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Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of dengue virus ( DENV ) , the causative agent of dengue fever , an arthropod-borne disease of global importance . Although a vaccine has been recommended for prevention , current dengue prevention strategies rely on vector control . Recently , volatile pyrethroids—spatial repellents—h...	As the incidence of dengue continues to expand , there is need for improved and/or novel strategies for vector control . This includes the use of spatial repellent products that contain volatile chemicals at ambient temperatures . When these chemicals are applied at low concentrations , they can serve to ‘repel’ rather...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "tropical", "diseases", "animals", "reproductive", "physiology", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "insect", "vectors", "public", "and"...	2016	Effect of Spatial Repellent Exposure on Dengue Vector Attraction to Oviposition Sites
A transcriptional regulatory network ( TRN ) constitutes the collection of regulatory rules that link environmental cues to the transcription state of a cell's genome . We recently proposed a matrix formalism that quantitatively represents a system of such rules ( a transcriptional regulatory system [TRS] ) and allows ...	Cells are comprised of genomic information that encodes for proteins , the basic building blocks underlying all biological processes . A transcriptional regulatory system ( TRS ) connects a cell's environmental cues to its genome and in turn determines which genes are turned “on” in response to these cues . Consequentl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology/gene", "expression", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "mathematics", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "computational"...	2009	Functional States of the Genome-Scale Escherichia Coli Transcriptional Regulatory System
Translational control of gene expression plays an essential role in development . In malaria parasites , translational regulation is critical during the development of specialized transition stages between the vertebrate host and mosquito vector . Here we show that a Pumilio/FBF ( Puf ) family RNA-binding protein , PfP...	Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of the deadliest malaria , which causes over one million deaths each year . The malaria parasite completes its life cycle in two hosts , mosquitoes and humans . Gametocytes , the sexual form of the malaria parasite , mediate transmission from humans to mosquitoes . Many tran...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "parastic", "protozoans", "plasmodium", "falciparum", "medicine", "developmental", "biology", "infectious", "diseases", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "tropical", "diseases", "(non-neglected)", "gene", "expression", "protozoology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "developmen...	2013	Puf Mediates Translation Repression of Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Candidates in Malaria Parasites
Cell polarity and correct mitotic spindle positioning are essential for the maintenance of a proper prostate epithelial architecture , and disruption of the two biological features occurs at early stages in prostate tumorigenesis . However , whether and how these two epithelial attributes are connected in vivo is large...	Luminal cells are the most abundant type of the prostate epithelial cells . Most prostate cancers also display a luminal phenotype . Horizontal cell division of luminal cells allows the surface expansion of the secretory prostate lumen and meanwhile maintains the monolayer and polarized epithelial architecture . Disrup...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "genitourinary", "tract", "tumors", "cell", "disruption", "epithelial", "cells", "cell", "polari...	2018	E-cadherin bridges cell polarity and spindle orientation to ensure prostate epithelial integrity and prevent carcinogenesis in vivo
Leptospirosis has been implicated as a severe and fatal form of disease in Mayotte , a French-administrated territory located in the Comoros archipelago ( southwestern Indian Ocean ) . To date , Leptospira isolates have never been isolated in this endemic region . Leptospires were isolated from blood samples from 22 pa...	Leptospirosis has been recognized as an increasing public health problem affecting poor people from developing countries and tropical regions . However , the epidemiology of leptospirosis remains poorly understood in remote parts of the world . In this study of patients from the island of Mayotte , we isolated 22 strai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology" ]	2010	Isolation and Characterization of New Leptospira Genotypes from Patients in Mayotte (Indian Ocean)
MUS81 is conserved among plants , animals , and fungi and is known to be involved in mitotic DNA damage repair and meiotic recombination . Here we present a functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog AtMUS81 , which has a role in both mitotic and meiotic cells . The AtMUS81 transcript is produced i...	Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division in which one diploid progenitor cell divides into four haploid cells that are subsequently used for fertilization during sexual reproduction . During meiosis , chromosomes pair , synapse , and exchange genetic information , all of which are required for proper chromosome s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "arabidopsis", "(thale", "cress)" ]	2007	The Role of AtMUS81 in Interference-Insensitive Crossovers in A. thaliana
The HAMP domain is a linker region in prokaryotic sensor proteins and relays input signals to the transmitter domain and vice versa . Functional as a dimer , the structure of HAMP shows a parallel coiled-coil motif comprising four helices . To date , it is unclear how HAMP can relay signals from one domain to another ,...	For survival , bacteria must constantly monitor their environmental conditions and adapt to these by generating a response . Protein sensors enable bacteria to perceive their surroundings and are typically built from modular compounds that are connected by linker regions . The HAMP domain is such a linker region that r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biochemical", "simulations", "computational", "chemistry", "protein", "interactions", "molecular", "dynamics", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "simulations", "biophysics" ]	2013	The HAMP Signal Relay Domain Adopts Multiple Conformational States through Collective Piston and Tilt Motions
Most active DNA replication origins are found within euchromatin , while origins within heterochromatin are often inactive or inhibited . In yeast , origin activity within heterochromatin is negatively controlled by the histone H4K16 deacetylase , Sir2 , and at some heterochromatic loci also by the nucleosome binding p...	When a cell divides , it must copy or “replicate” its DNA . DNA replication starts at chromosomal regions called origins when a collection of replication proteins gains local access to unwind the two DNA strands . Chromosomal DNA is packaged into a protein-DNA complex called chromatin and there are two major structural...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "dna-binding", "proteins", "euchromatin", "fungi", "dna", "replication", "epigenetics", "dna", "chromatin", "heterochromatin", "chromosome", "biology", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "chemistry", "histones", "nucleosomes", "yeast", "biochemistry", "eukaryota", "cell", ...	2018	Yeast heterochromatin regulators Sir2 and Sir3 act directly at euchromatic DNA replication origins
At least nine dominant neurodegenerative diseases are caused by expansion of CAG repeats in coding regions of specific genes that result in abnormal elongation of polyglutamine ( polyQ ) tracts in the corresponding gene products . When above a threshold that is specific for each disease the expanded polyQ repeats promo...	Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 ( SCA1 ) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in loss of coordination and balance . It is caused by an expanded repeated DNA sequence ( CAG ) in the gene ATXN1 . The CAG repeat region is normally interrupted by the DNA sequence CAT . Loss of this interruption is believed t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2013	The Role of Interruptions in polyQ in the Pathology of SCA1
It is common practice in genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) to focus on the relationship between disease risk and genetic variants one marker at a time . When relevant genes are identified it is often possible to implicate biological intermediates and pathways likely to be involved in disease aetiology . However ...	The standard approach in genome-wide association studies is to analyse the relationship between genetic variants and disease one marker at a time . Significant associations between markers and disease are then used as evidence to implicate biological intermediates and pathways likely to be involved in disease aetiology...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Mining the Human Phenome Using Allelic Scores That Index Biological Intermediates
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yap1 protein is an AP1-like transcription factor involved in the regulation of the oxidative stress response . An ortholog of Yap1 , MoAP1 , was recently identified from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae genome . We found that MoAP1 is highly expressed in conidia and during invasive hyph...	Magnaporthe oryzae is a causal agent of rice blast disease and an important model for understanding of fungal development and pathogenicity . To examine the molecular mechanisms involved in conidium formation and appressorium development of M . oryzae , we identified the transcriptional factor MoAP1 as a regulator of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "pathology/molecular", "pathology" ]	2011	The bZIP Transcription Factor MoAP1 Mediates the Oxidative Stress Response and Is Critical for Pathogenicity of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Current antidepressant treatments are inadequate for many individuals , and when they are effective , they require several weeks of administration before a therapeutic effect can be observed . Improving the treatment of depression is challenging . Recently , the two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1 has been identif...	Depression is the most common of psychiatric illnesses , with prevalence estimates ranging from 5% to 20% within the general population . The design of effective treatments for this disorder is a challenging process , and the use of antidepressants has an overall low clinical efficacy as full remission only occurs in o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "physiology/integrative", "physiology", "pharmacology/drug", "interactions", "neurological", "disorders/neuropharmacology", "neurological", "disorders/neuropsychiatric", "disorders", "mental", "health/mood", "disorders" ]	2010	Spadin, a Sortilin-Derived Peptide, Targeting Rodent TREK-1 Channels: A New Concept in the Antidepressant Drug Design
