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Salmonella being a successful pathogen , employs a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms . This contributes to pathogenesis , persistence and also limits the efficacy of available treatment . All these contributing factors call upon for new drug targets against Salmonella . For the first time , we have demonstrated tha...	Salmonella enterica is the cause of infectious diseases which ranges from self-limiting diarrhoea to fatal systemic illness like typhoid . During its pathogenesis , Salmonella survives inside dendritic cells ( DCs ) by suppressing antigen presentation , thereby successfully evading host response . Although , various pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "neuroscience", "salmonellosis", "bacterial", "diseases", ...	2018	Salmonella escapes adaptive immune response via SIRT2 mediated modulation of innate immune response in dendritic cells
While considerable genomic and transcriptomic data are available for Schistosoma mansoni , many of its genes lack significant annotation . A transcriptomic study of individual tissues and organs of schistosomes could play an important role in functional annotation of the unknown genes , particularly by providing rapid ...	There is currently only one drug available for treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni and no vaccine . The searches for possible new drug and vaccine candidates remain two major areas of current research in schistosomiasis . There are considerable amounts of data available on the genomics , transcriptomics and proteomics...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2011	Gene Atlasing of Digestive and Reproductive Tissues in Schistosoma mansoni
Mutators are clones whose mutation rate is about two to three orders of magnitude higher than the rate of wild-type clones and their roles in adaptive evolution of asexual populations have been controversial . Here we address this problem by using an ab initio microscopic model of living cells , which combines populati...	The dramatic rise of mutators has been found to accompany adaptation of bacteria in response to many kinds of stress . Two views on the evolutionary origin of this phenomenon emerged: the pleiotropic hypothesis positing that it is a byproduct of environmental stress or other specific stress response mechanisms and the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Model" ]	[ "computational", "biology/population", "genetics", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "biology/systems", "biol...	2010	Interplay between Pleiotropy and Secondary Selection Determines Rise and Fall of Mutators in Stress Response
The miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE ( SPL ) transcription factors function as an endogenous age cue in regulating plant phase transition and phase-dependent morphogenesis , but the control of SPL output remains poorly understood . In Arabidopsis thaliana the spatial pattern of trichome is a hallm...	MicroRNAs are important aging regulators in many organisms . In Arabidopsis the miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE ( SPL ) transcription factors play important roles as an endogenous age cue in programming phase transition and phase-dependent morphogenesis , including trichome patterning . However ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "agricultural", "biotechnology", "agricultural", "production", "agriculture" ]	2014	Interaction between Two Timing MicroRNAs Controls Trichome Distribution in Arabidopsis
Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) causes a persistent infection in human B cells by establishing specific transcription programs to control B cell activation and differentiation . Transcriptional reprogramming of EBV infected B cells is predominantly driven by the action of EBV nuclear antigens , among them the transcriptiona...	Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is a γ-herpesvirus which establishes a latent infection in human B cells and is associated with the pathogenesis of several types of cancer . Here , we report that cellular genes repressed by the EBV nuclear antigen 3A ( EBNA3A ) in EBV infected B cells frequently form contiguous clusters in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Inactivation of Intergenic Enhancers by EBNA3A Initiates and Maintains Polycomb Signatures across a Chromatin Domain Encoding CXCL10 and CXCL9
Macrophage activation of NAD ( P ) H oxidase ( NOX2 ) and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) is suggested to kill Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease . However , the role of NOX2 in generation of protective immunity and whether these mechanisms are deregulated in the event of NOX2 deficiency are not known , and e...	Macrophage activation of NADPH oxidase NOX2 ) and reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) is suggested to mediate control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection that is the causative agent of Chagas disease . However , how NOX2/ROS deficiency affects parasite persistence and chronic disease is not known . In this study , we present th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "trypanosoma", "cruzi", "white", "blood", "cells", "trypanosoma", "immune", "cells", "protozoans", "cell", "biology", "animal", "cells", "t", "cells", "cellular", "types", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cell", "processes", "macrophages", ...	2014	P47phox−/− Mice Are Compromised in Expansion and Activation of CD8+ T Cells and Susceptible to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Identifying and quantifying the benefits of sex and recombination is a long-standing problem in evolutionary theory . In particular , contradictory claims have been made about the existence of a benefit of recombination on high dimensional fitness landscapes in the presence of sign epistasis . Here we present a compara...	Sexual reproduction is costly and often dangerous for the mating individuals , but nevertheless it is widespread in all higher organisms . To resolve this paradox , evolutionary theory searches for fundamental benefits in the recombination of genes that balance the cost of sex . Although many possible benefits have bee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Models" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "population", "genetics", "evolutionary", "theory", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes" ]	2014	Multidimensional Epistasis and the Transitory Advantage of Sex
Networks of co-regulated transcripts in genetically diverse populations have been studied extensively , but little is known about the degree to which these networks cause similar co-variation at the protein level . We quantified 354 proteins in a genetically diverse population of yeast segregants , which allowed for th...	The level of protein produced by each gene corresponds approximately to the level of mRNA transcript produced by that gene: so high-abundance proteins , like those involved in protein synthesis , are represented by high-abundance transcripts , whereas low-abundance proteins , like those involved in signaling pathways ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "gene", "regulation", "population", "genetics", "microbiology", "protein", "abundance", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "genetics", "genetic", "polymorphism", "gene", "expression", "biology", "proteomics", "systems", "biology", ...	2011	Genetic Variation Shapes Protein Networks Mainly through Non-transcriptional Mechanisms
Epidemiological differences exist between Mycobacterium africanum ( Maf ) - and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) -infected patients , but to date , contributing host factors have not been characterised . We analysed clinical outcomes , as well as soluble markers and gene expression profiles in unstimulated , and ESAT...	In the Gambia tuberculosis is caused my two major lineages within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ( MTBC ) , M . tuberculosis lineages 4 and M . africanum lineage 6 . Our analysis of 26 M . africanum- and 49 M . tuberculosis -HIV-negative tuberculosis patients’ clinic parameters and antigen-stimulated blood cyto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "africans", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "body", "fluids", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "ethnicities", "bacterial", "diseases", "developmental", "biology", "molecular", "development", ...	2016	Host Immune Responses Differ between M. africanum- and M. tuberculosis-Infected Patients following Standard Anti-tuberculosis Treatment
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) infection is characterized by rash , acute high fever , chills , headache , nausea , photophobia , vomiting , and severe polyarthralgia . There is evidence that arthralgia can persist for years and result in long-term discomfort . Neurologic disease with fatal outcome has been documented , a...	The Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) represents a threat to Europe . This is supported by its recent introduction and autochthonous transmission in Italy and France in 2007 and 2010 respectively . CHIKV causes an acute febrile illness and severe joint pains that may last for several months in some patients . In absence of a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing Glycoprotein E2 of Chikungunya Virus Protects AG129 Mice against Lethal Challenge
Cilia are microtubule-based cell appendages , serving motility , chemo-/mechano-/photo- sensation , and developmental signaling functions . Cilia are comprised of distinct structural and functional subregions including the basal body , transition zone ( TZ ) and inversin ( Inv ) compartments , and defects in this organ...	Protruding from most cells surfaces is a hair-like extension called the primary cilium . This organelle functions as a cellular antenna , receiving physical and chemical signals such as light , odorants , and molecules that coordinate cell growth , differentiation and migration . Underscoring their importance , cilium ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Active Transport and Diffusion Barriers Restrict Joubert Syndrome-Associated ARL13B/ARL-13 to an Inv-like Ciliary Membrane Subdomain
Nuclear receptor proteins constitute a superfamily of proteins that function as ligand dependent transcription factors . They are implicated in the transcriptional cascades underlying many physiological phenomena , such as embryogenesis , cell growth and differentiation , and apoptosis , making them one of the major si...	Allosteric regulation of proteins is critically important in many biological processes . Here we focused on the allosteric pathway of communication within a ligand-regulated transcription factor , the Retinoic Acid Receptor ( RAR ) . Recent experimental studies performed with the RARα subtype have shown that phosphoryl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "chemistry", "molecular", "dynamics", "protein", "structure", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "biology", "macromolecular", "structure", "analysis" ]	2013	Phosphorylation of the Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Induces a Mechanical Allosteric Regulation and Changes in Internal Dynamics
