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Human lice , Pediculus humanus , are obligate blood-sucking parasites . Body lice , Pediculus h . humanus , occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades ( A and D ) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution . Currently , the body louse is recognized as the only vector for louse-borne diseases . In this study ...	Head lice , Pediculus h . capitis , and body lice , Pediculus h . humanus , are obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasites . The body lice occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades ( A and D ) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution . Currently , the body louse is the only recognized vector for louse-borne d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "acinetobacter", "infections", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "animals", "genetic", "mapping", "bacterial", "diseases", "body", "lice", "alge...	2018	Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria
Next generation sequencing ( NGS ) has enabled high throughput discovery of somatic mutations . Detection depends on experimental design , lab platforms , parameters and analysis algorithms . However , NGS-based somatic mutation detection is prone to erroneous calls , with reported validation rates near 54% and congrue...	Next generation sequencing ( NGS ) has enabled unbiased , high throughput discovery of genetic variations and somatic mutations . However , the NGS platform is still prone to errors resulting in inaccurate mutation calls . A statistical measure of the confidence of putative mutation calls would enable researchers to pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "sequencing", "genomics", "genetic", "mutation", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Confidence-based Somatic Mutation Evaluation and Prioritization
Dosage compensation in mammals involves silencing of one X chromosome in XX females and requires expression , in cis , of Xist RNA . The X to be inactivated is randomly chosen in cells of the inner cell mass ( ICM ) at the blastocyst stage of development . Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells derived from the ICM of female mice...	In organisms such as fruit flies and humans , major chromosomal differences exist between the sexes: females have two large , gene-rich X chromosomes , and males have one X and one small , gene-poor Y . Various strategies have evolved to balance X-linked gene expression between the single X and the autosomes , and betw...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Dosage Compensation in the Mouse Balances Up-Regulation and Silencing of X-Linked Genes
Genetic leukoencephalopathies ( gLEs ) are a group of heterogeneous disorders with white matter abnormalities affecting the central nervous system ( CNS ) . The causative mutation in ~50% of gLEs is unknown . Using whole exome sequencing ( WES ) , we identified homozygosity for a missense variant , VPS11: c . 2536T>G (...	Genetic leukoencephalopathies ( gLEs ) are a group of heterogeneous disorders with white matter abnormalities in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Patients affected with gLEs have brain white matter defects that can be seen on MRI and exhibit variable neurologic phenotypes including motor impairment , hypotonia , py...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "nervous", "system", "cell", "processes", "brain", "vertebrates", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "model", "organisms", "hindbrain", "immunoprecipitation", "neuronal"...	2016	A Founder Mutation in VPS11 Causes an Autosomal Recessive Leukoencephalopathy Linked to Autophagic Defects
Functional turnover of transcription factor binding sites ( TFBSs ) , such as whole-motif loss or gain , are common events during genome evolution . Conventional probabilistic phylogenetic shadowing methods model the evolution of genomes only at nucleotide level , and lack the ability to capture the evolutionary dynami...	Functional turnover of transcription factor binding sites ( TFBSs ) , such as whole-motif loss or gain , are common events during genome evolution , and play a major role in shaping the genome and regulatory circuitry of contemporary species . Conventional methods for searching non-conserved motifs across evolutionaril...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "computational", "biology/sequence", "motif", "analysis" ]	2008	CSMET: Comparative Genomic Motif Detection via Multi-Resolution Phylogenetic Shadowing
The spread of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata is expanding the rat lungworm disease beyond its native range . Their toxic eggs have virtually no predators and unusual defenses including a neurotoxic lectin and a proteinase inhibitor , presumably advertised by a warning coloration . We explored the effect of egg...	Filled with nutritious substances to nourish the embryos , eggs of most animals are often the targets of pathogens and predators . An exception are the eggs of Pomacea canaliculata –known as the apple snail– which have hardly any predators . This freshwater snail is a serious aquatic crop pest in several continents , l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "epithelial", "cells", "animal", "models", "eukaryotic", "cells", "histology", "chemical", "ecology", "model", "organisms", "veterinary", "science", "research", "and", ...	2014	Insights into Embryo Defenses of the Invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata: Egg Mass Ingestion Affects Rat Intestine Morphology and Growth
Metabolic networks revolve around few metabolites recognized by diverse enzymes and involved in myriad reactions . Though hub metabolites are considered as stepping stones to facilitate the evolutionary expansion of biochemical pathways , changes in their production or consumption often impair cellular physiology throu...	The structure of biological networks , like traffic systems or the Internet , features few hubs connected by numerous components . Though the conservation and high connectivity of hubs serve as key junctions to promote network expansion , addition or removal of connections surrounding hubs may disturb the whole system ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Transhydrogenase Promotes the Robustness and Evolvability of E. coli Deficient in NADPH Production
The fungal circadian clock photoreceptor Vivid ( VVD ) contains a photosensitive allosteric light , oxygen , voltage ( LOV ) domain that undergoes a large N-terminal conformational change . The mechanism by which a blue-light driven covalent bond formation leads to a global conformational change remains unclear , which...	Allostery is an important but elusive property that governs critical functionality of many proteins . Quantitative analysis is needed to provide significant insight into protein allostery and lead to better prediction power of this ubiquitous phenomenon . We developed machine learning methods based on robust Markov sta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "allosteric", "regulation", "chemical", "bonding", "crystal", "structure", "markov", "models", "statistics", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "enzymology", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "multivariate", "analysis", "mathematics", "artificial", "intelligence", "crystallog...	2019	Allosteric mechanism of the circadian protein Vivid resolved through Markov state model and machine learning analysis
Hansen's disease ( leprosy ) remains an important health problem in Brazil , where 34 , 894 new cases were diagnosed in 2010 , corresponding to 15 . 3% of the world's new cases detected in that year . The purpose of this study was to use home visits as a tool for surveillance of Hansen's disease in a hyperendemic area ...	Hansen's Disease , or leprosy , is a disease that despite curative therapy is still a health problem in many areas , particularly in Brazil , which has a high new case detection rate . If symptoms of Hansen's disease are not recognized , delay in diagnosis can result in severe disability . Within the state of Rio Grand...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2013	Active Surveillance of Hansen's Disease (Leprosy): Importance for Case Finding among Extra-domiciliary Contacts
Combination antiretroviral therapy ( cART ) reduces HIV-associated morbidities and mortalities but cannot cure the infection . Given the difficulty of eradicating HIV-1 , a functional cure for HIV-infected patients appears to be a more reachable short-term goal . We identified 14 HIV patients ( post-treatment controlle...	There is a renewed scientific interest in developing strategies allowing long-term remission in HIV-1-infected individuals . Very rare ( <1% ) patients are able to spontaneously control viremia to undetectable levels ( HIV controllers , HICs ) . However , the possibility to translate their mechanisms of control to othe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immune", "activation", "retrovirology", "and", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "adaptive", "immunity", "immune", "defense", "infectious", "disease", "control", "infectious", "diseases", "hiv", "immune", "response", ...	2013	Post-Treatment HIV-1 Controllers with a Long-Term Virological Remission after the Interruption of Early Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study
The discovery of peptides possessing high biological activity is very challenging due to the enormous diversity for which only a minority have the desired properties . To lower cost and reduce the time to obtain promising peptides , machine learning approaches can greatly assist in the process and even partly replace e...	Part of the complexity of drug discovery is the sheer chemical diversity to explore combined to all requirements a compound must meet to become a commercial drug . Hence , it makes sense to automate this chemical exploration endeavor in a wise , informed , and efficient fashion . Here , we focused on peptides as they h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "and", "Outlook" ]	[]	2015	Machine Learning Assisted Design of Highly Active Peptides for Drug Discovery
For enveloped viruses , fusion of the viral envelope with a cellular membrane is critical for a productive infection to occur . This fusion process is mediated by at least three classes of fusion proteins ( Class I , II , and III ) based on the protein sequence and structure . For Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) , the...	Entry into a cell is an essential stage of the viral replication cycle . Enveloped viruses require fusion of viral and cellular membranes for the viral genome to enter the cell cytoplasm . This entry is mediated by a viral fusion protein . Here , we synthesized peptides based on the Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) fus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	A Fusion-Inhibiting Peptide against Rift Valley Fever Virus Inhibits Multiple, Diverse Viruses
Schistosoma mansoni is one of the most common helminth infections affecting a large population of people in sub-Saharan Africa . This helminth infection is known to cause immunomodulation which has affected the efficacy of a number of vaccines . This study examined whether a chronic schistosoma infection has an effect ...	In sub-Saharan Africa countries , vaccines are administered to people who may suffer from existing infections , especially helminth infections . These infections are known to modulate immune responses rendering some vaccines ineffective . The impact of helminth infections such as schistosomiasis on a recently introduce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "innate", "immune", "system", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "helminths", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "vaccines", "preventive", "medic...	2019	An investigation into the role of chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine induced protective responses
