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The evolution of cellulose degradation was a defining event in the history of life . Without efficient decomposition and recycling , dead plant biomass would quickly accumulate and become inaccessible to terrestrial food webs and the global carbon cycle . On land , the primary drivers of plant biomass deconstruction ar...	Only specific microbes can deconstruct the vast stores of carbon within plant biomass . Studying the distribution , diversity , and evolution of these cellulolytic organisms improves our understanding of the ecological functions of microbes in the environment and their contributions to the global carbon cycle . The bac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "cellulose", "pathogens", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "streptomyces", "plant", "science", "phylogenetic",...	2016	Evolution of High Cellulolytic Activity in Symbiotic Streptomyces through Selection of Expanded Gene Content and Coordinated Gene Expression
Mutations affecting the maintenance of heritable epigenetic states in maize identify multiple RNA–directed DNA methylation ( RdDM ) factors including RMR1 , a novel member of a plant-specific clade of Snf2-related proteins . Here we show that RMR1 is necessary for the accumulation of a majority of 24 nt small RNAs , in...	Most eukaryotic genomes are divided into two functional classes of regulation: the euchromatic and the heterochromatic . Heterochromatic regions , often composed of potentially deleterious transposons and retrotransposons , are typically viewed as “silent” or not transcribed . Paradoxically , evidence from multiple org...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "molecular", "biology/rna-protein", "interactions", "molecular", "biology/mrna", "stability", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "molecular", "biology/dna", "methylation", "genetics", ...	2009	Production and Processing of siRNA Precursor Transcripts from the Highly Repetitive Maize Genome
The cell surface of Trypanosoma brucei , like many protistan blood parasites , is crucial for mediating host-parasite interactions and is instrumental to the initiation , maintenance and severity of infection . Previous comparisons with the related trypanosomatid parasites T . cruzi and Leishmania major suggest that th...	The African trypanosome ( Trypanosoma brucei ) is a single-celled , vector-borne parasite that causes Human African Trypanosomiasis ( or ‘sleeping sickness’ ) throughout sub-Saharan Africa and , along with related species T . congolense and T . vivax , a similar disease in wild and domestic animals . Together , the Afr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	A Cell-surface Phylome for African Trypanosomes
Reciprocating interactions represent a central feature of all human exchanges . They have been the target of various recent experiments , with healthy participants and psychiatric populations engaging as dyads in multi-round exchanges such as a repeated trust task . Behaviour in such exchanges involves complexities rel...	Agents interacting in games with multiple rounds must model their partner’s thought processes over extended time horizons . This poses a substantial computational challenge that has restricted previous behavioural analyses . By taking advantage of recent advances in algorithms for planning in the face of uncertainty , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Monte Carlo Planning Method Estimates Planning Horizons during Interactive Social Exchange
Selective attention supports the prioritized processing of relevant sensory information to facilitate goal-directed behavior . Studies in human subjects demonstrate that attentional gain of cortical responses can sufficiently account for attention-related improvements in behavior . On the other hand , studies using hig...	Selective attention can enhance processing of sensory information via sensory gain and neural noise reduction . However , the extent to which these 2 mechanisms contribute to improvement in perceptual performance during attention is still debated . We hypothesized that the mechanisms that support selective attention de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "brain", "electrophysiology", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "noise", "reduction", "clinical", "medicine", "cognitive", "psychology", "brain", ...	2017	Two different mechanisms support selective attention at different phases of training
Type I interferons ( IFNα/β ) regulate diverse aspects of host defense , but their impact on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ( HSC/HSPCs ) during infection remains unclear . Hematologic impairment can occur in severe infections , thus we sought to investigate the impact of type I IFNs on hematopoiesis in a tick...	The Ehrlichiae are important emerging , tick-borne pathogens that cause immune suppression and cytopenias , though the underlying mechanisms are unclear . In a model of shock-like illness caused by Ixodes ovatus ehrlichia , type I interferons ( IFNs ) induce hematopoietic dysfunction by reducing hematopoietic stem cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cell", "processes", "immunology", "physiological", "processes", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "stem", "cells", "inflammation", "necrotic", "cell", "death", "animal",...	2018	Type I IFNs drive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell collapse via impaired proliferation and increased RIPK1-dependent cell death during shock-like ehrlichial infection
Cellular restriction factors help to defend humans against human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . HIV accessory proteins hijack at least three different Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases , which must be activated by the small ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 , in order to counteract host cellular restriction factors . We found...	The APOBEC3 family of editing enzymes catalyzes lethal hypermutation of retroviral genomes to block spread of virus in host . HIV Vif targets APOBEC3 family members for destruction by a cellular ubiquitin ligase containing CUL5 . A major goal in the design of the next generation of antiretroviral therapies is to find a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "small", "molecules", "enzymes", "retrovirology", "and", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "enzyme", "kinetics", "infectious", "diseases", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "hiv", "enzyme", ...	2012	Inhibition of a NEDD8 Cascade Restores Restriction of HIV by APOBEC3G
Mp is an irradiation-induced mouse mutation associated with microphthalmia , micropinna and hind limb syndactyly . We show that Mp is caused by a 660 kb balanced inversion on chromosome 18 producing reciprocal 3-prime gene fusion events involving Fbn2 and Isoc1 . The Isoc1-Fbn2 fusion gene ( Isoc1Mp ) mRNA has a frames...	With the current increase in large-scale sequencing efforts , correct interpretation of mutation consequences has never been more important . Here , we present evidence for a trans-acting protein effect in a novel mutation of Fbn2 , associated with severe developmental eye defects not found in loss of function Fibrilli...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Trans-Acting Protein Effect Causes Severe Eye Malformation in the Mp Mouse
Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti worldwide , whose chemical control is difficult , expensive , and of inconsistent efficacy . Releases of Metarhizium anisopliae—exposed Ae . aegypti males to disseminate conidia among female mosquitoes by mating represents a promising biologica...	Dengue virus ( four serotypes ) is transmitted primarily by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and currently 2 . 5 billion people are in risk of being infected . The incidence of this neglected disease is increasing in developing countries where communities have not been able to effectively remove mosquito sources and their ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Copulation Activity, Sperm Production and Conidia Transfer in Aedes aegypti Males Contaminated by Metarhizium anisopliae: A Biological Control Prospect
Several APOBEC3 proteins , particularly APOBEC3D , APOBEC3F , and APOBEC3G , induce G-to-A hypermutations in HIV-1 genome , and abrogate viral replication in experimental systems , but their relative contributions to controlling viral replication and viral genetic variation in vivo have not been elucidated . On the oth...	Mutation can produce three outcomes in viruses: detrimental , neutral , or beneficial . The first one leads to abrogation of virus replication because of error catastrophe , while the last one lets the virus escape from anti-viral immune system or adapt to the host . Human APOBEC3D , APOBEC3F , and APOBEC3G are cellula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "microbial", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "microbial", "evolution", "viral", "nucleic", ...	2014	APOBEC3D and APOBEC3F Potently Promote HIV-1 Diversification and Evolution in Humanized Mouse Model
In the paramyxovirus cell entry process , receptor binding triggers conformational changes in the fusion protein ( F ) leading to viral and cellular membrane fusion . Peptides derived from C-terminal heptad repeat ( HRC ) regions in F have been shown to inhibit fusion by preventing formation of the fusogenic six-helix ...	Nipah ( NiV ) and Hendra ( HeV ) viruses are two lethal emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses . In addition to acute infection , these viruses may lead to late-onset disease or relapse of encephalitis years after initial infection , as well as persistent or delayed neurological sequelae . We present a new strategy to preve...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "virology/antivirals,", "including", "modes", "of", "action", "and",...	2010	Inhibition of Nipah Virus Infection In Vivo: Targeting an Early Stage of Paramyxovirus Fusion Activation during Viral Entry
Modelling the displacement of thousands of cells that move in a collective way is required for the simulation and the theoretical analysis of various biological processes . Here , we tackle this question in the controlled setting where the motion of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney ( MDCK ) cells in a confluent epithelium is ...	Living organisms , from bacteria to large mammals , move not only as single entities but also in groups . This is true for cells in multicellular organisms . The group or collective motion of cells is an important component of development as well as processes like cancer and wound healing . To better understand this ph...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "biology" ]	2013	Collective Cell Motion in an Epithelial Sheet Can Be Quantitatively Described by a Stochastic Interacting Particle Model
The eukaryotic ubiquitylation machinery catalyzes the covalent attachment of the small protein modifier ubiquitin to cellular target proteins in order to alter their fate . Microbial pathogens exploit this post-translational modification process by encoding molecular mimics of E3 ubiquitin ligases , eukaryotic enzymes ...	Bacterial pathogens often hijack conserved host pathways by encoding proteins that are molecular mimics of eukaryotic enzymes , thus tricking the host cell into surrendering its resources to the bacteria . Here , we show that the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila uses such a strategy to exploit ubiquitylati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "enzymes", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "enzymology", "microbiology", "immunoblotting", "ubiquitin", "ligas...	2018	RavN is a member of a previously unrecognized group of Legionella pneumophila E3 ubiquitin ligases