DNA double strand break ( DSB ) is one of the major damages that cause genome instability and cellular aging . The homologous recombination ( HR ) -mediated repair of DSBs plays an essential role in assurance of genome stability and cell longevity . Telomeres resemble DSBs and are competent for HR . Here we show that i...	Aging is a general biological process among the living organisms which is affected by environmental stimuli but also genetically controlled . Genome instability is one of the aging hallmarks and has long been implicated as one of the main causal factors in aging . DNA double strand breaks ( DSBs ) are the most deleteri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Inhibition of Telomere Recombination by Inactivation of KEOPS Subunit Cgi121 Promotes Cell Longevity
The NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) plays roles in both virus genome replication and assembly . NS5A comprises three domains , of these domain I is believed to be involved exclusively in genome replication . In contrast , domains II and III are required for the production of infectious virus particles and are...	Hepatitis C virus infects 170 million people worldwide , causing long term liver disease . Recently new therapies comprising direct-acting antivirals ( DAAs ) , small molecule inhibitors of virus proteins , have revolutionised treatment for infected patients . Despite this , we have a limited understanding of how the v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "microbial", "genomics", "chemical", "properties", "physical", "chemistry", "viral", "genomics", "lipids", "dimerization", "viral", "core", "proteins", "chemistry", "viral", "replication", "biochemistry", ...	2018	A role for domain I of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein in virus assembly
The Levant is a region in the Near East with an impressive record of continuous human existence and major cultural developments since the Paleolithic period . Genetic and archeological studies present solid evidence placing the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula as the first stepping-stone outside Africa . There is ...	Population stratification caused by nonrandom mating between groups of the same species is often due to geographical distances leading to physical separation followed by genetic drift of allele frequencies in each group . In humans , population structures are also often driven by geographical barriers or distances; how...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "haplotypes", "effective", "population", "size", "genetic", "drift", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "gene", "flow", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "gene", "pool" ]	2013	Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture
A subpopulation of the arctic fox lineage of rabies virus has circulated extensively in red fox populations of Ontario , Canada , between the 1960s and 1990s . An intensive wildlife rabies control program , in which field operations were initiated in 1989 , resulted in elimination of the disease in eastern Ontario . Ho...	Rabies , a serious disease which almost invariably results in death once clinical signs appear , is caused by the rabies virus . The arctic fox lineage of rabies virus persists in fox populations in northern Canada and from the 1960s onwards a sub-population of this virus has circulated in red foxes in the province of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results/Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "taxonomy", "animal", "types", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "canada", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", ...	2019	Origins of the arctic fox variant rabies viruses responsible for recent cases of the disease in southern Ontario
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by several species of trematode of the genus Schistosoma . The disease affects more than 200 million people in the world and causes up to 280 , 000 deaths per year , besides having high morbidity due to chronic illness that damages internal organs . Current schisto...	Schistosomiasis affects more than 200 million people worldwide and causes up to 280 , 000 deaths per year . In terms of global mortality and morbidity , this disease is the most important human helminth infection . Current control strategies are based on chemotherapy , but recurrent re-infection of people living in end...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "vaccination", "and", "immunization", "parasitology" ]	2014	Schistosome Syntenin Partially Protects Vaccinated Mice against Schistosoma mansoni Infection
Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of complement ( C ) in induction of efficient CTL responses against different viral infections , but the exact role of complement in this process has not been determined . We now show that C opsonization of retroviral particles enhances the ability of dendritic cells (...	Upon entering the body , HIV initiates immediate responses of the immune system . The complement system constitutes a first line of defense against HIV and bridges innate and adaptive immunity . Thus , in the acute phase of infection , HIV is coated with complement fragments . Following seroconversion , when HIV-specif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "immunology/immunomodulation", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	Complement as an Endogenous Adjuvant for Dendritic Cell-Mediated Induction of Retrovirus-Specific CTLs
The rise of multidrug-resistant ( MDR ) pathogens causes an increasing challenge to public health . Antimicrobial peptides are considered a possible solution to this problem . HBV core protein ( HBc ) contains an arginine-rich domain ( ARD ) at its C-terminus , which consists of 16 arginine residues separated into four...	Antibiotics-resistant pathogens have been a major problem to our public health . Recently , in our studies of human hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) , we accidentally discovered potent and broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides from HBV core protein ( HBc ) arginine-rich domain ( ARD ) . The peptides are mainly composed of SPR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2013	Identification of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Human Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Arginine-Rich Domain (ARD)
The antagonistic interaction with host restriction proteins is a major driver of evolutionary change for viruses . We previously reported that polymorphisms of the TRIM5α B30 . 2/SPRY domain impacted the level of SIVsmm viremia in rhesus macaques . Viremia in macaques homozygous for the non-restrictive TRIM5α allele TR...	Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) resulted from the transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses ( SIV ) from nonhuman primates followed by adaptation and expansion as a pandemic in humans . This required the virus to overcome a variety of intrinsic host restriction factors in humans in order to replicate efficie...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2013	TRIM5 alpha Drives SIVsmm Evolution in Rhesus Macaques
Maximum entropy models are the least structured probability distributions that exactly reproduce a chosen set of statistics measured in an interacting network . Here we use this principle to construct probabilistic models which describe the correlated spiking activity of populations of up to 120 neurons in the salamand...	Sensory neurons encode information about the world into sequences of spiking and silence . Multi-electrode array recordings have enabled us to move from single units to measuring the responses of many neurons simultaneously , and thus to ask questions about how populations of neurons as a whole represent their input si...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "statistical", "mechanics", "neural", "networks", "computational", "neuroscience", "sensory", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Searching for Collective Behavior in a Large Network of Sensory Neurons
The Hippo pathway negatively regulates the cell number in epithelial tissue . Upon its inactivation , an excess of cells is produced . These additional cells are generated from an increased rate of cell division , followed by inappropriate proliferation of cells that have failed to exit the cell cycle . We analyzed the...	The E2F transcription factor family is considered to be the best-characterized downstream target of the retinoblastoma protein ( pRB ) . The pRB pathway is functionally inactivated in most tumor cells , and it is thought that unrestrained activity of E2F drives inappropriate proliferation in tumors . We utilized the re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division" ]	2008	Context-Dependent Requirement for dE2F during Oncogenic Proliferation
Fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosema disease in honey bees and has been extensively used in United States apiculture for more than 50 years for control of Nosema apis . It is toxic to mammals and must be applied seasonally and with caution to avoid residues in honey . Fumagillin degrades or ...	Nosema ceranae , a microsporidian pathogen described from Asian honey bees , was discovered infecting European honey bees coincident with early reports of Colony Collapse Disorder ( CCD ) and has been suggested to be a factor in honey bee declines . Use of fumagillin , the only known reliable treatment for the naturall...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "pathology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "microbiology", "microsporidiosis", "population", "biology", "fungal", "diseases", "animal", "management", "zoology", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicin...	2013	Nosema ceranae Escapes Fumagillin Control in Honey Bees
The relationships between neural activity at the single-cell and the population levels are of central importance for understanding neural codes . In many sensory systems , collective behaviors in large cell groups can be described by pairwise spike correlations . Here , we test whether in a highly specialized premotor ...	To deal with the vast complexity of the brain and its many degrees of freedom , many reductionist methods have been designed that can be used to simplify neural interactions to just a few key underlying macroscopic variables . Despite these theoretical advances , even today relatively few population models have been su...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "songbird" ]	2007	Spike Correlations in a Songbird Agree with a Simple Markov Population Model
Aneuploidy , the relative excess or deficiency of specific chromosome types , results in gene dosage imbalance . Plants can produce viable and fertile aneuploid individuals , while most animal aneuploids are inviable or developmentally abnormal . The swarms of aneuploid progeny produced by Arabidopsis triploids constit...	Each eukaryotic genome is subdivided into a specific number of chromosome types , which in turn are present in a characteristic number of copies , usually the same for all chromosomes . In the condition called aneuploidy , copy number differs among chromosome types , disrupting their balance and that of their encoded f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "plants", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "arabidopsis", "plant", "biology" ]	2007	Genetic Basis for Dosage Sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumococci ) is a leading cause of severe bacterial meningitis in many countries worldwide . To characterize the repertoire of fitness and virulence factors predominantly expressed during meningitis we performed niche-specific analysis of the in vivo proteome in a mouse meningitis model , in...	Pneumococci are one of the most common and aggressive meningitis pathogens associated with mortality rates between 10% and 30% . Due to severe complications during therapeutic intervention , prevention strategies to combat pneumococcal meningitis ( PM ) are preferred . The vaccines available are so far suboptimal and i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "inflammatory", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pneumococcus", "nervous", "system", "pathogens", "microbiology", "bacterial", "diseases", "bacteria", "bacterial", "pathogens", "infectiou...	2019	In vivo proteomics identifies the competence regulon and AliB oligopeptide transporter as pathogenic factors in pneumococcal meningitis