Humans and animals control their walking rhythms to maintain motion in a variable environment . The neural mechanism for controlling rhythm has been investigated in many studies using mechanical and electrical stimulation . However , quantitative evaluation of rhythm variation in response to perturbation at various tim...	Humans and animals tune their walking rhythms when motion is disturbed , such that they hesitate before making the transition from stance to swing phase . The effectiveness of rhythm control for stability has also been shown , and thus the elucidation of rhythm responses is important to understanding human strategies f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "velocity", "acceleration", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "legs", "classical", "mechanics", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "functional", "electrical", "stimulation", "res...	2016	Evaluation of the Phase-Dependent Rhythm Control of Human Walking Using Phase Response Curves
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is associated with increased circulating levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines , including IL-12 , IFNγ , and TNFα , and elevated expression of IFNγ mRNA in lesional tissue such as the spleen and bone marrow . However , an immunological feature of VL patients is that...	Our research aims to understand the immune failure underlying progression of human visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) . A key immunological feature of VL patients is that their peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) do not respond to stimulation with leishmanial antigen . Surprisingly , when employing a whole blood as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2014	Leishmania Specific CD4 T Cells Release IFNγ That Limits Parasite Replication in Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis
Calcineurin is a highly conserved Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase that orchestrates cellular Ca2+ signaling responses . In Cryptococcus neoformans , calcineurin is activated by multiple stresses including high temperature , and is essential for stress adaptation and virulence . T...	The ubquitiously conserved serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase calcineurin is crucial for virulence of several opportunistic human fungal pathogens including Candida albicans , Aspergillus fumigatus , and Cryptococcus neoformans . We show that Crz1 acts downstream of calcineurin , to 1 ) govern expression of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cryptococcus", "neoformans", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "aspergillus", "fumigatus", "cryptococcus", "classical", "mechanics", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "aspergillus", "fungal", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology",...	2017	Elucidation of the calcineurin-Crz1 stress response transcriptional network in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans requires a conserved PMK-1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway that regulates the basal and pathogen-induced expression of immune effectors . The mechanisms by which PMK-1 p38 MAPK regulates the transcriptional activation of the C . elegans immune response hav...	We have investigated mechanisms of how the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans interacts with pathogenic bacteria . Previously , we have established that a conserved PMK-1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway regulates immunity in C . elegans , establishing the conservation of key innate immune signal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/innate", "immunity", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system" ]	2010	Phosphorylation of the Conserved Transcription Factor ATF-7 by PMK-1 p38 MAPK Regulates Innate Immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Determining the three dimensional arrangement of proteins in a complex is highly beneficial for uncovering mechanistic function and interpreting genetic variation in coding genes comprising protein complexes . There are several methods for determining co-complex interactions between proteins , among them co-fractionati...	Proteins physically associate into complexes in order to carry out the essential functions of life . Knowing how proteins are physically arranged three dimensionally in these complexes provides clues towards how they work . In principle , the associations between proteins in large-scale proteomics datasets should often...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "protein", "interactions", "protein", "structure", "prediction", "protein", "structure", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "physical", "chemistry", "proteins", "biological", "databases", "chemistry", "cross-linking", "proteomics", "molecular",...	2017	Identifying direct contacts between protein complex subunits from their conditional dependence in proteomics datasets
New broad and potent neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies have recently been described that are largely dependent on the gp120 N332 glycan for Env recognition . Members of the PGT121 family of antibodies , isolated from an African donor , neutralize ∼70% of circulating isolates with a median IC50 less than 0 . 05 µg ml−1 . He...	An estimated 33 million adults and children currently live with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) , which represents a global prevalence of 0 . 8% . In the absence of a cure , the development of a protective vaccine is the long sought-after goal in containment of the pandemic . HIV-1 Env is the sole vir...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2013	Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PGT121 Allosterically Modulates CD4 Binding via Recognition of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 Base and Multiple Surrounding Glycans
A vaccine targeting Plasmodium vivax will be an essential component of any comprehensive malaria elimination program , but major gaps in our understanding of P . vivax biology , including the protein-protein interactions that mediate merozoite invasion of reticulocytes , hinder the search for candidate antigens . Only ...	Plasmodium vivax causes malaria in millions of people each year , primarily in Southeast Asia and Central and South America . P . vivax has a dormant liver stage , which can lead to disease recurrence in infected individuals even in the absence of mosquito transmission . The development of vaccines that target blood-st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	A Library of Plasmodium vivax Recombinant Merozoite Proteins Reveals New Vaccine Candidates and Protein-Protein Interactions
The triple-gene-block protein 3 ( TGBp3 ) of Bamboo mosaic virus ( BaMV ) is an integral endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) membrane protein which is assumed to form a membrane complex to deliver the virus intracellularly . However , the virus entity that is delivered to plasmodesmata ( PD ) and its association with TGBp3-ba...	Plant viruses spread their infectious entities from cell to cell via plasmodesmata ( PD ) through the assistance of virus-encoded movement proteins and host factors . Some RNA viruses encode three functionally coordinated movement proteins organized into a triple gene block ( TGB ) to facilitate their cell-to-cell move...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "plant", "microbiology", "viruslike", "particles", "proteins", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	The Stable Association of Virion with the Triple-gene-block Protein 3-based Complex of Bamboo mosaic virus
Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases ( CRLs ) catalyze the ubiquitylation of substrates many of which are degraded by the 26S proteasome . Their modular architecture enables recognition of numerous substrates via exchangeable substrate receptors that competitively bind to a cullin scaffold with high affinity . Due to the plas...	Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases ( CRLs ) are multisubunit protein complexes where exchangeable substrate receptors ( SRs ) assemble on a cullin scaffold to mediate ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of a large variety of substrates . In humans there are hundreds of different CRLs having potentially thousands of su...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "enzymes", "enzymology", "immunoblotting", "ubiquitin", "ligases", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "chemical", "dissociation", "ligases", "schizosaccharomyces", "...	2017	Trade-off and flexibility in the dynamic regulation of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase repertoire
RNA silencing is a defense system against “genomic parasites” such as transposable elements ( TE ) , which are potentially harmful to host genomes . In plants , transcripts from TEs induce production of double-stranded RNAs ( dsRNAs ) and are processed into small RNAs ( small interfering RNAs , siRNAs ) that suppress T...	Transposons , which are sometimes referred to as “genomic parasites , ” are a major component of eukaryotic genomes . Because transposon activity is often detrimental to host genome stability , most transposons are silenced by the host's defense machinery . The mechanisms of transposon silencing , such as RNA silencing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "rna", "interference", "plant", "biology", "crop", "genetics", "plant", "science", "plant", "genomics", "epigenetics", "plants", "flowering", "plants", "gene", "expression", "plant", "genetics", "biology", "dna", "modification", "plant", "evolution", "genetics", "gene...	2012	Role of Transposon-Derived Small RNAs in the Interplay between Genomes and Parasitic DNA in Rice
It is becoming increasingly clear that many diseases are the result of infection from multiple genetically distinct strains of a pathogen . Such multi-strain infections have the capacity to alter both disease and pathogen dynamics . Infection with multiple strains of human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is common and has bee...	Infection of the host with multiple strains of a pathogen is common and occurs with the herpesvirus , human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) . However the effects of multi-strain infection on the host and the pathogen remain poorly studied . Here we show , in a mouse model , that infection of C57BL/6 mice with multiple strains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "microbiology", "cytomegalovirus", "infection", "immune", "defense", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "biology", "immune", "response", "immunity", "virology", "innate", "immunity", "co-infect...	2013	Natural Killer Cell Dependent Within-Host Competition Arises during Multiple MCMV Infection: Consequences for Viral Transmission and Evolution
