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The laws of physics establish the energetic efficiency of our movements . In some cases , like locomotion , the mechanics of the body dominate in determining the energetically optimal course of action . In other tasks , such as manipulation , energetic costs depend critically upon the variable properties of objects in ...	Recent studies have shown that when learning novel dynamics in the context of reaching movements , people often ignore energetic optimality in favor of Euclidean geometric optimality , preferring rectilinear paths over mechanically optimal trajectories . Although an explanation could be that sensory-motor coordination ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "engineering", "and", "technology", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "mechanical", "energy", "optimization", "mathematics", "vision", "kinematics", "musculoskeletal", "system", "...	2016	Sensory Agreement Guides Kinetic Energy Optimization of Arm Movements during Object Manipulation
This study is about the contribution of occupational therapy inside a rehabilitation group , and we focus on the autonomy of patients with disabilities due to leprosy . There are few studies on the use of assistive technology by leprosy patients; to our knowledge , none of them aim to have a subjective approach of care...	This study is about occupational therapy and we focus on the autonomy of patients with disabilities due to leprosy . Our purpose was to analyze the repercussions of assistive technology on the autonomy of care of the self in patients with sequels of leprosy We performed a qualitative , descriptive , exploratory study b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "disabilities", "health", "services", "research", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "research",...	2016	The Use of Assistive Technology to Promote Care of the Self and Social Inclusion in Patients with Sequels of Leprosy
CULLIN3 ( CUL3 ) together with BTB-domain proteins form a class of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases ( called CRL3s ) that control the rapid and selective degradation of important regulatory proteins in all eukaryotes . Here , we report that in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , CUL3 regulates plant growth and developm...	Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis plays a central role in controlling intracellular levels of essential regulatory molecules in all eukaryotic organisms . This protein degradation pathway has a large number of components , including hundreds of ubiquitin protein ligases ( E3s ) that are predicted to have regulatory roles ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "physiology/cell", "signaling", "cell", "biology", "plant", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology" ]	2009	Arabidopsis CULLIN3 Genes Regulate Primary Root Growth and Patterning by Ethylene-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms
Children born from filarial infected mothers are comparatively more susceptible to filarial infection than the children born to uninfected mothers . But the mechanism of such increased susceptibility to infection in early childhood is not exactly known . Several studies have shown the association of active filarial inf...	Lymphatic filariasis caused by thread like filarial worms involves asymptomatic to acute and/or disfiguring chronic conditions like lymphoedema , elephantiasis and scrotal swelling . Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes . Adult worms lodge in the lymphatic system and dis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "children", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "body", "fluids", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "parasitic",...	2016	Maternal Filarial Infection Influences the Development of Regulatory T Cells in Children from Infancy to Early Childhood
This report describes a real-time PCR ( Q-PCR ) strategy to quantify Trypanosoma cruzi ( T . cruzi ) DNA in peripheral blood samples from Chagas disease patients targeted to conserved motifs within the repetitive satellite sequence . The Q-PCR has a detection limit of 0 . 1 and 0 . 01 parasites/mL , with a dynamic rang...	Infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi ( T . cruzi ) , causing American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease , remains a major public health concern in 21 endemic countries of America , with an estimated prevalence of 8 million infected people . Chagas disease shows a variable clinical course , ranging from asympto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health", "surgery/transplantation", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections" ]	2009	Accurate Real-Time PCR Strategy for Monitoring Bloodstream Parasitic Loads in Chagas Disease Patients
Since miltefosine monotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) caused by Leishmania donovani has been discontinued in the Indian subcontinent due to an increase in the number of treatment failures , single dose liposomal amphotericin B is now advocated as a treatment option of choice . Paromomycin-miltefosine comb...	Liposomal amphotericin B is presently being used as first-line treatment option against visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent . However , the need for temperature-controlled transport and storage limits its widespread use in rural areas . Previous studies already suggested that paromomycin-miltefosine combi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "spleen", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "protozoan", "life", "cycles", "parasitic", "protozoans", "developmental", "biology", "protozoans", "pharmaceutics", "leishmania", ...	2017	Combined treatment of miltefosine and paromomycin delays the onset of experimental drug resistance in Leishmania infantum
The dynamics of the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle are poorly documented . Viral replication dynamics are typically measured in populations of infected cells , but asynchrony that is introduced during the early steps of HIV-1 replication complicates the measurement of the progression of subsequent steps and can ma...	The HIV-1 replication cycle is composed of several sequential steps . While the timing of the early steps of HIV-1 replication is quite well understood , measuring the duration of later steps is complicated by the fact that asynchrony is introduced into populations of infected cells during early steps . We devised imag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Single-Cell and Single-Cycle Analysis of HIV-1 Replication
Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease associated with high mortality . The most important foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia are in the Northwest and are predominantly associated with high rates of HIV co-infection . Co-infection of visceral leishmaniasis patients with HIV results in higher mortality , ...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) in Ethiopia is caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani . This disease has one of the highest mortality rates: if left untreated , it is almost always fatal . VL belongs to the most neglected tropical diseases , affecting the poorest populations , for whom access to diagnosis and effecti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "enzyme", "metabolism", "enzymes", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "viral", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2013	Arginase Activity in the Blood of Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Infection
It has long been thought that signal joints , the byproducts of V ( D ) J recombination , are not involved in the dynamics of the rearrangement process . Evidence has now started to accumulate that this is not the case , and that signal joints play unsuspected roles in events that might compromise genomic integrity . H...	Lymphoid cells recognize billions of pathogens as a result of gene rearrangements that generate pathogen-specific B- and T-cell receptors . This genetic reshuffling , called V ( D ) J recombination , occasionally misfires and damages genomic integrity . When such aberrations dysregulate proto-oncogenes , cancer ensues ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "immunology", "molecular", "biology", "hematology" ]	2007	In Vivo Reinsertion of Excised Episomes by the V(D)J Recombinase: A Potential Threat to Genomic Stability
Herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) - and herpesviruses in general - encode for a multipartite entry/fusion apparatus . In HSV it consists of the HSV-specific glycoprotein D ( gD ) , and three additional glycoproteins , gH/gL and gB , conserved across the Herpesviridae family and responsible for the execution of fusion . Acco...	In order to infect their hosts and cause disease , viruses must enter their host cells . The human pathogen herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) - and herpesviruses in general - are equipped with a complex , multipartite entry apparatus , made of four glycoproteins – gD , gH/gL , gB . These glycoproteins must be activated in a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	αvβ6- and αvβ8-Integrins Serve As Interchangeable Receptors for HSV gH/gL to Promote Endocytosis and Activation of Membrane Fusion
Much is known about the mode of action of drugs and resistance mechanisms under laboratory growth conditions , but research on the bacterial transcriptional response to drug pressure in vivo or efficacious mode of action and transient resistance mechanisms of clinically employed drugs is limited . Accordingly , to asse...	The mode of action and resistance mechanisms for many clinically used drugs are elucidated under defined artificial laboratory growth conditions , and do not necessarily represent the efficacious mode of action or predict the transient resistance mechanisms that are active during infection . Here , we report the unique...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "protein", "metabolism", "respiratory", "infections", "gene", "regulation", "pulmonology", "dna", "transcription", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "phar...	2017	Transient In Vivo Resistance Mechanisms of Burkholderia pseudomallei to Ceftazidime and Molecular Markers for Monitoring Treatment Response
Despite the endemic nature of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis infection in regions of the United States ( US ) , there is a lack of data on echinococcosis-related mortality . To measure echinococcosis-associated mortality in the US and assess possible racial/ethnic disparities , we reviewed nati...	Human echinococcosis is a parasitic disease that affects an estimated 2–3 million people and results in an annual monetary loss of over $750 , 000 , 000 worldwide . It results in the development of life threatening tissue cysts , primarily in the liver and lung , following accidental ingestion of eggs in infected dog ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "public", "health" ]	2012	Human Echinococcosis Mortality in the United States, 1990–2007