Mansonella perstans is a widespread , but relatively unknown human filarial parasite transmitted by Culicoides biting midges . Although it is found in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa , only few studies have been carried out to deepen the understanding of its ecology , epidemiology , and health consequences . Hence , k...	Mansonella perstans is a widespread , but relatively unknown human filarial parasite that occurs in many parts of Africa . In a nationwide survey carried out in Uganda in 2000–2003 , the distribution of M . perstans was assessed by screening school children . Here , we studied the underlying environmental drivers and e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	Ecological Drivers of Mansonella perstans Infection in Uganda and Patterns of Co-endemicity with Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria
Pruning that selectively eliminates unnecessary axons/dendrites is crucial for sculpting the nervous system during development . During Drosophila metamorphosis , dendrite arborization neurons , ddaCs , selectively prune their larval dendrites in response to the steroid hormone ecdysone , whereas mushroom body γ neuron...	Neurons have the ability to engage in selective pruning that eliminates unnecessary axons/dendrites . This process is crucial for sculpting the nervous system during development . During Drosophila development , dendrite arborization sensory neurons ( ddaCs ) selectively prune their larval dendrites in response to the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Cullin1-Based SCF E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Targets the InR/PI3K/TOR Pathway to Regulate Neuronal Pruning
Homologous recombination between circular sister chromosomes during DNA replication in bacteria can generate chromosome dimers that must be resolved into monomers prior to cell division . In Escherichia coli , dimer resolution is achieved by site-specific recombination , Xer recombination , involving two paralogous tyr...	In bacteria , genetic information is mainly carried by a single circular chromosome . The replication of this circular molecule sometimes leads to the formation of a chromosome dimer unable to segregate in the daughter cells during the division process . In the bacterial model E . coli , chromosome dimers are resolved ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "microbiology", "eubacteria" ]	2007	The Unconventional Xer Recombination Machinery of Streptococci/Lactococci
The ability to appropriately mimic human disease is critical for using animal models as a tool for understanding virus pathogenesis . In the case of Nipah virus ( NiV ) , infection of humans appears to occur either through inhalation , contact with or consumption of infected material . In two of these circumstances , r...	Nipah virus ( NiV ) infection in Malaysia , Bangladesh and India has been correlated with severe respiratory and neurological disease that led to death in over 50% of known cases . In this study , we used a nonhuman primate model for NiV infection to evaluate the peripheral immune response to virus infection in an effo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "statistics", "immunology", "regression", "analysis", "developmental", "biology", "mathematics", "molecular", "development", ...	2019	Peripheral immune response in the African green monkey model following Nipah-Malaysia virus exposure by intermediate-size particle aerosol
A desirable but as yet unachieved property of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) vaccine candidate is the ability to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) . One approach to the problem is to create trimeric mimics of the native envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) spike that expose as many bNAb epitope...	A protective HIV-1 vaccine is badly needed , but no candidate has yet provided an adequate level of protection against infection . Most existing vaccines provide immune protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies , also a goal of many HIV-1 immunogen design projects . The trimeric envelope protein complex on the HIV...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but Not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies
Laos has the highest maternal mortality ratio in mainland Southeast Asia and a high incidence of infectious diseases . Globally , malaria has been the pathogen most intensively investigated in relation to impact on pregnancy , but there has been relatively little research on the aetiology and impact of other diseases ....	Laos has a high incidence of infectious diseases and high prevalence of poverty . Malaria in pregnancy if of great public health interest . However , malaria has not been reported in Vientiane City for decades , but others diseases such as dengue fever , rickettsioses , typhoid fever , leptospirosis and Japanese enceph...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "urology", "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "maternal", "health", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "drugs", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "bacterial", ...	2016	The Aetiologies and Impact of Fever in Pregnant Inpatients in Vientiane, Laos
Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells derived from the inner cell mass ( ICM ) of blastocysts are characterised by their ability to self-renew and their potential to differentiate into many different cell types . Recent studies have shown that zinc finger proteins are crucial for maintaining pluripotent ES cells . Mouse zinc fin...	Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells are featured by their ability to self-renew and by their potential to differentiate into many different cell types . Recent studies have revealed that the unique properties of mouse ES cells are governed by a specific transcription regulatory network , including master regulators Oct4/Sox2/N...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "sequencing", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "developmental", "biology", "systems", "biology", "functional", "genomics", "stem", "cells", "embryonic", "stem", "cells", "gene", "expression", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", ...	2014	Zfp322a Regulates Mouse ES Cell Pluripotency and Enhances Reprogramming Efficiency
Dengue virus transmission is endemic in Makassar , Indonesia , with the majority of cases reported soon after the start of the annual rainy season . Before 2006 , larval source reduction , larvaciding , and reactive routine , outdoor , insecticide fogging campaigns did not result in a reduction in seasonal dengue incid...	Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in the world , infecting as many as 400 million people per year . While comprehensive , rigorous vector control can reduce transmission , in practice inadequate coverage , improper application , insecticide resistance , high labor costs , and community indifference...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "animals", "indonesia", "viral", "vectors", "developmental", "biology", "neglected", "tropical", "di...	2019	Integrated vector management with additional pre-transmission season thermal fogging is associated with a reduction in dengue incidence in Makassar, Indonesia: Results of an 8-year observational study
Many pathogens , including Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus ( KSHV ) , lack tractable small animal models . KSHV persists as a multi-copy , nuclear episome in latently infected cells . KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen ( kLANA ) binds viral terminal repeat ( kTR ) DNA to mediate episome persistence . Model pathogen m...	KSHV latently infects cells and persists as a multi-copy , nuclear episome . KSHV LANA ( kLANA ) maintains episomes by acting on viral terminal repeat ( kTR ) elements . Model pathogen MHV68 mLANA acts analogously on mTR DNA . To date , KSHV investigation has been limited by lack of a tractable , small animal model . H...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "transfection", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "spleen", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "viruses", "dna", "replication", "dna", "viruses", ...	2017	Cross-species conservation of episome maintenance provides a basis for in vivo investigation of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus LANA
Profiling microbial community function from metagenomic sequencing data remains a computationally challenging problem . Mapping millions of DNA reads from such samples to reference protein databases requires long run-times , and short read lengths can result in spurious hits to unrelated proteins ( loss of specificity ...	High throughput DNA sequencing of the human microbiome presents a tremendous resource for researchers interested in studying microbial community functions such as antibiotic resistance . However , assigning DNA reads to protein families remains a challenging problem , as reads derived from a given protein-coding gene m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	High-Specificity Targeted Functional Profiling in Microbial Communities with ShortBRED
Although ARS-interacting multifunctional protein 2 ( AIMP2 , also named as MSC p38 ) was first found as a component for a macromolecular tRNA synthetase complex , it was recently discovered to dissociate from the complex and work as a potent tumor suppressor . Upon DNA damage , AIMP2 promotes apoptosis through the prot...	Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of death resulting from cancer . Despite intensive investigation , effective therapeutic targets and reliable biomarkers are still limited . Here we found that a tumor suppressor , AIMP2 ( MSC p38 ) , produces a variant lacking a part of its structure in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cellular", "death", "and", "stress", "responses", "cell", "biology", "molecular", "biology/rna", "splicing", "oncology/lung", "cancer", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression" ]	2011	Cancer-Associated Splicing Variant of Tumor Suppressor AIMP2/p38: Pathological Implication in Tumorigenesis
Avian influenza virus ( AIV ) persists in North American wild waterfowl , exhibiting major outbreaks every 2–4 years . Attempts to explain the patterns of periodicity and persistence using simple direct transmission models are unsuccessful . Motivated by empirical evidence , we examine the contribution of an overlooked...	Avian influenza viruses ( AIVs ) in wild waterfowl constitute the historic source of human influenza viruses , having a rich pool of genetic and antigenic diversity that often leads to cross-species transmission . Although the emergence of H5N1 avian influenza virus onto the international scene has captured the most at...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "computational", "biology/ecosystem", "modeling" ]	2009	The Role of Environmental Transmission in Recurrent Avian Influenza Epidemics
