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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal and opportunistic pathogen that causes devastating infections in a wide range of locations within the body . One of the defining characteristics of S . aureus is its ability to form clumps in the presence of soluble fibrinogen , which likely has a protective benefit and facili...	Staphylococcus causes a wide range of diseases , ranging from skin infections to deadly invasive condition like endocarditis , septicemia , osteomyelitis , and pneumonia . In this work we examine the ArlRS two-component regulatory system , which controls interactions with the host plasma protein fibrinogen . S . aureus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biofilms", "biotechnology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fibrinogen", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology", "rabbits", "vertebrates", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "mode...	2016	The Staphylococcus aureus Global Regulator MgrA Modulates Clumping and Virulence by Controlling Surface Protein Expression
Formation of functionally adequate vascular networks by angiogenesis presents a problem in biological patterning . Generated without predetermined spatial patterns , networks must develop hierarchical tree-like structures for efficient convective transport over large distances , combined with dense space-filling meshes...	The blood vessels provide an efficient system for transport of substances to all parts of the body . They are capable of growing or regressing during development , in response to changing functional needs , and in disease states . This is achieved by structural adaptation , i . e . changes in the diameters and other ch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "hemodynamics", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "vascular", "biology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "cardiovascular" ]	2013	Angiogenesis: An Adaptive Dynamic Biological Patterning Problem
Ileal Crohn's Disease ( CD ) , a chronic small intestinal inflammatory disorder , is characterized by reduced levels of the antimicrobial peptides DEFA5 ( HD-5 ) and DEFA6 ( HD-6 ) . Both of these α-defensins are exclusively produced in Paneth cells ( PCs ) at small intestinal crypt bases . Different ileal CD–associate...	Crohn's Disease ( CD ) is to date incurable and is characterized by severe , reoccurring inflammations that can affect different intestinal locations . The complicated and multifactorial pathogenesis is not completely understood but involves disturbed epithelial barriers and immune reactions against the commensal flora...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "heredity", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "genetics", "inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", "population", "genetics", "biology", "immunology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Association of a Functional Variant in the Wnt Co-Receptor LRP6 with Early Onset Ileal Crohn's Disease
Poverty-Related Diseases ( PRDs ) emphasize poverty as a ‘breeding-ground’ for a range of diseases . The study presented here starts from the premise that poverty is a general condition that can limit people’s capacity to prevent , mitigate or treat diseases . Using an interpretation of health seeking behaviour ( HSB )...	People’s living conditions are a crucial factor for health and diseases . In developing countries like Cameroon , poverty is a major condition affecting the way people deal with health issues . We studied people’s a health-seeking behaviour action in two settings: camps , housing labourers of the Cameroon Development C...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "traditional", "medicine", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "herbs", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "complementary", "and", "alternative", "medicine", ...	2017	Health-Seeking Behaviour towards Poverty-Related Disease (PRDs): A Qualitative Study of People Living in Camps and on Campuses in Cameroon
Through combinatorial regulation , regulators partner with each other to control common targets and this allows a small number of regulators to govern many targets . One interesting question is that given this combinatorial regulation , how does the number of regulators scale with the number of targets ? Here , we addr...	A regulatory network consists of regulators such as transcription factors or kinases that control the expression or activity of their target genes . Almost always , there are multiple regulators partnering together to control their targets . Compared to more commonplace contexts , these regulators can be thought of as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Analysis of Combinatorial Regulation: Scaling of Partnerships between Regulators with the Number of Governed Targets