The speciation of pathogens can be driven by divergent host specialization . Specialization to a new host is possible via the acquisition of advantageous mutations fixed by positive selection . Comparative genome analyses of closely related species allows for the identification of such key substitutions via inference o...	Zymoseptoria spp provides a unique model system to study the underlying genetics of host specialization of plant pathogens . Closely related Zymoseptoria species , including the prominent wheat pathogen Z . tritici , have recently specialized to distinct grass hosts . Positively selected substitutions have played a cen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Rapidly Evolving Genes Are Key Players in Host Specialization and Virulence of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici (Mycosphaerella graminicola)
Integrated disease management , disability and inclusion ( DMDI ) for NTDs is increasingly prioritised . There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of integrated DMDI from the perspective of affected individuals and how this varies by differing axes of inequality such as age , gender , and disability . We used narr...	We used narrative methods to consider how individuals’ unique positions of power and privilege shaped their illness experience , to explore what practical and feasible steps could support neglected tropical disease ( NTDs ) programmes to respond to patient need in Liberia and beyond . We asked 27 people living with NTD...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "medical", "doctors", "medical", "personnel", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "health", "care", "providers", "neglected", "tropical", "disea...	2019	Neglected tropical disease as a ‘biographical disruption’: Listening to the narratives of affected persons to develop integrated people centred care in Liberia
Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A . parasiticus in oil-rich seed and grain crops and are a serious problem in agriculture , with aflatoxin B1 being the most carcinogenic natural compound known . Sexual reproduction in these species occurs between individuals belonging to different vegetative compatibi...	Fungal pathogen populations have mixed proportions of vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction ranging from predominantly clonal to varying levels of sexuality . Aflatoxins are the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens known and aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus and A . parasiticus show extensive genet...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "population", "dynamics", "population", "biology", "biology" ]	2013	Sexuality Generates Diversity in the Aflatoxin Gene Cluster: Evidence on a Global Scale
Despite its great public health importance , few control initiatives addressing podoconiosis ( non-filarial elephantiasis , a geochemical neglected tropical disease ) exist . In June 2010 , the first podoconiosis program in Northern Ethiopia , consisting of prevention , awareness , and care and support activities , beg...	Podoconiosis is a chronic non-infectious disease that causes leg swelling among those living and walking bare-footed in red clay soil areas . It can be prevented and treated primarily by the use of shoes and foot hygiene . In Ethiopia , it is estimated that nearly 11 million people are at risk but few control programs ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "global", "health" ]	2012	Addressing the Neglected Tropical Disease Podoconiosis in Northern Ethiopia: Lessons Learned from a New Community Podoconiosis Program
Traditionally the gene expression pathway has been regarded as being comprised of independent steps , from RNA transcription to protein translation . To date there is increasing evidence of coupling between the different processes of the pathway , specifically between transcription and splicing . To study the interplay...	The operation of a living cell depends on its ability to regulate its different functions . The master regulators in the cell are proteins , which control the function of many other genes by several mechanisms . Transcription factors can differentially activate or repress the transcription of genes by binding to their ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "networks", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	An Integrated Regulatory Network Reveals Pervasive Cross-Regulation among Transcription and Splicing Factors
Ebola virus outbreaks , such as the 2014 Makona epidemic in West Africa , are episodic and deadly . Filovirus antivirals are currently not clinically available . Our findings suggest interferon gamma , an FDA-approved drug , may serve as a novel and effective prophylactic or treatment option . Using mouse-adapted Ebola...	Filovirus outbreaks occur sporadically , but with increasing frequency . With no current approved filovirus therapeutics , the 2014 Makona Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea , Sierra Leone and Liberia emphasizes the need for effective treatments against this highly pathogenic family of viruses . The use of this FDA-approve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Interferon-γ Inhibits Ebola Virus Infection
Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly , and yet there remains no effective treatment or vaccine . The surface of the virion is decorated with the fusion glycoprotein ( RSV F ) and the attachment glycoprotein ( RSV G ) , which binds t...	Respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia , and is a leading cause of infant deaths globally due to infectious disease . Despite decades of research , there is still no vaccine or widespread treatment for RSV . In this study , we isolated two antibodies that bind to the centra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "crystal", "structure", "respiratory", "infections", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immunology", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "pulmonology",...	2018	Structural basis for recognition of the central conserved region of RSV G by neutralizing human antibodies
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is a mosquito-borne arthrogenic alphavirus that causes acute febrile illness in humans accompanied by joint pains and in many cases , persistent arthralgia lasting weeks to years . The re-emergence of CHIKV has resulted in numerous outbreaks in the eastern hemisphere , and threatens to expan...	Recent outbreaks and expanding global distribution of Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) in different regions of Asia , Africa and Europe necessitates the development of effective therapeutic interventions . At present , only two antiviral compounds ( chloroquine and ribavirin ) that inhibit viral infection in vitro have been...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Identification of Novel Compounds Inhibiting Chikungunya Virus-Induced Cell Death by High Throughput Screening of a Kinase Inhibitor Library
Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin are clinically important polyketide natural products . We have engineered a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli that produces small but measurable quantities of the bioactive macrolide 6-deoxyerythromycin D . Bioassay-guided evolution of this strain led to the identificatio...	The antibacterial activity of erythromycin , an important polyketide antibiotic precursor , requires the transfer of two unusual sugars called mycarose and desosamine ( both glycosyl groups ) , onto the nonsugar part of the glycoside molecule ( macrocyclic aglycone ) . We reconstituted the biosynthetic pathways of both...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "evolutionary", "biology", "pharmacology", "chemical", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "eubacteria" ]	2007	Bioassay-Guided Evolution of Glycosylated Macrolide Antibiotics in Escherichia coli
A high number of dengue cases are reported annually in Bali . Despite the endemicity , limited data on dengue is available for Bali localities . Molecular surveillance study was conducted to explore the clinical and virological characteristics of dengue patients in urban Denpasar and rural Gianyar areas in Bali during ...	Dengue is the most significant mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans . Up to one third of the world population is at risk of dengue virus ( DENV ) infection , transmitted through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes . Bali , a well-known international tourist destination , is regularly ravaged by dengue disease . This ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "taxonomy", "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "rna", "extraction", "geographical", "loc...	2017	Dengue in Bali: Clinical characteristics and genetic diversity of circulating dengue viruses
Benzimidazoles are efficacious for treating non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) , but their long-term parasitocidal ( curative ) effect is disputed . In this study , we prospectively analyzed the potential parasitocidal effect of benzimidazoles and whether normalization of FDG-PET/CT scans and anti-Emll/3-10-...	Alveolar echinococcosis is one of the mostly deadly human parasitic diseases if left untreated . The treatment of choice is surgical resection , followed by two years of benzimidazole treatment . Unfortunately , only about 30–40% of patients have a resectable disease , while the others require medical treatment with be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Outcome after Discontinuing Long-Term Benzimidazole Treatment in 11 Patients with Non-resectable Alveolar Echinococcosis with Negative FDG-PET/CT and Anti-EmII/3-10 Serology
Despite effective chemotherapy to treat schistosome infections , re-infection rates are extremely high . Resistance to reinfection can develop , however it typically takes several years following numerous rounds of treatment and re-infection , and often develops in only a small cohort of individuals . Using a well-esta...	Schistosomes are zoonotic parasitic helminths that infect hundreds of millions of people worldwide . Despite effective chemotherapy , schistosomiasis- the disease caused by these parasites , still plagues tropical regions of the world . This is due , in part , to poor resistance to reinfection resulting in high re-infe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2011	IL-10 Blocks the Development of Resistance to Re-Infection with Schistosoma mansoni
Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 ( PfEMP1 ) and Knob-associated Histidine-rich Protein ( KAHRP ) are directly linked to malaria pathology . PfEMP1 and KAHRP cluster on protrusions ( knobs ) on the P . falciparum-infected erythrocyte surface and enable pathogenic cytoadherence of infected erythrocyte...	Formation of cytoadherent knobs on the surface of P . falciparum infected erythrocytes correlates with malaria pathology . Two parasite proteins central for knob formation and cytoadherence , KAHRP and PfEMP1 , have previously been shown to bind the erythrocyte cytoskeleton . Both KAHRP and PfEMP1 include large segment...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "protein", "interactions", "nmr", "spectroscopy", "electricity", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "spectrins", "organisms", "electrostatics", "protozoans", "red", "blood", "cells", "cellular", ...	2017	Structural analysis of P. falciparum KAHRP and PfEMP1 complexes with host erythrocyte spectrin suggests a model for cytoadherent knob protrusions