STAT3 is a master regulator of the immune responses . Here we show that M . tuberculosis-infected stat3fl/fl lysm cre mice , defective for STAT3 in myeloid cells , contained lower bacterial load in lungs and spleens , reduced granuloma extension but higher levels of pulmonary neutrophils . STAT3-deficient macrophages s...	We studied the role of STAT3 , a major regulator of immunity , in the control of the infection with M . tuberculosis . Stat3fl/fl lysm cre mice , deficient in STAT3 in myeloid cells , showed lower bacterial levels in organs and reduced extension of lung granulomas after infection with M . tuberculosis . STAT3-deficient...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunology", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "animal", "models", "physiological", "processes", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "cytotoxi...	2018	STAT3 expression by myeloid cells is detrimental for the T- cell-mediated control of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Giardia lamblia is a common intestinal parasitic infection that although often acutely asymptomatic , is associated with debilitating chronic intestinal and extra-intestinal sequelae . In previously healthy adults , a primary sporadic Giardia infection can lead to gut dysfunction and fatigue . These symptoms correlate ...	Giardia is a leading cause of gut infection worldwide , with wide variation in acute symptoms . Giardia infection in non-endemic regions has also been associated with debilitating chronic intestinal and extra-intestinal sequelae , such as irritable bowel syndrome , often occurring weeks or months after exposure and aft...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "giardia", "immunology", "diet", "parasitic", "protozoans", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "developmental", "biology", ...	2019	Intestinal parasitic infection alters bone marrow derived dendritic cell inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial endotoxin in a diet-dependent manner
Neuroprosthetic brain-computer interfaces function via an algorithm which decodes neural activity of the user into movements of an end effector , such as a cursor or robotic arm . In practice , the decoder is often learned by updating its parameters while the user performs a task . When the user’s intention is not dire...	There are various existing methods for rapidly learning a decoder during closed-loop brain computer interface ( BCI ) tasks . While many of these methods work well in practice , there is no clear theoretical foundation for parameter learning . We offer a unification of closed-loop decoder learning setting as an imitati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "machine", "learning", "algorithms", "engineering", "and", "technology", "electronics", "applied", "mathematics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "human", "factors", "engineering...	2016	Neuroprosthetic Decoder Training as Imitation Learning
Non-coding RNAs ( ncRNAs ) play critical roles in gene regulation . In eukaryotic cells , ncRNAs are processed and/or degraded by the nuclear exosome , a ribonuclease complex containing catalytic subunits Dis3 and Rrp6 . The TRAMP ( Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation ) complex is a critical exosome cofactor in budding ...	Eukaryotic genomes from yeast to man express numerous non-coding RNAs ( ncRNAs ) that regulate the expression of messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) encoding the proteins vital for cell and body function . As faulty ncRNAs impair mRNA expression and contribute to cancers and neurodegenerative disease , it is imperative to underst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Nab3 Facilitates the Function of the TRAMP Complex in RNA Processing via Recruitment of Rrp6 Independent of Nrd1
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are found in all life forms . P450s play an important role in drug metabolism , and have potential uses as biocatalysts . Human P450s are membrane-bound proteins . However , the interactions between P450s and their membrane environment are not well-understood . To date , all P450 crystal structu...	A significant amount of information about how enzymes and other proteins function has been obtained from computer simulations . Often , the size of the system that is required to provide a sufficiently realistic model places limitations on both the timescale of the simulation , and the level of detail that can be studi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "molecular", "dynamics", "inorganic", "chemistry", "density", "functional", "theory", "enzymes", "enzymology", "chemical", "biology", "molecular", "mechanics", "membrane", "proteins", "biocatalysis", "bioinorganic", "chemistry", "cel...	2014	A Multiscale Approach to Modelling Drug Metabolism by Membrane-Bound Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
Chronic exposure to inducers of DNA base oxidation and single and double strand breaks contribute to tumorigenesis . In addition to the genetic changes caused by this DNA damage , such tumors often contain epigenetically silenced genes with aberrant promoter region CpG island DNA hypermethylation . We herein explore th...	Human cancers contain epigenetic changes as well as DNA mutations that play a role in abnormal silencing of tumor suppressor genes . In contrast to DNA mutations that change the sequence of DNA , epigenetic changes cause abnormal silencing of genes through DNA methylation via the addition of methyl groups to DNA and th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2008	Double Strand Breaks Can Initiate Gene Silencing and SIRT1-Dependent Onset of DNA Methylation in an Exogenous Promoter CpG Island
Although polymicrobial infections , caused by combinations of viruses , bacteria , fungi and parasites , are being recognised with increasing frequency , little is known about the occurrence of within-species diversity in bacterial infections and the molecular and evolutionary bases of this diversity . We used multiple...	We investigated whether an infection is a site of pathogen within-species diversity . Our results indicate that there is indeed extensive diversity during human extraintestinal infections by Escherichia coli . This diversity was of two types , not mutually exclusive , as we found that patients were infected either by s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology" ]	2010	Molecular and Evolutionary Bases of Within-Patient Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity in Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Infections
The protozoan Leishmania parasitizes macrophages and evades the microbicidal consequences of phagocytosis through the inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis . In this study , we investigated the impact of this parasite on LC3-associated phagocytosis , a non-canonical autophagic process that enhances phagosome maturatio...	The early events surrounding and following the phagocytosis of pathogens largely determine whether internalization will lead to efficient killing of the microbe or successful establishment of an intracellular infection . Growing evidence supports the notion that the autophagy machinery lends a hand to phagocytosis in e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "pathogens", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "p...	2016	Leishmania major Promastigotes Evade LC3-Associated Phagocytosis through the Action of GP63
Visceral leishmaniasis is the most clinically relevant and dangerous form of human leishmaniasis . Most traditional drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis are toxic , possess many adverse reactions and drug resistance is emerging . Therefore , there is urgent need for identification of new therapeutic targets . Recently ...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is the most dangerous form of human leishmaniasis in terms of mortality and morbidity and is spreading to several non-endemic areas because of global traveling and military conflicts . The emergence of Leishmania-HIV coinfection and increased prevalence of drug resistant strains have compo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "activation", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "veterinary", ...	2014	Deficiency of p110δ Isoform of the Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase Leads to Enhanced Resistance to Leishmania donovani
The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ( CaMKII ) plays a key role in the induction of long-term postsynaptic modifications following calcium entry . Experiments suggest that these long-term synaptic changes are all-or-none switch-like events between discrete states . The biochemical network involving CaMKI...	Learning and memory have been hypothesized to occur thanks to synaptic modifications . The efficacy of synaptic transmission has been shown to change as a function of correlated activity between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons . Long-lasting synaptic modifications can occur in both directions ( long-term potentiat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "in", "vitro" ]	2007	STDP in a Bistable Synapse Model Based on CaMKII and Associated Signaling Pathways
Immunodominance in T cell responses to complex antigens like viruses is still incompletely understood . Some data indicate that the dominant responses to viruses are not necessarily the most protective , while other data imply that dominant responses are the most important . The issue is of considerable importance to t...	The body's reaction to infections is dominated by strong immune responses focused on a small number of protein regions , while ignoring the other . These strong responses may be protective against invariant viruses , but fail to control viruses that can change quickly . In particular for the AIDS virus , it happens tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viral", "vaccines", "virology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	Protective Efficacy of Serially Up-Ranked Subdominant CD8+ T Cell Epitopes against Virus Challenges
The major autolysins ( Atl ) of Staphylococcus epidermidis and S . aureus play an important role in cell separation , and their mutants are also attenuated in virulence . Therefore , autolysins represent a promising target for the development of new types of antibiotics . Here , we report the high-resolution structure ...	Although Staphylococci are common habitants of the human skin and the respiratory tract , a number of highly pathogenic strains are a major cause of hospital-associated infections and can be life threatening especially in immunocompromised patients . Moreover , an increasing number of strains has acquired resistance ag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/biocatalysis", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "biochemistry/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobials...	2010	Structural Basis of Cell Wall Cleavage by a Staphylococcal Autolysin
Urogenital schistosomiasis , caused by infection with Schistosoma haematobium , is widespread and causes substantial morbidity on the African continent . The infection has been suggested as an unrecognized risk factor for incident HIV infection . Current guidelines recommend preventive chemotherapy , using praziquantel...	Urogenital schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by a worm , Schistosoma haematobium , which lives in the bloodstream of infected individuals . It affects at least 112 million people , mostly in sub-Saharan Africa , and has been suggested to be a risk factor for becoming infected with HIV . We reviewed public...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "hiv", "epidemiology", "medicine", "urology", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "hiv", "prevention", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "hiv", "genitourinary", "infections", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "viral", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2011	Examining the Relationship between Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is the continuously declining number of the virus’ predominant target cells , activated CD4+ T cells . With diminishing CD4+ T cell levels , the capacity to utilize alternate cell types and receptors , including cells that express low CD4 receptor levels such as macrophages , thus becomes ...	Untreated HIV-1 infection leads to a gradual depletion of CD4+ T cells forcing the virus to continuously adapt to an ever-decreasing number of suitable target cells . Our data based on experiments in a highly controlled in vitro setting describe one avenue of envelope adaptation that allows the virus to infect target c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ccr5", "coreceptor", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cd", "coreceptors", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "v...	2017	Delineating CD4 dependency of HIV-1: Adaptation to infect low level CD4 expressing target cells widens cellular tropism but severely impacts on envelope functionality