Many vector-borne diseases lack effective vaccines and medications , and the limitations of traditional vector control have inspired novel approaches based on using genetic engineering to manipulate vector populations and thereby reduce transmission . Yet both the short- and long-term epidemiological effects of these t...	Despite decades of attempted vector control , several vector-borne diseases remain endemic . Recent high-profile studies suggest that candidate vaccines , particularly for dengue , may be less than completely effective as public health interventions . Nevertheless , the epidemiological consequences of using other novel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "pathogens", "drugs", "immunology", "vector-borne", "diseases", "microbiology", "vector", "construction", "preventive", "medicin...	2016	Integrating Transgenic Vector Manipulation with Clinical Interventions to Manage Vector-Borne Diseases
Severely malnourished children aged under five years requiring hospital admission for diarrheal illness frequently develop ileus during hospitalization with often fatal outcomes . However , there is no data on risk factors and outcome of ileus in such children . We intended to evaluate predictive factors for ileus duri...	Childhood malnutrition and diarrhea are important problems in lower and middle-income countries , including Bangladesh . Severe acute malnutrition ( SAM ) and diarrhea are responsible for more than one third of all deaths in children below five years old globally . Most of these deaths occur because of complications of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infographics", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "laboratory", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "charts", "health", "care", "diarrhea", "regression", "analysis", "sepsis", "nutrition", "signs", "a...	2017	Ileus in children presenting with diarrhea and severe acute malnutrition: A chart review
Eukaryotic genomes are associated with a number of proteins such as histones that constitute chromatin . Post-translational histone modifications are associated with regulatory aspects executed by chromatin and all transactions on genomic DNA are dependent on them . Thus , it will be relevant to understand how histone ...	Over the last years , it has become evident that chromatin plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes . Insights into the tight regulation of chromatin opening and closing via chromatin remodelers , as well as post-translational modifications of proteins making up chromatin , have revealed new facets on th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/replication", "and", "repair", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology" ]	2010	Methylated H3K4, a Transcription-Associated Histone Modification, Is Involved in the DNA Damage Response Pathway
European bat lyssavirus 1 is responsible for most bat rabies cases in Europe . Although EBLV-1 isolates display a high degree of sequence identity , different sublineages exist . In individual isolates various insertions and deletions have been identified , with unknown impact on viral replication and pathogenicity . I...	European bat lyssavirus 1 ( EBLV-1 ) is one of fourteen officially recognized lyssavirus species causing rabies , a zoonosis resulting inevitably in death once clinical signs appear . EBLV-1 is responsible for most bat rabies cases detected in Europe , and spill-over infections in humans highlight its zoonotic potentia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "mice", "animals", "mammals", "viruses", "amino", "acid", "sequence", "analysis", "rna", "viruses", "research", "and", "analysis", "metho...	2017	Comparative analysis of European bat lyssavirus 1 pathogenicity in the mouse model
The regulation of paramyxovirus RNA synthesis by host proteins is poorly understood . Here , we identified a novel regulation mechanism of paramyxovirus RNA synthesis by the Hsp90 co-chaperone R2TP complex . We showed that the R2TP complex interacted with the paramyxovirus polymerase L protein and that silencing of the...	The family Paramyxoviridae includes several important human and animal pathogens such as mumps virus ( MuV ) and measles virus ( MeV ) . Paramyxovirus RNA synthesis is strictly regulated by both viral and host proteins . In this study , we identified the R2TP complex as a novel host factor regulating paramyxovirus RNA ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nucleic", "acid", "synthesis", "immune", "physiology", "gene", "regulation", "293t", "cells", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "immunoprecipitation", "rna", "synthesis", "antibodies", "microbial", "genomics"...	2019	The R2TP complex regulates paramyxovirus RNA synthesis
The presence of regulatory sequences in the 3′ untranslated region ( 3′-UTR ) of eukaryotic mRNAs controlling RNA stability and translation efficiency is widely recognized . In contrast , the relevance of 3′-UTRs in bacterial mRNA functionality has been disregarded . Here , we report evidences showing that around one-t...	At both sides of the protein-coding region , the mRNA molecule contains sequences that are not translated to protein . In eukaryotes , the untranslated 3′ region ( 3′-UTR ) , which comprises from the last codon used in translation to the 3′ end of the mRNA , controls mRNA stability , location and translation efficiency...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Base Pairing Interaction between 5′- and 3′-UTRs Controls icaR mRNA Translation in Staphylococcus aureus
Characterizing the parasite dynamics and population structure provides useful information to understand the dynamic of transmission and to better target control interventions . Despite considerable efforts for its control , vivax malaria remains a major health problem in Peru . In this study , we have explored the popu...	We present the population genetics of malaria vivax parasites in a large area of the Peruvian Amazon . Our results showed that the parasite population had a predominant clonal propagation , reproducing themselves with identically or closely related parasites; therefore , the same genetic characteristics are maintained ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon
Trypanosomes rely on post-transcriptional mechanisms and mRNA-binding proteins for control of gene expression . Trypanosoma brucei ZC3H30 is an mRNA-binding protein that is expressed in both the bloodstream form ( which grows in mammals ) and the procyclic form ( which grows in the tsetse fly midgut ) . Attachment of Z...	RNA-binding proteins are essential for control of gene expression in trypanosomes and leishmanias . ZC3H30 is a protein which was shown to bind to mRNAs; when it is attached to an mRNA , that mRNA is degraded . Procyclic-form trypanosomes that lack ZC3H30 grow normally under standard conditions , but were susceptible t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "rna-binding", "proteins", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "rna", "interference", "chemical", "compounds", "messenger", "rna", "cell", "processes", "parasitic", "protozoans", "organic", "compounds", "protozoans", "genome", "analysis", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", ...	2018	Stress susceptibility in Trypanosoma brucei lacking the RNA-binding protein ZC3H30
The accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) mutations is implicated in aging and common diseases of the elderly , including cancer and neurodegenerative disease . However , the mechanisms that influence the frequency of somatic mtDNA mutations are poorly understood . To develop a simple invertebrate model s...	Mitochondria are the evolutionary remnants of bacteria that were acquired by the cells of our ancestors more than a billion years ago and now produce virtually all of the cellular energy . Due to their bacterial ancestry , mitochondria have their own genomes , which encode some of the machinery responsible for producin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "genetic", "mutation", "nucleic", "acids", "genetics", "dna", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Oxidative Stress Is Not a Major Contributor to Somatic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations
The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia blocks the transmission of dengue virus by its vector mosquito Aedes aegypti , and is currently being evaluated for control of dengue outbreaks . Wolbachia induces cytoplasmic incompatibility ( CI ) that results in the developmental failure of offspring in the cross between Wolbachi...	Dengue is a tropical , potentially lethal disease transmitted by mosquitoes . A new control method involves the release of mosquitoes infected by the bacterium Wolbachia that blocks the transmission of the dengue virus to humans . However , possible negative effects of Wolbachia on mosquito reproductive success could s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "arthropoda", "invertebrates", "disease", "vectors", "mosquitoes", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology", "arthropod", "vectors", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "insect", "vectors", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "insects", "organisms" ]	2014	The Effect of Virus-Blocking Wolbachia on Male Competitiveness of the Dengue Vector Mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 ( H3K27me3 ) plays critical roles in regulating animal development , and in several cases , H3K27me3 is also required for the proper expression of developmentally important genes in plants . However , the extent to which H3K27me3 regulates plant genes on a genome-wide scale remain...	During plant and animal development , genes must be activated or repressed according to a strict temporal and spatial schedule . Histones , which are DNA-packaging proteins , play a key role in this process . For development to proceed normally , an amino acid residue ( lysine 27 ) in histone H3 must undergo a chemical...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "arabidopsis", "plants", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Whole-Genome Analysis of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation in Arabidopsis
Stem cells depend critically on the surrounding microenvironment , or niche , for their maintenance and self-renewal . While much is known about how the niche regulates stem cell self-renewal and differentiation , mechanisms for how the niche is maintained over time are not well understood . At the apical tip of the Dr...	Stem cells are vital for development and for regeneration and repair of tissues in an organism . The ability of adult stem cells to maintain their “stemness” depends critically on the localized microenvironment , or niche . While much is known about how the niche regulates stem cell self-renewal and differentiation , m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "animals", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "integrins", "model", "organisms", "stem", "cells", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "drosophila", "research", ...	2016	Maintenance of Stem Cell Niche Integrity by a Novel Activator of Integrin Signaling
Mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease of tropical and subtropical countries . It is produced by true fungi and actinobacteria . In México , Nocardia brasiliensis is the main causative agent of mycetoma , producing about 86% of the cases; the gold standard for the therapy of mycetoma by N . brasiliensis is the use of...	Actinomycetoma is an infectious disease of tropical and subtropical regions produced by actinobacteria of the genera Nocardia , Streptomyces , and Actinomadura . Therapeutic alternatives are scarce and include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , diaminodiphenylsulfone , amoxicillin-clavulanate , imipenem , and amikacin . O...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "infectious", "diseases/skin", "infections", "dermatology/skin", "infections" ]	2008	Therapeutic Effect of a Novel Oxazolidinone, DA-7867, in BALB/c Mice Infected with Nocardia brasiliensis
