን ምልክ ሰብ ካርጅ ለብሩእ እት ፈልሰፈት ደማነት ኖስ ለትበነ ወእብ ስታት ለልትቀየድ ወለልትመረሕ መሓብር ብሕተ ለሻርኮ ዲቡ ሕበር-በሮ ንዛም እቅትሳድ ወጠን አሰሶት

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follow a peaceful and non-aligned foreign policy

ናይ ሰላም ጽጌዕ ለአለበ ስያሰት ካርጅየት መተብዖት

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the eritrean people’s liberation front believing that a military coup detat cant be a replacement to peoples government, if the ethiopian army by ousting the dergue establishes a democratic environment, and is ready to surrender power to the people, accepts the right of the

ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ. ውሕደት እርትርየ ጀላብ እግል አከዶት ወጠናይ ተንዚም መጃሜዕ ወአፋራድ አግል ልትከምከም ወጀብህት ዲሞቅራጥየት ወጠንየት እግል ትትአሰስ ለዐለት እግለ ንየት ወረደ አከደት

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eritrean people for seritrean liberation front determination, confirms its readiness to solve the eritrean case peaceful, then the eritrean people’s liberation front gives its assurance for a ceasefire

ሸዐብ እርትርየ ሐቅ መሲሩ እብ ኖሱ ቀረሮት እንዴ ገብለ ለገብእ መፋህማት ወህድግ እግል ትሕደር ለበ ቱ ምራድ እንዴ አከደት እት ቀር እብ ገበይ ሰሳም እግል ልባሌሕ ዱሉይ ክምሰል ቱ ዶል ለአክድ ጅ. ሺ. ሐርብ ክምሰል ተአበጥር ገለድ በአት

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questions

ሰኣሳላት -

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why was the organizational congress held in 1987, named as second and unity congress

እት ሰነት 1987 ሙእተመር ተንዚም እግል ሚ ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ትበህዘለ

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list the changes made in the organizational structure and programs of the eritrean people’s liberation front in the second and unity congress

እት ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር እት ተንዚማይ መባትክ ደ፭. ተ. እ. ለገብአ ተቃዪር ሽርሖ

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strategic offensive phase of the eritrean revolution (1988-1991)

ናይ ሰውረት እርትርየ መርሐለት ህጅማት እስትራተጂ አስክ ዐውቱ ቫምለት (1988-1991)

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lesson goals:

ለትትስኤ ፍገሪት ድራሰት

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at the end of this lesson; students are expected to gain basic knowledge about the following points:

እት ደንጎበ ናይ እሊ ደርስ አሊ ደረሰ እብ ክሱስ እሊ ለተሌ ጋራት ፈህም መአንብታይ እግል ልርከቦ ልትሰአው

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the strategic significance of the destruction of the nadew command

መትደውሻሽ ናደው እዝ ወምህመት አእስትራተጂሁ

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the eritrean revolution in between nadew and fenkel

ሰውረት እርትርየ እት ፍንጌ ናደው ወፈንቅል እተ ዐለት መደት

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operation fenkel

ዐመልየት ፈንቅል

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the final push for the liberation of all of eritrea

ናይ ደንጎበ ምስዳራት እግል ሕርየት እርትርየ ቫምለት

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peace negotiations with the dergue and the principled stand of the eritrean people’s liberation front

መሲረት ህድግ ምስል ሕክም ደርግ ወመባጥር ጅ. ሺ. ተ. እ.

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

after the second and unity congress, the eritrean people’s liberation front facilitated its work in all aspects

ሐቆ ካልኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ጅ. ሺ. እት ክሉ መጃላት ግድላህ እንዴ አደቀበት ወአንሸጠት ዐውቴቱታት ዐበዪ ሰጀለት

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as an illustration to this, in the year 1987 alone, 168 military confrontations were carried out

እት ሰነት 1987 ምስል አባይ ሌጠ 168 መዕረከት ወዴት

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most of these military operations were behind enemy lines

አሊ ለመብዝሑ ግረ ሳትሮታት አባይ ለገብአ መዓርክ እት አባይ ኣለ ዐባይ ወደ

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these confrontations they were key in clearing the road for the strategic offensive of the revolution that followed