In this study , we used a systems biology approach to investigate changes in the proteome and metabolome of shrimp hemocytes infected by the invertebrate virus WSSV ( white spot syndrome virus ) at the viral genome replication stage ( 12 hpi ) and the late stage ( 24 hpi ) . At 12 hpi , but not at 24 hpi , there was si...	The Warburg effect ( or aerobic glycolysis ) is a metabolic shift that was first found in cancer cells , but has also recently been discovered in vertebrate cells infected by viruses . The Warburg effect facilitates the production of more energy and building blocks to meet the enormous biosynthetic requirements of canc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "veterinary", "pathology", "veterinary", "diseases", "agriculture", "veterinary", "virology", "aquaculture", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "veterinary", "science", "shrimp", "farming" ]	2014	An Invertebrate Warburg Effect: A Shrimp Virus Achieves Successful Replication by Altering the Host Metabolome via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli ( UPEC ) are capable of occupying physiologically distinct intracellular and extracellular niches within the urinary tract . This feat requires the timely regulation of gene expression and small RNAs ( sRNAs ) are known to mediate such rapid adjustments in response to changing environment...	Recent years have seen an increasing emphasis placed on the role of small RNAs ( sRNAs ) in the regulation of bacterial gene expression and stress adaptation . The advent of high-throughput sequencing methods has now made it possible to directly monitor the appearance of potentially virulence-associated sRNAs that may ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	sRNA-Mediated Regulation of P-Fimbriae Phase Variation in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Dystonia is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions . Its many forms are genetically , phenotypically and etiologically diverse and it is unknown whether their pathogenesis converges on shared pathways . Mutations in THAP1 [THAP ( Thanatos-associated protein ) domain containing , apoptosis associated protein 1...	Dystonia is a brain disorder that causes disabling involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures . Mutations in THAP1 , a zinc-finger transcription factor , cause DYT6 , but its neuronal targets and functions are unknown . In this study , we sought to determine the effects of Thap1C54Y and ΔExon2 alleles on the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "brain", "neuroscience", "animal", "models", "synaptic", "plasticity", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "genome", "analysis", "cerebellum", "research", "and", "analysis",...	2018	Mutations in THAP1/DYT6 reveal that diverse dystonia genes disrupt similar neuronal pathways and functions
Interactions between membrane proteins are poorly understood despite their importance in cell signaling and drug development . Here , we present a co-immunoimmobilization assay ( Co-II ) enabling the direct observation of membrane protein interactions in single living cells that overcomes the limitations of currently p...	Protein–protein interactions govern cellular processes . The majority of these physical interactions previously identified are strong/permanent interactions , which typically remain unbroken even after purification . The weak/transient interactions between proteins have been implicated in the control of dynamic cellula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "fluorescence", "imaging", "amorphous", "solids", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "methods", "and", "resources", "protein", "interactions", "glass", "endocrine", "physiology", "membrane", "proteins", "fluorophotometry", "materials", "science", "growth", "factors"...	2018	Direct visualization of single-molecule membrane protein interactions in living cells
Adolescence is a period of life characterised by changes in learning and decision-making . Learning and decision-making do not rely on a unitary system , but instead require the coordination of different cognitive processes that can be mathematically formalised as dissociable computational modules . Here , we aimed to ...	We employed a novel learning task to investigate how adolescents and adults learn from reward versus punishment , and to counterfactual feedback about decisions . Computational analyses revealed that adults and adolescents did not implement the same algorithm to solve the learning task . In contrast to adults , adolesc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "decision", "making", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "age", "groups", "optimization", "adults", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "cognition", "research", "and", "analysis", "method...	2016	The Computational Development of Reinforcement Learning during Adolescence
The core planar polarity proteins are required to specify the orientation of structures that are polarised in the plane of the epithelium . In the Drosophila melanogaster wing , the core proteins localise asymmetrically at either proximal or distal cell edges . Asymmetric localisation is thought to be biased by long-ra...	The core planar polarity proteins are responsible for polarising structures in the plane of epithelia . For example in the fly wing , the core proteins are required for cells to make hairs that point towards the distal end of the wing . The core proteins localise asymmetrically in wing cells , either at the distal cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Strabismus Promotes Recruitment and Degradation of Farnesylated Prickle in Drosophila melanogaster Planar Polarity Specification
Human parvovirus B19 ( B19V ) causes a variety of human diseases . Disease outcomes of bone marrow failure in patients with high turnover of red blood cells and immunocompromised conditions , and fetal hydrops in pregnant women are resulted from the targeting and destruction of specifically erythroid progenitors of the...	Human parvovirus B19 ( B19V ) is the etiological agent of fifth disease seen in children , aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease patients , chronic anemia in immunocompromised patients , and hydrops fetalis in pregnant women . After more than 35 years since its discovery , B19V was still unable to be propagated in vit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "host", "cells", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication" ]	2011	Productive Parvovirus B19 Infection of Primary Human Erythroid Progenitor Cells at Hypoxia Is Regulated by STAT5A and MEK Signaling but not HIFα
In the textbook view , the ratio of X chromosomes to autosome sets , X:A , is the primary signal specifying sexual fate in Drosophila . An alternative idea is that X chromosome number signals sex through the direct actions of several X-encoded signal element ( XSE ) proteins . In this alternative , the influence of aut...	In the fruit fly , Drosophila , chromosomal signals determine sex . Diploid flies with two X chromosomes are female , whereas those with one X are male . Conventionally , it is thought that the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to autosomes ( X:A ) constitutes the signal , because triploid flies bearing two X chromo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Indirect Effects of Ploidy Suggest X Chromosome Dose, Not the X:A Ratio, Signals Sex in Drosophila
Alzheimer disease is characterized by abnormal protein deposits in the brain , such as extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles . The tangles are made of a protein called tau comprising 441 residues in its longest isoform . Tau belongs to the class of natively unfolded proteins , binds to...	The Tau protein , which plays a central role in the progression of Alzheimer disease , is normally expressed in nerve axons , where it stabilizes microtubules ( MTs ) , supports the outgrowth of axons , and modulates the transport of vesicles and organelles along MTs . In Alzheimer disease , Tau becomes excessively pho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "neurological", "disorders" ]	2009	Structural Polymorphism of 441-Residue Tau at Single Residue Resolution
Jet lag arises from a misalignment of circadian biological timing with the timing of human activity , and is caused by rapid transmeridian travel . Jet lag's symptoms , such as depressed cognitive alertness , also arise from work and social schedules misaligned with the timing of the circadian clock . Using experimenta...	When our body's internal timekeeping system becomes misaligned with the time of day in the outside world , many negative effects can be felt , including decreased performance , improper sleep , and jet lag . When misalignment is prolonged , it can also lead to serious medical conditions , including cancer , cardiovascu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "control", "engineering", "theoretical", "biology", "engineering", "and", "technology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Optimal Schedules of Light Exposure for Rapidly Correcting Circadian Misalignment
Trimeric autotransporter adhesins ( TAAs ) are a major class of proteins by which pathogenic proteobacteria adhere to their hosts . Prominent examples include Yersinia YadA , Haemophilus Hia and Hsf , Moraxella UspA1 and A2 , and Neisseria NadA . TAAs also occur in symbiotic and environmental species and presumably rep...	The ability to adhere is an important aspect of the interaction between bacteria and their environment . Adhesion allows them to aggregate into colonies , form biofilms with other species , and colonize surfaces . Where the surfaces are provided by other organisms , adhesion can lead to a wide range of outcomes , from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "biophysics/structural", "genomics", "biophysics/experimental", "biophysical", "methods", "microbiology/mic...	2008	Structure of the Head of the Bartonella Adhesin BadA
Type IV collagens ( Col IV ) , components of basement membrane , are essential in the maintenance of tissue integrity and proper function . Alteration of Col IV is related to developmental defects and diseases , including cancer . Col IV α chains form α1α1α2 , α3α4α5 and α5α5α6 protomers that further form collagen netw...	Collagens , the major extracellular matrix components in most vertebrate tissues , provide cells with structural and functional support . Collagens are trimers of collagen α chains . Multiple trimers are formed by highly homologous α chains for certain types of collagens ( e . g . α1α1α2 , α3α4α5 and α5α5α6 heterotrime...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Minor Type IV Collagen α5 Chain Promotes Cancer Progression through Discoidin Domain Receptor-1
Cells respond to accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) by activating the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) signaling pathway . The UPR restores ER homeostasis by degrading misfolded proteins , inhibiting translation , and increasing expression of chaperones that enhance ER protein foldi...	Impaired protein function caused by protein misfolding and aggregation has been implicated in the development of age-related diseases and regulation of lifespan . Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum , a cellular organelle responsible for protein folding and trafficking , activates protective...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2014	Lifespan Extension Conferred by Endoplasmic Reticulum Secretory Pathway Deficiency Requires Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response
Community-wide administration of antibiotics is one arm of a four-pronged strategy in the global initiative to eliminate blindness due to trachoma . The potential impact of more efficient , targeted treatment of infected households depends on the relative contribution of community and household transmission of infectio...	Trachoma is a major cause of blindness worldwide and results from ocular infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . Mass distribution of antibiotics in communities is part of the strategy to eliminate blindness due to trachoma . Targeted treatment of infected households could be more efficient , but the succe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2009	Estimating Household and Community Transmission of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis
The association of hemagglutinin ( HA ) with lipid rafts in the plasma membrane is an important feature of the assembly process of influenza virus A . Lipid rafts are thought to be small , fluctuating patches of membrane enriched in saturated phospholipids , sphingolipids , cholesterol and certain types of protein . Ho...	The cell membrane is composed of a wide variety of lipids and proteins . Until recently , these were thought to be mixed evenly , but we now have evidence of the existence of “lipid rafts” — small , slow-moving areas of membrane in which certain types of lipid and protein accumulate . Rafts have many important biologic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "dynamics", "biophysics", "theory", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "chemistry", "biophysics" ]	2013	Formation of Raft-Like Assemblies within Clusters of Influenza Hemagglutinin Observed by MD Simulations
In Southeast Asia , envenoming resulting from cobra snakebites is an important public health issue in many regions , and antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for the snakebite . Because these cobras share a close evolutionary history , the amino acid sequences of major venom components in different snakes are ve...	Cobra envenomation is a public health issue in Southeast Asia . Currently , antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for snakebite . However , antivenoms are not available in many rural countries and communities or have only limited effectiveness . Taiwan has wealth of experience in producing antivenoms , including ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxins", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "liquid", "chromatography", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "animals", "toxicology", "toxic", "agents", "cobras", "reptiles", "n...	2017	Analysis of the efficacy of Taiwanese freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom against Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis and Ophiophagus hannah through proteomics and animal model approaches
Although sleep is a fundamental behavior observed in virtually all animal species , its functions remain unclear . One leading proposal , known as the synaptic renormalization hypothesis , suggests that sleep is necessary to counteract a global strengthening of synapses that occurs during wakefulness . Evidence for sle...	The function of sleep is one of the greatest mysteries in contemporary neuroscience . Nearly every species of animal requires it , yet we do not know why . One idea , known as the synaptic renormalization hypothesis , suggests that waking results in a global increase in the strengths of connections in the brain , a phe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	A Dynamical Role for Acetylcholine in Synaptic Renormalization
The purpose of this study was to calculate the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a sample of inhabitants from a region considered to be at high risk of natural transmission of Chagas disease in Colombia . A cross-sectional study was conducted in subjects from 5 municipalities , recruited in urban and rur...	Chagas disease is caused by the chronic infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted to human beings by bloodsucking insects of the Triatoma family . This condition is endemic in Central and South America , and is acquiring relevance in the rest of the world since it can also be transmitted by trans...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "chagas", "disease", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2013	Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection among People Aged 15 to 89 Years Inhabiting the Department of Casanare (Colombia)
In most plants , the female germline starts with the differentiation of one megaspore mother cell ( MMC ) in each ovule that produces four megaspores through meiosis , one of which survives to become the functional megaspore ( FM ) . The FM further develops into an embryo sac . Little is known regarding the control of ...	In most plants , the female germline starts with the differentiation of one megaspore mother cell ( MMC ) in each ovule that produces multiple megaspores through meiosis . One of the megaspores in a fixed position survives to become the functional megaspore ( FM ) while the other megaspores undergo degeneration . The F...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "plant", "anatomy", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "ovules", "cell", "processes", "brassica", "endosperm", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organi...	2018	Arabidopsis ICK/KRP cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors function to ensure the formation of one megaspore mother cell and one functional megaspore per ovule
Sequence diversity in pathogen antigens is an obstacle to the development of interventions against many infectious diseases . In malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum , the PfEMP1 family of variant surface antigens encoded by var genes are adhesion molecules that play a pivotal role in malaria pathogenesis and clinic...	Malaria remains one of the world's most deadly diseases . Life-threatening malaria is linked to a process called rosetting , in which malaria parasite-infected red blood cells bind to uninfected red cells to form aggregates that block blood flow in vital organs such as the brain . Current efforts to develop drugs or va...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2012	Induction of Strain-Transcending Antibodies Against Group A PfEMP1 Surface Antigens from Virulent Malaria Parasites
The cellular DNA sensor cGMP-AMP synthase ( cGAS ) detects cytosolic viral DNA via the stimulator of interferon genes ( STING ) to initiate innate antiviral response . Herpesviruses are known to target key immune signaling pathways to persist in an immune-competent host . Marek’s disease virus ( MDV ) , a highly pathog...	Marek’s disease virus ( MDV ) is an avian oncogenic herpesvirus that causes a fatal disease in poultry worldwide . Chickens infected with MDV become more susceptible to secondary viral or bacterial infections . However , the mechanisms of MDV-induced immunosuppression and tumorigenesis remain largely unknown . The cGAS...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "engineering", "and", "technology", "enzymes", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "enzymology", "animals", "plasmid", "construction", "oncology", "genome", "analysis", "dna", "construction", ...	2019	Avian oncogenic herpesvirus antagonizes the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway to mediate immune evasion
Nitric oxide reductases ( NORs ) are membrane proteins that catalyze the reduction of nitric oxide ( NO ) to nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , which is a critical step of the nitrate respiration process in denitrifying bacteria . Using the recently determined first crystal structure of the cytochrome c-dependent NOR ( cNOR ) [Hi...	Denitrification is an anaerobic process performed by several bacteria as an alternative to aerobic respiration . A key intermediate step is catalyzed by the nitric oxide reductase ( NOR ) enzyme , which is situated in the cytoplasmic membrane . Proton delivery to the catalytic site inside NOR is an important part of it...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "computational", "chemistry", "molecular", "dynamics", "biochemistry", "simulations", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "enzymes", "chemistry", "biology", "bioenergetics", "biophysics", "simulations", "biophysics", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal Proton Transfer Pathways in Cytochrome C-Dependent Nitric Oxide Reductase
Drosophila melanogaster responds to gram-negative bacterial challenges through the IMD pathway , a signal transduction cassette that is driven by the coordinated activities of JNK , NF-κB and caspase modules . While many modifiers of NF-κB activity were identified in cell culture and in vivo assays , the regulatory app...	Innate immunity is the sole immune response in the overwhelming majority of multicellular organisms and drives the sophisticated antigen-specific adaptive defenses of vertebrates . Defective regulation of immune signal transduction pathways has disastrous consequences for affected individuals and can result in life-thr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cellular", "death", "and", "stress", "responses", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "immunology/immune", "response", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	A Quantitative RNAi Screen for JNK Modifiers Identifies Pvr as a Novel Regulator of Drosophila Immune Signaling
New mosquito control strategies are vitally needed to address established and emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases . Here we describe the characterization of a yeast interfering RNA larvicide that was developed through the genetic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( baker’s yeast ) to express a short hair...	It is critical that we develop new strategies for the environmentally safe control of disease vector mosquitoes . In this study , baker’s yeast was genetically engineered to produce interfering RNA molecules corresponding to the mosquito synaptotagmin ( syt ) gene , but which do not match any genes in humans or other n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "larvicides", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "gene", "regulation", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "pest", "control", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "epigenetics", "insect", ...	2019	Characterization of a yeast interfering RNA larvicide with a target site conserved in the synaptotagmin gene of multiple disease vector mosquitoes
The mechanisms that regulate how dendrites target different neurons to establish connections with specific cell types remain largely unknown . In particular , the formation of cell-type–specific connectivity during postnatal neurogenesis could be either determined by the local environment of the mature neuronal circuit...	The mammalian brain contains a large number of different classes of neurons that are connected in a specific manner . A long-standing question is how such stereotyped connections emerge during the assembly of the brain . Here , we investigated whether neonatal and adult brain stem cells give rise to neurons whose conne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2007	Distinct Mammalian Precursors Are Committed to Generate Neurons with Defined Dendritic Projection Patterns
Trypanosoma cruzi is the most important parasitic infection in Latin America and is also genetically highly diverse , with at least six discrete typing units ( DTUs ) reported: Tc I , IIa , IIb , IIc , IId , and IIe . However , the current six-genotype classification is likely to be a poor reflection of the total genet...	The arrival of the Trypanosoma cruzi online genome now provides vital information for the study of Chagas disease . Using this resource , we identified and developed a genome-scale panel of rapidly evolving microsatellite markers that can be used to unravel the micro-epidemiology of this parasite . We then tested these...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infec...	2009	Genome-Scale Multilocus Microsatellite Typing of Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Unit I Reveals Phylogeographic Structure and Specific Genotypes Linked to Human Infection