HIV-1 uses a number of means to manipulate the immune system , to avoid recognition and to highjack signaling pathways . HIV-1 infected cells show limited Toll-Like Receptor ( TLR ) responsiveness via as yet unknown mechanisms . Using biochemical and biophysical approaches , we demonstrate that the trans-membrane domai...	To understand viral pathology and the tools needed to eliminate infection , it is important to understand how viral immune evasion occurs . One such mode of inhibition is the decreased responsiveness of Toll-Like Receptors ( TLRs ) . To date , the exact mechanism inducing this inhibition is not clear . In this study , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "immunology", "immune", "suppression", "lymphoid", "organs", "developmental", "biology", "lymphatic", "system", "molecular", "development", "immunomodulation", "white", "blood", "cells", "in...	2014	The HIV-1 Envelope Transmembrane Domain Binds TLR2 through a Distinct Dimerization Motif and Inhibits TLR2-Mediated Responses
An imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure will lead to a change in body weight ( mass ) and body composition ( fat and lean masses ) . A quantitative understanding of the processes involved , which currently remains lacking , will be useful in determining the etiology and treatment of obesity and other ...	Understanding the dynamics of human body weight change has important consequences for conditions such as obesity , starvation , and wasting syndromes . Changes of body weight are known to result from imbalances between the energy derived from food and the energy expended to maintain life and perform physical work . How...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology/obesity", "nutrition/obesity", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "physiology/integrative", "physiology", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology/type", "2", "diabetes" ]	2008	The Dynamics of Human Body Weight Change
Hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) is used by phagocytic cells of the innate immune response to kill engulfed bacteria . H2O2 diffuses freely into bacteria , where it can wreak havoc on sensitive biomolecules if it is not rapidly detoxified . Accordingly , bacteria have evolved numerous systems to defend themselves against H2O...	Bacterial hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) response networks contain essential virulence factors for a number of pathogens . Without these systems , infecting bacteria fall prey to host immune cells and cannot establish or sustain an infection . The reaction networks and regulatory features involved are complex , which sugge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Kinetic Platform to Determine the Fate of Hydrogen Peroxide in Escherichia coli
Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of significant morbidity , with no effective therapeutics and an as yet incompletely defined genetic basis . The chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin induces pulmonary fibrosis in susceptible C57BL/6J mice but not in mice of the C3H/HeJ strain , and this differential strain response has been...	Genetic differences within the population influence an individual's susceptibility to the lung disease pulmonary fibrosis . As environmental factors also have a tremendous effect on the development of this disease , investigations in an animal model can reveal the genetic basis of this trait , under controlled circumst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "animal", "genetics", "respiratory", "system", "physiology", "genetics", "biology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "respiratory", "physiology" ]	2013	Positional Cloning Reveals Strain-Dependent Expression of Trim16 to Alter Susceptibility to Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice
Proteases are multifunctional , promiscuous enzymes that degrade proteins as well as peptides and drive important processes in health and disease . Current technology has enabled the construction of libraries of peptide substrates that detect protease activity , which provides valuable biological information . An ideal...	The activity of enzymatic proteins , which are called proteases , drives numerous important processes in health and disease: including cancer , immunity , and infectious disease . Many labs have developed useful diagnostics by designing sensors that measure the activity of these proteases . However , if we want to dete...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "complement", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "coagulation", "factors", "enzymes", "applied", "mathematics", "immunology", "enzymology", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "oncology", "a...	2019	Deconvolving multiplexed protease signatures with substrate reduction and activity clustering
Trypanosoma cruzi , the protozoan parasite responsible for Chagas' disease , causes severe myocarditis often resulting in death . Here , we report that Slamf1−/− mice , which lack the hematopoietic cell surface receptor Slamf1 , are completely protected from an acute lethal parasite challenge . Cardiac damage was reduc...	Chagas' disease caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the most important parasitic infection in Latin America affecting several million persons . Nonetheless , there is no therapy or vaccine available . Thus , more efforts are needed to identify new therapeutic targets . Here , we report that Slamf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parastic", "protozoans", "immune", "defense", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "trypanosoma", "chagas", "disease", "immunity",...	2012	The Receptor Slamf1 on the Surface of Myeloid Lineage Cells Controls Susceptibility to Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi
Computational models predicting symptomatic progression at the individual level can be highly beneficial for early intervention and treatment planning for Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) . Individual prognosis is complicated by many factors including the definition of the prediction objective itself . In this work , we pres...	With an aging global population , the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) is rapidly increasing , creating a heavy burden on public healthcare systems . It is , therefore , critical to identify those most likely to decline towards AD in an effort to implement preventative treatments and interventions . However , p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cognitive", "neurology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "decision", "making", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "biomarkers", "neuroscience", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "artificial", "neural", "networks", ...	2018	Modeling and prediction of clinical symptom trajectories in Alzheimer’s disease using longitudinal data
Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy ( HCCAA ) is an autosomal dominant disease with high penetrance , manifest by brain hemorrhages in young normotensive adults . In Iceland , this condition is caused by the L68Q mutation in the cystatin C gene , with contemporary carriers reaching an average age of only 30 years ...	This work focuses on the L68Q mutation in the cystatin C gene which causes hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy ( HCCAA ) , an autosomal dominant disease with high penetrance in contemporary Icelanders , manifest by lethal brain hemorrhages in young normotensive adults . On the basis of both DNA haplotype and genea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "neurological", "disorders/cerebrovascular", "disease", "pathology/molecular", "pathology" ]	2008	A Drastic Reduction in the Life Span of Cystatin C L68Q Carriers Due to Life-Style Changes during the Last Two Centuries
We investigate changes in human c-type lysozyme flexibility upon mutation via a Distance Constraint Model , which gives a statistical mechanical treatment of network rigidity . Specifically , two dynamical metrics are tracked . Changes in flexibility index quantify differences within backbone flexibility , whereas chan...	The functional importance of protein dynamics is universally accepted , making the study of dynamical similarities and differences among proteins of the same function an intriguing problem . While some metrics are likely to be conserved across family , differences are also very common . In previous works we have used a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "biochemistry", "statistical", "mechanics", "enzymes", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2012	Changes in Lysozyme Flexibility upon Mutation Are Frequent, Large and Long-Ranged
It is uncertain which β4-galactosyltransferase ( β4GalT; gene name , B4galt ) , β4GalT-5 and/or β4GalT-6 , is responsible for the production of lactosylceramide ( LacCer ) synthase , which functions in the initial step of ganglioside biosynthesis . Here , we generated conditional B4galt5 knockout ( B4galt5 cKO ) mice ,...	Gangliosides are membrane-bound glycosphingolipids that contain sialic acid residues and are abundant in the mammalian nervous system , suggesting that they play pivotal roles in neural functions . We generated conditional β4-galactosyltransferase-5 ( B4galt5 ) knockout ( KO ) and double B4galt5/B4galt6 KO ( DKO ) mice...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "sphingolipids", "nervous", "system", "biological", "cultures", "brain", "neuroscience", "neurites", "cell", "cultures", "nerve", "fibers", "neurospheres", "neuronal", "dendrites", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "spina...	2018	Lactosylceramide synthases encoded by B4galt5 and 6 genes are pivotal for neuronal generation and myelin formation in mice
Separase/Esp1 is a protease required at the onset of anaphase to cleave cohesin and thereby enable sister chromatid separation . Esp1 also promotes release of the Cdc14 phosphatase from the nucleolus to enable mitotic exit . To uncover other potential roles for separase , we performed two complementary genome-wide gene...	Separases are a family of cysteine proteases found in organisms ranging from yeast to humans that are required for separation of chromosomes during cell division . Separases dissolve the cohesin ring-like complex that holds sister chromatids together until chromosome separation occurs during mitosis . We used two genet...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Role for the Budding Yeast Separase, Esp1, in Ty1 Element Retrotransposition
The Slit protein is a major midline repellent for central nervous system ( CNS ) axons . In vivo , Slit is proteolytically cleaved into N- and C-terminal fragments , but the biological significance of this is unknown . Analysis in the Drosophila ventral nerve cord of a slit allele ( slit-UC ) that cannot be cleaved rev...	Most complex nervous systems have an anterior-posterior axis of symmetry: the midline of the central nervous system . Longitudinal nerves , formed by bundled axons , connect the brain to other parts of the body and grow long distances parallel to the central nervous system midline . In the fruit fly , the nerve cord is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nervous", "system", "neuroscience", "developmental", "biology", "immunoprecipitation", "nerve", "fibers", "embryos", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "chemoattractant", "axon", "guidance", "embryology", "developmental", "...	2016	Dscam1 Forms a Complex with Robo1 and the N-Terminal Fragment of Slit to Promote the Growth of Longitudinal Axons