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a necrotizing disease of the skin , subcutaneous tissue and bone caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . It has been suggested that the immune response developed during the recommended rifampicin/streptomycin ( RS ) antibiotherapy is protective , contributing to bacterial clearance . On the other hand...	Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is an infectious disease caused by the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans that affects the skin , subcutaneous tissue and bone , presenting extensive tissue necrosis . Standard treatment of BU patients consists of a combination of the antibiotics rifampicin and streptomycin ( RS ) for 8 w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "buruli", "ulcer", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "immune", "response" ]	2012	Corticosteroid-Induced Immunosuppression Ultimately Does Not Compromise the Efficacy of Antibiotherapy in Murine Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection
How muscles are used is a key to understanding the internal driving of fish swimming . However , the underlying mechanisms of some features of the muscle activation patterns and their differential appearance in different species are still obscure . In this study , we explain the muscle activation patterns by using 3D c...	For undulatory swimming , fish form posteriorly traveling waves of body bending by activating their muscles sequentially along the body . However , experimental observations have shown that the muscle activation wave does not simply match the bending wave . Researchers have previously computed the torque required for m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "and", "numerical", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fish", "eels", "swimming", "classical", "mechanics", "fluid", "mechanics", "vertebrates", "animals", "biological", "locomotion", "osteichthyes", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", "muscle", "electrophysiology", "kine...	2019	3D computational models explain muscle activation patterns and energetic functions of internal structures in fish swimming
Co-inheritance of α-thalassemia has a significant protective effect on the severity of complications of sickle cell disease ( SCD ) , including stroke . However , little information exists on the association and interactions for the common African ancestral α-thalassemia mutation ( −α3 . 7 deletion ) and β-globin trait...	Recent work has shown that inheriting a single copy of the β-globin gene variant which causes sickle cell disease can be associated with medical risks , such as worsening kidney function . In individuals with sickle cell disease , co-inheritance of other globin gene variants , notably α-thalassemia , can modify an indi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chronic", "kidney", "disease", "anemia", "ethnicities", "red", "blood", "cells", "genome", "analysis", "african", "american", "people", "hemoglobin", "genomics", "glob...	2018	Common α-globin variants modify hematologic and other clinical phenotypes in sickle cell trait and disease
Replicated sister chromatids are held in close association from the time of their synthesis until their separation during the next mitosis . This association is mediated by the ring-shaped cohesin complex that appears to embrace the sister chromatids . Upon proteolytic cleavage of the α-kleisin cohesin subunit at the m...	Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that ensures production of germ cells with the right number of chromosomes , so that at fertilization the embryo receives complete sets of paternal and maternal chromosomes . The accurate distribution of chromosomes during cell divisions is dependent on a ring-shaped prote...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "invertebrates", "animal", "genetics", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "animals", "animal", "models", "mitosis", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "organism", "development", "chrom...	2014	The Cohesin Subunit Rad21 Is Required for Synaptonemal Complex Maintenance, but Not Sister Chromatid Cohesion, during Drosophila Female Meiosis
Ebolavirus species Zaire ( ZEBOV ) causes highly lethal hemorrhagic fever , resulting in the death of 90% of patients within days . Most information on immune responses to ZEBOV comes from in vitro studies and animal models . The paucity of data on human immune responses to this virus is mainly due to the fact that mos...	Ebolavirus , especially the species Zaïre ( ZEBOV ) , causes a fulminating hemorrhagic fever syndrome resulting in the death of most patients within a few days . In vitro studies and animal models have brought some insight as to the immune responses to ZEBOV infection . However , human immune responses have as yet been...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "immunology/immune", "response", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	Human Fatal Zaire Ebola Virus Infection Is Associated with an Aberrant Innate Immunity and with Massive Lymphocyte Apoptosis
PML/TRIM19 , the organizer of nuclear bodies ( NBs ) , has been implicated in the antiviral response to diverse RNA and DNA viruses . Several PML isoforms generated from a single PML gene by alternative splicing , share the same N-terminal region containing the RBCC/tripartite motif but differ in their C-terminal seque...	PML is expressed as seven isoforms , designated PMLI to PMLVIIb , each with specific functions conferred by their C-terminal regions . PML isoforms are implicated in several cell processes , including antiviral defense . Very few studies have been performed with all PML isoforms to investigate their individual antivira...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility", "immunity", "virology", "innate", "immunity", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication" ]	2014	Implication of PMLIV in Both Intrinsic and Innate Immunity
HIV latency is a major obstacle to curing infection . Current strategies to eradicate HIV aim at increasing transcription of the latent provirus . In the present study we observed that latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals failed to produce viral particles upon ex vivo exposure to SAHA ( vorinost...	HIV-infected individuals must receive lifelong antiviral therapy because treatment discontinuation generally results in rapid viral rebound . The field has identified a state of latency at the level of transcription of the integrated provirus as the major mechanism of persistence . A number of drugs are now tested that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "persistence", "and", "latency", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "medical", "microbiology", "hiv", "viral", "pathogens", "virology", "microbial"...	2014	Dynamics of HIV Latency and Reactivation in a Primary CD4+ T Cell Model
Unbiased phenotypic screens enable identification of small molecules that inhibit pathogen growth by unanticipated mechanisms . These small molecules can be used as starting points for drug discovery programs that target such mechanisms . A major challenge of the approach is the identification of the cellular targets ....	Chagas Disease , or American trypanosomiasis , is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is primarily transmitted to a mammalian host via a triatomine insect vector ( the “kissing bug” ) infected with T . cruzi parasites . Although discovered in 1909 by the physician Dr . Carlos Chagas , the diseas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Utilizing Chemical Genomics to Identify Cytochrome b as a Novel Drug Target for Chagas Disease
Rabies is an important but preventable cause of death in Ethiopia . We assessed the knowledge , attitudes and practices of animal bite victims attending an anti-rabies health center in Jimma Town , Ethiopia . Between July 2012 and March 2013 a cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 384 bite victims or their ...	Rabies is an important but preventable cause of death in Ethiopia . We assessed the knowledge , attitudes and practices of animal bite victims attending an anti-rabies health center in Jimma Town , Ethiopia . We found generally high levels of knowledge about rabies . Participants recognized domestic dogs as the source ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Animal Bite Victims Attending an Anti-rabies Health Center in Jimma Town, Ethiopia
Amoebiasis ( a human intestinal infection affecting 50 million people every year ) is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica . To study the molecular mechanisms underlying human colon invasion by E . histolytica , we have set up an ex vivo human colon model to study the early steps in amoebiasis . Using...	Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis , a human disease . Like other enteric infections , the lack of animal models enhances the difficulty of studying the development of amoebiasis . To date , no experimental model has been developed that reproduces the invasive intestinal amoebic lesions seen in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "And", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/tro...	2009	An ex-vivo Human Intestinal Model to Study Entamoeba histolytica Pathogenesis
The trimeric SARS coronavirus ( SARS-CoV ) surface spike ( S ) glycoprotein consisting of three S1-S2 heterodimers binds the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( ACE2 ) and mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes through a pre- to postfusion conformation transition . Here , we report the stru...	The global outbreak of SARS in 2002–2003 was caused by infection by a human coronavirus , SARS-CoV . Although the virus has been extensively studied with regard to epidemiology , virology , clinical features and other aspects , there are still no approved antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat and prevent infections of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "coronaviruses", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "enzymes", "pathogens", "sars", "coronavirus", "microbiology", "enzymology", "viral", "structure", "electron", "cryo-micros...	2018	Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2
The Influence Maximization Problem ( IMP ) aims to discover the set of nodes with the greatest influence on network dynamics . The problem has previously been applied in epidemiology and social network analysis . Here , we demonstrate the application to cell cycle regulatory network analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisia...	The Influence Maximization Problem ( IMP ) has been applied in fields such as epidemiology and social network analysis . Here , we apply the method to biological networks , aiming to discover the set of regulatory genes with the greatest influence on network dynamics . Fundamentally , since gene regulation is linked to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetic", "networks", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "optimization", "regulator", "genes", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "gene", "types", "thermodynamics", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "...	2017	Solving the influence maximization problem reveals regulatory organization of the yeast cell cycle
Plants are constantly exposed to a large and diverse array of microbes; however , most plants are immune to the majority of potential invaders and susceptible to only a small subset of pathogens . The cytoskeleton comprises a dynamic intracellular framework that responds rapidly to biotic stresses and supports numerous...	The cytoskeleton is a dynamic platform for sensing and responding to a diverse array of biotic and abiotic stresses . The nature and timing of the changes in actin organization range from excessive bundling , to massive depolymerization , to new filament assembly , depending on the particular signal and the responding ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2013	The Plant Actin Cytoskeleton Responds to Signals from Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns
The Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres ( ALT ) pathway is a telomerase-independent pathway for telomere maintenance that is active in a significant subset of human cancers and in vitro immortalized cell lines . ALT is thought to involve templated extension of telomeres through homologous recombination , but the genet...	Telomeres , the protective elements at the ends of chromosomes , need to be maintained for cells to proliferate indefinitely . In many human cancers , the telomeric DNA is replenished by telomerase . However , a second pathway for telomere maintenance , referred to as the ALT pathway , has increasingly been recognized ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2012	Loss of ATRX, Genome Instability, and an Altered DNA Damage Response Are Hallmarks of the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres Pathway
Histone H3K4 methylation is a feature of meiotic recombination hotspots shared by many organisms including plants and mammals . Meiotic recombination is initiated by programmed double-strand break ( DSB ) formation that in budding yeast takes place in gene promoters and is promoted by histone H3K4 di/trimethylation . T...	Meiotic recombination is a conserved pathway of sexual reproduction that is required to faithfully segregate homologous chromosomes and produce viable gametes . Recombination events between homologous chromosomes are triggered by the programmed formation of DNA breaks , which occur preferentially at places called hotsp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "protein", "interactions", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "split-decomposition", "method", "cell", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems",...	2018	The PHD finger protein Spp1 has distinct functions in the Set1 and the meiotic DSB formation complexes
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , with endemicity predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Australia . The mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir ( s ) of the bacterium and remain elusive . Real-time PCR investigations have detected M . ulcerans DNA in a...	Mycobacterium ulcerans causes skin disease predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and southeastern Australia . The mode of transmission and the environmental reservoir ( s ) of the bacterium are unknown . Investigations have detected M . ulcerans DNA in a variety of Australian environmental samples , including the faeces ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "buruli", "ulcer", "animal", "types", "wildlife", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "microbiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2014	Clinical, Microbiological and Pathological Findings of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in Three Australian Possum Species
Type III secretion systems ( T3SS ) are essential for virulence in dozens of pathogens , but are not required for growth outside the host . Therefore , the T3SS of many bacterial species are under tight regulatory control . To increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind T3SS regulation , we performed ...	Bacterial pathogens use regulators that sense environmental cues to enhance their fitness . Here , we identify a transcriptional regulator in the human gut pathogen , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , which controls a specialized secretion system essential for bacterial growth in mammalian tissues . This regulator was show...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology" ]	2014	IscR Is Essential for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion and Virulence
Circulating levels of both seasonal and pandemic influenza require constant surveillance to ensure the health and safety of the population . While up-to-date information is critical , traditional surveillance systems can have data availability lags of up to two weeks . We introduce a novel method of estimating , in nea...	Although influenza is largely avoidable through vaccination , between 3 , 000–50 , 000 deaths occur in the United States each year that are attributed to this disease . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continuously monitor the amount of influenza that is present in the American population and compiles thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "biology", "disease", "informatics" ]	2014	Wikipedia Usage Estimates Prevalence of Influenza-Like Illness in the United States in Near Real-Time
Attempts to detect genetic population substructure in humans are troubled by the fact that the vast majority of the total amount of observed genetic variation is present within populations rather than between populations . Here we introduce a new algorithm for transforming a genetic distance matrix that reduces the wit...	Understanding genetic population substructure is important in evolutionary biology , behavioral ecology , medical genetics and forensic genetics , among others . Several algorithms have recently been developed for investigating genetic population substructure . However , detecting genetic population substructure can be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology" ]	2014	GAGA: A New Algorithm for Genomic Inference of Geographic Ancestry Reveals Fine Level Population Substructure in Europeans
Microbial biofilms are a dominant feature of many human infections . However , developing effective strategies for controlling biofilms requires an understanding of the underlying biology well beyond what currently exists . Using a novel strategy , we have induced formation of a robust biofilm in Escherichia coli by ut...	Both in the wild and in the clinical setting many bacterial species live within surface-attached communities called biofilms . It is still unclear the extent to which the biofilm lifestyle and its associated phenotypes , such as hyper-tolerance to antimicrobial agents , can be attributed to structural characteristics o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "microbiology" ]	2009	Genetic Dissection of an Exogenously Induced Biofilm in Laboratory and Clinical Isolates of E. coli
Dengue appears to be endemic in Africa with a number of reported outbreaks . In February 2013 , several individuals with dengue-like illnesses and negative malaria blood smears were identified in Mombasa , Kenya . Dengue was laboratory confirmed and an investigation was conducted to estimate the magnitude of local tran...	Dengue appears to be endemic in Africa with a number of reported outbreaks . In February 2013 , several individuals with dengue-like illnesses and negative malaria blood smears were identified in Mombasa , Kenya . Dengue was laboratory confirmed and an investigation was conducted to estimate the magnitude of local tran...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	A Household Serosurvey to Estimate the Magnitude of a Dengue Outbreak in Mombasa, Kenya, 2013
Insects that feed by ingesting plant and animal fluids cause devastating damage to humans , livestock , and agriculture worldwide , primarily by transmitting pathogens of plants and animals . The feeding processes required for successful pathogen transmission by sucking insects can be recorded by monitoring voltage cha...	Insect vectors acquire and transmit pathogens causing infectious diseases through probing on host tissues and ingesting host fluids . By connecting insects and their food source via an electrical circuit , computers , using machine learning algorithms , can learn to recognize insect feeding patterns involved in pathoge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "plant", "anatomy", "machine", "learning", "algorithms", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "markov", "models", "pathogens", "applied", "mathematics", "vascular", "bundles", "phloem", "plant", "physiol...	2016	Machine Learning for Characterization of Insect Vector Feeding
Lateral organ position along roots and shoots largely determines plant architecture , and depends on auxin distribution patterns . Determination of the underlying patterning mechanisms has hitherto been complicated because they operate during growth and division . Here , we show by experiments and computational modelin...	Plant architecture is determined by where shoots or roots form along the main axis , but the mechanism responsible for lateral root initiation has long puzzled biologists . Here , we show that stretching root cells initiates changes in hormone transport , leading to lateral root initiation in plants , thereby solving a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "plant", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2008	Root System Architecture from Coupling Cell Shape to Auxin Transport
The levels of telomeric proteins , such as telomerase , can have profound effects on telomere function , cell division and human disease . Here we demonstrate how levels of Stn1 , a component of the conserved telomere capping CST ( Cdc13 , Stn1 , Ten1 ) complex , are tightly regulated by an upstream overlapping open re...	Telomeres are special structures at the ends of linear chromosomes that help protect the genetic information that chromosomes carry . The levels of telomere proteins are important and can affect diseases such as cancer and ageing . The CST complex is comprised of three proteins and binds human and yeast telomeres . Lev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "messenger", "rna", "telomeres", "mutation", "fungi", "dna", "replication", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "telomere", "length", "chromosome", "biology", "hyperexpressi...	2018	Overlapping open reading frames strongly reduce human and yeast STN1 gene expression and affect telomere function
The use of filter paper as a simple , inexpensive tool for storage and transportation of blood , ‘Dried Blood Spots’ or Guthrie cards , for diagnostic assays is well-established . In contrast , there are a paucity of diagnostic evaluations of dried cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) spots . These have potential applications i...	Japanese encephalitis virus infection is widespread in Asia , and primarily affects children in poor , rural areas . The virus spreads to the brain and spinal cord resulting in significant death and disability . Diagnosis requires testing for the immune response ‘antibody’ specific to Japanese encephalitis virus in the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "japanese", "encephalitis", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "laboratory", "equipment", "engineering", "and", "technology", "nervous", "system", "pathogens", ...	2016	Pre-cut Filter Paper for Detecting Anti-Japanese Encephalitis Virus IgM from Dried Cerebrospinal Fluid Spots