ወአግል ናይ ሰውረት እርትርየ ህችማት እስትራተጅያይ ገበይ አጥፈሐ

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destruction of nadew command: the dien bien phu of eritrea

መትደውሻሽ ናደው እዝ ድዩን-ብጹይ ፉ እት እርትርየ

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destruction of nadew command which occurred after the second and unity congress was one of the biggest strategic offensives that tipped the balance of power in favor of the eritrean revolution

መትደውሻሽ ናደው እዝ አሰር ካላኣይ ወናይ ውሕደት ሙእተመር ለሐስለ ሜዛን ሒለት ዐስከርየት እት መስለሐት ሰውረት እርትርየ ለበደለት መንፈዐት እስትራተጅየት ዐባይ ለዐለት አግለ ዐመልየት ፈዳቢት ተ

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the nadew command (the amharic word nadew literally means destroy it) stationed at nakfa and afabiet fronts for nine years had 22,000 soldiers

“ ናደው እዝ " እት ጀብህት ነቅፈ ወአፍዐበት ሴዕ ሰነት እብ ግዲደን. ዕስኩር ወሻፍፍ ለዐለ ዝያድ 22 አልፍ ዕስከሪ ለዐለ እግሉ ዴሽ ቱ

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the epla, prior to launching the offensive that destroyed the nadew command, had conducted a tactical attack in december 1987 to strengthen its position

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ቀደመ ናደው ለደከ እበ መዕረከት እት ወሬሕ ዲሰምበር ሰነት 1987 ህም እስትራተጂ እንዴ ወደ መሳክቡ እትጡፎሕ ዐለ

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after a meticulous and secretive preparation, the epla launched its offensive against the nadew command from 17 to 19 march 1988 from three flanks

ሐቆ መደት ብዝሕት ለጠልበ መዳሊት ትሩድ ወምስጢራይ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ምን ዮም 17-19 ማርስ ሰነት 1988 እብ ሰለስ እንክር እት ናደው ዘብጥ ፈትሐ

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left flank: attacked from the side of coastal area, blocking the feleket valley, sheleb and azhara and cutting off enemy forces who were attempting to escape from afabet to the east

እብ እንክር ድገለባይ አስክ አገንን በሐር እንዴ ደነ አወድግ ወሳሳት ሸለብ ወአዝህረ እንዴ ገፍለ እግለ ምን አፍዐበት አስክ ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ እግል ልህረብ ለጀረበ ዲሽ ከርዐ

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central flank: carried out a surprise attack on enemy trenches on the side of hiday river

እብ ደብህት ምግበይት እብ እንክር ሕሊል ሕዳይ ለዐለ አግደ ሳትሮታት አባይ ህጅመ

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in the right flank, the eritrean people’s liberation front attacked the enemy trenches of the 18th division

እብ እንክር ድማናይ ለቀንጸ ዱሽ ፳ሸ. ህዪ እግለ እቱ ሻፍፍ ለዐለ 21 ክፍሌ-ጦር አባይ ህጅመ

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there was also an eritrean people’s liberation front attack that came from behind enemy line that cut the afabiet-keren road

ምን-ረሐር እንዴ ዶረ ገበይ አፍዐበት-ከረን ለበትከ ዴሽ ሸዕቢመ ዐለ

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as planned, the epla liberated the town of afabet within 48 hours, in the morning hours of march 19

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ክምሰለ እለ ብርሙጅ ዐለ እት ዕስረ ወአርበዕ ሳዐት እት ዮም 19 ማርስ አስቦሕ አፍዐበት ሐረረ

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the dergue out of its 22,000 experienced soldiers, lost 18,000 as pows, wounded or killed (that was 20% of the total dergue army)

ደርግ ምነ 22 አልፍ ዴሽ ድሩብ ወጅሩብ ሐድ 18 አልፍ ( እሊ 20 ናይ ክሉ ዱዴሽ ደርግ በህለት ቱ ) ምን ማይት እት ድሞዕ ወጽቡጥ ገብአ

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for the first time, three soviet military advisors; (two colonels and one lieutenant), who were actively participating in the war were captured