Improper gene regulation is implicated in reproductive isolation , but its genetic and molecular bases are unknown . We previously reported that a mouse inter-subspecific X chromosome substitution strain shows reproductive isolation characterized by male-specific sterility due to disruption of meiotic entry in spermato...	Reproductive isolation characterized by male sterility and decreased viability is important for speciation , because it suppresses free genetic exchange between two diverged populations and accelerates the genetic divergence . One of the reproductive isolation phenomena , hybrid sterility ( sterility in hybrid animals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "organismal", "evolution", "model", "organisms", "speciation", "animal", "evolution", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "mouse", "models", "hybridization", "introgression", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes", "evolutionary", "ge...	2014	Evolutionarily Diverged Regulation of X-chromosomal Genes as a Primal Event in Mouse Reproductive Isolation
Structural rearrangements of HIV-1 glycoprotein Env promote viral entry through membrane fusion . Env is a symmetric homotrimer with each protomer composed of surface subunit gp120 and transmembrane subunit gp41 . Cellular CD4- and chemokine receptor-binding to gp120 coordinate conformational changes in gp41 , first to...	For HIV , cellular invasion requires merging viral and cellular membranes , an event achieved through the activity of the viral fusion protein Env . Env consists of three gp120 and three gp41 subunits symmetrically arranged on the viral surface . The gp120 subunits bind cellular receptors , which , in turn , coordinate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbial", "mutation", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cd", "coreceptors", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "re...	2016	Receptor Activation of HIV-1 Env Leads to Asymmetric Exposure of the gp41 Trimer
RNAs adopt defined structures to perform biological activities , and conformational transitions among alternative structures are critical to virtually all RNA-mediated processes ranging from metabolite-activation of bacterial riboswitches to pre-mRNA splicing and viral replication in eukaryotes . Mechanistic analysis o...	Properly folded RNAs are critical for virtually all RNA-mediated processes ranging from feedback regulation of gene expression to RNA maturation . The ability of RNAs to adopt specific structures in living cells is remarkable given their propensity to become trapped in a mixture of stable , misfolded structures in vitr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biochemistry/biocatalysis", "biochemistry/rna", "structure", "biochemistry/chemical", "biology", "of", "the", "cell", "biochemistry/macromolecular", "assemblies", "and", "machines" ]	2010	mRNA Secondary Structures Fold Sequentially But Exchange Rapidly In Vivo
PCR has evolved into one of the most promising tools for T . cruzi detection in the diagnosis and control of Chagas disease . However , general use of the technique is hampered by its complexity and the lack of standardization . We here present the development and phase I evaluation of the T . cruzi OligoC-TesT , a sim...	Chagas disease ( American trypanosomiasis ) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and represents a major public health problem in Latin America . Furthermore , growing human population movements extend the disease distribution to regions outside the South American continent . Accurate diagnosis is cruci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2009	T. cruzi OligoC-TesT: A Simplified and Standardized Polymerase Chain Reaction Format for Diagnosis of Chagas Disease
The greater white-toothed shrew ( Crocidura russula ) is an invasive mammalian species that was first recorded in Ireland in 2007 . It currently occupies an area of approximately 7 , 600 km2 on the island . C . russula is normally distributed in Northern Africa and Western Europe , and was previously absent from the Br...	Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease . Pathogenic species of Leptospira are excreted in urine from asymptomatic carrier hosts which facilitates disease transmission to new hosts . To date , there are 10 species of pathogenic leptospires which comprise more than 200 serovars . Disease transmission of these strains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "&", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "serum", "species", "colonization", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "leptospira", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "invasive", "species", "shrews", "pathogens", "microbiology...	2016	Emerging Infectious Disease Implications of Invasive Mammalian Species: The Greater White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula) Is Associated With a Novel Serovar of Pathogenic Leptospira in Ireland
Worldwide , leprosy is one of the major causes of preventable disability . India contributes to 60% of global leprosy burden . With increasing numbers of leprosy with grade 2 disability ( visible disability ) at diagnosis , we aimed to determine risk factors associated with grade 2 disability among new cases and explor...	Leprosy is caused by bacteria that affects nerves , causing deformities . These deformities are preventable through early detection and prompt treatment . India reports more than 60% of world’s leprosy burden , of which new case with deformities is at increasing trend in the recent years , which is a public health issu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "medical", "doctors", "disabilities", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "india", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "health", "care", "providers", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "patients", "publi...	2017	“I Wasted 3 Years, Thinking It’s Not a Problem”: Patient and Health System Delays in Diagnosis of Leprosy in India: A Mixed-Methods Study
Tracking bacteria using video microscopy is a powerful experimental approach to probe their motile behaviour . The trajectories obtained contain much information relating to the complex patterns of bacterial motility . However , methods for the quantitative analysis of such data are limited . Most swimming bacteria mov...	Many species of planktonic bacteria are able to propel themselves through a liquid medium by the use of one or more helical flagella . Commonly , the observed motile behaviour consists of a series of approximately straight-line movements , interspersed with random , approximately stationary , reorientation events . Thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Novel Methods for Analysing Bacterial Tracks Reveal Persistence in Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Microbial physiology exhibits growth laws that relate the macromolecular composition of the cell to the growth rate . Recent work has shown that these empirical regularities can be derived from coarse-grained models of resource allocation . While these studies focus on steady-state growth , such conditions are rarely f...	Microbial growth is the process by which cells sustain and reproduce themselves from available matter and energy . Strategies enabling microorganisms to optimize their growth rate have been extensively studied , but mostly in stable environments . Here , we build a coarse-grained model of microbial growth and use metho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "protein", "metabolism", "enzymology", "cell", "metabolism", "optimization", "mathematics", "enzyme", "metabolism", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "macromolecules", "enzyme", "chemistry", "poly...	2016	Dynamical Allocation of Cellular Resources as an Optimal Control Problem: Novel Insights into Microbial Growth Strategies
Transcriptional dysregulation has long been recognized as central to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease ( HD ) . MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) represent a major system of post-transcriptional regulation , by either preventing translational initiation or by targeting transcripts for storage or for degradation . Using next-...	Huntington's disease ( HD ) is an inherited fatal neurological disorder that commonly affects people in midlife . Past studies have implicated abnormal patterns of gene expression as a candidate for causing the death of the brain cells affected in HD . MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small molecules that regulate and target t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "gene", "networks", "neurology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "genetics", "of", "disease" ]	2014	MicroRNAs Located in the Hox Gene Clusters Are Implicated in Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis
NF-κB is a key transcription factor regulating the expression of inflammatory responsive genes . How NF-κB binds to naked DNA templates is well documented , but how it interacts with chromatin is far from being clear . Here we used a combination of UV laser footprinting , hydroxyl footprinting and electrophoretic mobil...	In eukaryotes DNA is hierarchically packaged into chromatin by histones . The fundamental subunit of chromatin is the nucleosome . The packaging of DNA into nucleosomes not only restricts DNA accessibility for regulatory proteins but also provides opportunities to regulate DNA based processes . Accessibility of transcr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Binding of NF-κB to Nucleosomes: Effect of Translational Positioning, Nucleosome Remodeling and Linker Histone H1
To increase individual male fitness , males of various species remain near a ( potential ) mating partner and repel their rivals ( mate-guarding ) . Mate-guarding is assumed to be mediated by two different types of motivation: sexual motivation toward the opposite sex and competitive motivation toward the same sex . Th...	Males of various species , including humans , remain near a ( potential ) mating partner and repel their rival males ( mate-guarding ) . Mate-guarding is mediated by two different types of motivation: sexual motivation toward the opposite sex and competitive motivation toward the same sex . Here we show that the argini...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	An Essential Role of the Arginine Vasotocin System in Mate-Guarding Behaviors in Triadic Relationships of Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes)
Some sheep breeds are naturally prolific , and they are very informative for the studies of reproductive genetics and physiology . Major genes increasing litter size ( LS ) and ovulation rate ( OR ) were suspected in the French Grivette and the Polish Olkuska sheep populations , respectively . To identify genetic varia...	Although causes altering reproductive function and leading to several fertility syndromes in women are various , a clear association between mutations in some members of the TGFβ family ( BMP15 and GDF9 ) and abnormal ovarian phenotype has established the importance of these factors for normal female fertility . Some s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "mutation", "haplotypes", "animal", "genetics", "reproductive", "system", "genetic", "mutation", "genetic", "polymorphism", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology" ]	2013	Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Two Novel BMP15 Mutations Responsible for an Atypical Hyperprolificacy Phenotype in Sheep
Though scantly investigated , Leishmania infantum infection and clinical cases of leishmaniasis in cats have been recently reported in several countries of the Mediterranean basin , with large variability in prevalence data . A major limitation in the comparability of the data available is attributed to the differences...	Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal parasitic disease , which is caused by Leishmania infantum . Its distribution is associated with the occurrence of the sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts . Since L . infantum infection can occur in cats with clinical or subclinical outcomes , the role of cats in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "european", "union", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "mammals", "ani...	2019	A nationwide survey of Leishmania infantum infection in cats and associated risk factors in Italy