Organisms in the wild are subject to multiple , fluctuating environmental factors , and it is in complex natural environments that genetic regulatory networks actually function and evolve . We assessed genome-wide gene expression patterns in the wild in two natural accessions of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and...	Plants in the real world are continuously exposed to multiple environmental signals and must respond appropriately to the dynamic conditions found in nature . Environmental signals can fluctuate during an individual's life cycle with varying degrees of predictability , and complex natural environments are where gene ac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "evolutionary", "ecology", "physiological", "ecology", "plant", "biology", "plant", "science", "plant", "ecology", "ecological", "economics", "biology", "systems", "biology", "physiogenomics", "ecology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "bio...	2012	Genome-Wide Patterns of Arabidopsis Gene Expression in Nature
Chagas disease is an anthropozoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi . Two drugs are currently used for the etiological treatment of the disease: Nifurtimox ( Lampit ) and Benznidazole . This study presents a quasi-experimental trial ( non-control group ) of sixty-two patients who were treated for Chagas disease with Nifu...	Chagas disease is currently treated with two drugs , Benznidazole ( BNZ ) and Nifurtimox ( NFX ) . The need to find the ideal diagnostic technique for post treatment evaluation still exists , due to the known flaws of the currently used techniques . We performed an evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of Nifurtim...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Follow-up of an Asymptomatic Chagas Disease Population of Children after Treatment with Nifurtimox (Lampit) in a Sylvatic Endemic Transmission Area of Colombia
There is a growing interest in predicting the social and ecological contexts that favor the evolution of maternal effects . Most predictions focus , however , on maternal effects that affect only a single character , whereas the evolution of maternal effects is poorly understood in the presence of suites of interacting...	In numerous organisms , mothers influence the phenotype of their offspring by transmitting hormones , antibodies and nutrients to the embryo . Evolutionary studies that make predictions about the evolution of these maternal effects typically focus , however , on single maternal characters only , in isolation of other t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "theoretical", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences" ]	2014	The Evolution of Multivariate Maternal Effects
Capsules allow bacteria to colonize novel environments , to withstand numerous stresses , and to resist antibiotics . Yet , even though genetic exchanges with other cells should be adaptive under such circumstances , it has been suggested that capsules lower the rates of homologous recombination and horizontal gene tra...	Previous works showed that bacteria encoding capsules are better colonizers and are dominant in most environments suggesting a positive role for capsules in the genetic diversification of bacteria . Yet , it has been repeatedly suggested , based almost exclusively studies in few model species , that such bacteria are l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "horizontal", "gene", "transfer", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbiology", "gene", "transfer", "antibiotic", "resistance", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "dna", "recombination", "dna", ...	2018	Genetic exchanges are more frequent in bacteria encoding capsules
Neural circuit development requires that synapses be formed between appropriate neurons . In addition , for a hierarchical network , successful development involves a sequencing of developmental events . It has been suggested that one mechanism that helps speed up development of proper connections is an early overprodu...	The brain processes information by building and adjusting neural connections , and as an organism learns about the environment , it incorporates associations between features of the environment into these adjustable connections . Organisms , however , are not born with these connections; synapses must develop from a co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "action", "potentials", "engineering", "and", "technology", "nervous", "system", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "physiological", "processes", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "prototypes", "computer...	2017	Limited synapse overproduction can speed development but sometimes with long-term energy and discrimination penalties
The mucosal events of HIV transmission have been extensively studied , but the role of infected cells present in the genital and rectal secretions , and in the semen , in particular , remains a matter of debate . As a prerequisite to a thorough in vivo investigation of the early transmission events through infected cel...	Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection is predominantly transmitted by mucosal exposure , after sexual intercourse . Although substantial progresses have been recently achieved in our understanding of the mechanisms of HIV mucosal transmission , many questions remain . Semen is one of the major sources for HIV which co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Semen CD4+ T Cells and Macrophages Are Productively Infected at All Stages of SIV infection in Macaques
Microtubule-microfilament interactions are important for cytokinesis and subcellular localization of proteins and mRNAs . In the early zebrafish embryo , astral microtubule-microfilament interactions also facilitate a stereotypic segregation pattern of germ plasm ribonucleoparticles ( GP RNPs ) , which is critical for ...	We address mechanisms by which germ cell precursors , a cell type that generates sperm and eggs for future generations , are specified in the zebrafish . Germ cell-specific genes are highly conserved across species , and in many animals germ cells are specified by the inheritance of germ plasm , a specialized cytoplasm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biology" ]	2013	The Chromosomal Passenger Protein Birc5b Organizes Microfilaments and Germ Plasm in the Zebrafish Embryo
Micrurus is one of the four snake genera of medical importance in Brazil . Coral snakes have a broad geographic distribution from the southern United States to Argentina . Micrurine envenomation is characterized by neurotoxic symptoms leading to dyspnea and death . Moreover , various local manifestations , including ed...	Micrurus venoms have neurotoxic activity that is responsible for the serious sequelae in human envenomation . However , various local manifestations of envenoming have been described in patients bitten by different Micrurus species and edematogenic activity has been experimentally demonstrated . Despite the low frequen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mast", "cells", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "immunology", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "animals", "toxic", "a...	2017	Neurogenic mediators contribute to local edema induced by Micrurus lemniscatus venom
Plant leaf epidermal cells exhibit a jigsaw puzzle–like pattern that is generated by interdigitation of the cell wall during leaf development . The contribution of two ROP GTPases , ROP2 and ROP6 , to the cytoskeletal dynamics that regulate epidermal cell wall interdigitation has already been examined; however , how in...	It is well known that plant epidermal cells show beautiful jigsaw-puzzle like pattern . However , mechanism of this pattern formation is not well understood . In this study , we integrated known experimental information and mathematical modeling to reproduce the main features of the pattern formation—maintenance of cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "walls", "plant", "anatomy", "microtubules", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "cell", "biology", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "organisms", "plant", "cell", "walls", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "seedlings", "plants", "mor...	2016	A Theoretical Model of Jigsaw-Puzzle Pattern Formation by Plant Leaf Epidermal Cells
A novel human coronavirus , SARS-CoV , emerged suddenly in 2003 , causing approximately 8000 human cases and more than 700 deaths worldwide . Since most animal models fail to faithfully recapitulate the clinical course of SARS-CoV in humans , the virus and host factors that mediate disease pathogenesis remain unclear ....	In 2002 , a new human coronavirus ( CoV ) , termed SARS-CoV , emerged in southern China from coronaviruses circulating within live animals sold for food . Due to the ease and speed of human global travel , this new respiratory virus rapidly spread worldwide , illustrating the need to better understand how these viruses...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "immunology/immune", "response", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "immunology/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "v...	2008	MyD88 Is Required for Protection from Lethal Infection with a Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV
Nucleosome positioning dictates the DNA accessibility for regulatory proteins , and thus is critical for gene expression and regulation . It has been well documented that only a subset of nucleosomes are reproducibly positioned in eukaryotic genomes . The most prominent example of phased nucleosomes is the context of g...	The fundamental unit of chromatin is the nucleosome , which consists of 147 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer containing four core histones ( H3 , H4 , H2A , and H2B ) . Nucleosome positioning in the genome affects the DNA accessibility for regulatory proteins , and thus is critical for gene expression and reg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "science", "plant", "genomics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "plant", "biotechnology" ]	2014	Genome-Wide Nucleosome Positioning Is Orchestrated by Genomic Regions Associated with DNase I Hypersensitivity in Rice
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne virus , and potentially fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever ( DHF ) occurs mainly in secondary infections . It recently was hypothesized that , due to the presence of cross-immunity , the relationship between the incidence of DHF and transmission intensity may be negative at areas...	An infection with dengue virus may lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever ( DHF ) , a dangerous illness . There is no approved vaccine for this most prevalent mosquito-borne virus , which infects tens of millions ( or more ) people annually . Therefore , health authorities have been putting an emphasis on reduction of vector...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2008	Relationship between Transmission Intensity and Incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Thailand