እግል አወል መረት ህዬ መጦሩ ምነ ብጉሳም ዐለው ውላድ ሶኩት፣ ክልኦት ኮሎኔል ወዎሮት መስኡል 100 ( ሞቶ-ኣለቀ ') ለብእቶም መስኡሊን ትጸበጠው

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50 tanks, 100 trucks, 60 heavy artilleries, 20 anti aircraft artillery and tens of thousands light weapons became the property of the eritrean revolution

50 ደባበት፣ 100 ዐረብየት 60 መድፈዕ 20 ድድ ጥያራት ረሻሽ ወዐስሮታት ኣላፍ ምን ስለሕ ቀሊል ብዕድ ምልክ ሰውረት ገብአ ምኖም

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as a result of the nadew offensive and the attacks launched by the eritrean people’s liberation front at hal-hal front, the dergue pulled out of tessenei, barentu & akurdet and decided to establish a garrison narrowly in the northern part of keren, thus entering into a state of defensive mode

ፍገሪት ናደው እዝ ወሐቆ ናደው ለዐለ ተጠውር ጅ. ሺ. እት ጀብህት ሐልሐል ለጠለቀቱ ህም፣ ደርግ ተሰነይ ዐሊ-ግድር ባረንቱ ወአቅርደት እንዴ ጠለቀ እት ቅብለት-ከረን እንዴዱ ሸፈ እግል ልካፊሕ ዱዴሹ ሐየበ

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basil davidson; the renowned researcher of african history and author, in his interview with the bbc through a satellite telephone from the field described the destruction of the nadew command as one of the biggest ever scored by a liberation movement anywhere since dien bien phu3

ለእሙር ባሕስ ወኬትባይ ተእሪክ አፍሪቀ ባሲል ደቪድሰን; ምን ሐረት እርትርየ እብ ገበይ ሳተሳላይት ምስል ቢቢሲ እት ወደየ መቃበለት መትደውሻሽሸ ናደው እዝ " ሐቆ መዕረከት ዴይን-ብይን ፉ ምነ ሐረካት ተሕሪር ለወደዩ መዓርክ ለዐቤት ዐውቱቴ እት ልብል ሸርሐዩ

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in reality the nadew offensive was not only a step forward in changing the military balance of power; but also a turning point with a huge political & propaganda gain for the just struggle of the eritrean people

ዐመልየት ናደው ህይ እብ አማን እት መትቀያር ሜዛን ሒለት ዐስከርየት ምስዳር ዐባይ ገጽ-ቀደም ሌጠ ዐለት እንዴ ኢትገብእ እግል ግድለ ሕርየት ገቢል እርትርየ ለዓድለት ወራትዐት መክሰብ ስያሰት ወፕሮፖጋንደ ለገብአት ንቅጠት ተቅዪር ዐለት

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in addition, the epla, established a small unit equipped with fast boats that started confronting the experienced and relatively big colonial ethiopias navy in the sea

እምበል እሊመ Lo ሸዕቢ ጅላብ-ገያድ ( ሞቶስካፍ ) እንዴ ተወበ ድድ ናይለ ተጃሪብ ብዞሕ ወደቅብ ለዐለ እግሉ ቅዋት በሕርየት እስትዕማር አቶብየ እት በሐር መዓርክ እግል ልጽመድ አንበተ

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for example, on 19 april 1988, an attack was launched on assab, damaging the refinery and an ethiopian navy ship

ተኣምሪት ናይ እሊ ህዪይ እት ዮም 19 ኣፕሪል ሰነት 1988 እት ዐሰብ ሐርብ እንዴ ፈትሐ እት መአሰሳት አጫራይ ብትሮል ወዎሮት ባቡር ሐርብ አቶብየ ብቆት ከረ

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on the same year on may 31, an attack was carried out using fast boats and destroying two ethiopian ships which were on the narrow straits of massawa

እት ዮም 31 ማዮ ናይ እለ ሰነት እላመ ድላብ-ገያድ እንዴ ትነፈዐ እት ሖር ባጹዕ ለዐለው ክልኦት ባቡር ሐርብ ቅዋት በሐር አቶብየ ወእት ዮም 6 ሰብተምበር ህይ እት ሚነት ባጹዕ ህጅም እንዴ ጠለቀ እተ ለዐለው ሰለስ ባቡር-በሐር ዐበዪ ወመካዝን ደመረ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the battle of dien bien phu was the finalbattle between the viet minh nationalist revolutionaries and the french colonial army that went on from 1946 through 1954