The RsmA/CsrA family of the post-transcriptional regulators of bacteria is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes , including pathogenesis . In this study , we demonstrated that rsmA not only is required for the full virulence of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp . citri ( XCC ) but a...	Pathogenic bacteria demonstrate sophisticated capacity to regulate gene expression to meet requirements of living in different environmental niches , including in the hosts . The activation of the Type 3 secretion system ( T3SS ) genes in response to the host enviroment is under the control of several factors , such as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "biology" ]	2014	The Post-transcriptional Regulator rsmA/csrA Activates T3SS by Stabilizing the 5′ UTR of hrpG, the Master Regulator of hrp/hrc Genes, in Xanthomonas
Early embryogenesis is a unique developmental stage where genetic control of development is handed off from mother to zygote . Yet the contribution of this transition to the evolution of gene expression is poorly understood . Here we study two aspects of gene expression specific to early embryogenesis in Drosophila: se...	The early embryonic stage of development is unique as this stage begins under the genetic control of the mother and transitions to genetic control of the zygote . In order to investigate how these developmental specificities have shaped gene expression evolution , we studied the contribution of maternal gene expression...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Sex Bias and Maternal Contribution to Gene Expression Divergence in Drosophila Blastoderm Embryos
Dengue is an important viral infection with different presentations . Predicting disease severity is important in triaging patients requiring hospital care . We aim to study the value of proteinuria in predicting the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever ( DHF ) , utility of urine dipstick test as a rapid prognostic ...	Dengue infection is getting more common in recent years , affecting all age groups . Currently , there is no specific treatment for dengue . Close clinical monitoring and careful fluid therapy is the only way of management for those with severe dengue disease , i . e . , dengue hemorrhagic fever ( DHF ) or dengue shock...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "clinical", "research", "design", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "dengue", "observational", "studies", "hemorrhagic", "fever", "with", "renal", "syndrome", "hemodynamics", "global", "health", "cohort", "studies", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", ...	2014	Predictive Value of Proteinuria in Adult Dengue Severity
Cryptococcus neoformans is a prevalent human fungal pathogen that must survive within various tissues in order to establish a human infection . We have identified the C . neoformans Rim101 transcription factor , a highly conserved pH-response regulator in many fungal species . The rim101Δ mutant strain displays growth ...	Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus and an opportunistic human pathogen . Survival of this fungus within a human host depends on its ability to sense the host environment and respond with protective cellular changes . It is known that the cAMP/PKA signal transduction cascade is important for sensing host...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "infectious", "diseases/fungal", "infections", "cell", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "d...	2010	Interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans Rim101 and Protein Kinase A Regulates Capsule
Cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) is a major public health concern in Turkey and Sanliurfa represents the most endemic city in Turkey . Although children are most commonly affected by CL , detailed studies of pediatric CL in Turkey are lacking . In this report we retrospectively evaluated clinical and epidemiological data...	In this study , 8786 pediatric ( 0-15years old ) cutaneous leishmaniasis ( PCL ) patients were retrospectively evaluated for the epidemiological and clinical characteristics . From the records of PCL patients , we focused on the patients' age , gender , lesion type and location , diameter , number and duration of the l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "turkey", "(country)", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "pediatrics", "age", "groups", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "ulcers", "neglected", ...	2016	Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in Turkey: A Retrospective Analysis of 8786 Cases during 1998-2014
In Spain , Leishmania infantum is endemic , human visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occurring both in the Peninsula , as well as in the Balearic Islands . We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of leishmaniasis patients and the changes in the disease evolution after the introduction of antiretrovira...	Leishmaniasis is one of the most important human neglected parasitic diseases worldwide . Although it is considered a disease of the developing world , it is currently spreading northwards , outbreaks are occurring in endemic areas , and foci of the disease are appearing in previously non endemic countries , not necess...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Epidemiological Changes in Leishmaniasis in Spain According to Hospitalization-Based Records, 1997–2011: Raising Awareness towards Leishmaniasis in Non-HIV Patients
RNA splicing is a major regulatory mechanism for controlling eukaryotic gene expression . By generating various splice isoforms from a single pre–mRNA , alternative splicing plays a key role in promoting the evolving complexity of metazoans . Numerous splicing factors have been identified . However , the in vivo functi...	RNA splicing removes intervening intronic sequences from pre–mRNA transcripts and joins adjacent exonic sequences to generate functional messenger RNAs . The in vivo functions of numerous factors that regulate splicing remain to be understood . From a genetic screen for suppressors of the rubberband Unc phenotype cause...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	The Caenorhabditis elegans Gene mfap-1 Encodes a Nuclear Protein That Affects Alternative Splicing
Chagas disease ( CD ) represents a growing problem in Europe; Italy is one of the most affected countries but there is no national framework for CD and access-to-care is challenging . In 2012 Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) started an intervention in Bergamo province , where many people of Latin American origin ( PLAO...	Chagas disease is a neglected disease which , when left untreated , leads to severe cardiac and or digestive problems in 40% of the affected individuals . Globally , less than 1% of affected people have access to care . While mainly documented in Latin America , Chagas disease is not limited to this region due to popul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Neglect of a Neglected Disease in Italy: The Challenge of Access-to-Care for Chagas Disease in Bergamo Area
For effective control of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) in East Africa , new rapid diagnostic tests are required to replace current tests with low sensitivity . The aim of this study is to improve diagnosis of VL in East Africa by testing a new antigen from an autochthonous L . donovani strain in Sudan . We cloned , exp...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is an infectious disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex including Leishmania donovani in East Africa and India and by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean area and Latin America . Clinical diagnosis of VL in East Africa is difficult as maladies with similar symptoms are ende...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2013	rKLO8, a Novel Leishmania donovani – Derived Recombinant Immunodominant Protein for Sensitive Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan
Across many environments microbial glycoside hydrolases support the enzymatic processing of carbohydrates , a critical function in many ecosystems . Little is known about how the microbial composition of a community and the potential for carbohydrate processing relate to each other . Here , using 1 , 934 metagenomic da...	The deconstruction of complex carbohydrates ( e . g . , cellulose , chitin ) , mostly by microbes , releases short metabolizable oligosaccharides to the environment . This contributes to the functioning of an ecosystem and is essential for global carbon cycling . Carbohydrate degradation requires the production of carb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "taxonomy", "chitin", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "cellulose", "microbiology", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "data", "management", "materials", "science", "starches", "bacteria", "macromolecules", "mater...	2016	Glycoside Hydrolases across Environmental Microbial Communities
Eukaryotic cells utilize an arsenal of processive transport systems to deliver macromolecules to specific subcellular sites . In prokaryotes , such transport mechanisms have only been shown to mediate gliding motility , a form of microbial surface translocation . Here , we show that the motility function of the Myxococ...	Many living cells use processive cytoskeletal motors to transport proteins and subcellular organelles to specific subcellular sites . In bacteria , this type of transport has yet to be identified and it is generally thought that random protein collisions underlie most biochemical processes . In recent years , our view ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	A Versatile Class of Cell Surface Directional Motors Gives Rise to Gliding Motility and Sporulation in Myxococcus xanthus
O-linked glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein modification in organisms belonging to several kingdoms . Both microbial and host protein glycans are used by many pathogens for host invasion and immune evasion , yet little is known about the roles of O-glycans in viral pathogenesis . Reportedly , there is no single func...	Glycosylation is a protein modification process that occurs inside cells , in which specific types of sugars ( glycans ) are added to certain amino acids in some proteins . Glycosylation happens for many organisms , from microbes to mammals , including many pathogens . Altered glycosylation is increasingly being associ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immunology", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "membrane", "fusion", "glycosylation", "glycoproteins", "antibodies...	2016	Multiple Novel Functions of Henipavirus O-glycans: The First O-glycan Functions Identified in the Paramyxovirus Family
The first step in the evolution of primate trichromatic color vision was the expression of a third cone class not present in ancestral mammals . This observation motivates a fundamental question about the evolution of any sensory system: how is it possible to detect and exploit the presence of a novel sensory class ? W...	The human visual system encodes color by comparing the responses of three different kinds of photoreceptors: the long- ( reddish ) , medium- ( greenish ) , and short- ( bluish ) wavelength-sensitive cone cells . In order for the visual system to accurately represent the color of stimuli , it must ( in effect ) know the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "visual", "system", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "sensory", "systems", "sensory", "perception", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Unsupervised Learning of Cone Spectral Classes from Natural Images