The anterior visceral endoderm ( AVE ) , a signalling centre within the simple epithelium of the visceral endoderm ( VE ) , is required for anterior-posterior axis specification in the mouse embryo . AVE cells migrate directionally within the VE , thereby properly positioning the future anterior of the embryo and orien...	The orientation of the head-tail axis is determined during embryogenesis by the movements of a subset of cells called the AVE ( anterior visceral endoderm ) . These cells migrate from their initial position within the simple epithelium of the visceral endoderm ( VE ) to a location from which they eventually induce ante...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "embryology", "model", "organisms", "organism", "development", "signaling", "molecular", "development", "cell", "migration", "biology", "morphogenesis", "mouse", "pattern", "formation" ]	2011	Nodal Dependent Differential Localisation of Dishevelled-2 Demarcates Regions of Differing Cell Behaviour in the Visceral Endoderm
The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) –a complex , 3D , fibrillar scaffold of cells in physiological environments–modulate cell behavior and can drive tissue morphogenesis , regeneration , and disease progression . For simplicity , it is often convenient to assume these properties to be time-inv...	Many cells in the body are surrounded by a 3D extracellular matrix of interconnected protein fibers . The density and architecture of this protein fiber network can play important roles in controlling cell behavior . Deregulated biophysical properties of the extracellular environment are observed in diseases such as ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2019	Dynamic filopodial forces induce accumulation, damage, and plastic remodeling of 3D extracellular matrices
The flagellate Trypanosoma brucei , which causes the sleeping sickness when infecting a mammalian host , goes through an intricate life cycle . It has a rather complex propulsion mechanism and swims in diverse microenvironments . These continuously exert selective pressure , to which the trypanosome adjusts with its ar...	Typanosoma brucei is a uni-cellular parasite that causes the sleeping sickness , a deadly disease for humans that also occurs in livestock . Injected into the mammalian host by the tsetse fly , the trypanosome travels through the blood stream , where it proliferates , and ultimately can be taken up again by a fly durin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "cell", "motility", "swimming", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "parasite", "evolution", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "parasitology", "developmental", "biol...	2015	Simulating the Complex Cell Design of Trypanosoma brucei and Its Motility
Hybrid dysfunction , a common feature of reproductive barriers between species , is often caused by negative epistasis between loci ( “Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities” ) . The nature and complexity of hybrid incompatibilities remain poorly understood because identifying interacting loci that affect complex phenotyp...	New species are created when barriers to reproduction form between groups of organisms that formerly interbred freely . Reduced fertility or viability of hybrid offspring is a common form of reproductive isolation . Hybrid defects are caused by negative interactions between genes that have undergone evolutionary change...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "genetics", "genomics", "speciation", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "hybridization", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "gene", "networks", "evolutionary", "processes", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2014	Genomic Networks of Hybrid Sterility
Delivery of various forms of recombinant Theileria parva sporozoite antigen ( p67 ) has been shown to elicit antibody responses in cattle capable of providing protection against East Coast fever , the clinical disease caused by T . parva . Previous formulations of full-length and shorter recombinant versions of p67 der...	East Coast fever , caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva , is a disease that results in significant bovine morbidity , mortality , and production losses in regions of sub-Saharan Africa . Susceptible cattle develop clinical signs within a 7–14 days of exposure , which often progress to severe pulm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "transfection", "flow", "cytometry", "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "ruminants", "293t", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "immunology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "parasit...	2017	Assessment and optimization of Theileria parva sporozoite full-length p67 antigen expression in mammalian cells
Nature’s fastest motors are the cochlear outer hair cells ( OHCs ) . These sensory cells use a membrane protein , Slc26a5 ( prestin ) , to generate mechanical force at high frequencies , which is essential for explaining the exquisite hearing sensitivity of mammalian ears . Previous studies suggest that Slc26a5 continu...	Nature’s fastest motor is the cochlear outer hair cell ( OHC ) in the mammalian inner ear . These cells can contract and elongate thousands of times per second . Slc26a5 ( prestin ) is the essential protein in the fast motor and resides in the plasma membrane of OHC lateral wall . Slc26a5 undergoes voltage-dependent co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Outer Hair Cell Lateral Wall Structure Constrains the Mobility of Plasma Membrane Proteins