The extent to which direct- and cross-presentation ( DP and CP ) contribute to the priming of CD8+ T cell ( TCD8+ ) responses to viruses is unclear mainly because of the difficulty in separating the two processes . Hence , while CP in the absence of DP has been clearly demonstrated , induction of an anti-viral TCD8+ re...	Professional antigen presenting cells fragment viral proteins and display some of the resulting peptides bound to MHC molecules at the cell surface . When virus-specific CD8+ T cells recognize these viral peptides they become activated , proliferate , and kill virus-infected cells to help rid the body of the virus . Tw...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/immune", "response" ]	2010	Direct Presentation Is Sufficient for an Efficient Anti-Viral CD8+ T Cell Response
Increased risks for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) caused by Hantaan virus have been observed since 2005 , in Xi’an , China . Despite increased vigilance and preparedness , HFRS outbreaks in 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 were larger than ever , with a total of 3 , 938 confirmed HFRS cases and 88 deaths in 2010...	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS , caused by hantavirus ) is a zoonotic infectious disease reservoired in rodent populations worldwide , but with 90% of the total cases occurring in China . Xi’an is one of the most endemic areas in China , with a total of 7 , 748 confirmed HFRS cases from 2005 to 2012 . HFR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Changes in Rodent Abundance and Weather Conditions Potentially Drive Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Outbreaks in Xi’an, China, 2005–2012
Animal behaviors are often composed of distinct alternating behavioral states . Neuromodulatory signals are thought to be critical for establishing stable behavioral states and for orchestrating transitions between them . However , we have only a limited understanding of how neuromodulatory systems act in vivo to alter...	Animals have robust mechanisms in place to shape their behavior in a manner that is beneficial both for their survival and for the survival of their progeny . A class of signaling molecules known as neuropeptides have been implicated in driving transitions between behavioral states but we have only a limited understand...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "vesicles", "chemical", "compounds", "nervous", "system", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "motor", "neurons", "synaptic", "vesicles", "serotonin", "physiological", "processes", "neurotra...	2017	Local neuropeptide signaling modulates serotonergic transmission to shape the temporal organization of C. elegans egg-laying behavior
During colonisation of the upper respiratory tract , bacteria are exposed to gradients of temperatures . Neisseria meningitidis is often present in the nasopharynx of healthy individuals , yet can occasionally cause severe disseminated disease . The meningococcus can evade the human complement system using a range of s...	The bacterium Neisseria meningitidis is exquisitely adapted to survive in the human host , and possesses several mechanisms to interact with host cells in the upper airway and to circumvent immune responses . However , the mechanisms that govern the expression of factors that contribute to colonisation and disease are ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "messenger", "rna", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "plasmid", "construction", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "physiological", "parameters", "body", "temper...	2016	Thermoregulation of Meningococcal fHbp, an Important Virulence Factor and Vaccine Antigen, Is Mediated by Anti-ribosomal Binding Site Sequences in the Open Reading Frame
Schistosomes are intravascular helminths that infect over 200 million people worldwide . Deposition of eggs by adult schistosomes stimulates Th2 responses to egg antigens and induces granulomatous pathology that is a hallmark of schistosome infection . Paradoxically , schistosomes require host immune function for their...	The disease schistosomiasis is caused by a parasitic blood fluke found mainly in the tropics and subtropics and affects over 200 million people worldwide . Using mice to model human schistosome infection , our previous studies showed that schistosome development in the infected host is linked to host immune function , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "immune", "cells", "monocytes", "antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "t", "cells", "immunology", "biology", "parasitic", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "modeling", "immunomodulation", "immune", "resp...	2013	Modulation of Innate Antigen-Presenting Cell Function by Pre-patent Schistosome Infection
Angular head movements in vertebrates are detected by the three semicircular canals of the inner ear and their associated sensory tissues , the cristae . Bone morphogenetic protein 4 ( Bmp4 ) , a member of the Transforming growth factor family ( TGF-β ) , is conservatively expressed in the developing cristae in several...	Disruption of the sense of balance is highly debilitating , causing vertigo and nausea . Maintenance of proper balance requires sensory inputs from many body parts , including the inner ears and the eyes . Within the inner ear , the vestibular apparatus plays a key role in the sense of balance and is responsible for de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/pattern", "formation", "developmental", "biology/developmental", "molecular", "mechanisms" ]	2008	Bmp4 Is Essential for the Formation of the Vestibular Apparatus that Detects Angular Head Movements
The mating type locus ( MTL ) of Candida albicans contains the mating type genes and has , therefore , been assumed to play an exclusive role in the mating process . In mating-incompetent a/α cells , two of the mating type genes , MTLa1 and MTLα2 , encode components of the a1-α2 corepressor that suppresses mating and s...	Most natural strains of the yeast pathogen Candida albicans are diploid and heterozygous ( a/α ) at the mating type locus ( MTL ) . The MTL locus contains mating type genes and has been assumed to play roles exclusively in the mating process of a/a and α/α cells . In C . albicans , however , the MTL locus also contains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2012	Nonsex Genes in the Mating Type Locus of Candida albicans Play Roles in a/α Biofilm Formation, Including Impermeability and Fluconazole Resistance
The ability of astrocytes to rapidly clear synaptic glutamate and purposefully release the excitatory transmitter is critical in the functioning of synapses and neuronal circuits . Dysfunctions of these homeostatic functions have been implicated in the pathology of brain disorders such as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy ...	The role of astrocytes in the excitability and hyperexcitability of neurons is a subject which has gained a lot of attention , particularly in the pathology of neurological disorders including epilepsy . Although not completely understood , the control of glutamate homeostasis is believed to play a role in paroxysmal n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "action", "potentials", "vesicles", "nervous", "system", "astrocytes", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "macroglial", "cells", "sodium", "neurotransmitters", "cellular", "structures", "a...	2018	A computational study of astrocytic glutamate influence on post-synaptic neuronal excitability
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks by recombination is key to the maintenance of genome integrity in all living organisms . Recombination can however generate mutations and chromosomal rearrangements , making the regulation and the choice of specific pathways of great importance . In addition to end-joining through...	The repair of DNA double-strand breaks by recombination is key to the maintenance of genome integrity in all living organisms . Recombination can however generate mutations and chromosomal rearrangements , making the regulation and the choice of specific pathways of great importance . Through modulation of the activity...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Roles of XRCC2, RAD51B and RAD51D in RAD51-Independent SSA Recombination
Bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex ( Bcc ) can cause devastating pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis ( CF ) patients , yet the precise mechanisms underlying inflammation , recurrent exacerbations and transition from chronic stages to acute infection and septicemia are not known . Bcc bacteria are generall...	Burkholderia cenocepacia is a bacterial pathogen that increases morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients , but can also cause serious hospital-acquired infections . In this work we demonstrate that macrophages , but not neutrophils , critically contribute to the development of a rapidly fatal inflammatory in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "fluorescence", "imaging", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "developmental",...	2017	Macrophages, but not neutrophils, are critical for proliferation of Burkholderia cenocepacia and ensuing host-damaging inflammation
“Phylogenetic profiling” is based on the hypothesis that during evolution functionally or physically interacting genes are likely to be inherited or eliminated in a codependent manner . Creating presence–absence profiles of orthologous genes is now a common and powerful way of identifying functionally associated genes ...	The vast number of protein sequences being determined by the international genomics projects means that it is not possible to functionally characterise all the proteins through direct experimentation . One of the more successful electronic methods for detecting functionally associated genes has been through the compari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "prokaryotes", "eukaryotes", "evolutionary", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Predicting Protein Function with Hierarchical Phylogenetic Profiles: The Gene3D Phylo-Tuner Method Applied to Eukaryotic Genomes
DCs express intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms to specifically inhibit HIV-1 replication . Thus , DCs are productively infected only at very low levels with HIV-1 , and this non-permissiveness of DCs is suggested to go along with viral evasion . We now illustrate that complement-opsonized HIV-1 ( HIV-C ) efficiently...	We here give insight into a substantial novel way of dendritic cell modulation at least during acute HIV-1 infection by triggering integrin receptor signaling . We found that complement-opsonization of the virus is able to relieve SAMHD1 restriction in DCs , thereby initiating strong maturation and co-stimulatory capac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 Overcomes Restriction in Dendritic Cells