VeA is the founding member of the velvet superfamily of fungal regulatory proteins . This protein is involved in light response and coordinates sexual reproduction and secondary metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans . In the dark , VeA bridges VelB and LaeA to form the VelB-VeA-LaeA ( velvet ) complex . The VeA-like prote...	Numerous fungi have the potential to infect immunocompromised patients or to contaminate and spoil our nutrients . They represent an increasing danger that threatens public health and agriculture . This requires improved understanding of fungal growth , development , dissemination of spores , and mycotoxin production ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "cell", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "molecular", "biology", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression" ]	2010	LaeA Control of Velvet Family Regulatory Proteins for Light-Dependent Development and Fungal Cell-Type Specificity
Human facial diversity is substantial , complex , and largely scientifically unexplained . We used spatially dense quasi-landmarks to measure face shape in population samples with mixed West African and European ancestry from three locations ( United States , Brazil , and Cape Verde ) . Using bootstrapped response-base...	The face is perhaps the most inherently fascinating and aesthetic feature of the human body . It is a principle subject of art throughout human history and across cultures and populations . It provides the most significant means by which we communicate our emotions and intentions in addition to health , sex , and age ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "phylogenetics", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "systematics", "evolutionary", "genetics", "human", "genetics" ]	2014	Modeling 3D Facial Shape from DNA
Diffusion functional MRI ( DfMRI ) reveals neuronal activation even when neurovascular coupling is abolished , contrary to blood oxygenation level—dependent ( BOLD ) functional MRI ( fMRI ) . Here , we show that the water apparent diffusion coefficient ( ADC ) derived from DfMRI increased in specific rat brain regions ...	It has been reported that neuronal activation results in a decrease of water diffusion in activated neural tissue . This new approach , known as diffusion functional MRI ( DfMRI ) , has high potential for functional imaging of the brain , as the currently widespread blood oxygenation level—dependent ( BOLD ) -functiona...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "functional", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "anesthesiology", "anesthetics", "drugs", "brain", "neuroscience", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "magnetic", "resonance", "imagi...	2017	Water diffusion closely reveals neural activity status in rat brain loci affected by anesthesia
Cell motility is essential for protozoan and metazoan organisms and typically relies on the dynamic turnover of actin filaments . In metazoans , monomeric actin polymerises into usually long and stable filaments , while some protozoans form only short and highly dynamic actin filaments . These different dynamics are pa...	Actin is one of the most abundant and conserved proteins across eukaryotes . Its ability to assemble from individual monomers into dynamic polymers is essential for many cellular functions , including division and motility . In most cells , actin is able to form long and stable filaments . However , an actin of the mal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "motility", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "actin", "filaments", "plasmodium", "vertebrates", "rabbits", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mammals", "parasitology", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "apicomplexa", ...	2018	Inter-subunit interactions drive divergent dynamics in mammalian and Plasmodium actin filaments
Contact-dependent growth inhibition ( CDI ) systems are widespread amongst Gram-negative bacteria where they play important roles in inter-cellular competition and biofilm formation . CDI+ bacteria use cell-surface CdiA proteins to bind neighboring bacteria and deliver C-terminal toxin domains . CDI+ cells also express...	Many bacteria express contact-dependent growth inhibition ( CDI ) systems , which are used to bind bacteria of the same species together and deliver toxins that block bacterial growth . Sibling cells are protected by a CDI-encoded immunity protein , but unrelated neighbors are inhibited because they lack immunity . Thu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "plasmids", "immunology", "cell-mediated", "immunity", "microbiology", "toxicology", "plasmid", "construction", "toxic", "agents", "genetic", "elements", "bact...	2016	CDI Systems Are Stably Maintained by a Cell-Contact Mediated Surveillance Mechanism
The observation that variants regulating gene expression ( expression quantitative trait loci , eQTL ) are at a high frequency among SNPs associated with complex traits has made the genome-wide characterization of gene expression an important tool in genetic mapping studies of such traits . As part of a study to identi...	We assess the heritability and genetic regulation of gene expression in a population of 786 individuals from Costa Rica and Colombia . The subjects , originally recruited in a study of bipolar disorder , are related within 26 extended families . This design allows us to compare estimates of the heritability of gene exp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "evolutionary", "biology", "gene", "regulation", "population", "genetics", "bipolar", "disorder", "dna", "transcription", "genome", "analysis", "population", "biology", "mood", "disorders", "gene", "expression", "mental", "health...	2016	Characterization of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci in Pedigrees from Colombia and Costa Rica Ascertained for Bipolar Disorder
The mechanisms that control tissue patterning and cell behavior are extensively studied separately , but much less is known about how these two processes are coordinated . Here we show that the Drosophila transcription factor Dysfusion ( Dysf ) directs leg epithelial folding and joint formation through the regulation o...	Epithelial morphogenesis drives the formation of organs and the acquisition of body shape . Changes in cell behavior such as cell proliferation , cell shape or apoptosis contribute to the remodeling of the epithelia from a simple layer to a three dimensional structure . These changes have to be precisely regulated by a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "cell", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animals", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "...	2018	The transcription factor Dysfusion promotes fold and joint morphogenesis through regulation of Rho1
Plasmodium falciparum infection causes a wide spectrum of diseases , including cerebral malaria , a potentially life-threatening encephalopathy . Vasculopathy is thought to contribute to cerebral malaria pathogenesis . The vasoactive compound endothelin-1 , a key participant in many inflammatory processes , likely medi...	The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is the primary cause of cerebral malaria , a neurological manifestation of severe malaria . Cerebral malaria results in disturbances to the blood vessels of the brain , eventually leading to damage to the blood-brain barrier . This damage can lead to adverse , debilitating neurologica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cognitive", "neurology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "groups", "plasmodium", "nervous", "system", "blood-brain", "barrier", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "mice", "parasitic", "diseases", "neuroscience", "animals", ...	2016	Endothelin-1 Mediates Brain Microvascular Dysfunction Leading to Long-Term Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Experimental Cerebral Malaria
Paracoccidioidomycosis ( PCM ) cannot always be diagnosed by conventional means such as direct examination of histopathology or clinical samples , and serological methods , used as an alternative , still have many cases of cross-reactivity . In this scenario , molecular techniques seem to arise as a rapid approach , sp...	Paracoccidioidomycosis ( PCM ) has been included in such diseases neglected since this impact on public health have not been measured . Except in the South and Southeast of Brazil , there are no government programs for this mycosis . After 100 years of discovery of the disease there is the need to deploy an effective a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "microbiology", "fungi", "test", "evaluation", "paracoccidiomycosis", "dna", "fungal", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "mycology", "medical", "microbiology", "dna", "amplification", "biology", "molecular", "biology", ...	2012	Application of PCR in Serum Samples for Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Southern Bahia-Brazil
Arenaviruses are the causative pathogens of severe hemorrhagic fever and aseptic meningitis in humans , for which no licensed vaccines are currently available . Pathogen heterogeneity within the Arenaviridae family poses a significant challenge for vaccine development . The main hypothesis we tested in the present stud...	Arenaviruses cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and are also regarded as a potential bioterrorist threat . CD8+ T cells restricted by class I MHC molecules clearly play a protective role in murine models of arenavirus infection , yet little is known about the epitopes recognized in the context of human...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/vaccines", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "computational", "biology", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses" ]	2009	A Multivalent and Cross-Protective Vaccine Strategy against Arenaviruses Associated with Human Disease
Genetic variation on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome contains information about the ancestry of male lineages . Because of their low rate of mutation , single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) are the markers of choice for unambiguously classifying Y chromosomes into related sets of lineages known as ha...	The Y chromosome is passed on from father to son as a nearly identical copy . Occasionally , small random changes occur in the Y DNA sequences that are passed forward to the next generation . There are two kinds of changes that may occur , and they both provide vital information for the study of human ancestry . Of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics", "computer", "science/applications", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology" ]	2008	Machine-Learning Approaches for Classifying Haplogroup from Y Chromosome STR Data
Latently infecting viruses are an important class of virus that plays a key role in viral evolution and human health . Here we report a genome-scale forward-genetics screen for host-dependencies of the latently-infecting bacteriophage lambda . This screen identified 57 Escherichia coli ( E . coli ) genes—over half of w...	In this study , we took advantage of a new genetic resource for E . coli mutants to screen for previously undiscovered lambda phage host-dependencies . We then assessed the dynamics of infection in these different E . coli mutants and applied a mathematical model of infection in an attempt to further classify the role ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/persistence", "and", "latency", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "virology/antivirals,", "including", "modes", "of", "action", "and", "resistance", "virol...	2010	A Forward-Genetic Screen and Dynamic Analysis of Lambda Phage Host-Dependencies Reveals an Extensive Interaction Network and a New Anti-Viral Strategy