Household contacts of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of developing cholera than the general population . The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of V . cholerae infections among household contacts of cholera patients in a rural setting in Bangladesh , to identify risk factors for V . c...	Household members of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of developing cholera infections than the general population . This risk is highest during the seven days after the cholera patient presents at a health facility . In this study we investigated the rate of cholera transmission within cholera patient h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "water", "resources", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "pathogens", "vibrio", "variant", "genotypes", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "g...	2018	A prospective cohort study comparing household contact and water Vibrio cholerae isolates in households of cholera patients in rural Bangladesh
Antivenoms from hyperimmune animal plasma are the only specific pharmaceuticals against snakebites . The improvement of downstream processing strategies is of great interest , not only in terms of purity profile , but also from yield-to-cost perspective and rational use of plasma of animal origin . We report on develop...	Animal plasma-derived antivenoms constitute the most important therapy against snakebite envenoming . Nowadays this critical treatment has been faced by severe shortage due to low sustainability of current productions , which mostly affects developing countries as those suffering from highest morbidity and mortality ra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "enzymology", "toxic", "agents", "toxicology", "optimization", "mathematics", "immunologic", "techniques", "gel", "electrophoresis", ...	2019	Refinement strategy for antivenom preparation of high yield and quality
Phenotypic plasticity , the ability for a single genotype to generate different phenotypes in response to environmental conditions , is biologically ubiquitous , and yet almost nothing is known of the developmental mechanisms that regulate the extent of a plastic response . In particular , it is unclear why some traits...	The ability of an organism to respond to its environment is a defining quality of life . However , why are some characteristics or individuals sensitive to environmental change while others are not ? We identified the mechanism that controls the response of growing organs to a particularly important environmental facto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "growth", "control", "insulin-like", "growth", "factor", "integrative", "physiology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "endocrine", "physiology", "developmental", "biology", "organism", "development", "genital", "disc", "molecular", "development", "morphogenesis", "limb", ...	2011	FOXO Regulates Organ-Specific Phenotypic Plasticity In Drosophila
Pore-forming toxins ( PFTs ) constitute the single largest class of proteinaceous bacterial virulence factors and are made by many of the most important bacterial pathogens . Host responses to these toxins are complex and poorly understood . We find that the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response ( UPR ) is ac...	Pore-forming toxins ( PFTs ) are bacterial toxins that form holes at the plasma membrane of cells and play an important role in the pathogenesis of many important human pathogens . Although PFTs comprise an important and the single largest class of bacterial protein virulence factors , how cells respond to these toxins...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology/cellular", "death", "and", "stress", "responses", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene...	2008	Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Is Required for Defenses against Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxin In Vivo
A >300 kb cis-regulatory region is required for the proper expression of the three bithorax complex ( BX-C ) homeotic genes . Based on genetic and transgenic analysis , a model has been proposed in which the numerous BX-C cis-regulatory elements are spatially restricted through the activation or repression of parasegme...	Understanding how genes become activated is one of the primary areas of research in modern biology . In order to decipher the DNA components required for this process , scientists have traditionally turned to transgenic reporter assays , where DNA elements are removed from their native environment and placed next to a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/molecular", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "developmental", "biology/pattern", "formation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2010	Initiator Elements Function to Determine the Activity State of BX-C Enhancers
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum ( ENL ) is a serious complication of leprosy . It is normally treated with high dose steroids , but its recurrent nature leads to prolonged steroid usage and associated side effects . There is little evidence on the efficacy of alternative treatments for ENL , especially for patients who have ...	Leprosy is caused by a mycobacterium , and is curable with multi-drug therapy , a combination of antibiotics taken for 6 or 12 months . However , some leprosy patients develop an inflammatory condition known as erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) , or Type 2 reaction . ENL affects multiple organs and causes systemic illn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "somatosensory", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "clinical", "research", "design", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "tropical", "diseases", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds"...	2016	Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Ciclosporin to Prednisolone in the Treatment of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum: Two Randomised, Double Blind, Controlled Pilot Studies in Ethiopia