Murine polyomavirus ( MuPyV ) causes tumors of various origins in newborn mice and hamsters . Infection is initiated by attachment of the virus to ganglioside receptors at the cell surface . Single amino acid exchanges in the receptor-binding pocket of the major capsid protein VP1 are known to drastically alter tumorig...	Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens , and all of them share one crucial step in their life cycle—the attachment to their host cell via cellular receptors , which are usually proteins or carbohydrates . This step is decisive for the selection of target cells and virus entry . In this study , we investigated mur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Structural and Functional Analysis of Murine Polyomavirus Capsid Proteins Establish the Determinants of Ligand Recognition and Pathogenicity
During the early development of Xenopus laevis embryos , the first mitotic cell cycle is long ( ∼85 min ) and the subsequent 11 cycles are short ( ∼30 min ) and clock-like . Here we address the question of how the Cdk1 cell cycle oscillator changes between these two modes of operation . We found that the change can be ...	The early embryonic cell cycles , which initiate cell division , mark the beginning of the life of an organism . Across different phyla , these cycles have a characteristic temporal pattern , with the first cycle being long and the subsequent cycles shorter , leading to rapid increase in cell numbers . Here we have mad...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Changes in Oscillatory Dynamics in the Cell Cycle of Early Xenopus laevis Embryos
A challenge in studying diverse multi-copy gene families is deciphering distinct functional types within immense sequence variation . Functional changes can in some cases be tracked through the evolutionary history of a gene family; however phylogenetic approaches are not possible in cases where gene families diversify...	Many disease-causing microbes vary their surface proteins to escape their host’s adaptive immune response—a phenomenon called antigenic variation . Some such systems rely on large , hyper-variable multi-copy gene families that encode functionally diverse protein variants . Because these gene families typically diversif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "parasite", "evolution", "tropical", "diseases", "sequence", "tagged", "site", "analysis", "parasitic", "diseases", "organic", "compounds", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "protozoans", "sequence...	2018	Identifying functional groups among the diverse, recombining antigenic var genes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum from a local community in Ghana
The whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses induce severe developmental abnormalities in plants . Geminivirus-encoded C4 protein functions as one of viral symptom determinants that could induce abnormal cell division . However , the molecular mechanism by which C4 contributes to cell division induction remains unclear . Her...	Induction of cell division is essential for DNA virus replication in differentiated plant cells . To achieve efficient replication , DNA viruses encode C4 protein to induce cell division . However , the mechanism of C4-induced cell division is still largely unknown . This study demonstrates that tomato leaf curl Yunnan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "phosphorylation", "plant", "anatomy", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "brassica", "cloning", "vector", "cloning", "membrane", "proteins", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "genetically", "modified", "plants", ...	2018	Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus-encoded C4 induces cell division through enhancing stability of Cyclin D 1.1 via impairing NbSKη -mediated phosphorylation in Nicotiana benthamiana
Lutzomyia longipalpis , the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America , is a complex of sibling species . In Brazil , a number of very closely related sibling species have been revealed by the analyses of copulation songs , sex pheromones and molecular markers . However , the level of divergence and gene f...	The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis , the most important vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas , is a complex of cryptic species distributed from Argentina to Mexico . There is evidence for the existence of a number of closely related sibling species of this complex in Brazil that differ in their male mating ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Multilocus Analysis of Divergence and Introgression in Sympatric and Allopatric Sibling Species of the Lutzomyia longipalpis Complex in Brazil
For processing and segmenting visual scenes , the brain is required to combine a multitude of features and sensory channels . It is neither known if these complex tasks involve optimal integration of information , nor according to which objectives computations might be performed . Here , we investigate if optimal infer...	Since Helmholtz put forward his concept that the brain performs inference on its sensory input for building an internal representation of the outside world , it is a puzzle for neuroscientific research whether visual perception can indeed be understood from first principles . An important part of vision is the integrat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neural", "networks", "computational", "neuroscience", "psychophysics", "biology", "sensory", "perception", "sensory", "systems", "neuroscience", "coding", "mechanisms" ]	2012	Optimality of Human Contour Integration
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites , which invade and replicate in erythrocytes . For Plasmodium falciparum , the major cause of severe malaria in humans , a heterotrimeric complex comprised of the secreted parasite proteins , PfCyRPA , PfRIPR and PfRH5 is essential for erythrocyte invasion , mediated by the int...	Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases , causing significant human suffering and death . It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium proliferating in the bloodstream . Understanding the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion is key for developing novel intervention strategies . P . falciparum , the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "parasite", "groups", "plasmodium", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "microbiology", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "developmental", "biology", "apicomplexa", "protozoans", "red", "blood", "cells", "immunoprecipitation", "molecular"...	2019	Divergent roles for the RH5 complex components, CyRPA and RIPR in human-infective malaria parasites
The acquisition of terminal cell fate and onset of differentiation are instructed by cell type–specific master control genes . Loss of differentiation is frequently observed during cancer progression , but the underlying causes and mechanisms remain poorly understood . We tested the hypothesis that master regulators of...	During embryonic development , cells become more and more specialized , and this process is referred to as differentiation . In contrast to normal adult cells , cancer cells—like embryonic cells—display fewer differentiated properties . It has been postulated that the acquisition of terminal differentiation helps inhib...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2009	The Atonal Proneural Transcription Factor Links Differentiation and Tumor Formation in Drosophila
Heterogeneity in host populations is an important factor affecting the ability of a pathogen to invade , yet the quantitative investigation of its effects on epidemic spread is still an open problem . In this paper , we test recent theoretical results , which extend the established “percolation paradigm” to the spread ...	Pathogen spread and epidemic invasion in plant , animal and human populations depend on host properties ( infectivity , susceptibility ) that can vary amongst hosts within the same population . However , such host variability ( or heterogeneity ) is typically difficult to control experimentally , and little explicit re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "plant", "biology", "statistics", "spatial", "epidemiology", "plant", "science", "mathematics", "plant", "pathology", "population", "biology", "biostatistics", "epidemiological", "methods", "infectious", "diseases", "...	2011	The Effect of Heterogeneity on Invasion in Spatial Epidemics: From Theory to Experimental Evidence in a Model System
Isolation of Rickettsia species from skin biopsies may be replaced by PCR . We evaluated culture sensitivity compared to PCR based on sampling delay and previous antibiotic treatment . Skin biopsies and ticks from patients with suspected Rickettsia infection were screened for Rickettsia spp . using qPCR , and positive ...	Diagnosis of Rickettsia infection would benefit by use of the more rapid and sensitive method of quantitative real-time PCR than the time-intensive and less sensitive method of culturing Rickettsia species from skin biopsies . We evaluated culture sensitivity compared to PCR according to sampling delay and previous ant...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "dermatology", "infectious", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "non-clinical", "medicine", "clinical", "research", "design", "drugs", "and", "devices", "epidemiology", "biology", "microbiology", "vectors", "and", ...	2012	Comparison of Real-Time Quantitative PCR and Culture for the Diagnosis of Emerging Rickettsioses
Microorganisms , particularly parasites , have developed sophisticated swimming mechanisms to cope with a varied range of environments . African Trypanosomes , causative agents of fatal illness in humans and animals , use an insect vector ( the Tsetse fly ) to infect mammals , involving many developmental changes in wh...	Single cell motility is essential for many physiological functions . We seek to further our understanding of the swimming mechanism of trypanosomes - parasites responsible for deadly disease in humans and cattle . Trypanosomes are found both in the blood stream and invading tissue spaces . The swimming mechanisms used ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cell", "motility", "statistics", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "model", "organisms", "mathematics", "biophysics", "simulations", "infectious", "diseases", "protozoan", "model...	2011	Impact of Microscopic Motility on the Swimming Behavior of Parasites: Straighter Trypanosomes are More Directional
While Shigellae and strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) are important causes of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality among infants and young children ( <5 years of age ) , their health impact in older age groups is unclear . We sought to quantify the overall burden of shigellosis and ETEC diarrh...	We aimed to estimate the burden of diarrhea due to Shigellae and ETEC among persons ≥5 years of age in Africa and South Asia using two methodological approaches . Method 1 employed diarrhea proportionate mortality and published estimates of pathogen-specific hospitalization . Method 2 utilized published incidence rates...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "global", "health" ]	2014	Estimating Diarrheal Illness and Deaths Attributable to Shigellae and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among Older Children, Adolescents, and Adults in South Asia and Africa
PDZ domains are protein–protein interaction modules that recognize specific C-terminal sequences to assemble protein complexes in multicellular organisms . By scanning billions of random peptides , we accurately map binding specificity for approximately half of the over 330 PDZ domains in the human and Caenorhabditis e...	The PDZ domain is a structural domain that functions as a protein–protein interaction module that recognizes specific C-terminal peptide sequences to assemble intracellular complexes important in signaling pathways of multicellular organisms . These modules are associated with human disease and are targets of viruses a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "virology", "computational", "biology" ]	2008	A Specificity Map for the PDZ Domain Family