The genetic population structure of Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti ( L . ) , the main vector of dengue virus , is being investigated in areas where a novel dengue suppression program is to be implemented . The aim of the program is to release and establish mosquito populations with impaired virus transmission capabilities...	Knowledge about population structure of Aedes ( Stegomyia ) aegypti ( L . ) , the main vector of dengue virus , is vital in designing dengue suppression programs . To design a release of dengue resistant mosquitoes , we require information about population structure at a range of spatial scales . This study looked at a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "population", "ecology", "entomology", "ecology", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "population", "biology", "zoology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Population Genetic Structure of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) at a Micro-Spatial Scale in Thailand: Implications for a Dengue Suppression Strategy
In this study we provide the first comprehensive map of DNA conformational flexibility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae complete genome . Flexibility plays a key role in DNA supercoiling and DNA/protein binding , regulating DNA transcription , replication or repair . Specific interest in flexibility analysis concerns its re...	High DNA helix torsional flexibility characterizes sequences which are enriched in fragile sites , loci of peculiar chromosome instability inside human genome often associated with cancer genes . AT-rich flexible islands are suggested to be the determinants of chromosome fragility; however , the origin of their occurre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Global Mapping of DNA Conformational Flexibility on Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Dengue virus ( DENV ) infection imposes enormous health and economic burden worldwide with no approved treatment . Several small molecules , including lovastatin , celgosivir , balapiravir and chloroquine have been tested for potential anti-dengue activity in clinical trials; none of these have demonstrated a protectiv...	With currently no approved treatment options , dengue is a significant cause of hospitalizations and morbidity in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world . In recent years there is increased focus on the potential of antibody-based immunotherapy as treatment for dengue . In addition to being able to broadly n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbial", "mutation", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "animal", "models", "of", "disease", ...	2018	Neutralization of antibody-enhanced dengue infection by VIS513, a pan serotype reactive monoclonal antibody targeting domain III of the dengue E protein
Reports of HIV-1 superinfection ( re-infection ) have demonstrated that the immune response generated against one strain of HIV-1 does not always protect against other strains . However , studies to determine the incidence of HIV-1 superinfection have yielded conflicting results . Furthermore , few studies have attempt...	Superinfection with HIV-1 occurs when an individual infected with one strain of HIV-1 acquires a second strain , from a different partner . There are more than 20 published cases of HIV-1 superinfection . These cases have raised concerns for HIV-1 vaccine design because they indicate that the immune response generated ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "viruses", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "virology" ]	2007	Chronic HIV-1 Infection Frequently Fails to Protect against Superinfection
The social transmission of information is critical to the emergence of animal culture . Two processes are predicted to play key roles in how socially-transmitted information spreads in animal populations: the movement of individuals across the landscape and conformist social learning . We develop a model that , for the...	In many animal species , the social transmission of information is important and can lead to the emergence of behavioural traditions . However , how ecological and social processes together influence information transmission and its consequences for animal culture , particularly across space , remains largely unknown ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "learning", "sociology", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "cognitive", "psychology", "animal", "behavior", "phase", "diagrams", "zoology", "animal", "sociality", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods",...	2018	Movement and conformity interact to establish local behavioural traditions in animal populations
CD8 T cells are involved in pathogen clearance and infection-induced pathology in respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) infection . Studying bulk responses masks the contribution of individual CD8 T cell subsets to protective immunity and immunopathology . In particular , the roles of subdominant responses that are poten...	CD8 T cells play a key role in RSV clearance , immunopathology and disease . Therefore , CD8 T cells can help or harm the host depending on their timing , magnitude , and function . The CD8 T cell response represents a heterogeneous population of cells with phenotypically and functionally diverse subsets , and needs to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "spleen", "immunology", "microbiology", "cytotoxic", "t", "cells", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "immune", "system", "proteins", "w...	2016	A Numerically Subdominant CD8 T Cell Response to Matrix Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Controls Infection with Limited Immunopathology
Cell-specific expression of many genes is conveyed by multiple enhancers , with each individual enhancer controlling a particular expression domain . In contrast , multiple enhancers drive similar expression patterns of some genes involved in embryonic development , suggesting regulatory redundancy . Work in Drosophila...	The stability of animal form and function in the face of genetic and environmental variation relies on consistent gene expression . Multiple enhancers , each specifying a unique regulatory domain , control the precise spatiotemporal expression of many genes . However , in some genes apparently redundant enhancers regul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Partially Redundant Enhancers Cooperatively Maintain Mammalian Pomc Expression Above a Critical Functional Threshold
The interplay between T cell receptors ( TCRs ) and peptides bound by major histocompatibility complexes ( MHCs ) is one of the most important interactions in the adaptive immune system . Several previous studies have computationally investigated their structural dynamics . On the basis of these simulations several str...	Immune cells in the human body screen other cells for possible infections . The binding of T-cell receptors ( TCR ) and parts of pathogens bound by major histocompatibility complexes ( MHC ) is one of the activation mechanisms of the immune system . There have been many hypotheses as to when such binding will activate ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "computational", "chemistry", "molecular", "dynamics", "antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "physical", "sciences", "chemistry", "computerized", "simulations" ]	2014	Large Scale Characterization of the LC13 TCR and HLA-B8 Structural Landscape in Reaction to 172 Altered Peptide Ligands: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Brain development requires a massive increase in brain lipogenesis and accretion of the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) . Brain acquisition of DHA is primarily mediated by the transporter Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain containing 2a ( Mfsd2a ) expressed in the endothelium of the blood-br...	The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body . Brain development involves a tremendous increase in the synthesis and accretion of fatty acids . De novo synthesis of fatty acids is mediated by Srebp transcription factors , whereas acquisition of essential fatty acids via uptake of plasma-derived lysophosphatidylch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microcephaly", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "morphogenesis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "lipids", "lipogenesis", "birth", "defects", ...	2018	The lysolipid transporter Mfsd2a regulates lipogenesis in the developing brain
Early assessment of infectious disease outbreaks is key to implementing timely and effective control measures . In particular , rapidly recognising whether infected individuals stem from a single outbreak sustained by local transmission , or from repeated introductions , is crucial to adopt effective interventions . In...	Early assessment of infectious disease outbreaks is key to implementing timely and effective control measures . In particular , rapidly recognising whether infected individuals stem from a single outbreak sustained by local transmission , or from repeated introductions , is crucial to adopt effective interventions . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "central", "african", "republic", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "dogs", "animals", "mammals",...	2018	A graph-based evidence synthesis approach to detecting outbreak clusters: An application to dog rabies
Several transcription factors have been identified that activate an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) , which endows cells with the capacity to break through basement membranes and migrate away from their site of origin . A key program in development , in recent years it has been shown to be a crucial driver...	Many cancer cells acquire abnormal motility behaviour leading to metastasis , the main cause of cancer related deaths . In many cancers , transcription factors capable of inducing motile migratory cell behaviours , so-called EMT transcription factors , are found highly expressed . However , the expression of these gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "cell", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "cloning", "animals", "dna", "transcription", "cell", "polarity", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "m...	2018	Differential roles of the Drosophila EMT-inducing transcription factors Snail and Serpent in driving primary tumour growth
A surveillance mechanism , the S phase checkpoint , blocks progression into mitosis in response to DNA damage and replication stress . Segregation of damaged or incompletely replicated chromosomes results in genomic instability . In humans , the S phase checkpoint has been shown to constitute an anti-cancer barrier . I...	Genetic inheritance during cell proliferation requires chromosome duplication ( replication ) and segregation of the replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells . In response to the presence of DNA damage , cells block chromosome segregation to avoid the inheritance of damaged , incompletely replicated chromosomes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Three Different Pathways Prevent Chromosome Segregation in the Presence of DNA Damage or Replication Stress in Budding Yeast