Epigenetic switches encode their state information either locally , often via covalent modification of DNA or histones , or globally , usually in the level of a trans-regulatory factor . Here we examine how the regulation of cis-encoded epigenetic switches controls the extent of heterogeneity in gene expression , which...	In an uncertain and changing world , microbial populations with a diverse range of phenotypes may outperform a monolithic population . Over many generations , mutations can lead to genetic diversity in a population . However , microbes have strategies to generate such diversity quickly . For example , if multiple genes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2009	Epigenetic and Conventional Regulation Is Distributed among Activators of FLO11 Allowing Tuning of Population-Level Heterogeneity in Its Expression
Palestinian strains of L . tropica characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis ( MLEE ) fall into two zymodemes , either MON-137 or MON-307 . Assays employing PCR and subsequent RFLP were applied to sequences found in the Hexokinase ( HK ) gene , an enzyme that is not used in MLEE , and the Phosphoglucomutase ( ...	The species L . major , L . tropica and L . infantum exist in Palestine and Israel where the first two cause CL and the third usually causes VL although cases of CL without visible signs of VL have been reported from Palestine . This means that diagnosis of locally acquired leishmaniases requires identification of thei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Development of Assays Using Hexokinase and Phosphoglucomutase Gene Sequences That Distinguish Strains of Leishmania tropica from Different Zymodemes and Microsatellite Clusters and Their Application to Palestinian Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Determining the functional structure of biological networks is a central goal of systems biology . One approach is to analyze gene expression data to infer a network of gene interactions on the basis of their correlated responses to environmental and genetic perturbations . The inferred network can then be analyzed to ...	One of the fundamental themes in biology is the hierarchical organization of its constituents . At higher levels of a hierarchy new properties emerge due to the complex interaction of constituents at lower levels . This same organization is expected to be found in genetic regulatory networks . If so , determining this ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "genomics", "statistical", "mechanics", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	Robust Detection of Hierarchical Communities from Escherichia coli Gene Expression Data
In most countries of sub-Saharan Africa the control of lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) is based on annual mass drug administration ( MDA ) with a combination of ivermectin and albendazole , in order to interrupt transmission . Here we present the first detailed study on the effect of 3 repeated MDAs with this drug combinat...	Lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) is a disabling mosquito borne parasitic disease and one of the major neglected tropical diseases . In most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa the control of LF is based on yearly mass drug administration ( MDA ) with a combination of ivermectin and albendazole , in order to interrupt transmissi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "...	2010	Lymphatic Filariasis Control in Tanzania: Effect of Repeated Mass Drug Administration with Ivermectin and Albendazole on Infection and Transmission
The increasing burden of dengue , and the relative failure of traditional vector control programs highlight the need to develop new control methods . SIT using self-limiting genetic technology is one such promising method . A self-limiting strain of Aedes aegypti , OX513A , has already reached the stage of field evalua...	Dengue is a major mosquito-borne disease , increasing in prevalence and severity; there are no specific drugs or licensed vaccine . It is primarily transmitted by one mosquito species , Aedes aegypti . We released transgenic ‘sterile’ male mosquitoes in Itaberaba , a suburb of Juazeiro , a Brazilian city . Sustained re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Suppression of a Field Population of Aedes aegypti in Brazil by Sustained Release of Transgenic Male Mosquitoes
A key question in the analysis of hippocampal memory relates to how attention modulates the encoding and long-term retrieval of spatial and nonspatial representations in this region . To address this question , we recorded from single cells over a period of 5 days in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus while mice ...	Attention modulates the encoding and retrieval of memories , but the physiological basis of this interaction has largely been unexplored . The formation of memories which depend on the hippocampus involves the conscious recall of events that occur in specific spatial contexts , a form of memory known as episodic . To i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/animal", "cognition", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience" ]	2009	Attention Enhances the Retrieval and Stability of Visuospatial and Olfactory Representations in the Dorsal Hippocampus
Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion and abscisic acid ( ABA ) has been suggested to regulate this process . Using genetic , biochemical , and pharmacological approaches , we demonstrate that ( i ) the Arabidopsis thaliana nine-specific-lipoxygenase encoding gene , LOX1 , which is expres...	Stomata are microscopic pores that are present in the epidermis of the aerial parts of higher plants , such as the leaves . These pores , which are flanked by a pair of cells called guard cells , regulate transpiration and the exchange of gas between leaves and the atmosphere . It is well documented that the phytohormo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "plant", "pathology", "biology", "plant", "physiology" ]	2013	An Abscisic Acid-Independent Oxylipin Pathway Controls Stomatal Closure and Immune Defense in Arabidopsis
Numerous recent studies have tested the effects of plant , pollinator , and predator diversity on primary productivity , pollination , and consumption , respectively . Many have shown a positive relationship , particularly in controlled experiments , but variability in results has emphasized the context-dependency of t...	The world is currently experiencing a rapid loss of species , prompting investigation into the role of biodiversity on the functioning of ecosystems . Many recent studies have shown that high diversity of plants , pollinators , and predators is related to high plant growth , pollination , and predation , respectively ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2008	Resource Heterogeneity Moderates the Biodiversity-Function Relationship in Real World Ecosystems
Leishmania spp . are trypanosomatid parasites that replicate intracellularly in macrophages , causing serious human morbidity and mortality throughout the world . Trypanosomatid protozoa cannot synthesize heme , so must acquire this essential cofactor from their environment . Earlier studies identified LHR1 as a Leishm...	Leishmania are protozoan parasites that infect humans and replicate intracellularly in macrophages , cells normally engaged in protecting the host from pathogens . These parasites have several strategies to survive inside the hostile environment of the host macrophage , and one of these strategies involves heme acquisi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	The Heme Transport Capacity of LHR1 Determines the Extent of Virulence in Leishmania amazonensis
Non-coding transcription can trigger histone post-translational modifications forming specialized chromatin . In fission yeast , heterochromatin formation requires RNAi and the histone H3K9 methyltransferase complex CLRC , composed of Clr4 , Raf1 , Raf2 , Cul4 , and Rik1 . CLRC mediates H3K9 methylation and siRNA produ...	Heterochromatin is a specialized form of chromatin which is frequently assembled on DNA sequences with little or no coding potential . Heterochromatin formation involves specific post-translational modifications of histone tails ( e . g . methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 ) . In fission yeast , Schizosaccharomyces ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology", "chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Raf1 Is a DCAF for the Rik1 DDB1-Like Protein and Has Separable Roles in siRNA Generation and Chromatin Modification
Iron plays vital roles in the human body including enzymatic processes , oxygen-transport via hemoglobin and immune response . Iron metabolism is characterized by ~95% recycling and minor replenishment through diet . Anemia of chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) is characterized by a lack of synthesis of erythropoietin lead...	Iron is mostly recycled with very little loss or replenishment . This model simulates the complex regulatory network that maintains iron within healthy limits . Iron diseases are typically characterized by breakdown of such regulatory pathways ( e . g . synthesis of erythropoietin , inhibition of iron release by hepcid...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "plasma", "volume", "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "chronic", "kidney", "disease", "anemia", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "red", "blood", "cells", "erythroblasts", "pharmacology", "hemoglob...	2018	Whole-body iron transport and metabolism: Mechanistic, multi-scale model to improve treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease
Neurocysticercosis is a frequent parasitic infection of the human brain , occurring in most of the world , and requires imaging of the brain to diagnose . To determine the burden of disease and to simplify diagnosis , a field-friendly rapid lateral flow ( LF ) based antibody screening test was developed . The assay uti...	A field-friendly screening tool to simplify serological diagnosis of neurocysticercosis was developed . The assay utilizes a rapid lateral flow based test platform in combination with unique fluorescent label , up-converting phosphor ( UCP ) reporter particles . The UCP reporter technology uses infrared excitation and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "taeniasis", "infectious", "diseases", "helminth", "infections", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonoses", "veterinary", "epidemiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "medicine", "cysticercosis", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "parasitic", "dis...	2014	Feasibility of a Lateral Flow Test for Neurocysticercosis Using Novel Up-Converting Nanomaterials and a Lightweight Strip Analyzer
The HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is driven largely by heterosexual transmission of non-subtype B viruses , of which subtypes C and A are predominant . Previous studies of subtype B and subtype C transmission pairs have suggested that a single variant from the chronically infected partner can establish infection...	Previous studies of HIV transmission have yielded conflicting results regarding the genetic heterogeneity of the virus establishing infection in the newly infected individual . In this study of populations from Zambia and Rwanda that are infected by two distinct viral genetic subtypes , we compared viral sequences that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/molecular", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "infectious", "...	2009	Inflammatory Genital Infections Mitigate a Severe Genetic Bottleneck in Heterosexual Transmission of Subtype A and C HIV-1
The broadly neutralizing antibody ( bnAb ) VRC01 is being evaluated for its efficacy to prevent HIV-1 infection in the Antibody Mediated Prevention ( AMP ) trials . A secondary objective of AMP utilizes sieve analysis to investigate how VRC01 prevention efficacy ( PE ) varies with HIV-1 envelope ( Env ) amino acid ( AA...	The two Antibody Mediated Prevention ( AMP ) clinical trials are testing whether intravenous infusion of VRC01 ( an antibody that can neutralize most HIV-1 viruses ) can prevent HIV-1 infection . Since the outer envelope ( Env ) protein of HIV-1 is highly genetically diverse , the AMP trials will evaluate in an “amino ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "machine", "learning", "algorithms", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "pathogens", "applied", "mathematics", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency",...	2019	Prediction of VRC01 neutralization sensitivity by HIV-1 gp160 sequence features
Natural killer ( NK ) cells play an essential role in innate immune control of poxviral infections in vivo . However , the mechanism ( s ) underlying NK cell activation and function in response to poxviruses remains poorly understood . In a mouse model of infection with vaccinia virus ( VV ) , the most studied member o...	NK cells are an important component of innate immunity in fighting against poxviral infections in vivo . However , how NK cells are activated and exert their function in controlling poxviruses remains poorly understood . In this paper , we found that VV , the most studied member of the poxvirus family , could directly ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2010	Direct TLR2 Signaling Is Critical for NK Cell Activation and Function in Response to Vaccinia Viral Infection
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model system to investigate the mechanisms of pre-mRNA splicing but only a few examples of alternative splice site usage have been described in this organism . Using RNA-Seq analysis of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay ( NMD ) mutant strains , we show that many S . cerevisiae int...	Accurate gene expression requires the transfer of gene information from DNA to RNA . When DNA is transcribed into RNA , part of the RNA needs to be removed ( spliced ) to generate a proper copy of the genetic information . This process needs to be very accurate to preserve the genetic information that will be transferr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "biochemistry", "rna", "genetic", "engineering", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "genetics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "rna", "stab...	2014	Widespread Use of Non-productive Alternative Splice Sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The mammalian circadian timing system consists of a master pacemaker in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) and clocks of a similar molecular makeup in most peripheral body cells . Peripheral oscillators are self-sustained and cell autonomous , but they have to be synchronized by the SCN to ensure phase cohe...	In contrast to previously held belief , molecular circadian oscillators are not restricted to specialized pacemaker tissues , such as the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) , but exist in virtually all body cells . Although the circadian clocks operative in peripheral cell types are as robust as those residing in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cell", "biology", "mammals", "physiology", "computational", "biology", "mus", "(mouse)", "neuroscience", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	System-Driven and Oscillator-Dependent Circadian Transcription in Mice with a Conditionally Active Liver Clock
The cerebellum has been proposed to be a crucial component in the state estimation process that combines information from motor efferent and sensory afferent signals to produce a representation of the current state of the motor system . Such a state estimate of the moving human arm would be expected to be used when the...	Motor control depends on the brain's awareness of the current state of the body . Knowing the current position and movement of the arm , for example , allows one to reach rapidly and accurately towards a target . However , sensory information reaches the brain only after a short delay , and the arm may already be in mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2007	Disruption of State Estimation in the Human Lateral Cerebellum
The human treponematoses comprise venereal syphilis and the three non-venereal or endemic treponematoses yaws , bejel , and pinta . Serological assays remain the most common diagnostic method for all treponemal infections . Point-of-care tests ( POCTs ) for syphilis and yaws allow testing without further development of...	Syphilis and yaws are closely related bacterial infections . In many countries where the diseases are found there is limited access to diagnostic testing . Recently a point of care test for both diseases has been developed . In the current study we evaluated the experience of healthcare workers and patients in using th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "solomon", "islands", "medical", "personnel", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "health", "care", "social", "systems", "treponematoses", "b...	2018	Point-of-care tests for syphilis and yaws in a low-income setting – A qualitative study of healthcare worker and patient experiences
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive human pathogen that is recognized by yet unknown pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) . Engagement of these receptor molecules during infection with S . pyogenes , a largely extracellular bacterium with limited capacity for intracellular survival , causes innate immune cells ...	Streptococcus pyogenes is an important human pathogen that causes a broad range of diseases . The bacterium colonizes the throat and the skin where it can evoke usually mild illness such as strep throat or scarlet fever . Systemic infections with S . pyogenes are less frequent but can develop into life-threatening dise...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/immune", "response", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2011	Type I Interferon Production Induced by Streptococcus pyogenes-Derived Nucleic Acids Is Required for Host Protection
During the aging process , bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs ) exhibit declined osteogenesis accompanied by excess adipogenesis , which will lead to osteoporosis . Here , we report that the H3 lysine 36 trimethylation ( H3K36me3 ) , catalyzed by histone methyltransferase SET-domain-containing 2 ( SETD2 ) , reg...	During the aging process , the ability of the mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) in the bone marrow to generate bone cells declines , and they become more likely to produce fat cells , resulting in brittle , or osteoporotic , bones . Here , we demonstrate that a histone modification—H3 lysine 36 trimethylation ( H3K36me3 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "bone", "remodeling", "microbiology", "cell", "differentiation", "retroviruses", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "viruses", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biolo...	2018	H3K36 trimethylation mediated by SETD2 regulates the fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Some secreted proteins that assemble into large complexes , such as extracellular matrices or hormones and enzymes in storage granules , must be kept at subaggregation concentrations during intracellular trafficking . We show surfeit locus protein 4 ( Surf4 ) is the cargo receptor that establishes different steady-stat...	The majority of proteins secreted from eukaryotic cells are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) for folding and maturation and are then transferred by ER-exit vesicles to the Golgi for additional processing and eventual secretion from the plasma membrane . Large protein complexes such as those formed by extrac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "protein", "transport", "vesicles", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "cell", "processes", "hormones", "cargo", "proteins", "cargo", "receptors", "growth", "hormone", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", "and", "analysis"...	2018	Surf4 (Erv29p) binds amino-terminal tripeptide motifs of soluble cargo proteins with different affinities, enabling prioritization of their exit from the endoplasmic reticulum
Viral hemorrhagic fevers ( VHF ) are acute diseases associated with bleeding , organ failure , and shock . VHF may hardly be distinguished clinically from other diseases in the African hospital , including viral hepatitis . This study was conducted to determine if VHF and viral hepatitis contribute to hospital morbidit...	Ghana is endemic for yellow fever and lies between two Lassa fever endemic areas — Guinea , Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Mali in the West , and Nigeria in the East . Ebola hemorrhagic fever has been documented in the neighboring Cote d'Ivoire . Thus , it is plausible that the latter VHFs also occur in Ghana , and there...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Hospital-Based Surveillance for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and Hepatitides in Ghana
Social contact patterns among individuals encode the transmission route of infectious diseases and are a key ingredient in the realistic characterization and modeling of epidemics . Unfortunately , the gathering of high quality experimental data on contact patterns in human populations is a very difficult task even at ...	The dynamics of infectious diseases caused by pathogens transmissible from human to human strongly depends on contact patterns between individuals . High quality observational data on contact patterns , usually presented in the form of age-specific contact matrices , are difficult to gather and are currently available ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "theoretical", "biology", "population", "modeling", "biology", "computational", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "modeling" ]	2012	Inferring the Structure of Social Contacts from Demographic Data in the Analysis of Infectious Diseases Spread
The envelope ( E ) protein of dengue virus ( DENV ) is the major target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development . While previous studies on domain III or domain I/II alone have reported several epitopes of monoclonal antibodies ( mAbs ) against DENV E protein , the possibility of interdomain epitopes and the...	Dengue virus is the leading cause of arboviral diseases worldwide . The envelope protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development . While previous studies have reported several epitopes on envelope protein , the possibility of interdomain epitopes and the relationship of epitopes to neutra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Analysis of Epitopes on Dengue Virus Envelope Protein Recognized by Monoclonal Antibodies and Polyclonal Human Sera by a High Throughput Assay