The study of genomic regions that contain gene copies and structural variation is a major challenge in modern genomics . Unlike variation involving single nucleotide changes , data on the variation of copy number is difficult to collect and few tools exist for analyzing the variation between individuals . The immunoglo...	Regions of the human genome that vary in gene copy number are challenging to identify and analyze . This is particularly true for the immunoglobulin heavy variable locus ( IGHV ) , which codes for a component of the antibody molecule . Previous approaches to interrogate the IGHV locus using locus-specific assays have p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "pseudogenes", "population", "genetics", "genomic", "databases", "platinum", "genome", "analysis", "gene", "types", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "population", "biology", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis",...	2016	Estimating Copy Number and Allelic Variation at the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus Using Short Reads
Antimicrobial peptides act as a host defense mechanism and regulate the commensal microbiome . To obtain a comprehensive view of genes contributing to long-term memory we performed mRNA sequencing from single Drosophila heads following behavioral training that produces long-lasting memory . Surprisingly , we found that...	It is becoming evident that the nervous system and immune system share not only some of the same molecular logic but also the same components . Here , we report a novel and unanticipated example of how immune genes influence nervous system function . Exploring how Drosophila form long-lasting memories of certain experi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cognitive", "science", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "chemical", "compounds", "disaccharides", "nervous", "system", "carbohydrates", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "learning", "and", "memory", "cognition", "memory", "epigenetics...	2018	Antimicrobial peptides modulate long-term memory
Viral infections are one of the major causes of death worldwide , with HIV infection alone resulting in over 1 . 2 million casualties per year . Antiviral drugs are now being administered for a variety of viral infections , including HIV , hepatitis B and C , and influenza . These therapies target a specific phase of t...	Viral infections such as HIV , hepatitis B , hepatitis C , and influenza may be treated with antiviral drug therapy . These drugs generally block a specific phase of the virus’s life cycle , preventing it from replicating in the body . Often , a virus population can evolve drug resistance by acquiring mutations that pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "antiviral", "therapy", "drugs", "cell", "processes", "immunology", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "preventive", "medicine", "developmental", ...	2018	Life cycle synchronization is a viral drug resistance mechanism
Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate a vast array of cellular functions via specific intracellular effectors . Accumulating pharmacological and biochemical studies implicate Gβ subunits as signaling molecules interacting directly with a wide range of effectors to modulate downstream cellular responses , in addition to th...	Levels of neurotransmitter serotonin synthesis shape disparate behaviors in evolutionary diverse organisms , but the mechanisms defining steady state serotonin synthesis in functionally distinct neuronal types remain unknown . A genetic screen for neuron-specific serotonin synthesis mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Cell-Autonomous Gβ Signaling Defines Neuron-Specific Steady State Serotonin Synthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease endemic in tropical and subtropical countries , particularly Sudan . The disease is characterised by the triad of painless subcutaneous mass , multiple sinuses and discharge that contain grains . It is a chronic , debilitating disease most commonly affecting the feet or hands an...	Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries affecting poor , rural populations . It commonly affects the feet or hands and leads to substantial chronic morbidity , loss of function and disability . The disabling consequences of mycetoma have not been studied before . In t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "&", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "education", "mycetoma", "interpersonal", "relationships", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "health", "care", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "neglected", "tropi...	2018	The disabling consequences of Mycetoma
NleG homologues constitute the largest family of type 3 effectors delivered by pathogenic E . coli , with fourteen members in the enterohaemorrhagic ( EHEC ) O157:H7 strain alone . Identified recently as part of the non-LEE-encoded ( Nle ) effector set , this family remained uncharacterised and shared no sequence homol...	Many bacterial pathogens utilize a multiprotein ‘‘injection needle’’ termed the type III secretion system to deliver a set of proteins called effectors into the host cell . These effectors then manipulate host signalling pathways to the advantage of the pathogen , often mimicking eukaryote-specific activities . We pres...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "biochemistry" ]	2010	NleG Type 3 Effectors from Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Are U-Box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
Modulating natural killer cell functions in human immunity and reproduction are diverse interactions between the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors ( KIR ) of Natural Killer ( NK ) cells and HLA class I ligands on the surface of tissue cells . Dominant interactions are between KIR2DL1 and the C2 epitope of HLA-C...	The genes that control the response of the human immune system vary enormously between individuals . Understanding the evolution of these genetic differences and how they individualize immune responses is central to understanding how the immune system works in health and disease . In this regard , the KhoeSan of southe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Loss and Gain of Natural Killer Cell Receptor Function in an African Hunter-Gatherer Population
Next-generation sequencing ( NGS ) has the potential to transform the discovery of viruses causing unexplained acute febrile illness ( UAFI ) because it does not depend on culturing the pathogen or a priori knowledge of the pathogen’s nucleic acid sequence . More generally , it has the potential to elucidate the comple...	Next-generation sequencing , a high-throughput method for sequencing DNA and RNA , has the potential to transform virus discovery because it does not depend on culturing the pathogen or a priori knowledge of the pathogen’s nucleic acid sequence . We used next-generation sequencing to identify RNA viruses present in the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Discovery of Novel Rhabdoviruses in the Blood of Healthy Individuals from West Africa
Although the study of non-human primates has resulted in important advances for understanding HIV-specific immunity , a clear correlate of immune control over simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) replication has not been found to date . In this study , CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic capacity was examined to determine whether t...	Clues regarding the features of effective immunity against lentiviruses have come from the study of non-human primates . We evaluated rhesus macaques infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ( SIV ) , a lentivirus closely related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) . In contrast to most SIV-infected rhesus macaq...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "viral", "vaccines", "immunology", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "model", "organisms", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "infectious", "diseases", "hiv", "biology", "macaque", "immunity", "virology", "viral", "diseas...	2013	Cytotoxic Capacity of SIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells against Primary Autologous Targets Correlates with Immune Control in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques
Dosage compensation is an essential process that equalizes transcript levels of X-linked genes between sexes by forming a domain of coordinated gene expression . Throughout the evolution of Diptera , many different X-chromosomes acquired the ability to be dosage compensated . Once each newly evolved X-chromosome is tar...	From stem cells to neurons , regulation of gene dosage is essential in all tissues and species in which it has been studied . Gene dosage must be balanced largely because it is critical to maintain the stoichiometry of components of multi-protein complexes that are encoded at diverse locations throughout the genome . T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "dosage", "compensation", "invertebrates", "gene", "regulation", "dna", "clamps", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "sequence", "motif", "an...	2016	Expansion of GA Dinucleotide Repeats Increases the Density of CLAMP Binding Sites on the X-Chromosome to Promote Drosophila Dosage Compensation
The human disease schistosomiasis ( or bilharzia ) is caused by the helminth blood fluke parasite Schistosoma mansoni , which requires an intermediate host , the freshwater gastropod snail Biomphalaria glabrata ( the most common intermediate host ) . The free-swimming parasite miracidia utilise an excellent chemosensor...	In aquatic environments , where the vast majority of animals live in darkness , key relationships are often formed and maintained by chemical communication ( including smell and taste ) . Parasites with an aquatic life phase rely on an exquisite sense of chemosensation to detect host biomolecules ( kairomones ) , allow...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "swimming", "body", "fluids", "helminths", "liquid", "chromatography", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "biological", "locomotion", "parasitology", ...	2019	A Biomphalaria glabrata peptide that stimulates significant behaviour modifications in aquatic free-living Schistosoma mansoni miracidia
A lipidome is the set of lipids in a given organism , cell or cell compartment and this set reflects the organism’s synthetic pathways and interactions with its environment . Recently , lipidomes of biological model organisms and cell lines were published and the number of functional studies of lipids is increasing . I...	Because of their role in health and disease , lipids are often the focus of biochemical studies . Advances in analytical biochemistry have made it possible to detect all the lipids from a cell , tissue or organism ( termed lipidome ) . Much of this research is based on model organisms , but it is difficult to transfer ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The LUX Score: A Metric for Lipidome Homology
Rickettsial infections are a common cause of hospitalization in tropical settings , although early diagnosis is challenging in the rural locations where these infections are usually seen . This retrospective , clinical audit of microbiologically-confirmed cases of scrub typhus or spotted fever group ( SFG ) rickettsial...	Rickettsial infections are a common cause of hospitalization in tropical settings , although early , definitive diagnosis is challenging in the rural and remote locations where they are usually seen . It is important to recognise rickettsial infections early in their disease course as they can lead to life-threatening ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "respiratory", "infections", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "drugs", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "australia", "pulmonology", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "si...	2019	The epidemiology and clinical features of rickettsial diseases in North Queensland, Australia: Implications for patient identification and management