Homologous recombination ( HR ) is required for both genome maintenance and generation of diversity in eukaryotes and prokaryotes . This process initiates from single-stranded ( ss ) DNA and is driven by a universal recombinase , which promotes strand exchange between homologous sequences . The bacterial recombinase , ...	Homologous recombination ( HR ) is a widespread process which maintains genome integrity and promotes diversity . In bacteria , HR mends damaged DNA to ensure genome integrity and is also involved in transformation , a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer allowing acquisition of new genetic traits . HR is driven by re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "horizontal", "gene", "transfer", "genetics", "microbial", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "dna", "repair", "dna", "dna", "recombination", "evolutionary", "biology", "molecular", "genetics", "evolutionary", "processes", "gene", "transfe...	2015	RecFOR Is Not Required for Pneumococcal Transformation but Together with XerS for Resolution of Chromosome Dimers Frequently Formed in the Process
Pollen tube reception involves a pollen tube-synergid interaction that controls the discharge of sperm cells into the embryo sac during plant fertilization . Despite its importance in the sexual reproduction of plants , little is known about the role of gene regulation in this process . We report here that the pollen-e...	Pollen tube reception is an important step of fertilization and is controlled by interactions between the pollen tube and synergid . Components of both the pollen tube and synergid are believed to be involved in the process . Several proteins associated with this process have been identified in synergid cells . However...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	MYB97, MYB101 and MYB120 Function as Male Factors That Control Pollen Tube-Synergid Interaction in Arabidopsis thaliana Fertilization
Recent estimates on global morbidity and mortality caused by Leptospirosis point to one million cases and almost 60 , 000 deaths a year worldwide , especially in resource poor countries . We analyzed how a commensal probiotic immunomodulator , Lactobacillus plantarum , affects Leptospira interrogans pathogenesis in a m...	Leptospirosis is an emerging neglected zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that affects nearly all vertebrates and causes infection in ~1 million people on a yearly basis . Effective cross-protective vaccines are not available and antibiotic treatment is only effective if used early in the course of infection ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "leptospira", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immune", "physiology", "spleen", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "experimental...	2017	Pre-treatment with Lactobacillus plantarum prevents severe pathogenesis in mice infected with Leptospira interrogans and may be associated with recruitment of myeloid cells
Dengue imposes a substantial economic and disease burden in most tropical and subtropical countries . Dengue incidence and severity have dramatically increased in Mexico during the past decades . Having objective and comparable estimates of the economic burden of dengue is essential to inform health policy , increase d...	During the past decades , dengue fever has become the most common arthropod-borne viral disease , imposing a substantial economic and disease burden in most tropical and subtropical countries , including Mexico . Dengue incidence and severity have dramatically increased in Mexico , with transmission regularly reported ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[]	2015	Economic and Disease Burden of Dengue in Mexico
RIG-I-like receptors ( RLRs: RIG-I , MDA5 and LGP2 ) play a major role in the innate immune response against viral infections and detect patterns on viral RNA molecules that are typically absent from host RNA . Upon RNA binding , RLRs trigger a complex downstream signaling cascade resulting in the expression of type I ...	RIG-I-like receptors ( RLRs ) are helicase-like molecules that detect cytosolic RNAs that are absent in the non-infected host . Upon binding to specific RNA patterns , RLRs elicit a signaling cascade that leads to host defense via the production of antiviral molecules . To understand how RLRs sense RNA , it is importan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunity", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "pathogenesis", "immune", "system" ]	2014	In Vivo Ligands of MDA5 and RIG-I in Measles Virus-Infected Cells
Varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) causes chickenpox in humans and , subsequently , establishes latency in the sensory ganglia from where it reactivates to cause herpes zoster . Infection of rhesus macaques with simian varicella virus ( SVV ) recapitulates VZV pathogenesis in humans thus representing a suitable animal mode...	In this manuscript we demonstrate that the immediate early protein ORF63 encoded by varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) and simian varicella virus ( SVV ) interferes with interferon type I-mediated activation of JAK-STAT signaling and thereby inhibits the expression of interferon stimulated genes . ORF63 blocks this pathway...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Varicella Viruses Inhibit Interferon-Stimulated JAK-STAT Signaling through Multiple Mechanisms
The RNA synthesis machinery of vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV ) comprises the genomic RNA encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid protein ( N ) and associated with the RNA dependent RNA polymerase , the viral components of which are a large protein ( L ) and an accessory phosphoprotein ( P ) . The 241 kDa L protein co...	Using a prototype of the nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses , vesicular stomatitis virus , we probed the spatial relationship between the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and 5′ mRNA capping and methylation activities of the large polymerase protein . Because the 5′ mRNA processing reactions dramatically impact the n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "rna", "processing", "virology", "gene", "expression", "viral", "enzymes", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "replication", "viral", "replication", "complex", "molecular", "biology" ]	2011	A Freeze Frame View of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Transcription Defines a Minimal Length of RNA for 5′ Processing
The shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) maintains a pool of indeterminate cells within the SAM proper , while lateral organs are initiated from the SAM periphery . Laser microdissection–microarray technology was used to compare transcriptional profiles within these SAM domains to identify novel maize genes that function duri...	All the organs of plant shoots are derived from the shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) , a pool of plant stem cells that are both organogenic and self-sustaining . These dual SAM functions take place in distinct yet adjacent meristematic domains; leaves are derived from the peripheral zone ( PZ ) of the SAM whereas cells lo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression", "plant", "biology" ]	2009	Microdissection of Shoot Meristem Functional Domains
Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stages of Toxocara canis ( T . canis ) and less frequently Toxocara cati ( T . cati ) . A relationship between toxocariasis and epilepsy has been hypothesized . We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis of available data to evaluate the strength...	Human toxocariasis is an infection caused by the larval stage of the worms Toxocara canis and less frequently Toxocara cati , common parasites of domestic and peridomestic dogs and cats . It is a cosmopolitan infection , occurring whenever the man-soil-dog relationship is particularly close , especially in tropical cou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "neurology", "neurological", "disorders", "public", "health", "veterinary", "science" ]	2012	Toxocariasis and Epilepsy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The ability to discriminate tones of different frequencies is fundamentally important for everyday hearing . While neurons in the primary auditory cortex ( AC ) respond differentially to tones of different frequencies , whether and how AC regulates auditory behaviors that rely on frequency discrimination remains poorly...	Hearing perception relies on our ability to tell apart the spectral content of different sounds , and to learn to use this difference to distinguish behaviorally relevant ( such as dangerous and safe ) sounds . Recently , we demonstrated that the auditory cortex regulates frequency discrimination acuity following assoc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Bidirectional Regulation of Innate and Learned Behaviors That Rely on Frequency Discrimination by Cortical Inhibitory Neurons
Dengue virus ( DENV ) nonstructural protein-1 ( NS1 ) is a secreted glycoprotein that is absent from viral particles but accumulates in the supernatant and on the plasma membrane of cells during infection . Immune recognition of cell surface NS1 on endothelial cells has been hypothesized as a mechanism for the vascular...	Dengue virus ( DENV ) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that infects humans and has become a global emerging infectious disease threat . Four serotypes of DENV exist , and the most severe cases are associated with secondary infection with a different virus serotype . Clinical deterioration is characterized by bleeding an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viruses", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "in", "vitro", "immunology", "microbiology", "eukaryotes", "mus", "(mouse)", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Secreted NS1 of Dengue Virus Attaches to the Surface of Cells via Interactions with Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate E
Chromatin insulators organize the genome into distinct transcriptional domains and contribute to cell type–specific chromatin organization . However , factors regulating tissue-specific insulator function have not yet been discovered . Here we identify the RNA recognition motif-containing protein Shep as a direct inter...	Mounting evidence in human , mouse , and Drosophila demonstrates a role for the DNA–protein complexes known as chromatin insulators in orchestrating three-dimensional genome organization . Several genes that are only expressed in specific cell types display distinct chromatin configurations correlated with expression s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology", "chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "chromatin", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "gene", "function"...	2012	Tissue-Specific Regulation of Chromatin Insulator Function
In the wake of the West African Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) outbreak of 2014–2016 , thousands of EVD survivors began to manifest a constellation of systemic and ophthalmic sequelae . Besides systemic arthralgias , myalgias , and abdominal pain , patients were developing uveitis , a spectrum of inflammatory eye disease ...	The West African Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) outbreak from 2014–2016 resulted in thousands of EVD survivors at-risk for uveitis , an inflammatory eye condition with the potential for vision impairment or blindness if not promptly diagnosed and treated . Given the equipment and resource limitations within West Africa , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2019	Development of a screening eye clinic for Ebola virus disease survivors: Lessons learned and rapid implementation at ELWA Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia 2015
The Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island ( cagPAI ) encodes a type IV secretion system . Humans infected with cagPAI–carrying H . pylori are at increased risk for sequelae such as gastric cancer . Housekeeping genes in H . pylori show considerable genetic diversity; but the diversity of virulence factors such a...	Most humans are infected with Helicobacter pylori . The H . pylori cag pathogenicity island ( cagPAI ) encodes a secretion apparatus that can translocate the CagA protein into host cells . Humans infected with cagPAI–carrying H . pylori are at increased risk of severe disease , including gastric cancer . We analyzed th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "infectious", "diseases/gastrointestinal", "infections" ]	2010	A Global Overview of the Genetic and Functional Diversity in the Helicobacter pylori cag Pathogenicity Island
Throughout most of the mammalian genome , genetically regulated developmental programming establishes diverse yet predictable epigenetic states across differentiated cells and tissues . At metastable epialleles ( MEs ) , conversely , epigenotype is established stochastically in the early embryo then maintained in diffe...	There is growing interest in the possibility that interindividual epigenetic variation plays an important role in a broad range of human diseases . The tissue-specificity of epigenetic regulation , however , will in many cases make it difficult to obtain the appropriate tissues in which to perform large-scale studies l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "molecular", "biology/dna", "methylation", "nutrition" ]	2010	Season of Conception in Rural Gambia Affects DNA Methylation at Putative Human Metastable Epialleles
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases have been shown to be involved in influenza virus pathogenesis . They are targeted directly by virus proteins and are essential for efficient viral replication in infected lung epithelial cells . However , to date the role of PI3K signaling in influenza infection in vivo has not been thorough...	Acute respiratory viral infections like influenza virus can cause life-threatening disease in infected individuals . Phosphoinositide-3-kinases have been suggested to be important factors used by the virus to infect and replicate in host cells , and thereby cause viral pneumonia . However , to date the role of these si...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "respiratory", "infections", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunology", "microbiology", "orthomyxoviruses", "pul...	2016	PI3Kγ Is Critical for Dendritic Cell-Mediated CD8+ T Cell Priming and Viral Clearance during Influenza Virus Infection
Hospital networks , formed by patients visiting multiple hospitals , affect the spread of hospital-associated infections , resulting in differences in risks for hospitals depending on their network position . These networks are increasingly used to inform strategies to prevent and control the spread of hospital-associa...	Shared patients can spread hospital-associated pathogens between hospitals , together forming a large network in which all hospitals are connected . We set out to measure the distance between hospitals in such a network , best reflecting the risk of a hospital-associated pathogen spreading from one to the other . The c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "distance", "measurement", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "health", "care", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "network", ...	2017	Measuring distance through dense weighted networks: The case of hospital-associated pathogens
Kenya has experienced outbreaks of chikungunya in the past years with the most recent outbreak occurring in Mandera in the northern region in May 2016 and in Mombasa in the coastal region from November 2017 to February 2018 . Despite the outbreaks in Kenya , studies on vector competence have only been conducted on Aede...	Kenya experienced its first chikungunya outbreak in 2004/2005 along the coastal area , followed by sporadic outbreaks in Mandera in 2016 , and subsequently in Mombasa city in late 2017 and early 2018 . Despite the rising risk of transmission of the virus in the country based on evidence of outbreaks in Kenya , vector c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "vector-borne", "diseases",...	2018	Vector competence of Aedes bromeliae and Aedes vitattus mosquito populations from Kenya for chikungunya virus
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins ( IFITMs ) inhibit infection of diverse enveloped viruses , including the influenza A virus ( IAV ) which is thought to enter from late endosomes . Recent evidence suggests that IFITMs block virus hemifusion ( lipid mixing in the absence of viral content release ) by altering t...	Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins ( IFITMs ) block infection of many enveloped viruses , including the influenza A virus ( IAV ) that enters from late endosomes . IFITMs are thought to prevent virus hemifusion ( merger of contacting leaflets without formation of a fusion pore ) by altering the properties of cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2014	IFITM3 Restricts Influenza A Virus Entry by Blocking the Formation of Fusion Pores following Virus-Endosome Hemifusion
Linking synaptic connectivity to dynamics is key to understanding information processing in neocortex . Circuit dynamics emerge from complex interactions of interconnected neurons , necessitating that links between connectivity and dynamics be evaluated at the network level . Here we map propagating activity in large n...	Active networks of neurons exhibit beyond-pairwise dynamical features . In this work , we identify a canonical higher-order correlation in network dynamics and trace its emergence to synaptic integration . We find that temporally coordinated firing preferentially occurs at sites of fan-in triangles—a synaptic motif whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "network", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "computer", "a...	2016	Higher-Order Synaptic Interactions Coordinate Dynamics in Recurrent Networks
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging tropical infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp . The different host innate immune responses are partially related to the different severities of leptospirosis . In this study , we employed transcriptomics and cytokine arrays to comparatively calculate the responses of mur...	Although pathogenic Leptospira is not an obligate intracellular pathogen , recent studies have shown that phagocytosis and innate immunity play important roles in leptospirosis . The Leptospira-macrophage interaction is a common model used to elucidate the initial response in leptospiral infection . Our previous resear...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Responses of Murine and Human Macrophages to Leptospiral Infection: A Study Using Comparative Array Analysis
Mycobacterium leprae , an obligate intracellular bacillus , infects Schwann cells ( SCs ) , leading to peripheral nerve damage , the most severe leprosy symptom . In the present study , we revisited the involvement of phenolic glycolipid I ( PGL I ) , an abundant , private , surface M . leprae molecule , in M . leprae-...	Nerve damage is the most severe symptom of leprosy , an ancient disease that continues to be a major health problem in several countries . Nerve damage is due to the ability of Mycobacterium leprae , the etiologic agent , to invade SCs , the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system . Understanding the molecular bas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "mycobacterium", "leprae", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "gene", "regulation", "tropical", "diseases", "light", "microscopy", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "macroglial", "cells", "organisms", "bacterial",...	2018	PGL I expression in live bacteria allows activation of a CD206/PPARγ cross-talk that may contribute to successful Mycobacterium leprae colonization of peripheral nerves
The ability of neurons to differentially respond to specific temporal and spatial input patterns underlies information storage in neural circuits . One means of achieving spatial specificity is to restrict signaling molecules to particular subcellular compartments using anchoring molecules such as A-Kinase Anchoring Pr...	The hippocampus is a part of the cerebral cortex involved in formation of certain types of long term memories . Activity-dependent change in the strength of neuronal connections in the hippocampus , known as synaptic plasticity , is one mechanism used to store memories . The ability to form crisp and distinguishable me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2011	Colocalization of Protein Kinase A with Adenylyl Cyclase Enhances Protein Kinase A Activity during Induction of Long-Lasting Long-Term-Potentiation
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) infects mainly CD4+CCR4+ effector/memory T cells in vivo . However , it remains unknown whether HTLV-1 preferentially infects these T cells or this virus converts infected precursor cells to specialized T cells . Expression of viral genes in vivo is critical to study viral ...	HTLV-1 primarily infects peripheral CD4+CCR4+CADM1+ T cells in vivo . In this study , we show that HTLV-1 infects HSCs , which differentiate into multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells , and likely act as viral reservoir , giving rise to infected neutrophils , monocytes and B cells . Infected monocytes are thought to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "cell", "differentiation", "retroviruses", "viruses", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "developmen...	2017	Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infects multiple lineage hematopoietic cells in vivo
Satellite RNAs ( satRNAs ) are small noncoding subviral RNA pathogens in plants that depend on helper viruses for replication and spread . Despite many decades of research , the origin of satRNAs remains unknown . In this study we show that a β-glucuronidase ( GUS ) transgene fused with a Cucumber mosaic virus ( CMV ) ...	Satellite RNAs ( satRNAs ) are small RNA pathogens in plants that depend on associated viruses for replication and spread . While much is known about the replication and pathogenicity of satRNAs , their origin remains a mystery . We report evidence for a host genome origin of the Cucumber mosaic virus ( CMV ) satRNA . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences" ]	2015	Nicotiana Small RNA Sequences Support a Host Genome Origin of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite RNA
The bacterial flagellar type III export apparatus , which is required for flagellar assembly beyond the cell membranes , consists of a transmembrane export gate complex and a cytoplasmic ATPase complex . FlhA , FlhB , FliP , FliQ , and FliR form the gate complex inside the basal body MS ring , although FliO is required...	The bacterial flagellar type III export gate complex is a membrane-embedded nanomachine responsible for flagellar protein export and exits in a patch of membrane within the central pore of the basal body MS ring . In this work , we investigate how formation of the export gate complex is initiated . The export gate comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "dimers", "(chemical", "physics)", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "enzymes", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "immunoblotting"...	2017	Assembly and stoichiometry of the core structure of the bacterial flagellar type III export gate complex