The epidemiology of Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) in the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) is not well characterized despite increasing recognition of its expanding infection and disease burden in recent years . Following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reporting our findings following PRISMA guidelines , we sy...	Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is an alphavirus whose principal vectors are the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes . Though long endemic to Asia and Africa , detection of CHIKV has recently been reported throughout the Western Hemisphere , including much of South America and the Caribbean . In the Middle East a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "sudan", "an...	2017	Urban Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review
We recently showed that cassette integration and deletion in integron platforms were occurring through unconventional site-specific recombination reactions involving only the bottom strand of attC sites . The lack of sequence conservation among attC sites led us to hypothesize that sequence-independent structural recog...	Integrons play a preponderant role in the development of multiple antibiotic resistances among Gram-negative bacteria . Their success is rooted in their unique aptitude to assemble genes through a site-specific recombination process . They have recently been shown to use an unconventional recombination pathway , which ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/recombination", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobials", "and", "drug", "resistance" ]	2009	Structural Features of Single-Stranded Integron Cassette attC Sites and Their Role in Strand Selection
Protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania cause broad clinical manifestations known as leishmaniases , which affect millions of people worldwide . Cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) , caused by L . major , is one the most common forms of the disease in the Old World . There is no preventive or therapeutic human vaccine...	Despite a worldwide prevalence , cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) remains largely neglected , with no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine available . In the Old World , CL is mainly caused by either Leishmania major or L . tropica parasites , which produce localized cutaneous ulcers , often leading to scarring and social...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "protozoan", "life", "cycles", "parasitic", "protozoans", "vaccines", "animal", ...	2017	An α-Gal-containing neoglycoprotein-based vaccine partially protects against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ( SFTS ) is an emerging infectious disease discovered in rural areas of Central China in 2009 , caused by a novel bunyavirus , SFTS virus ( SFTSV ) . The disease usually presents as fever , thrombocytopenia , and leukocytopenia , with case-fatality rates ranging from 2 . 5% t...	Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ( SFTS ) is an emerging infectious disease discovered in rural areas of Central China in 2009 , caused by a novel bunyavirus , SFTS virus ( SFTSV ) . The disease usually presents as fever , thrombocytopenia , and leukocytopenia , with case-fatality rates ranging from 2 . 5% t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology" ]	2014	Epidemiologic Features and Environmental Risk Factors of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Xinyang, China
Schistosomiasis affects more than 200 million people globally . The pathology of schistosome infections is due to chronic tissue inflammation and damage from immune generated granulomas surrounding parasite eggs trapped in host tissues . Schistosoma species are unique among trematode parasites because they are dioeciou...	Schistosomiasis is a chronic , debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally . The pathology associated with schistosomiasis is caused by host immune responses to parasite eggs . Therefore , it is imperative to identify pathways responsible for controlling worm reproductive biology . Schistosome fe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biology", "zoology", "parasitology", "helminthology" ]	2012	Transcriptional Analysis of a Unique Set of Genes Involved in Schistosoma mansoni Female Reproductive Biology
Sand flies are recognised vectors of parasites in the genus Leishmania and a number of arthropod-borne viruses , in particular viruses within the genus Phlebovirus , family Bunyaviridae . In southern France , Toscana phlebovirus ( TOSV ) is recognized as a prominent cause of summer meningitis . Since Leishmania and TOS...	Sand flies are tiny insects widely distributed in peri-Mediterranean countries where they can transmit Leishmania parasite and Toscana virus ( TOSV ) . Since those microorganisms have a common vector , an epidemiologic link has been assumed for a long time . However , there is no scientific evidence of such a link betw...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "vector", "biology", "virology", "leishmaniasis", "co-infections", "biology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "viral", "vectors" ]	2011	Epidemiologic Relationship between Toscana Virus Infection and Leishmania infantum Due to Common Exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus Sandfly Vector
The relationship between brain structure and function has been probed using a variety of approaches , but how the underlying structural connectivity of the human brain drives behavior is far from understood . To investigate the effect of anatomical brain organization on human task performance , we use a data-driven com...	How the organization of the brain drives human behavior is an important but open question in neuroscience . Recent advances in non-invasive imaging techniques and analytical tools allow one to build personalized brain network models that simulate an individual’s brain activity based on the underlying anatomical connect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "linguistics", "neural", "networks", "linguistic", "morphology", "transcranial", "magnetic", "stimulation", "brain", "social", "sciences", "brain", "electrophysiology", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "psychology", ...	2018	Data-driven brain network models differentiate variability across language tasks
To colonize phagocytes , Leishmania subverts microbicidal processes through components of its surface coat that include lipophosphoglycan and the GP63 metalloprotease . How these virulence glycoconjugates are shed , exit the parasitophorous vacuole ( PV ) , and traffic within host cells is poorly understood . Here , we...	Leishmania promastigotes are internalized by phagocytes into a highly modified phagosome that promotes parasite growth and differentiation into the amastigote form . To survive in the phagosome , Leishmania employs surface-bound glycoconjugates such as the GP63 metalloprotease and lipophosphoglycan to subvert the phago...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "vesicles", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "protozoan", "life", ...	2019	The host cell secretory pathway mediates the export of Leishmania virulence factors out of the parasitophorous vacuole
It is thought that improving water , sanitation , and hygiene ( WASH ) might reduce the transmission of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths , owing to their life cycles . However , few large-scale studies have yet assessed the real extent of associations between WASH and these parasites . In the 2013–2014 Ethio...	Water , sanitation , and hygiene ( WASH ) are potentially important control measures for parasitic worms , but few large-scale and well-designed research studies have aimed to quantify the relationships between WASH and infections with these parasites , or demonstrated the practicality of integrating WASH assessments i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "education", "helminths", "sociology", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "health", "care", "ascaris", "ascaris", "lumbricoides", "sanitation", "publi...	2016	School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Schistosomes: National Mapping in Ethiopia
Intratumoural heterogeneity is known to contribute to poor therapeutic response . Variations in oxygen tension in particular have been correlated with changes in radiation response in vitro and at the clinical scale with overall survival . Heterogeneity at the microscopic scale in tumour blood vessel architecture has b...	In this paper we use a mathematical model , called a hybrid cellular automaton , to study the effect of different vessel distributions on radiation therapy outcomes at the cellular level . We show that the correlation between radiation outcome and spatial organization of vessels changes signs between relatively low and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "radiation", "therapy", "oxygen", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cancer", "treatment", "cell", "processes", "pulmonology", "oncology", "physiological", "processes", "radiation", "effects", "pharma...	2016	Spatial Metrics of Tumour Vascular Organisation Predict Radiation Efficacy in a Computational Model
Deletions , commonly referred to as deficiencies by Drosophila geneticists , are valuable tools for mapping genes and for genetic pathway discovery via dose-dependent suppressor and enhancer screens . More recently , it has become clear that deviations from normal gene dosage are associated with multiple disorders in a...	Deletions alter gene dose in heterozygotes and bring distant regions of the genome into juxtaposition . We find that the transcriptional dose response is generally varied , gene-specific and coherently propagates into gene expression regulatory networks . Analysis of expression profiles of deletion heterozygotes indica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "dosage", "compensation", "invertebrates", "genetic", "networks", "gene", "regulation", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "dna", "transcription", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "network", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "epi...	2016	Effects of Gene Dose, Chromatin, and Network Topology on Expression in Drosophila melanogaster
The synaptic connectivity of cortical networks features an overrepresentation of certain wiring motifs compared to simple random-network models . This structure is shaped , in part , by synaptic plasticity that promotes or suppresses connections between neurons depending on their joint spiking activity . Frequently , t...	The connectivity of mammalian brains exhibits structure at a wide variety of spatial scales , from the broad ( which brain areas connect to which ) to the extremely fine ( where synapses form on the morphology of individual neurons ) . Recent experimental work in the neocortex has highlighted structure at the level of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Motif", "dynamics", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Self-Organization of Microcircuits in Networks of Spiking Neurons with Plastic Synapses