We learn about population history and underlying evolutionary biology through patterns of genetic polymorphism . Many approaches to reconstruct evolutionary histories focus on a limited number of informative statistics describing distributions of allele frequencies or patterns of linkage disequilibrium . We show that m...	Throughout human history , populations have expanded and contracted , split and merged , and exchanged migrants . Because these events affected genetic diversity , we can learn about human history by comparing predictions from evolutionary models to genetic data . Here , we show how to rapidly compute such predictions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "heterozygosity", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "anthropology", "genetic", "mapping", "neanderthals", "archaic", "humans", "paleontology", "population", "biology", "paleoanthropology", "africa", "hominids", "evolutionary", "genet...	2019	Models of archaic admixture and recent history from two-locus statistics
Quorum sensing ( QS ) is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication process that relies on the production , release , and response to extracellular signaling molecules called autoinducers . QS controls virulence and biofilm formation in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . P . aeruginosa possesses two canonical LuxI...	Quorum sensing ( QS ) is a cell-to-cell communication process that bacteria use to coordinate group behaviors . QS is essential for virulence and biofilm formation in many bacteria including the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . P . aeruginosa has high clinical relevance because it has acquired resistance to comm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "biofilms", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "animal", "models", "of", "disease", "microbiology", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "o...	2017	The RhlR quorum-sensing receptor controls Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis and biofilm development independently of its canonical homoserine lactone autoinducer
CD4+ T cells play predominant roles in protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium infection , both for IFN-γ-dependent effector mechanisms and providing B cell helper signals . Neddylation , an ubiquitination-like process triggered by covalent conjugation of NEDD8 to specific targets , has emerged as a potentia...	Malaria , which is caused by the intracellular parasite Plasmodium , remains a major infectious disease with significant morbidity and mortality annually . Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in protective immunity against the pathogenic blood-stage Plasmodium will facilitate development of anti-m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "plasmodium", "yoelii", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "spleen", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "immunoblotting", "parasitic", "diseases", "...	2018	Neddylation contributes to CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium infection
Scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei . The disease is highly prevalent worldwide and known to predispose to secondary bacterial infections , in particular by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus . Reports of scabies patients co-infected with methicillin resista...	There is increasing evidence that in the tropics bacterial pyoderma and life-threatening downstream complications caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are often linked with scabies infestation . The bacteria were commonly thought to find easy entry into the skin , damaged by scabies mites . Howeve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "immune", "system", "proteins", "complement", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "infectious", "diseases", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "proteins", "sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "sc...	2014	A Scabies Mite Serpin Interferes with Complement-Mediated Neutrophil Functions and Promotes Staphylococcal Growth
Analysis of cells in culture has made substantial contributions to biological research . The versatility and scale of in vitro manipulation and new applications such as high-throughput gene silencing screens ensure the continued importance of cell-culture studies . In comparison to mammalian systems , Drosophila cell c...	In Drosophila , the genetic analysis of whole animals has been the focus of the field and has been exceptionally successful . Gene discoveries in flies have led to parallel studies in vertebrates and hence have accelerated the understanding of biology . Furthermore , some 60–70% of human disease genes are conserved in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/cancer", "genetics" ]	2008	Efficient Genetic Method for Establishing Drosophila Cell Lines Unlocks the Potential to Create Lines of Specific Genotypes
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that may present different clinical forms according to the immune response of the host . Levels of IFN-γ are significantly raised in paucibacillary tuberculoid ( T-lep ) when compared with multibacillary lepromatous ( L-lep ) patients . IFN-γ primes macrophages for inflammatory a...	Leprosy is an interesting model to study immune responses in humans due to the dichotomy observed among the poles of the disease . While in the self-limited tuberculoid form ( T-lep ) there are high systemic levels of the cytokine IFN-γ , in the clinically progressive lepromatous form ( L-lep ) low IFN-γ levels are fou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "death", "mycobacterium", "leprae", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lysosomes", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cell", "processes", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology...	2017	Autophagy Is an Innate Mechanism Associated with Leprosy Polarization
The transition of the mammalian cell from quiescence to proliferation is a highly variable process . Over the last four decades , two lines of apparently contradictory , phenomenological models have been proposed to account for such temporal variability . These include various forms of the transition probability ( TP )...	Mammalian cells enter the division cycle in response to appropriate growth signals . For each cell , the decision to do so is critically dependent on the interplay between environmental cues and the internal state of the cell and is influenced by random fluctuations in cellular processes . Indeed , experimental evidenc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics/nonlinear", "dynamics", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "cell", "biology", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "biophysics/replication", "and", "repair", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation", ...	2010	Stochastic E2F Activation and Reconciliation of Phenomenological Cell-Cycle Models
Mutations in the l ( 3 ) mbt tumour suppressor result in overproliferation of Drosophila larval brains . Recently , the derepression of different gene classes in l ( 3 ) mbt mutants was shown to be causal for transformation . However , the molecular mechanisms of dL ( 3 ) mbt-mediated gene repression are not understood...	Mutations in the l ( 3 ) mbt result in the formation of brain tumours . The molecular basis underlying this phenotype has remained obscure . Here , we have isolated LINT , a novel protein complex containing dL ( 3 ) mbt , the corepressor dCoREST , and the uncharacterised protein dLint-1 . We have used genome-wide ChIP–...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	LINT, a Novel dL(3)mbt-Containing Complex, Represses Malignant Brain Tumour Signature Genes
TRIM5α provides a cytoplasmic block to retroviral infection , and orthologs encoded by some primates are active against HIV . Here , we present an evolutionary comparison of the TRIM5 gene to its closest human paralogs: TRIM22 , TRIM34 , and TRIM6 . We show that TRIM5 and TRIM22 have a dynamic history of gene expansion...	The intrinsic immunity protein TRIM5α provides a post-entry defense against retroviral infection , which depends on its specific ability to recognize retroviral capsids . TRIM5α has been locked in genetic conflict with retroviruses throughout most of primate evolution , characterized by a higher than expected rate of a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "primates", "viruses", "cat", "virology", "dog", "evolutionary", "biology", "mammals" ]	2007	Discordant Evolution of the Adjacent Antiretroviral Genes TRIM22 and TRIM5 in Mammals
Group A streptococcal isolates of serotype M18 are historically associated with epidemic waves of pharyngitis and the non-suppurative immune sequela rheumatic fever . The serotype is defined by a unique , highly encapsulated phenotype , yet the molecular basis for this unusual colony morphology is unknown . Here we ide...	Group A streptococcus is an important human pathogen which produces a polysaccharide capsule that confers resistance to killing by white blood cells and allows bacterial adherence to host epithelial surfaces . Serotype M18 isolates over-produce capsule , creating a unique and characteristic appearance when grown on blo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	RocA Truncation Underpins Hyper-Encapsulation, Carriage Longevity and Transmissibility of Serotype M18 Group A Streptococci
Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( DMD ) is a severe muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene . To examine the influence of muscle structure on the pathogenesis of DMD we generated mdx4cv:desmin double knockout ( dko ) mice . The dko male mice died of apparent cardiorespiratory failure at a median ...	Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( DMD ) is a severe muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene . Utrophin is structurally similar to dystrophin and improving its expression can prevent skeletal muscle necrosis in the mdx mouse model of DMD . Consequently , improving utrophin expression is a primary ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "x-linked", "traits", "duchenne", "muscular", "dystrophy", "heredity", "sex", "linkage", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "human", "genetics", "genetic", "linkage", "clinical", "genetics" ]	2014	Muscle Structure Influences Utrophin Expression in mdx Mice
The small ubiquitin-like modifier ( SUMO ) is a protein that regulates a wide variety of cellular processes by covalent attachment of SUMO moieties to a diverse array of target proteins . Sumoylation also plays an important role in the replication of many viruses . Previously , we showed that Kaposi's sarcoma-associate...	Protein modification by SUMO ( small ubiquitin-like modifier ) , like phosphorylation , is now considered to be an important biochemical signal involved in nearly all cellular processes . Not surprisingly , it is also implicated in viral replication and host immune response . Timely turning on and off of SUMO signaling...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "bone", "and", "soft", "tissue", "sarcomas", "gene", "expression", "gene", "regulation", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "kaposi", "sarcoma" ]	2013	Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K-Rta Exhibits SUMO-Targeting Ubiquitin Ligase (STUbL) Like Activity and Is Essential for Viral Reactivation