‘ መዕረከት ድዪዩን ብጹይን ፉ ካቲመ ናይለ ምን ሰነት 1946 አስክ 1954 እት ፍንጌ እግል ሕርየት ኬትናም ቃንጻም ለዐለው ምቈጨርበት ወእስትዕማር ፈረንሰ ገብእ ለዐለ ሐርብ ተ

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this battle in dien bien phua city in north western vietnam between march and may of 1954 culminated in a comprehensive french defeat influencingthe french to come to negotiations over the future of indochina

ለእ ት ድዬን ብይን ፉ ለትትበህል አእት ቅብለት-ምውዳቅ-ጸሓይ ኩትናም ለትትረከብ መዲነት ለገብአት መዕረከት እስትዕማር ፈረንሰ ትፈለለ እተ ፈረንሰ ህይ እትፋቅ ሰላም እግል ትፈርም ለቀሰበተ መዕረከት ዐለት

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the eplas launching of big offensives against the dergue assisted ethiopian opposition organizations

እሊ ዐመልያት ዐበዪ ናይ ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት አደቀቦት ተናዚም መቃወማት አቶብያመ ሰኒ ሰደ

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eng_Latn

the eritrean people’s liberation front, to preserve & sustain its victories, continued its cooperation with ethiopian opposition organizations and signed agreements of military assistance (with the tplf in april 1988 and the olf in march 1988)

ጅ. ሺ. ለትረክቡ ለዐለት ዐውቂታት ዐበዪ እግል ትዕቀብ ወአተላላዩ ጀላብ እግል ትድመን ምስል ተናዚም አቶብየ ( ምስል ወያኔ እት ወሬሕ ኣፕሪል ሰነት 1988 ምስል ጀብህት ሕርየት አሮሞ እት ወሬሕ ማርስ ሰነት 1988) ትወድዩ ለዐለት መትሳዳይ እንዴ አተላሌት ውፋቅ ምህም ፈረመት

tig_Ethi

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the eritrean revolution between nadew and fenkel

ሰውረት እርትርየ እት ፍንጌ ናደው ወፈንቅል እተ ዐለት መደት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

to sustain the momentum gained by the destruction of nadew, and to accelerate and maintain its pressure on the enemy, the eritrean people’s liberation front increased its attack on different trenches of the enemy

ጅ.ሺ. እብ ሰበብ መትደውሻሽቭ ናደው ለረክበተ ሰእየት ወሒለት አግል ትዕቀብ እትለ ትፈናተ መዐሳክር አባይ ትወድዩ ለዐለት ህችማት አብዘሐት

tig_Ethi

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in april 1988, it launched a wide unsuccessful offensive in keren front

ወእብሊ እት ወሬሕ ኣፕሪል ሰነት 1988 እት ጀብህት ከረን ህቕም ዋሴዕ ወዴት ምናተ ለጀርቤ እለ ኢተዐወተት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

again in may 1988, the eritrean people’s liberation front launched another unsuccessful offensive in the same front

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እት ወሬሕ ማዮ ሰነት 1988 እግል ካልእ ደርበት እት ጀብህት ከረን እበ ወደዩ ህም ክምሰለ አወለይት ጀርቤ እሊመ ኢተዐወተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

the dergue after stabilizing its position in the keren front and to ease the pressure it was facing from the epla, tried to recapture afabet by opening a front in the plains of azhara and maamide

ደርግ ሐጠጦቱ አብ ከረን ሐቆ አከደ ምነ ጨቅጥ ለጅቨሸ ትወድዩ እቱ ዐለት እግል ለአባሬ እብ ጋድሞታት አዝህረ ወመዕሚዴዱ ጀብህት ሐዳ፥ስ እንዴ ፈትሐ አፍዐበት እግል ልብለስ ወጠነ

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the epla foiled the offensive and improved its position by opening a limited tactical attack in the mensae front

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እለ ጀርቤ አለ ሐቆ አፍሸለ እት ጀብህት ሮረ መንሰዕ ህማት ሕዱድ እንዴ ወደ መሳክቡ አትጣፍሐ ወአትሓየሰ