The carbohydrate-rich coating of human tissues and cells provide a first point of contact for colonizing and invading bacteria . Commensurate with N-glycosylation being an abundant form of protein glycosylation that has critical functional roles in the host , some host-adapted bacteria possess the machinery to process ...	Streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumococcus ) is a bacterium that causes extensive morbidity and mortality in humans . Vaccines and antibiotics are effective forms of prevention and treatment , respectively , but present challenges as it is a constant race to vaccinate against the enormous and ever evolving pool of differe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pneumococcus", "chemical", "compounds", "nucleases", "enzymes", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzym...	2017	Molecular Characterization of N-glycan Degradation and Transport in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Contribution to Virulence
Neuron-astrocyte communication is an important regulatory mechanism in various brain functions but its complexity and role are yet to be fully understood . In particular , the temporal pattern of astrocyte response to neuronal firing has not been fully characterized . Here , we used neuron-astrocyte cultures on multi-e...	Over the past 20 years , astrocytes , a type of brain cells that were considerably disregarded , have gradually been found to actually display remarkable properties . In contrast with neurons , which communicate through changes in their membrane potential , astrocytes communicate as networks through propagated changes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "animal", "cells", "computational", "neuroscience", "astrocytes", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cellular", "types", "computational", "biology", "glial", "cells", "biophysics", "macroglial", "cells", "biophysical", "simulations" ]	2014	Glutamate Mediated Astrocytic Filtering of Neuronal Activity
The oncogenic Epstein Barr virus ( EBV ) infects the majority of the human population and usually persists within its host for life without symptoms . The EBV oncoproteins nuclear antigen 3A ( EBNA3A ) and 3C ( EBNA3C ) are required for B cell transformation in vitro and are expressed in EBV associated immunoblastic ly...	Epstein Barr virus ( EBV ) was discovered 54 years ago as the first human candidate tumor virus . In vitro , EBV can readily transform human B cells into indefinitely growing cell lines . In this transformation process , multiple EBV proteins play an important role , such as the two oncogenes EBNA3A and especially EBNA...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immune", "physiology", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "spleen", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vir...	2018	EBV persistence without its EBNA3A and 3C oncogenes in vivo
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) and Ross River virus ( RRV ) are mosquito-transmitted alphaviruses that cause debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease . Monocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of these infections; however , their specific roles are not well defined . To investigate the role of inflammato...	Mosquito-transmitted arthritogenic alphaviruses , such as chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) , Mayaro virus , and Ross River virus ( RRV ) , cause large disease outbreaks . Infection with these viruses results in severe pain and inflammation in joints , tendons , and muscles , likely due to direct viral infection of these tis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "vero", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "immu...	2017	Inflammatory monocytes mediate control of acute alphavirus infection in mice
Drosophila melanogaster sperm reach an extraordinary long size , 1 . 8 mm , by the end of spermatogenesis . The mitochondrial derivatives run along the entire flagellum and provide structural rigidity for flagellar movement , but its precise function and organization is incompletely understood . The two mitochondrial d...	Mitochondria are essential organelles of developing spermatids , but many of the factors that necessary to mitochondrial differentiation , elongation and structural composition during spermatogenesis need to be identified . In almost all insect species there are two mitochondrial derivatives in mature sperm . One or bo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "meiosis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "animals", "reproductive", "physiology", "germ", "cells", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", ...	2019	Sperm-Leucylaminopeptidases are required for male fertility as structural components of mitochondrial paracrystalline material in Drosophila melanogaster sperm
Many complex diseases such as cancer are associated with multiple pathological manifestations . Moreover , the therapeutics for their treatments often lead to serious side effects . Thus , it is needed to develop multi-indication therapeutics that can simultaneously target multiple clinical indications of interest and ...	Polypharmacology has emerged as a new strategy for discovering novel therapeutics . Existing efforts in the rational design of polypharmacology have three limitations: focus on a single clinical indication , difficulties in target selection and lead identification/optimization , and ignorance of genome-wide drug-target...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cancer", "treatment", "immunology", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "enzymology", "cancer", "immunotherapy", "oncology", "hematologic", "cancers", "and", "related", "disorders", "clinical", "medicine", "artificial", "intelligence",...	2019	Rational discovery of dual-indication multi-target PDE/Kinase inhibitor for precision anti-cancer therapy using structural systems pharmacology
The current paradigm for studying hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) dynamics in patients utilizes a standard viral dynamic model that keeps track of uninfected ( target ) cells , infected cells , and virus . The model does not account for the dynamics of intracellular viral replication , which is the major target of direct-act...	Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) remains an important health-care problem worldwide despite significant progress in the development of HCV therapy since the discovery of the virus in 1989 . Current treatment options are focused on direct-acting antiviral agents ( DAAs ) that target specific steps of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "hepatitis", "c", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "hepatitis", "theoretical", "biology", "sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "population", "dynamics", "biology", "population", "biology", "viral", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "modeling" ]	2013	Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Decline during Treatment with the Protease Inhibitor Danoprevir Using a Multiscale Model
Pentastomiasis is a rare parasitic infection of humans . Pentastomids are dioecious obligate parasites requiring multiple hosts to complete their lifecycle . Despite their worm-like appearance , they are commonly placed into a separate sub-class of the subphylum Crustacea , phylum Arthropoda . However , their systemati...	Little information is currently available on the lifecycle and morphology of pentastomids , a new zoonotic parasite in China . The lifecycle of Armillifer agkistrodontis was established in multiple hosts , i . e . , an intermediate host and a definitive host , and the parasite examined in terms of morphology and geneti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "evolutionary", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology" ]	2010	Multi-host Model-Based Identification of Armillifer agkistrodontis (Pentastomida), a New Zoonotic Parasite from China
Lassa fever virus ( LASV ) is endemic in West Africa and causes severe hemorrhagic fever and sensorineural hearing loss . We identified a small molecule inhibitor of LASV and used it to analyze the mechanism of entry . Using a photo-reactive analog that retains antiviral activity as a probe , we identified the inhibito...	Lassa fever virus ( LASV ) is endemic in West Africa and can cause fatal infection . Currently , there is no vaccine or effective post-exposure treatment . Here we identify 3 . 3 , a small molecule that inhibits LASV infection by targeting lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 ( LAMP1 ) , which binds to the LASV glyco...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "vero", "cells", "chemical", "bonding", "chemical", "compounds", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "293t", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "immunoblotting", "esters", "immunoprecipitation", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods...	2018	Critical role for cholesterol in Lassa fever virus entry identified by a novel small molecule inhibitor targeting the viral receptor LAMP1
An in vivo , non-invasive technique for gene silencing by RNA interference ( RNAi ) in the snail , Biomphalaria glabrata , has been developed using cationic polymer polyethyleneimine ( PEI ) mediated delivery of long double-stranded ( ds ) and small interfering ( si ) RNA . Cellular delivery was evaluated and optimized...	Freshwater snails are important in the transmission of schistosomiasis . As part of an integral control effort to combat the spread of schistosomiasis new intervention tools are being sought . One method is to interrupt the transmission of the causative schistosome parasite during the intra-molluscan phase of its devel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "malacology", "gene", "expression", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "zoology", "molecular", "biology", "parasitology", "helminthology" ]	2011	Polyethyleneimine (PEI) Mediated siRNA Gene Silencing in the Schistosoma mansoni Snail Host, Biomphalaria glabrata
In mice , plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pDC ) and natural killer ( NK ) cells both contribute to resistance to systemic infections with herpes viruses including mouse Cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) . pDCs are the major source of type I IFN ( IFN-I ) during MCMV infection . This response requires pDC-intrinsic MyD88-dependen...	Type I interferons ( IFN-I ) are innate cytokines crucial for vertebrate antiviral defenses . IFN-I exert antiviral effector functions and orchestrate antiviral immunity . IFN-I are induced early after infection , upon sensing of viral particles or infected cells by immune receptors . Intracellular Toll-like receptors ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Natural Killer Cell Sensing of Infected Cells Compensates for MyD88 Deficiency but Not IFN-I Activity in Resistance to Mouse Cytomegalovirus
Poliomyelitis has nearly been eradicated through the efforts of the World Health Organization’s Global Eradication Initiative raising questions on containment of the virus after it has been eliminated in the wild . Most manufacture of inactivated polio vaccines currently requires the growth of large amounts of highly v...	New polio vaccines will be needed to safeguard global eradication: Sabin strains are known to evolve to fill the niche left by wild-strains so their long-term use is incompatible with eradication; most current inactivated vaccine is made from wild polioviruses so that production presents a significant biosecurity risk ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	New Strains Intended for the Production of Inactivated Polio Vaccine at Low-Containment After Eradication

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