Scavenger receptors are an important class of pattern recognition receptors that play several important roles in host defense against pathogens . The class C scavenger receptors ( SRCs ) have only been identified in a few invertebrates , and their role in the immune response against viruses is seldom studied . In this ...	Shrimp aquaculture is a major industry in many coastal countries , where it contributes significantly to socio-economic development . However , during the rapid expansion of shrimp industry , a succession of previously unknown diseases , especially viral diseases , have emerged in farmed shrimp and spread rapidly acros...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "shrimp", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lysosomes", "immune", "cells", "rna", "interference", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "light", "microscopy", "viral", "structure", "animals", "microscopy", "crustac...	2016	Scavenger Receptor C Mediates Phagocytosis of White Spot Syndrome Virus and Restricts Virus Proliferation in Shrimp
Statistical imputation of classical HLA alleles in case-control studies has become established as a valuable tool for identifying and fine-mapping signals of disease association in the MHC . Imputation into diverse populations has , however , remained challenging , mainly because of the additional haplotypic heterogene...	The human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) proteins influence how pathogens and components of body cells are presented to immune cells . It has long been known that they are highly variable and that this variation is associated with differential risk for autoimmune and infectious diseases . Variant frequencies differ substant...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "algorithms", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "computer", "science", "haplotypes", "genetic", "association", "studies", "personalized", "medicine", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Multi-Population Classical HLA Type Imputation
The capacity of the released sterile males to survive , disperse , compete with wild males and inseminate wild females is an essential prerequisite to be evaluated in any area-wide integrated pest management ( AW-IPM ) programs including a sterile insect release method . Adequate quality control tests supported by stan...	The absence of effective therapeutics and vaccines for emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases and the limited effectiveness of conventional vector control methods renovated the interest for the implementation and integration of the SIT and genetic control methods for successful area-wide integrated mosquito man...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "demography", "insemination", "flight", "testing", "insect", "flight", "biological", "locomotion", "animals", "flight", "(biology)", "developmental", "biology", "pupae", "industr...	2017	Quality control methods for Aedes albopictus sterile male production
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae ( NTHi ) , a common commensal of the human pharynx , is also an opportunistic pathogen if it becomes established in the lower respiratory tract ( LRT ) . In comparison to colonizing isolates from the upper airway , LRT isolates , especially those associated with exacerbations of chro...	Haemophilus influenzae generally colonizes the human upper respiratory tract . When isolated from the lower respiratory tract , this opportunistic pathogen is associated with inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . Here we show that one of the adap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "respiratory", "medicine/respiratory", "infections", "respiratory", "medicine/copd", "and", "allied", "disorders", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "immunolo...	2011	Molecular Basis of Increased Serum Resistance among Pulmonary Isolates of Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
Control of gambiense sleeping sickness , a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020 , relies mainly on mass screening of populations at risk and treatment of cases . This strategy is however challenged by the existence of undetected reservoirs of parasites that contribute to the maintenance of transm...	Sleeping sickness is a serious neglected tropical disease which has been targeted for elimination by 2020 . Currently , control relies on mass screening populations at risk and treatment of cases . This strategy is compromised because it is often impossible to reach more than 75% of the population . An alternate method...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Reducing Human-Tsetse Contact Significantly Enhances the Efficacy of Sleeping Sickness Active Screening Campaigns: A Promising Result in the Context of Elimination
Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma . This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues . Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions , involvi...	Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating tropical diseases worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma . Schistosomiasis results from immune-mediated granulomatous responses against Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues , causing serious local and systemic pathological effects because of granuloma for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel
Circadian clocks are fundamental physiological regulators of energy homeostasis , but direct transcriptional targets of the muscle clock machinery are unknown . To understand how the muscle clock directs rhythmic metabolism , we determined genome-wide binding of the master clock regulators brain and muscle ARNT-like pr...	Circadian clocks are known to regulate local and systemic homeostasis by anticipating rhythmic changes in behavior and nutritional state and by compartmentalizing incompatible metabolic pathways within precise temporal and spatial windows . Yet a precise mechanistic understanding of how the circadian clock in skeletal ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "muscle", "protein", "synthesis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "methods", "and", "resources", "protein", "metabolism", "skeletal", "muscles", "circadian", "oscillators", "muscle", "proteins", "protein", "synthesis", "chronobiology", "lipid", "metabolism", "c...	2018	Transcriptional programming of lipid and amino acid metabolism by the skeletal muscle circadian clock
Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a systemic autoimmune disorder that manifests as chronic inflammation and joint tissue destruction . However , the etiology and pathogenesis of RA have not been fully elucidated . Here , we explored the role of the hypoxia-inducible factors ( HIFs ) , HIF-1α ( encoded by HIF1A ) and HIF-2...	Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation in joint tissues leading to destruction of cartilage and bone . Despite some therapeutic advances , the etiology of RA pathogenesis is not yet clear , and effective treatment of RA remains a significant , unmet medical n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "rheumatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "immunology", "inflammatory", "arthritis", "developmental", "biology", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "bone", "molecular", "development", "cartilage", "autoimmunity", "animal", "cells", "...	2014	Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α Is an Essential Catabolic Regulator of Inflammatory Rheumatoid Arthritis
Diagnosing scrub typhus clinically is difficult , hence laboratory tests play a very important role in diagnosis . As performing sophisticated laboratory tests in resource-limited settings is not feasible , accurate point-of-care testing ( POCT ) for scrub typhus diagnosis would be invaluable for patient diagnosis and ...	Scrub typhus is a disease caused by a mite-transmitted bacterium , Orientia tsutsugamushi . Aside from fever and necrotic skin lesion at the site of mite inoculation ( eschar ) , scrub typhus has virtually no distinctive clinical features , making diagnosis without laboratory tests difficult . However , the laboratory ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "geographical", "locations", "bacterial", "diseases", "mathematics", "signs", ...	2018	Scrub typhus point-of-care testing: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Virtually all T cell development and functions depend on its antigen receptor . The T cell receptor ( TCR ) is a multi-protein complex , comprised of a ligand binding module and a signal transmission module . The signal transmission module includes proteins from CD3 family ( CD3ε , CD3δ , CD3γ ) as well as the ζ chain ...	The T cells of the immune system have surface receptors that detect unique features ( called antigens ) of foreign invaders such as viruses , bacteria and toxins . An encounter between an antigen and the T cell receptor sets off a chain of events that activates the T cell to proliferate and thus call to action the vari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/leukocyte", "development", "cell", "biology/leukocyte", "signaling", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "developmental", "biology/leukocyte", "development", "immunology", "immunology/leukocyte", "signaling", "and", "gene", "expression"...	2009	A Conserved CXXC Motif in CD3ε Is Critical for T Cell Development and TCR Signaling
The spread of β-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins , cephalosporins and carbapenems among Gram-negative bacteria has limited options for treating bacterial infections . Initially , Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 ( KPC-2 ) emerged as a widespread carbapenem hydrolyzing β-lactamase that also hydrolyzes penicill...	The absence of new antibiotics combined with the emergence of antibiotic-resistance enzymes like KPC-2 that can inactivate most β-lactam antibiotics has resulted in a longer duration of medical treatment , higher costs of medical care , and increased mortality . In recent years , a number of amino acid sequence variant...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Natural Variants of the KPC-2 Carbapenemase have Evolved Increased Catalytic Efficiency for Ceftazidime Hydrolysis at the Cost of Enzyme Stability
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli ( DEC ) cause acute and persistent diarrhoea worldwide , but little is known about their epidemiology in Mexico . We determined the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens in 831 children with acute diarrhoea over a four-year period in Yucatan , Mexico . Six DEC supplementary virulence ge...	Diarrhoea is an important cause of illness and death among young children in low- and middle-income countries . Nonetheless , very few epidemiological studies of diarrhoea have been conducted in Mexico during the last two decades . In recent years , a group of bacteria known as diarrheagenic Escherichia coli ( DEC ) ha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Carrying Supplementary Virulence Genes Are an Important Cause of Moderate to Severe Diarrhoeal Disease in Mexico
The number of imported Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) cases in non-endemic countries has increased over the last years . The objective of this analysis is to describe the clinical presentation of HAT in Caucasian travelers . Literature was screened ( MEDLINE , Pubmed ) using the terms “Human African Trypanosomia...	We systematically reviewed the existing literature , collected 95 cases of Human African Sleeping Sickness in travelers and expatriates from non-endemic countries , and observed that Sleeping Sickness in travelers generally presents as an acute febrile illness irrespective of the causative species . If present , a tryp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2011	Sleeping Sickness in Travelers - Do They Really Sleep?