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in the second half of 1988, the naval force of the eritrean peoples liberation army launched military operations over the dergues naval force garrisoned in the gulf of massawa targeting its naval assets

እተ ካልአይት ክፍለት ናይ ሰነት 1988 ቅዋት በሐር ዴሽ ሸዕቢ እብ እንክሩ እት ረአስለ እት ሐር ባጹዕ ወደዋይሑ ለዐለ ቅዋት በሐር ዐመልያት ወዴ ዐለ

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for this reason, it made a tactical shift and set its focus on the eastern plains (semhar province, presently named as the northern red sea region)

ዴሽ ሸዕቢ ከረን እንዴ ደውሸሸ አግል ልሕለፍ ለወደዩ ጀርቤታት መባጽሑ ክምሰል ኢተመ ልቡ እት ጋድሞታት ምፍጋር-ጸሓይ ( አቅሊም ሰምህር ) ከረዩ

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beginning in 1989, a commando unit carried out a mechanized operation in the northern plains of semhar as an example of this new tactical plan

እት መአንበት ሰነት 1989 እት ጋድሞታት ቅብለት ሰምህር ውሕዳት ኮማንዶ ለወደወ ዐመልየት ህዪይ እለ ሐቂቀት እለ ተአሰብት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

other important epla military operations were the joint operations with the tplf and olf in shire (tigray, northern ethiopia) and asosa (welega, western ethiopia)

ጅ. ሺ. ለወዴቱ ፊራሮታት ዐስከሪ ምህም ብዕድ ህይ ለምስል ህወሓት ወጅብህት ሕርየት አሮሞ እንዴ ትላበነት እት ሽፊ ( ትግራይ ) ወአሶሰ ( ወለገ ) ለወዴቱ ዐመልያት ቱ

tig_Ethi

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the shire offensive was a huge victory that compelled the dergue to completely pull its army out of tigray

ዐመልየት ሽፊ ህዪ ፈጊር ዴሽ ደርግ ምን ክለ ትግራይ ለሰበበት ዐውቴቲ ዐባይ ዐለት

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

these victorious attacks in addition to their political significance (reflected the friendship the eritrean people’s liberation front forged with ethiopian opposition organizations), weakened the military capability of the dergue, confused the military intelligence of the dergue and enabled the surprise fenkel offensive

እሊ ዐመልያት እሊ ምን ምህመት ስያሰት ( ምስንዮት ምስል ተናዚም መቃወማት አቶብየ ) ወኬንመ ሒለት ደርግ ለዐስከርየት እንዴ አትሐወነ ዐይን ደርግ እንዴ ለክመ ወቀሸ ዐመልየት ፈንቅል እግል ደርግ ህዶመይት ወአመተ ኢትአመረት እግል ትግበእ እቱ አቅደረ

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surprise attacks play paramount role in victorious offensives

ህጅማት ህዶመይት እት ዐውቱ ተረቱ ዐባይ ተ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn

in general, in the period between the destruction of nadew and operation fenkel, 50 moderate and big battles were conducted

እብ ዓመት ፍንጌ ናደው ወፈንቅል ለዐለት መደት ምን ምግባይ እት ዋሴዕ ሐድ 50 መዕረከት ገብአየ

tig_Ethi

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these battles cleared the way for the liberation of massawa

እሊ ዐመልያት እሊ ህዪ እብ እንክሩ እግል ሕርየት ባጹዕ ባብ አርሐ

tig_Ethi

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operation fenkil: gateway to liberation

ዐመልየት ፈንቅል ባብ ሕርየት ቫምለት

tig_Ethi

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after one year of preparation, the eritrean people’s liberation front started to secretly garrison its units around semhar

ሐቆ ናይ ሰነት ካምለት መዳሊት፣ ውሕዳት ጅ. ሺ.እብ ስቱር እት ድዋራት ባጹዕ እግል ልሽፈፍ አንበተ

tig_Ethi

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the offensive started on february 8

እት ዮም 8 ፈብራይር ህጹ ህጅም ዋሴዕ አትበገሰ

tig_Ethi

eng_Latn