Human infections with subtype H7 avian influenza viruses have been reported as early as 1979 . In 1996 , a genetically stable 24-nucleotide deletion emerged in North American H7 influenza virus hemagglutinins , resulting in an eight amino acid deletion in the receptor-binding site . The continuous circulation of these ...	Influenza virus adaptation to different hosts usually results in a switch in receptor specificity of the viral surface coat protein , hemagglutinin . Indeed , the hemagglutinin subtypes from the last two human influenza pandemics of the 20th Century ( H2 in 1957 and H3 1968 ) both adapted successfully to human-type rec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "biochemistry/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "infectious", "diseases/respiratory", "infections" ]	2010	Structures of Receptor Complexes of a North American H7N2 Influenza Hemagglutinin with a Loop Deletion in the Receptor Binding Site
Asparagine synthetase ( AS ) catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of aspartate into asparagine using ammonia or glutamine as nitrogen source . There are two distinct types of AS , asparagine synthetase A ( AS-A ) , known as strictly ammonia-dependent , and asparagine synthetase B ( AS-B ) , which can use either ammon...	The amino acid asparagine is important not only for protein biosynthesis , but also for nitrogen homeostasis . Asparagine synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of this amino acid . There are two forms of asparagine synthetase , A and B . The presence of type A in trypanosomes , and its absence in humans , makes this prote...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Knockdown of Asparagine Synthetase A Renders Trypanosoma brucei Auxotrophic to Asparagine
IL-23 regulates myriad processes in the innate and adaptive immune systems , and is a critical mediator of the proinflammatory effects exerted by Th17 cells in many diseases . In this study , we investigated whether and how hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) causes liver damage directly through the IL-23 signaling pathway . In ...	While it is known that IL-23 plays a pivotal role in maintenance of the Th17 phenotype and their production of the IL-17 cytokine , the mechanisms by which HBV induces particular immune cell types to produce IL-23 remain unknown . In the study of human hepatitis B described herein , we demonstrated that IL-23 is princi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "hepatitis", "b", "hepatitis", "viral", "diseases", "gastrointestinal", "infections" ]	2013	Hepatitis B Virus Induces IL-23 Production in Antigen Presenting Cells and Causes Liver Damage via the IL-23/IL-17 Axis
A central question in cognitive neuroscience regards the means by which options are compared and decisions are resolved during value-guided choice . It is clear that several component processes are needed; these include identifying options , a value-based comparison , and implementation of actions to execute the decisi...	There are several competing theories of how the primate brain supports the ability to choose between different opportunities to obtain rewards – such as food , shelter , or more abstract goods ( e . g . money ) . These theories suggest that the comparison of different options is either fundamentally dependent upon regi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Trial-Type Dependent Frames of Reference for Value Comparison
Few studies have investigated the relative influence of individual susceptibility versus household exposure factors versus regional clustering of infection on soil transmitted helminth ( STH ) transmission . The present study examined reinfection dynamics and spatial clustering of Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trich...	Control of soil transmitted helminth ( STH ) infections is of central importance to improving preschool child health because these infections can have long lasting consequences on growth and development . Our study in indigenous Ngäbe preschool children in western Panama was conducted over a period of 16 months . We mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "disease", "mapping", "socioeconomic", "aspects", "of", "health", "environmental", "health", "disease", "ecology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "public", "health" ]	2013	Regional, Household and Individual Factors that Influence Soil Transmitted Helminth Reinfection Dynamics in Preschool Children from Rural Indigenous Panamá
Phagocytosis is a complex process that eliminates microbes and is performed by specialised cells such as macrophages . Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) is expressed on the surface of macrophages and recognizes Gram-negative bacteria . Moreover , TLR4 has been suggested to play a role in the phagocytosis of Gram-negative b...	The Gram-negative bacteria E . coli is the most common cause of severe human pathological conditions like sepsis . Sepsis is a clinical syndrome defined by pathological changes due to systemic inflammation , resulting in paralysis of adaptive T-cell immunity with IFN-β as a critical factor . TLR4 is a key sensing recep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "vesicles", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "immunology", "microbiology", "immunoblott...	2019	The TLR4 adaptor TRAM controls the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with the Rab11-family interacting protein 2
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein , gp120 , undergoes multiple molecular interactions and structural rearrangements during the course of host cell attachment and viral entry , which are being increasingly defined at the atomic level using isolated proteins . In comparison , antigenic markers of these dynamic changes are ...	A major strategy for blocking HIV-1 infection is to target antiviral antibodies or drugs to sites of vulnerability on the surface proteins of the virus . It is a relatively straightforward matter to explore these sites on the surfaces of free HIV-1 particles or on isolated viral envelope antigens . However , one diffic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Antigenic Properties of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Gp120 on Virions Bound to Target Cells
In our daily lives timing of our actions plays an essential role when we navigate the complex everyday environment . It is an open question though how the representations of the temporal structure of the world influence our behavior . Here we propose a probabilistic model with an explicit representation of state durati...	Although time perception and timed behavior are essential for our everyday experience , it is still unclear how the human brain represents the underlying temporal regularities of our dynamic environment . These regularities and their representations in the brain are important to generate well-timed behavior . When deci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "learning", "markov", "models", "decision", "making", "statistics", "experimental", "design", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "research", "design", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "forecasting", "cognition", "thermodynamics", "...	2019	Predicting change: Approximate inference under explicit representation of temporal structure in changing environments
The bicoid stability factor ( BSF ) of Drosophila melanogaster has been reported to be present in the cytoplasm , where it stabilizes the maternally contributed bicoid mRNA and binds mRNAs expressed from early zygotic genes . BSF may also have other roles , as it is ubiquitously expressed and essential for survival of ...	The majority of the cellular energy currency ATP is formed in a tubular network , termed mitochondria , present within virtually all eukaryotic cells . The mitochondria are unique among cellular organelles in that they contain their own genome , which encodes critical proteins necessary for cellular energy production ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	The Bicoid Stability Factor Controls Polyadenylation and Expression of Specific Mitochondrial mRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster
The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum causes stalk rot in maize . We tracked this pathogen’s growth in wound-inoculated maize stalks using a fluorescence-labeled fungal isolate and observed that invasive hyphae grew intercellularly up to 24 h post inoculation , grew intra- and inter-cellularly between 36–48 h , an...	Gibberella stalk rot of maize is an economically important crop disease caused by the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum ( previously also called Gibberella zeae ) . Stalk rots develop in the main stem of mature maize plants . Detailed anatomical studies of the complete infection process in maize stalk have not pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fusarium", "chemical", "compounds", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "phosphates", "fungal", "genetics", "pathogens", "microbiology", "fusarium", "graminearum", "cereal", "crops", "model", "organisms", "crops", "fun...	2016	Cellular Tracking and Gene Profiling of Fusarium graminearum during Maize Stalk Rot Disease Development Elucidates Its Strategies in Confronting Phosphorus Limitation in the Host Apoplast
Conjugation is one mechanism for intra- and inter-species horizontal gene transfer among bacteria . Conjugative elements have been instrumental in many bacterial species to face the threat of antibiotics , by allowing them to evolve and adapt to these hostile conditions . Conjugative plasmids are transferred to plasmid...	Bacteria exchange DNA in their natural environments . The process called conjugation consists of DNA transfer by cell contact from one bacterium to another . Conjugative circular plasmids have been identified as shuttles and reservoirs for adaptive genes . It is now established that such lateral gene transfer plays an ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/...	2010	Conjugative DNA Transfer Induces the Bacterial SOS Response and Promotes Antibiotic Resistance Development through Integron Activation
Antibodies developed for research and clinical applications may exhibit suboptimal stability , expressibility , or affinity . Existing optimization strategies focus on surface mutations , whereas natural affinity maturation also introduces mutations in the antibody core , simultaneously improving stability and affinity...	Antibodies are highly important in research , biotechnology , and medical applications . Despite their great utility , however , many antibodies exhibit suboptimal stability and affinity , raising production costs and limiting their practical usefulness . To tackle this general limitation , we used deep mutational scan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "deletion", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzymes", "immunology", "enzymology", "mutation", "fungi", "antibodies", "immunologic", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "immune", "system", "proteins", "ant...	2019	Optimizing antibody affinity and stability by the automated design of the variable light-heavy chain interfaces
Messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) often contain binding sites for multiple , different microRNAs ( miRNAs ) . However , the biological significance of this feature is unclear , since such co-targeting miRNAs could function coordinately , independently , or redundantly with one another . Here , we show that two co-transcribed Dr...	Deregulation of mRNAs that are targeted by multiple miRNAs is a common feature of a number of diseased states including neurodegenerative disorders . The currently accepted model is that the combined action of all binding miRNAs ensures target repression . Here , we show that two co-expressed miRNAs exert distinct outc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "vacuoles", "gene", "regulation", "enzymes", "rna", "extraction", "enzymology", "neuroscience", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "animals", "animal", "models", "age", "groups", "micrornas",...	2016	A let-7-to-miR-125 MicroRNA Switch Regulates Neuronal Integrity and Lifespan in Drosophila
Elucidation of the epigenetic basis for cell-type specific gene regulation is key to gaining a full understanding of how the distinct phenotypes of differentiated cells are achieved and maintained . Here we examined how epigenetic changes are integrated with transcriptional activation to determine cell phenotype during...	Understanding the role of epigenetic control of gene expression is critical to the full description of biological processes , such as development and regeneration . Herein we utilize the differentiation of cells from the distal lung to gain insight into the correlation between the epigenetic landscape , molecular signa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Integrated Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Analysis of Primary Human Lung Epithelial Cell Differentiation
The plant life cycle alternates between two distinct multi-cellular generations , the reduced gametophytes and the dominant sporophyte . Little is known about how generation-specific cell fate , differentiation , and development are controlled by the core regulators of the cell cycle . In Arabidopsis , RETINOBLASTOMA R...	Understanding the convergent developmental mechanisms of core cell cycle genes is highly instructive in biology . When these genes are essential in development , lethality precludes mutation analysis throughout the life cycle of an organism . We subjected a homozygous lethal mutation in RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED ( RBR ) o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "developmental", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2010	Dosage-Sensitive Function of RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED and Convergent Epigenetic Control Are Required during the Arabidopsis Life Cycle
Cardiac progenitors are specified early in development and progressively differentiate and mature into fully functional cardiomyocytes . This process is controlled by an extensively studied transcriptional program . However , the regulatory events coordinating the progression of such program from development to maturat...	Properly regulated gene expression in time and space during development and differentiation requires not only transcriptional inputs , but also specific structuring of the chromatin . CTCF is a DNA binding factor that is believed to be critical for this process through binding to tens of thousands of sites across the g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "gene", "regulation", "cardiac", "ventricles", "developmental", "biology", "mitochondria", "epigenetics", "bioenergetics", "embryos", "mammalian", "genomics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles"...	2017	CTCF counter-regulates cardiomyocyte development and maturation programs in the embryonic heart
The clustering of transcription factor binding sites in developmental enhancers and the apparent preferential conservation of clustered sites have been widely interpreted as proof that spatially constrained physical interactions between transcription factors are required for regulatory function . However , we show here...	Because mutation is a random process , most biologists assume that apparently non-random features of genome sequences must be the result of natural selection acting to create and preserve them . Where this is true , genome sequences provide a powerful means to infer aspects of molecular , cellular , and organismal biol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics" ]	2010	Evolutionary Mirages: Selection on Binding Site Composition Creates the Illusion of Conserved Grammars in Drosophila Enhancers
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( TSE ) or prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders associated with conversion of normal host prion protein ( PrP ) to a misfolded , protease-resistant form ( PrPres ) . Genetic variations of prion protein in humans and animals can alter susceptibility to both familial an...	Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( TSE ) or prion diseases are infectious fatal neurological diseases that affect many mammals , including humans . In these diseases a misfolded form of host prion protein ( PrP ) leads to brain degeneration and death . The genetic code of PrP in individual animals or humans ha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "neuroscience", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "mouse", "neurological", "disorders", "neurology", "genetics", "human", "gen...	2011	Strain Specific Resistance to Murine Scrapie Associated with a Naturally Occurring Human Prion Protein Polymorphism at Residue 171
Metastatic dissemination employs both the blood and lymphatic vascular systems . Solid tumors dynamically remodel and generate both vessel types during cancer progression . Lymphatic vessel invasion and cancer cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes ( LNs ) are prognostic markers for breast cancer metastasis and patien...	Cancer progression and metastasis of solid tumors can occur in association with the generation of new lymphatic vessels ( lymphangiogenesis ) . Lymphatic vessel invasion and cancer cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes are used as prognostic markers for breast cancer metastasis and patient outcome . However , the spe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "immunofluorescence", "staining", "chemical", "compounds", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "basic", "cancer", "research", "oncology", "animal", "models", "luminescent", "proteins", "model", "organisms", "yellow...	2018	Podoplanin+ tumor lymphatics are rate limiting for breast cancer metastasis
This paper shows that the various computations underlying spatial cognition can be implemented using statistical inference in a single probabilistic model . Inference is implemented using a common set of ‘lower-level’ computations involving forward and backward inference over time . For example , to estimate where you ...	The ability of mammals to navigate is well studied , both behaviourally and in terms on the underlying neurophysiology . Navigation is a well studied topic in computational fields such as machine learning and signal processing . However , studies in computational neuroscience , which draw together these findings , have...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "circuit", "models", "mathematics", "computational", "neuroscience", "statistics", "statistical", "methods", "biology", "computational", "biology", "nonlinear", "dynamics", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory" ]	2013	Forward and Backward Inference in Spatial Cognition
Treatment of urinary schistosomiasis by chemotherapy remains challenging due to rapid re-infection and possibly to limited susceptibility to praziquantel treatment . Therefore , therapeutic vaccines represent an attractive alternative control strategy . The objectives of this study were to assess the safety and tolerab...	Therapeutic vaccines represent an attractive tool in the fight against schistosomiasis . Pre-clinical immunization studies with the schistosome enzyme 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase ( 28GST ) has been shown to significantly reduce schistosome egg production and subsequent pathology . The objective of this study was t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "vaccines", "medicine", "vaccination", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "parasitology", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "vaccine", "development", "immune", "response" ]	2012	Safety and Immunogenicity of rSh28GST Antigen in Humans: Phase 1 Randomized Clinical Study of a Vaccine Candidate against Urinary Schistosomiasis
Alveolar echinococcosis ( AE ) is caused by infection with the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis . An increasing understanding of immunological events that account for the metacestode survival in human and murine AE infection prompted us to undertake explorative experiments tackling the potential...	Current medical management of AE that relies on surgery and continuous benzimidazole administration is of limited effectiveness . Therefore , alternative preventive and therapeutic tools need to be explored . Here , we demonstrate that vaccination with recombinant antigen EmP29 ( rEmP29 ) , prior or after secondary inf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Prevention and Immunotherapy of Secondary Murine Alveolar Echinococcosis Employing Recombinant EmP29 Antigen
Conformational ensembles are increasingly recognized as a useful representation to describe fundamental relationships between protein structure , dynamics and function . Here we present an ensemble of ubiquitin in solution that is created by sampling conformational space without experimental information using “Backrub”...	Knowledge of protein properties is essential for enhancing the understanding and engineering of biological functions . One key property of proteins is their flexibility—their intrinsic ability to adopt different conformations . This flexibility can be measured experimentally but the measurements are indirect and comput...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "sequence", "analysis", "computational", "biology", "computational", "biology/molecular", "dynamics" ]	2009	A Correspondence Between Solution-State Dynamics of an Individual Protein and the Sequence and Conformational Diversity of its Family
The class II trans-activator CIITA is a transcriptional co-activator required for the expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex ( MHC ) genes . Although the latter function is well established , the global target-gene specificity of CIITA had not been defined . We therefore generated a comprehensive list of its ta...	Most mammalian transcription factors and transcriptional co-activators are believed to regulate the activities of numerous genes fulfilling multiple functions . This pleiotropic role has recently been confirmed directly for several individual factors by large-scale mapping studies aimed at generating comprehensive cata...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/leukocyte", "signaling", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2008	Identification of CIITA Regulated Genetic Module Dedicated for Antigen Presentation