Invasive fungal infections ( IFI ) is a worldwide serious health problem and Amphotericin B ( AmB ) has been considered the drug of choice for IFI treatment . Despite its efficacy , clinical use of AmB has been associated with renal toxicity . Some lines of evidence have shown that an extemporaneous lipid emulsion prep...	Amphotericin B ( AmB ) is the treatment of choice for systemic fungal infections . Despite its efficacy , clinical use of AmB has been associated with renal toxicity . In an attempt to improve the therapeutic effect and to reduce adverse reactions , lipid formulations of AmB were developed . Among these formulations , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "emulsions", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vitamin", "d", "deficiency", "chemical", "compounds", "drugs", "microbiology", "diet", "colloids", "antifungals", "organic", "compounds", "protein", "expression", "nutrition", "materials", "science",...	2019	Vitamin D deficiency is a potential risk factor for lipid Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity
Is a group best off if everyone co-operates ? Theory often considers this to be so ( e . g . the “conspiracy of doves” ) , this understanding underpinning social and economic policy . We observe , however , that after competition between “cheat” and “co-operator” strains of yeast , population fitness is maximized under...	The world is best off , it is usually presumed , when everyone co-operates . However , we discovered in a laboratory experiment involving yeasts that a population can grow more and faster when there is a mix of “cheats” and “co-operators . ” In this case “co-operator” cells produce a protein ( invertase ) that breaks d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "ecology", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2010	A Mixture of “Cheats” and “Co-Operators” Can Enable Maximal Group Benefit
The mechanistic details underlying the assembly of rod-shaped chromosomes during mitosis and how they segregate from each other to act as individually mobile units remain largely unknown . Here , we construct a coarse-grained physical model of chromosomal DNA and condensins , a class of large protein complexes that pla...	Immediately before a cell divides , chromosomal DNA in a eukaryotic cell is packaged into a discrete set of rod-shaped chromosomes . This process , known as mitotic chromosome assembly or condensation , secures the faithful segregation of genetic information into daughter cells . Central to this mechanistically complex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "condensation", "molecular", "dynamics", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "materials", "science", "forms", "of", "dna", "epigenetics", "dna", "macromolecules", "chromatin", "materials", "by", "structure", "polymers", "polym...	2018	Modeling the functions of condensin in chromosome shaping and segregation
The goal of the innate immune system is containment of a pathogen at the site of infection prior to the initiation of an effective adaptive immune response . However , effector mechanisms must be kept in check to combat the pathogen while simultaneously limiting undesirable destruction of tissue resulting from these ac...	During a natural virus infection , small doses of infectious virus are deposited at a peripheral infection site , and then a “race” ensues , in which the replicating virus attempts to “outpace” the responding immune system of the host . In the early phases of infection , the innate immune system must contain the infect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "skin", "infections", "virology", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	CD11b+, Ly6G+ Cells Produce Type I Interferon and Exhibit Tissue Protective Properties Following Peripheral Virus Infection
Biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogens require a living host for their growth and form an intimate haustorial interface with parasitized cells . Evolution to biotrophy occurred independently in fungal rusts and powdery mildews , and in oomycete white rusts and downy mildews . Biotroph evolution and molecular mechanisms ...	Plant pathogens that cannot grow except on their hosts are called obligate biotrophs . How such biotrophy evolves is poorly understood . In this study , we sequenced the genome of the obligate biotroph white rust pathogen ( Albugo laibachii , Oomycota ) of Arabidopsis . From comparisons with other oomycete plant pathog...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "functional", "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "plant", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "genome", "sequencing", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "microbial", "evolution", "plant", "pathology", "arab...	2011	Gene Gain and Loss during Evolution of Obligate Parasitism in the White Rust Pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana
Existing molecular assays for filarial parasite DNA in mosquitoes cannot distinguish between infected mosquitoes that contain any stage of the parasite and infective mosquitoes that harbor third stage larvae ( L3 ) capable of establishing new infections in humans . We now report development of a molecular L3-detection ...	The Global Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis ( GPELF ) was launched in the year 1998 with the goal of eliminating lymphatic filariasis by 2020 . As the success of mass drug administration ( MDA ) in the global program drives the rates of infection in endemic populations to very low levels , the deve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genome", "projects", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "public", "health...	2008	A Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay for Detecting Filarial Infective Larvae in Mosquitoes
During early meiotic prophase , a nucleus-wide reorganization leads to sorting of chromosomes into homologous pairs and to establishing associations between homologous chromosomes along their entire lengths . Here , we investigate global features of chromosome organization during this process , using a chromosome paint...	Successful sexual reproduction relies on the ability of germ cells to faithfully segregate homologous chromosomes in meiosis , which requires accurate sorting of chromosomes into homologous pairs and alignment of homologs along their entire lengths . The mechanisms underlying homolog sorting and alignment are not well ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "cell", "biology", "chromosome", "biology", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2011	Chromosome Painting Reveals Asynaptic Full Alignment of Homologs and HIM-8–Dependent Remodeling of X Chromosome Territories during Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis
Early detection of leptospirosis with field-ready diagnostics may improve clinical management and mitigate outbreaks . We previously validated the point-of-care Dual Path Platform ( DPP ) for leptospirosis with sera in the laboratory . This prospective study compares the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of the ...	The reliable , portable , point-of-care DPP assay effectively discriminates case status for patients presenting to hospital with acute febrile syndromes consistent with classic leptospirosis . Diagnostic accuracy of the finger stick DPP using the initial acute-phase specimen at the bedside is similar to serum DPP and I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "inflammatory", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "leptospira", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "bacterial", "di...	2018	Prospective evaluation of accuracy and clinical utility of the Dual Path Platform (DPP) assay for the point-of-care diagnosis of leptospirosis in hospitalized patients
It is generally thought that skilled behavior in human beings results from a functional hierarchy of the motor control system , within which reusable motor primitives are flexibly integrated into various sensori-motor sequence patterns . The underlying neural mechanisms governing the way in which continuous sensori-mot...	Functional hierarchy in neural systems , defined as the principle that complex entities may be segmented into simpler elements and that simple elements may be integrated into a complex entity , is a challenging area of study in neuroscience . Such a functional hierarchy may be thought of intuitively in two ways: as hie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Method" ]	[ "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Emergence of Functional Hierarchy in a Multiple Timescale Neural Network Model: A Humanoid Robot Experiment
The polymorphisms of IL28B have been described as important in the pathogenesis of infections caused by some viruses . The aim of this research was to evaluate whether IL28B gene polymorphisms ( SNP rs8099917 and SNP rs12979860 ) are associated with HAM/TSP . The study included 229 subjects , classified according to th...	New evidence has shown that the pathogenic mechanism of disease-associated HTLV-1 infection is an impairment of the immunity . More recently , it has been demonstrated that IL28B polymorphisms are more likely to occur among HTLV-1 infected subjects and are associated with higher proviral loads in HTLV-1 carriers . Base...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	IL28B Gene Polymorphism SNP rs8099917 Genotype GG Is Associated with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in HTLV-1 Carriers
Embryonic development is driven by spatial patterns of gene expression that determine the fate of each cell in the embryo . While gene expression is often highly erratic , embryonic development is usually exceedingly precise . In particular , gene expression boundaries are robust not only against intra-embryonic fluctu...	Embryonic development is controlled by spatial patterns of gene expression that seal the fate of each cell in the embryo . However , while development is typically very precise , gene expression is often very noisy . Indeed , a key question in current biology is how embryonic development can be so precise , while the u...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "segmentation", "gene", "regulation", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "genetics", "body", "plan", "organization", "morphogenesis", "biophysics", "simulations", "pattern", "formation", "regulato...	2012	Mutual Repression Enhances the Steepness and Precision of Gene Expression Boundaries
Infection of macrophages by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania leads to down-regulation of a number of macrophage innate host defense mechanisms , thereby allowing parasite survival and replication . The underlying molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown . In this study , we assessed epigenetic changes...	The L . donovani parasite causes visceral leishmaniasis , a tropical , neglected disease with an estimated number of 500 , 000 cases worldwide . Current drug treatments have toxic side effects , lead to drug resistance , and an effective vaccine is not available . The parasite has a complex life cycle residing within d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Leishmania donovani Infection Causes Distinct Epigenetic DNA Methylation Changes in Host Macrophages

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