id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd5 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of? | {
"text": [
"the judicial system"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd6 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | Where was the 'Continental model' of police from? | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd7 | Police | The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very differen... | What part of the government did French police work under? | {
"text": [
"the authority of the monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff3 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | When did Rio get its first police investigator? | {
"text": [
"1566"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff4 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century? | {
"text": [
"most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff5 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment? | {
"text": [
"July 9, 1775"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff6 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808? | {
"text": [
"Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
5732a92f328d981900601ff7 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | Who invaded Portugal in 1808? | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a60 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When did Canada get its first police? | {
"text": [
"1729"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a61 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | What was Canada's first police force? | {
"text": [
"Royal Newfoundland Constabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a62 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Toronto police created? | {
"text": [
"1834"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a63 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Montreal police created? | {
"text": [
"1838"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a64 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When were the first Mounties created? | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff88f | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | What were the Old West's local police options? | {
"text": [
"poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff890 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police? | {
"text": [
"The Army"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff892 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height? | {
"text": [
"Army"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff891 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which private contractor acted as police for businesses? | {
"text": [
"Pinkerton National Detective Agency"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6a | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept? | {
"text": [
"German and French"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6d | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published? | {
"text": [
"1705"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6c | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? | {
"text": [
"Traité de la Police"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6b | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? | {
"text": [
"Nicolas Delamare"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6e | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What was von Hornigk's career? | {
"text": [
"Political economist and civil servant"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a76 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? | {
"text": [
"mercantilist theory"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a75 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? | {
"text": [
"procuring abundance"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a74 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? | {
"text": [
"Foucault"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a77 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? | {
"text": [
"because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc."
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0e | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? | {
"text": [
"Edwin Chadwick"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0f | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | When was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
"text": [
"1829"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac10 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Where was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
"text": [
"London Review"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac11 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What did Chadwick say police should be focused on? | {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac12 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What was the alternative to prevention? | {
"text": [
"a deterrent of punishment"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac18 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? | {
"text": [
"patrol duties"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac19 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Where do some think the most important police work happens? | {
"text": [
"on patrol"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac1a | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | How do patrol officers affect crime? | {
"text": [
"prevent crime by their presence"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602011 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Nadelmann write about global policing? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602012 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Sheptycki write about global policing? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602013 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? | {
"text": [
"international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a86 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a87 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"anarchist agitators and other political radicals"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a88 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | Which police force monitored Karl Marx? | {
"text": [
"Prussian"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What international police agency was created before WW2? | {
"text": [
"Interpol"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a8a | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | In what era did cross-border policing increase? | {
"text": [
"post–Cold War"
],
"answer_start": [
1050
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac28 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation? | {
"text": [
"the English Channel region"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac29 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | {
"text": [
"2002"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2a | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2b | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When was the Schengen Treaty signed? | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2c | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing? | {
"text": [
"formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202b | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? | {
"text": [
"outside of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202c | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices? | {
"text": [
"Alain"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202d | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What kind of policing has become common practice? | {
"text": [
"Intelligence-led"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202e | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police? | {
"text": [
"make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic"
],
"answer_start": [
810
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202f | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What paradox did Sheptycki point out? | {
"text": [
"the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity"
],
"answer_start": [
1069
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602035 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Where has transnational policing become more important? | {
"text": [
"in United Nations peacekeeping"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602037 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007? | {
"text": [
"Goldsmith and Sheptycki"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602036 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What kind of countries get assistance with policing? | {
"text": [
"weak, failed or failing states"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602039 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances? | {
"text": [
"With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602038 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What concern did Hills raise about police models? | {
"text": [
"there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a90 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007? | {
"text": [
"Lloyd, et al."
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a93 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | Why is transnational policing so unaccountable? | {
"text": [
"this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a92 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | How accountable is Interpol? | {
"text": [
"22%"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a91 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | What is the least-accountable IGO? | {
"text": [
"Interpol"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a98 | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What should non-lethal weapons properly be called? | {
"text": [
"\"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\""
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a99 | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What are common less-lethal weapons? | {
"text": [
"batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9a | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What is supposed to be the last resort for police? | {
"text": [
"The use of firearms or deadly force"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9b | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy? | {
"text": [
"allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9c | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | Where can police shoot fleeing convicts? | {
"text": [
"Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff897 | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | How do modern police often communicate? | {
"text": [
"radio"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff898 | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | Where do police have radios? | {
"text": [
"carried both on the person and installed in vehicles"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff899 | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | Why do police use radios? | {
"text": [
"to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff89a | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation? | {
"text": [
"criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff89b | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting? | {
"text": [
"updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
5732bf5c328d98190060203f | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | When do police often use unmarked cars? | {
"text": [
"primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
5732bf5c328d981900602040 | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | What use of unmarked cars is controversial? | {
"text": [
"for traffic law enforcement"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
5732bf5c328d981900602042 | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? | {
"text": [
"it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
5732bf5c328d981900602041 | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? | {
"text": [
"1996"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa2 | Police | Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some... | Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol? | {
"text": [
"they allow for more open interaction with the public"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa3 | Police | Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some... | How do bicycles help catch some suspects? | {
"text": [
"their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa4 | Police | Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some... | What do police use to control motorcyclist events? | {
"text": [
"Motorcycles"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a2 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Who was O.W. Wilson a student of? | {
"text": [
"August Vollmer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a1 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Who introduced education requirements for US police? | {
"text": [
"August Vollmer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a4 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities? | {
"text": [
"to reduce their vulnerability to corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a3 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Where did Wilson reduce police corruption? | {
"text": [
"Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a5 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | How did Wilson recruit more qualified police? | {
"text": [
"an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa8 | Police | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | What does Miranda provide? | {
"text": [
"safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa9 | Police | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | What does the 5th Amendment protect against? | {
"text": [
"self-incrimination"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aaa | Police | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | Which amendment prevents self-incrimination? | {
"text": [
"Fifth"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aae | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | When was the Terry v. Ohio case? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aaf | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into? | {
"text": [
"investigatory stop and arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8ab0 | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | What is an investigatory stop's search limited to? | {
"text": [
"what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ab | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What is the legal status of UK police officers? | {
"text": [
"constables"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ac | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do? | {
"text": [
"authorize a search of a suspect's house"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ad | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do? | {
"text": [
"authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ae | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's? | {
"text": [
"arrest"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac50 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders? | {
"text": [
"To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac51 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | What could be impeded without police interference? | {
"text": [
"the realization of the private right"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac52 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen? | {
"text": [
"establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
5733f55e4776f419006615ab | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | What does Punjab mean? | {
"text": [
"five waters"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
5733f55e4776f419006615ac | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | How many provinces does Pakistan have? | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
5733f55e4776f419006615ad | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | How large is Punjab? | {
"text": [
"205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
5733f55e4776f419006615ae | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | What is Punjab's population? | {
"text": [
"91.379.615"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
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