Dengue is one of the most significant public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries , and is increasingly being detected in traditionally non-endemic areas . In Bhutan , dengue virus ( DENV ) has only recently been detected and limited information is available . In this study , we analyzed the epidemiolo...	We describe the epidemiological and molecular features of DENV currently circulating in the two southwestern districts of Bhutan , demonstrating a shift in serotype dominance from previous DENV-3 ( 2004–2006 ) to current DENV-1 ( 2013–2014 ) . The presence of the dengue virus in Bhutan is a relatively recent one . Unfo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Dengue Virus Circulating in Bhutan, 2013-2014
Recycling of signaling proteins is a common phenomenon in diverse signaling pathways . In photoreceptors of Drosophila , light absorption by rhodopsin triggers a phospholipase Cβ-mediated opening of the ion channels transient receptor potential ( TRP ) and TRP-like ( TRPL ) and generates the visual response . The signa...	Protein trafficking in neurons occurs throughout the lifetime of a cell and includes the internalization and redistribution of plasma membrane proteins . Regulated protein trafficking controls the equipment of the plasma membrane with receptors and ion channels and thereby attenuates or enhances neuronal function . Def...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The GTP- and Phospholipid-Binding Protein TTD14 Regulates Trafficking of the TRPL Ion Channel in Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells
Plasmodium vivax transmission in Thailand has been substantially reduced over the past 10 years , yet it remains highly endemic along international borders . Understanding the genetic relationship of residual parasite populations can help track the origins of the parasites that are reintroduced into malaria-free region...	This study presents an updated view of the P . vivax populations along the Thai-Myanmar and the Thai-Cambodian borders . Genotyping of parasite samples collected after intensified malaria control demonstrated that despite the decline in overall transmission intensity , the genetic diversity of the P . vivax parasites r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "groups", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "plasmodium", "population", "genetics", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "...	2017	Substantial population structure of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand facilitates identification of the sources of residual transmission
Bacteriophages ( or phages ) dominate the biosphere both numerically and in terms of genetic diversity . In particular , genomic comparisons suggest a remarkable level of horizontal gene transfer among temperate phages , favoring a high evolution rate . Molecular mechanisms of this pervasive mosaicism are mostly unknow...	Temperate bacteriophages ( or phages ) are bacterial viruses that , unlike virulent phages , have the ability to enter a prophage dormant state upon infection , in which they stably replicate with the bacterial genome . A majority of bacterial genomes contain multiple active or defective prophages , and numerous bacter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "model", "organisms", "genomics", "genetics", "microbiology", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Temperate Phages Acquire DNA from Defective Prophages by Relaxed Homologous Recombination: The Role of Rad52-Like Recombinases
We have characterized a novel pleiotropic role for CymR , the master regulator of cysteine metabolism . We show here that CymR plays an important role both in stress response and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus . Genes involved in detoxification processes , including oxidative stress response and metal ion homeostas...	Staphylococcus aureus is a very harmful human pathogen that is a major cause of nosocomial infections . Humans have developed sophisticated defense strategies against invading bacteria , including the innate immune response , with the generation of an oxidative burst inside phagocytic cells . Staphylococcal infections ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "physiology", "and", "metabolism", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2010	The Pleiotropic CymR Regulator of Staphylococcus aureus Plays an Important Role in Virulence and Stress Response
Here we set out to standardize long-lasting , visually-attractive devices for Glossina swynnertoni , a vector of both human and animal trypanosomiasis in open savannah in Tanzania and Kenya , and in neighbouring conservation areas used by pastoralists . The goal was to determine the most practical device/material that ...	Glossina swynnertoni is restricted to open savannah in north-western Tanzania and south-western Kenya , where it is a vector of both human and animal trypanosomiasis in wildlife reserves and in neighbouring conservation areas used by pastoralists . Despite the challenge to minimize disease transmission through effectiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "pest", "control", "biology", "zoology", "veterinary", "science", "agriculture" ]	2013	Standardizing Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: East African Species Glossina swynnertoni
Actins are highly conserved proteins and key players in central processes in all eukaryotic cells . The two actins of the malaria parasite are among the most divergent eukaryotic actins and also differ from each other more than isoforms in any other species . Microfilaments have not been directly observed in Plasmodium...	Malaria parasites have two actin isoforms , which are among the most divergent within the actin family that comprises highly conserved proteins , essential in all eukaryotic cells . In Plasmodium , actin is indispensable for motility and , thus , the infectivity of the deadly parasite . Yet , actin filaments have not b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cytoskeletal", "proteins", "protein", "chemistry", "cell", "motility", "actin", "filaments", "protein", "interactions", "cell", "biology", "molecular", "complexes", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "...	2014	Structural Differences Explain Diverse Functions of Plasmodium Actins
The emergence of novel respiratory pathogens can challenge the capacity of key health care resources , such as intensive care units , that are constrained to serve only specific geographical populations . An ability to predict the magnitude and timing of peak incidence at the scale of a single large population would he...	Fundamental spatial processes such as individuals' interactions and movement are not sufficiently well understood and yet they define the transmission of infectious diseases through populations . Spatial models of epidemics represent the region of interest ( such as a city or country ) as a collection of spatial units ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "population", "modeling", "epidemiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "spatial", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "modeling", "computational", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "control...	2014	The Spatial Resolution of Epidemic Peaks
Vector control is the only widely utilised method for primary prevention and control of dengue . The use of pyriproxyfen may be promising , and autodissemination approach may reach hard to reach breeding places . It offers a unique mode of action ( juvenile hormone mimic ) and as an additional tool for the management o...	There is evidence that pyriproxyfen may effectively reduce the density of immature mosquito stages when applied to identified breeding sites . Various formulations are commercially available , and easy to use without a health threat to the user . However , questions remain regarding its use as a single agent in a commu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "manufacturing", "processes", "database", "searching", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "control", "insect", "vectors", "research", "and", "analysi...	2017	Community effectiveness of pyriproxyfen as a dengue vector control method: A systematic review
Enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus ( VEEV ) have been isolated from febrile patients in the Peruvian Amazon Basin at low but consistent levels since the early 1990s . Through a clinic-based febrile surveillance program , we detected an outbreak of VEEV infections in Iquitos , Peru , in the first h...	Venezuelan equine encephalitis ( VEE ) is a mosquito-borne viral disease often causing grave illness and large outbreaks of disease in South America . In Iquitos , Peru , a city of 350 , 000 situated in the Amazon forest , we normally observe 10–14 VEE cases per year associated with people traveling to rural areas wher...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "virology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/global", "health", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseas...	2008	Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Iquitos, Peru: Urban Transmission of a Sylvatic Strain
A complex program of translational repression , mRNA localization , and translational activation ensures that Oskar ( Osk ) protein accumulates only at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte . Inappropriate expression of Osk disrupts embryonic axial patterning , and is lethal . A key factor in translational repres...	Proteins are often enriched to specific regions within cells via localization of mRNAs . This phenomenon serves a variety of roles , both bringing together factors involved in particular cellular processes to enhance their efficiency , and in restricting proteins that could do harm if deployed at inappropriate position...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Region-Specific Activation of oskar mRNA Translation by Inhibition of Bruno-Mediated Repression
We use >250 , 000 cross-over events identified in >10 , 000 bovine sperm cells to perform an extensive characterization of meiotic recombination in male cattle . We map Quantitative Trait Loci ( QTL ) influencing genome-wide recombination rate , genome-wide hotspot usage , and locus-specific recombination rate . We fin...	Homologous recombination is an essential cellular process that determines proper chromosome segregation during meiosis , affects fertility , and influences evolvability . Nevertheless , the components of the recombination apparatus remain incompletely characterized in mammals . One approach to identify such components ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Genetic Variants in REC8, RNF212, and PRDM9 Influence Male Recombination in Cattle
Serine/arginine-rich ( SR ) proteins are important splicing factors which play significant roles in spliceosome assembly and splicing regulation . However , little is known regarding their biological functions in plants . Here , we analyzed the phenotypes of mutants upon depleting different subfamilies of Arabidopsis S...	SR proteins were identified to be important splicing factors . This work generated mutants of different subfamilies of the classic Arabidopsis SR proteins . Genetic analysis revealed that loss of the function of SC35/SCL proteins influences the plant development . This study revealed SC35/SCL proteins regulate alternat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "gene", "regulation", "brassica", "organisms", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "plants", "re...	2017	Depletion of Arabidopsis SC35 and SC35-like serine/arginine-rich proteins affects the transcription and splicing of a subset of genes

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