While the proposal that large-scale genome expansions occurred early in vertebrate evolution is widely accepted , the exact mechanisms of the expansion—such as a single or multiple rounds of whole genome duplication , bloc chromosome duplications , large-scale individual gene duplications , or some combination of these...	The genome of vertebrates has expanded greatly in gene number since our last common ancestor with invertebrates . While it is clear that genome expansions occurred early in the evolution of vertebrates , the mechanisms of that expansion—such as a single or multiple rounds of whole genome duplication , chromosome duplic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "computational", "biology/genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/developmental", "evolution" ]	2009	Multiple Chromosomal Rearrangements Structured the Ancestral Vertebrate Hox-Bearing Protochromosomes
Enteroviruses ( EVs ) are among the most common viruses infecting humans worldwide but only a few Non-Polio Enterovirus ( NPEV ) isolates have been characterized in the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DR Congo ) . Moreover , circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses ( PVs ) [cVDPVs] isolated during multiple outbreaks in ...	The strategy of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is based on the surveillance of patients suffering from Acute Flaccid Paralysis ( AFP ) and mass vaccination with live-attenuated vaccine strains of polioviruses ( PVs ) in endemic areas . However , vaccine strains of PVs can circulate and replicate for a long tim...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "biological", "cultures", "pediatrics", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "cell", "cultures", "dna", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "sequence", "analysis", ...	2019	Genetic landscape and macro-evolution of co-circulating Coxsackieviruses A and Vaccine-derived Polioviruses in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2008-2013
Clinical infection with hantaviruses cause two severe acute diseases , hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ( HPS ) . These diseases are characterized by strong immune activation , increased vascular permeability , and up to 50% case-fatality rates . One prominent feature obs...	Hantaviruses cause severe clinical infections with up to 50% case-fatality rates . The diseases represent an important global health problem as no vaccine or specific treatment is available . The most prominent hallmark in patients is strong immune activation , reflected as massive CD8 T and NK cell expansion , accompa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	NK Cell Activation in Human Hantavirus Infection Explained by Virus-Induced IL-15/IL15Rα Expression
The conformation of HIV-1 envelope ( Env ) glycoprotein trimers is key in ensuring protection against waves of neutralizing antibodies generated during infection , while maintaining sufficient exposure of the CD4 binding site ( CD4bs ) for viral entry . The CD4 binding loop on Env is an early contact site for CD4 while...	Spike proteins on the surface of HIV virus particles bind to CD4 receptors on the surface of immune cells and trigger infection . The immune system in an infected person attacks the virus spikes by producing antibodies that bind and neutralize them . To combat this immune attack , HIV continually alters the structure o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "293t", "cells", "pathogens", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunode...	2016	Saturation Mutagenesis of the HIV-1 Envelope CD4 Binding Loop Reveals Residues Controlling Distinct Trimer Conformations
Salmonella Typhimurium stimulates inflammatory responses in the intestinal epithelium , which are essential for its ability to replicate within the intestinal tract . Stimulation of these responses is strictly dependent on the activity of a type III secretion system encoded within its pathogenicity island 1 , which thr...	Salmonella Typhimurium , one of the main causes of food-borne illnesses , stimulates inflammatory responses in the intestinal epithelium . These responses are very important for the pathogen’s ability to secure nutrients within the intestinal tract . The ability of this pathogen to stimulate intestinal inflammation dep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "enzymology", "bacterial", "diseases", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "immunoprecipitation", "enterobacteriaceae", "molecu...	2016	The Salmonella Effector Protein SopA Modulates Innate Immune Responses by Targeting TRIM E3 Ligase Family Members
Awareness that disease susceptibility is not only dependent on genetic make up , but can be affected by lifestyle decisions , has brought more attention to the role of diet . However , food is often treated as a black box , or the focus is limited to few , well-studied compounds , such as polyphenols , lipids and nutri...	Until recently diet was considered a supplier of energy and building blocks for growth and development . However , current research in the field suggests that the complex mixture of natural compounds present in our food has a variety of biological activities and plays an important role for health maintenance and diseas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "medicine", "text", "mining", "computer", "science", "medicinal", "chemistry", "natural", "language", "processing", "nutrition", "phytochemistry", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "chemistry" ]	2014	Integrated Text Mining and Chemoinformatics Analysis Associates Diet to Health Benefit at Molecular Level
Erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) is a systemic inflammatory complication occurring mainly in patients with lepromatous leprosy ( LL ) and borderline lepromatous leprosy ( BL ) . Prednisolone is widely used for treatment of ENL reactions . However , it has been reported that prolonged treatment with prednisolone increa...	Erythema Nodosum Leprosum ( ENL ) reaction is a severe multisystem immune-mediated complication of lepromatous and borderline leprosy . It causes high morbidity and mortality and usually requires urgent medical attention . Although thalidomide is an effective drug for ENL treatment , it is not available in many leprosy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mycobacterium", "leprae", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "bacteria", "antibody", "response", "infectious", "disease...	2018	The effects of prednisolone treatment on serological responses and lipid profiles in Ethiopian leprosy patients with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum reactions
Differentiation is an epigenetic program that involves the gradual loss of pluripotency and acquisition of cell type–specific features . Understanding these processes requires genome-wide analysis of epigenetic and gene expression profiles , which have been challenging in primary tissue samples due to limited numbers o...	Cellular differentiation is a precisely controlled and largely irreversible process orchestrated by cell type–specific epigenetic programs . Abnormalities in these programs lead to developmental disorders and play a key role in tumorigenesis . To better understand the regulation of human mammary epithelial cell type sp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "molecular", "biology/dna", "methylation", "developmental", "biology/molecular", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "molecular", "biology/chromatin", "structure" ]	2011	Epigenetic Regulation of Cell Type–Specific Expression Patterns in the Human Mammary Epithelium
The ribonuclease III enzyme Drosha has a central role in the biogenesis of microRNA ( miRNA ) by binding and cleaving hairpin structures in primary RNA transcripts into precursor miRNAs ( pre-miRNAs ) . Many miRNA genes are located within protein-coding host genes and cleaved by Drosha in a manner that is coincident wi...	MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are short non-coding RNAs that function in gene silencing and are produced by cleavage from a larger primary RNA transcript through a reaction that is carried out by the Microprocessor . Primary miRNA transcripts are often located within the introns of genes . Thus , both the Microprocessor and the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences" ]	2014	Drosha Promotes Splicing of a Pre-microRNA-like Alternative Exon
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis , caused by Leptospira spp . , that leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide . Despite considerable advances , much is yet to be discovered about disease pathogenicity . The influence of epigenetic mechanisms , particularly RNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation...	Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease , distributed worldwide , affecting millions of people each year , and leading to sixty thousand deaths per year . These bacteria are found in soil and water and are eliminated by the urine of rodents , their natural reservoir . Through skin contact , bacteria can be acquired , infec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "leptospira", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "immune", "receptor", "signaling", "bacteri...	2018	Characterization of the microtranscriptome of macrophages infected with virulent, attenuated and saprophyte strains of Leptospira spp.