Blindness is caused by eye pathogens that include a free-living protist ( Acanthamoeba castellanii , A . byersi , and/or other Acanthamoeba spp . ) , a fungus ( Fusarium solani ) , and a bacterium ( Chlamydia trachomatis ) . Hand-eye contact is likely a contributor to the spread of these pathogens , and so hand washing...	Hand washing with soap and water is an important public health tool for reducing transmission of viruses , bacteria , fungi , and protists . Alcohol-based hand sanitizers , which are widely dispensed in hospitals and public places , kill many of these same pathogens . What is not known is how effectively the alcohol-ba...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "trophozoites", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chlamydia", "trachomatis", "pathogens", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", ...	2017	Killing of diverse eye pathogens (Acanthamoeba spp., Fusarium solani, and Chlamydia trachomatis) with alcohols
A number of studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms greatly influence the course of human dengue virus ( DENV ) infections , but little is known about the innate immune response of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti to arbovirus infection . We present evidence here that a major compone...	Dengue viruses , globally the most prevalent arboviruses , are transmitted to humans by persistently infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes . Understanding the mechanisms mosquitoes use to modulate infections by these agents of serious human diseases should give us critical insights into virus–vector interactions leading to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/persistence", "and", "latency", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "virology/mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility,", "including", "host", "genetics", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses...	2009	Dengue Virus Type 2 Infections of Aedes aegypti Are Modulated by the Mosquito's RNA Interference Pathway
Rift Valley Fever Virus ( RVFV ) is a zoonotic virus that is not only an emerging pathogen but is also considered a biodefense pathogen due to the threat it may cause to public health and national security . The current state of diagnosis has led to misdiagnosis early on in infection . Here we describe the use of a nov...	There is a dire need for fast and efficient diagnosis of many viral diseases . Our research specifically looked at RVFV , a virus that can only be worked with in biosafety level 3 ( BSL-3 ) laboratories , and its capture with NanoTrap particles . NanoTrap particles are hydrogel particles that contain internal affinity ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "rift", "valley", "fever", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	The Use of NanoTrap Particles as a Sample Enrichment Method to Enhance the Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus
Melioidosis , an often fatal infectious disease in Northeast Thailand , is caused by skin inoculation , inhalation or ingestion of the environmental bacterium , Burkholderia pseudomallei . The major underlying risk factor for melioidosis is diabetes mellitus . Recommendations for melioidosis prevention include using pr...	Melioidosis is a serious infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative environmental saprophyte , Burkholderia pseudomallei . Infection in humans occurs following skin inoculation , inhalation or ingestion . Recommendations for melioidosis prevention include using protective gear such as rubber boots and gloves when i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rubber", "elastomers", "melioidosis", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "diabetes", "mellitus", "preventive", "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "cereal", "crops", "rice", "model", "organisms", "endocrine", "d...	2016	Barriers and Recommended Interventions to Prevent Melioidosis in Northeast Thailand: A Focus Group Study Using the Behaviour Change Wheel
Parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma are the causative agents of schistosomiasis , which afflicts more than 200 million people yearly in tropical regions of South America , Asia and Africa . A promising approach to the control of this and many other diseases involves the application of our understanding of smal...	Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent and serious parasitic diseases in tropical and subtropical regions . Schistosomes are pathogens that have a unique repertoire of genes expressed at different life cycle stages . Small regulatory RNAs play an important role in the control of gene expression at the post-transc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "molecular", "biology", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2010	An “In-Depth” Description of the Small Non-coding RNA Population of Schistosoma japonicum Schistosomulum
Recombination has the potential to facilitate adaptation . In spite of the substantial body of theory on the impact of recombination on the evolutionary dynamics of adapting populations , empirical evidence to test these theories is still scarce . We examined the effect of recombination on adaptation on a large-scale e...	One of the most challenging issues in evolutionary biology concerns the question of why most organisms exchange genetic material with each other , e . g . during sexual reproduction . Gene shuffling can create genetic diversity that facilitates adaptation to new environments , but theory shows that this effect is highl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "natural", "selection", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "population", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes", "genetic", "drift", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2014	Recombination Accelerates Adaptation on a Large-Scale Empirical Fitness Landscape in HIV-1
Genetic mutations contribute to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) , a common , heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction , communication , and repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior . Since neuroligin3 ( NLGN3 ) , a cell adhesion molecule at the ...	Autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) is a childhood disorder manifested by abnormal social behavior , interests , and activities . The genetic contribution to ASD is higher than in other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and mood disorders . Here , we found a novel mutation in NLGN1 , a gene encoding a synaptic p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "fluorescence", "imaging", "pervasive", "developmental", "disorders", "social", "sciences", "vertebrates", "mice", "developmental", "psychology", "animals", "mammals", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "animal", "behavi...	2017	Functional significance of rare neuroligin 1 variants found in autism
PSORS1 ( psoriasis susceptibility gene 1 ) is a major susceptibility locus for psoriasis . Several fine-mapping studies have highlighted a 300-kb candidate region of PSORS1 where multiple biologically plausible candidate genes were suggested . The most recent study has indicated HLA-Cw6 as the primary PSORS1 risk allel...	Psoriasis is a common skin disease with strong genetic risk . The analysis of psoriatic families with multiple affected individuals has identified several genomic regions that are linked ( showing linkage evidence ) to the development of psoriasis . Of them , the region on 6p21 . 3 ( PSORS1 ) is a well-confirmed major ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "dermatology/psoriasis", "and", "other", "inflammatory", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/medical", "genetics" ...	2008	Fine Mapping of the Psoriasis Susceptibility Locus PSORS1 Supports HLA-C as the Susceptibility Gene in the Han Chinese Population
A set of sub-cortical nuclei called basal ganglia is critical for learning the values of actions . The basal ganglia include two pathways , which have been associated with approach and avoid behavior respectively and are differentially modulated by dopamine projections from the midbrain . Inspired by the influential op...	The basal ganglia are structures underneath the surface of the vertebrate brain , associated with error-driven learning . Much is known about the anatomical and biological features of the basal ganglia; scientists now try to understand the algorithms implemented by these structures . Numerous models aspire to capture t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "chemical", "compounds", "decision", "making", "dopaminergics", "brain", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "learning", "and", "memory", "hormones", "simulation", "and", "m...	2019	Learning the payoffs and costs of actions
Pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis , a zoonotic infection that occurs globally . The bacteria colonize the renal proximal tubules of many animals and are shed in the urine . Contact with the urine , or with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals can c...	Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonotic infection in the world and represents a major public health problem , especially in tropical climates . The processes by which some Leptospira species cause infection , disease , and colonization of carrier animals remains poorly understood . Specific binding of Leptospira ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Evaluation of Cell Binding Activities of Leptospira ECM Adhesins
The role of natural killer ( NK ) cells in infection-induced liver fibrosis remains obscure . In this study , we elucidated the effect of NK cells on Schistosoma japonicum ( S . japonicum ) egg-induced liver fibrosis . Liver fibrosis was induced by infecting C57BL/6 mice with 18–20 cercariae of S . japonicum . Anti-ASG...	Schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in the developing world . Parasite egg-induced liver fibrosis is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in human infected with schistosoma . Thus , elucidating the mechanisms that restrict tissue fibrosis may lead to more effective strategies for imm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "immune", "cells", "nk", "cells", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "immunology", "biology", "parasitic", "diseases", "liver", "diseases", "cirrhosis" ]	2012	Negative Regulation of Schistosoma japonicum Egg-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Natural Killer Cells
We have previously shown a reduction in anaemia and wasting malnutrition in infants <3 years old in Pemba Island , Zanzibar , following repeated anthelminthic treatment for the endemic gastrointestinal ( GI ) nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides , hookworm and Trichuris trichiura . In view of the low intensity of worm infect...	Infants and very young children commonly become infected with intestinal nematode infections . However , the worm burdens are generally very light , so a beneficial effect of deworming on wasting malnutrition and anaemia in this age group which we have demonstrated was unexpected and the mechanism unclear . To investig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2009	Early Exposure of Infants to GI Nematodes Induces Th2 Dominant Immune Responses Which Are Unaffected by Periodic Anthelminthic Treatment