Podoconiosis is a non-filarial form of elephantiasis resulting in lymphedema of the lower legs . Previous studies have suggested that podoconiosis arises from the interplay of individual and environmental factors . Here , our aim was to understand the individual-level correlates of podoconiosis by comparing 460 podocon...	Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease that results in swelling of the lower legs and feet . It is common among barefoot individuals within defined areas due to the geochemical characteristics of the soil in these areas . Presence of podoconiosis and its huge burden among the affected people in north Ethiopia has...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Individual Correlates of Podoconiosis in Areas of Varying Endemicity: A Case-Control Study
The lentiviral protein Viral Infectivity Factor ( Vif ) counteracts the antiviral effects of host APOBEC3 ( A3 ) proteins and contributes to persistent HIV infection . Vif targets A3 restriction factors for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by recruiting them to a multi-protein ubiquitin E3 ligase complex . He...	Restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit viral replication and represent a first line of defense against viral pathogens . The APOBEC3 ( A3 ) family of restriction factors plays an important role in blocking retroviral infections . HIV-1 encodes the Vif protein to antagonize A3 , which allows spread of vi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "characterization", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", ...	2018	Fab-based inhibitors reveal ubiquitin independent functions for HIV Vif neutralization of APOBEC3 restriction factors
Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) are highly reactive , oxygen-containing molecules that can cause molecular damage within the cell . While the accumulation of ROS-mediated damage is widely believed to be one of the main causes of aging , ROS also act in signaling pathways . Recent work has demonstrated that increasing l...	The accumulation of oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) has been proposed to be one of the main causes of aging . However , recent work indicates that low levels of ROS can be beneficial and promote longevity . In this paper , we use a long-lived mitochondrial mutant C . elegans strain clk-1 to f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Mitochondrial and Cytoplasmic ROS Have Opposing Effects on Lifespan
Despite many experimental and computational studies of the gating transition of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels ( pLGICs ) , the structural basis of how ligand binding couples to channel gating remains unknown . By using a newly developed interpolated elastic network model ( iENM ) , we have attempted to compute a...	Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels are a family of membrane proteins that open/close an ion-conducting channel in response to the binding of specific ligands . Some members of the family , including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , play key physiological roles in signal transduction at synapses . Despite many expe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "biochemistry/theory", "and", "simulation", "biophysics/membrane", "proteins", "and", "energy", "transduction", "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics", "biochemistry/membrane", ...	2011	Decrypting the Sequence of Structural Events during the Gating Transition of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Based on an Interpolated Elastic Network Model
Bridging the gap between animal or in vitro models and human disease is essential in medical research . Researchers often suggest that a biological mechanism is relevant to human cancer from the statistical association of a gene expression marker ( a signature ) of this mechanism , that was discovered in an experimenta...	Proving that research findings from in vitro or animal models are relevant to human diseases is a major bottleneck in medical science . Hundreds of researchers have suggested the human relevance of oncogenic mechanisms from the statistical association between gene expression markers of these mechanisms and disease outc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "systems", "biology", "medicine", "biology", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Most Random Gene Expression Signatures Are Significantly Associated with Breast Cancer Outcome
Estimation of influenza-like illness ( ILI ) using search trends activity was intended to supplement traditional surveillance systems , and was a motivation behind the development of Google Flu Trends ( GFT ) . However , several studies have previously reported large errors in GFT estimates of ILI in the US . Following...	Google Flu Trends ( GFT ) was proposed as a method to estimate influenza-like illness ( ILI ) in the general population and to be used in conjunction with traditional surveillance systems . Several previous studies have documented that GFT estimates were often overestimates of ILI . In this study , using a recently rel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "united", "states", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "respiratory", "infections", "statistics", "influenza", "geographical", "locations", "pulmonology", "health", "care", "north", "america", "mathematics", "forecasting", "archives", "infectious", "disease", "contr...	2019	Reappraising the utility of Google Flu Trends
The Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase ( PfPKG ) is a key regulator across the malaria parasite life cycle . Little is known about PfPKG’s activation mechanism . Here we report that the carboxyl cyclic nucleotide binding domain functions as a “gatekeeper” for activation by providing the highest cGMP af...	Malaria causes up to a million fatalities per year worldwide . Most of these deaths are caused by Plasmodium falciparum , which has a complex life cycle in both humans and mosquitoes . One key regulator of this process is P . falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase ( PfPKG ) , the main effector of the cGMP-signaling p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Crystal Structures of the Carboxyl cGMP Binding Domain of the Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Reveal a Novel Capping Triad Crucial for Merozoite Egress
Maize is a major cereal crop and an important model system for basic biological research . Knowledge gained from maize research can also be used to genetically improve its grass relatives such as sorghum , wheat , and rice . The primary objective of the Maize Genome Sequencing Consortium ( MGSC ) was to generate a refe...	Maize has been a cultural icon and staple food crop of Americans since the discovery of the new world in 1492 . Contemporary society is now faced with growing demands for food and fuel in the face of global climate change and the potential for increased disease pressure . To provide a comprehensive foundation to system...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genome", "projects", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genomics" ]	2009	The Physical and Genetic Framework of the Maize B73 Genome
The highly pathogenic Old World arenavirus Lassa virus ( LASV ) and the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ( LCMV ) use α-dystroglycan as a cellular receptor and enter the host cell by an unusual endocytotic pathway independent of clathrin , caveolin , dynamin , and actin . Upon internalization , ...	Old World arenaviruses include the prototypic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ( LCMV ) and the highly pathogenic Lassa virus ( LASV ) that causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and infects several thousand individuals per year in Western Africa . Cell entry of a virus is the first step of every virus infection...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viral", "entry", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "medical", "microbiology", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction" ]	2011	Old World Arenaviruses Enter the Host Cell via the Multivesicular Body and Depend on the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport
Due to the increasing power of personal computers , as well as the availability of flexible forward-time simulation programs like simuPOP , it is now possible to simulate the evolution of complex human diseases using a forward-time approach . This approach is potentially more powerful than the coalescent approach since...	Complex diseases such as hypertension and diabetes are usually caused by multiple disease-susceptibility genes , environment factors , and interactions between them . Simulating populations or samples with complex diseases is an effective approach to study the likely genetic architecture of these diseases and to develo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mathematics", "none", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Forward-Time Simulations of Human Populations with Complex Diseases
Translation of mRNAs through Internal Ribosome Entry Sites ( IRESs ) has emerged as a prominent mechanism of cellular and viral initiation . It supports cap-independent translation of select cellular genes under normal conditions , and in conditions when cap-dependent translation is inhibited . IRES structure and seque...	Despite the importance of translation control in regulating gene expression across all kingdoms of life , for a long time no large collection of translation regulatory elements existed to facilitate in-depth computational analysis . In a recent study we devised a high-throughput reporter assay and employed it to discov...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "rna", "sequences", "messenger", "rna", "microbiology", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis", "rna", "structure", "rna", "sequence", "analysis", "bioinformatics", "gene", "expression", "internal", "ribosome", ...	2017	Sequence features of viral and human Internal Ribosome Entry Sites predictive of their activity
The cohesin protein complex mediates sister chromatid cohesion and participates in transcriptional control of genes that regulate growth and development . Substantial reduction of cohesin activity alters transcription of many genes without disrupting chromosome segregation . Drosophila Nipped-B protein loads cohesin on...	The cohesin protein complex binds chromosomes to facilitate their proper division into two daughter cells when a cell divides . Cohesin and the Nipped-B protein that loads cohesin onto chromosomes also bind to genes and regions that regulate genes to ensure that genes produce proper amounts of RNA . Nipped-B and cohesi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "rna-binding", "proteins", "protein", "interactions", "gene", "regulation", "rna", "extraction", "dna-binding", "proteins", "dna", "transcription", "immunoprecipitation", "extraction", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "...	2016	Drosophila TDP-43 RNA-Binding Protein Facilitates Association of Sister Chromatid Cohesion Proteins with Genes, Enhancers and Polycomb Response Elements
Caprine brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the gram-negative cocci-bacillus Brucella melitensis . Middle- to late-term abortion , stillbirths , and the delivery of weak offspring are the characteristic clinical signs of the disease that is associated with an extensive negative impact in a flock’s pro...	Human brucellosis is an ancient disease that has had different names throughout time based on the main clinical symptom ( fever ) and the geographical location: Malta fever , Mediterranean fever , Undulant fever , Gibraltar fever , Rock fever , and Neapolitan fever , among others . Retrospective studies have demonstrat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ruminants", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "geographical", "locations", "animals", "brucellosis", "mammals", "bacterial", "diseases", ...	2017	Caprine brucellosis: A historically neglected disease with significant impact on public health
Due to genetic variation in the ancestor of two populations or two species , the divergence time for DNA sequences from two populations is variable along the genome . Within genomic segments all bases will share the same divergence—because they share a most recent common ancestor—when no recombination event has occurre...	We present a hidden Markov model that uses variation in coalescence times between two distantly related populations , or closely related species , to infer population genetics parameters in ancestral population or species . The model infers the divergence times in segments along the alignment . Using coalescent simulat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/population", "genetics", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "molecular", "biology/bioinformat...	2011	Estimating Divergence Time and Ancestral Effective Population Size of Bornean and Sumatran Orangutan Subspecies Using a Coalescent Hidden Markov Model

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