Glanders caused by Burkholderia mallei is a re-emerging zoonotic disease affecting solipeds and humans . Furthermore , B . mallei is genetically related to B . pseudomallei , which is the causative agent of melioidosis . Both facultative intracellular bacteria are classified as tier 1 select biothreat agents . Our prev...	Glanders ( caused by Burkholderia . mallei ) and melioidosis ( caused by B . pseudomallei ) are severe infectious diseases of concern worldwide because of the rising number of cases and mortality rate . The low infectious doses of these two pathogens along with their amenability for aerosolization are factors that coul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "spleen", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vaccines", "animal", "models", "preventive", "medicine", "model", ...	2019	Evaluation of Burkholderia mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) as a live attenuated vaccine in murine models of glanders and melioidosis
Transmission of plant pathogens by insect vectors is a complex biological process involving interactions between the plant , insect , and pathogen . Pathogen-induced plant responses can include changes in volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolites as well as major plant nutrients . Experiments were conducted to und...	In this investigation , we experimentally demonstrate specific mechanisms through which a bacterial plant pathogen induces plant responses that modify behavior of its insect vector . Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus , a fastidious , phloem-limited bacterium responsible for causing huanglongbing disease of citrus , ind...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "ecology", "pest", "control", "crops", "plant", "biology", "biology", "zoology", "agriculture" ]	2012	Induced Release of a Plant-Defense Volatile ‘Deceptively’ Attracts Insect Vectors to Plants Infected with a Bacterial Pathogen
A remarkable feature of the self-renewing population of embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) is their phenotypic heterogeneity: Nanog and other marker proteins of ESCs show large cell-to-cell variation in their expression level , which should significantly influence the differentiation process of individual cells . The molecu...	Embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) can proliferate indefinitely by keeping pluripotency , i . e . , the ability to differentiate into any cell-lineage . ESCs , therefore , have been the focus of intense biological and medical interests . A remarkable feature of ESCs is their phenotypic heterogeneity: ESCs show large cell-to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "biochemical", "simulations", "gene", "networks", "statistical", "mechanics", "gene", "regulation", "gene", "expression", "biophysics", "theory", "molecular", "genetics", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2013	Time Scales in Epigenetic Dynamics and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Embryonic Stem Cells
Drosophila C virus ( DCV ) is a natural pathogen of Drosophila and a useful model for studying antiviral defences . The Drosophila host is also commonly infected with the widespread endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia pipientis . When DCV coinfects Wolbachia-infected D . melanogaster , virus particles accumulate more slow...	Many human , animal and plant viruses are transmitted between hosts by insect vectors . Understanding the processes that control virus infection in insects may facilitate strategies that aim to control the spread of important viral pathogens . Infection of the model insect Drosophila with the endosymbiotic bacteria Wol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses...	2009	Variation in Antiviral Protection Mediated by Different Wolbachia Strains in Drosophila simulans
Populations of Aedes aegypti naturally exhibit variable susceptibility to dengue viruses . This natural variation can be impacted by nutritional stress resulting from larval-stage crowding , indicating the influence of environment components on the adult mosquito immune response . In particular , larval crowding was pr...	Dengue is a neglected tropical disease which infects about 390 million people a year , particularly in areas of poverty . Currently , control of the primary dengue virus vector mosquito , Aedes aegypti , remains the only effective method of preventing the proliferation and spread of dengue virus . Contemporary control ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "dengue", "virus", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "animals", "viruses", ...	2018	A transcriptomic survey of the impact of environmental stress on response to dengue virus in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Scrub typhus , caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection , is one of the main causes of febrile illness in the Asia-Pacific region . Although cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in protection , little is known about the phenotypic changes and dynamics of leukocytes in scrub typhus patients . To reveal the u...	Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection . It has been estimated that one billion people are at risk and one million new cases arise each year in Asian-pacific region . Despite of aggressive attempts to develop a prophylactic vaccine against scrub typhus during the last severa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "scrub", "typhus" ]	2012	Phenotypic Characterization of Peripheral T Cells and Their Dynamics in Scrub Typhus Patients
Biofilms are microbial collectives that occupy a diverse array of surfaces . It is well known that the function and evolution of biofilms are strongly influenced by the spatial arrangement of different strains and species within them , but how spatiotemporal distributions of different genotypes in biofilm populations o...	Biofilms are bacterial groups , often attached to surfaces , in which a broad variety of cooperative and competitive interactions typically occur . The spatial organization of different strains and species within biofilm communities strongly influences their global functioning , but little is known about how such struc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Characterization", "of", "surface", "occupation", "patterns:", "The", "correlation", "length" ]	[ "bacteriology", "biofilms", "organismal", "evolution", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fluid", "mechanics", "pathogens", "vibrio", "microbiolog...	2018	Cell adhesion and fluid flow jointly initiate genotype spatial distribution in biofilms
Autophagy , a lysosomal self-degradation and recycling pathway , plays dual roles in tumorigenesis . Autophagy deficiency predisposes to cancer , at least in part , through accumulation of the selective autophagy cargo p62 , leading to activation of antioxidant responses and tumor formation . While cell growth and auto...	The evolutionarily conserved transcription factor Myc promotes protein synthesis , cell growth and cancer progression through incompletely understood mechanisms . In this work , we show that forced expression of Myc induces the accumulation of abnormal proteins leading to unfolded protein responses ( UPR ) , presumably...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "signal", "transduction", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "animal", "genetics", "stress", "signaling", "cascade", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "oncogenic", "signaling", "cell", "growth", "genetics", "biology", "signaling", "...	2013	Myc-Driven Overgrowth Requires Unfolded Protein Response-Mediated Induction of Autophagy and Antioxidant Responses in Drosophila melanogaster
Neotricula aperta is the snail-intermediate host of the parasitic blood-fluke Schistosoma mekongi which causes Mekong schistosomiasis in Cambodia and the Lao PDR . Despite numerous phylogenetic studies only one DNA-sequence based population-genetic study of N . aperta had been published , and the origin , structure and...	The disease Mekong schistosomiasis poses a threat to the health of about 1 . 5 million people living near the Mekong river and its tributaries in Cambodia and Laos . It is a water-borne parasite transmitted by direct contact with water in which freshwater snails of the species Neotricula aperta live . Control of the sn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "taxonomy", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "biogeography", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "rivers", "helminths", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "animals", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "gastropods", "aquatic", "environments", ...	2019	Population genetic structure and geographical variation in Neotricula aperta (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae), the snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mekongi (Digenea: Schistosomatidae)
Understanding the molecular link between diet and health is a key goal in nutritional systems biology . As an alternative to pathway analysis , we have developed a joint multivariate and network-based approach to analysis of a dataset of habitual dietary records , adipose tissue transcriptomics and comprehensive plasma...	A fundamental goal in the field of nutritional genomics is defining the molecular link between diet and health . Human nutritional genomic studies are frequently hindered by a high level of unexplained variation in gene expression , protein and metabolite abundance , and clinical parameters – potentially attributable t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "metabolic", "networks", "molecular", "biology", "metabolic", "disorders" ]	2011	Transcriptomic Coordination in the Human Metabolic Network Reveals Links between n-3 Fat Intake, Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Metabolic Health
The aggregation or oligomerization of amyloid-β ( Aβ ) peptide is thought to be the primary causative event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) . Considerable in vitro evidence indicates that the aggregation/oligomerization of Aβ is promoted in the presence of Zn; however , the functional role of Zn in AD...	Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques and altered metal ion ( including Zn , Cu , Fe ) concentrations in the brain . Amyloid plaques are the result of increased aggregation of Aβ , while the in vivo role of metal ions such as Zn remains poorly understood . We found that the expres...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2012	Genetic Inhibition of Solute-Linked Carrier 39 Family Transporter 1 Ameliorates Aβ Pathology in a Drosophila Model of Alzheimer's Disease
DNA must be synthesized for purposes of genome duplication and DNA repair . While the former is a highly accurate process , short-patch synthesis associated with repair of DNA damage is often error-prone . Break-induced replication ( BIR ) is a unique cellular process that mimics normal DNA replication in its processiv...	Accurate transmission of genetic information requires the precise replication of parental DNA . Mutations ( which can be beneficial or deleterious ) arise from errors that remain uncorrected . DNA replication occurs during S-phase of the cell cycle and is extremely accurate due to highly selective DNA polymerases coupl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Break-Induced Replication Is Highly Inaccurate
A transcriptome analysis identified Vibrio vulnificus cabABC genes which were preferentially expressed in biofilms . The cabABC genes were transcribed as a single operon . The cabA gene was induced by elevated 3′ , 5′-cyclic diguanylic acid ( c-di-GMP ) and encoded a calcium-binding protein CabA . Comparison of the bio...	Biofilms are specialized and highly differentiated three-dimensional communities of bacteria encased in an extracellular polymeric matrix ( EPM ) , and the bacteria’s mechanisms to form biofilm are closely linked to their virulence . The EPM often consists of polysaccharides , proteins , nucleic acids , and lipids . Co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The cabABC Operon Essential for Biofilm and Rugose Colony Development in Vibrio vulnificus

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