Gene co-expression network analysis has been shown effective in identifying functional co-expressed gene modules associated with complex human diseases . However , existing techniques to construct co-expression networks require some critical prior information such as predefined number of clusters , numerical thresholds...	We developed a novel co-expression network analysis framework named Multiscale Embedded Gene co-Expression Network Analysis ( MEGENA ) that can effectively and efficiently construct and analyze large scale planar filtered co-expression networks . Two key components of MEGENA are the parallelization of embedded network ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Multiscale Embedded Gene Co-expression Network Analysis
Ubc13 is an important ubiquitin-conjugating ( E2 ) enzyme in the NF-κB signaling pathway . The Shigella effector OspI targets Ubc13 and deamidates Gln100 of Ubc13 to a glutamic acid residue , leading to the inhibition of host inflammatory responses . Here we report the crystal structure of the OspI-Ubc13 complex at 2 ....	The Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Shigella infects human intestinal epithelium cells and causes severe inflammatory colitis ( bacillary dysentery ) . Shigella harbors an approximately 220-kb virulence plasmid that encodes a type III secretion system ( T3SS ) protein secretion apparatus and many effector proteins ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "gram", "negative", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2013	Complex Structure of OspI and Ubc13: The Molecular Basis of Ubc13 Deamidation and Convergence of Bacterial and Host E2 Recognition
Cells need to allocate their limited resources to express a wide range of genes . To understand how Escherichia coli partitions its transcriptional resources between its different promoters , we employ a robotic assay using a comprehensive reporter strain library for E . coli to measure promoter activity on a genomic s...	Cells respond to a changing environment by regulating the activity of genes . Here , we sought to understand how E . coli cells distribute their limited transcriptional resources among their target genes , and how this allocation varies with growth rate and growth conditions . To achieve this , we assayed the expressio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation" ]	2009	Invariant Distribution of Promoter Activities in Escherichia coli
The epidemiology , clinical presentation and management of melioidosis vary around the world . It is essential to define the disease’s local features to optimise its management . Between 1998 and 2016 there were 197 cases of culture confirmed melioidosis in Far North Queensland; 154 ( 78% ) presented in the December-Ap...	Burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic to the tropics and is responsible for the disease melioidosis . Exposure rarely evolves to significant disease in the absence of specific comorbidities . Conversely , in susceptible hosts , the disease can be rapidly fatal if unrecognised . Patients require an extended course of int...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chronic", "kidney", "disease", "melioidosis", "pulmonology", "health", "care", "diabetes", "mellitus", "pneumonia", "bacterial", "diseases", "routes", "of", "administration", "endocr...	2017	The epidemiology and clinical features of melioidosis in Far North Queensland: Implications for patient management
Despite being the most widely distributed mosquito-borne viral infection , estimates of dengue transmission intensity and associated burden remain ambiguous . With advances in the development of novel control measures , obtaining robust estimates of average dengue transmission intensity is key for assessing the burden ...	With 40% of the world’s population at risk of infection , dengue imposes a significant public health burden . Yet estimates of baseline transmission intensity are still sparse , making it difficult to implement efficient control programs . The authors used incidence data , which are abundant compared to seroprevalence ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "age", "groups", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", ...	2016	Estimating Dengue Transmission Intensity from Case-Notification Data from Multiple Countries
Signaling networks that convert graded stimuli into binary , all-or-none cellular responses are critical in processes ranging from cell-cycle control to lineage commitment . To exhaustively enumerate topologies that exhibit this switch-like behavior , we simulated all possible two- and three-component networks on rando...	Biomolecular signaling networks enable cells to mediate responses to extracellular and intracellular stimuli and are hence crucial for the functioning of all organisms . Such networks do not merely forward information , but perform signal processing: specific modules have evolved to produce complex , dynamic behaviors ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "synthetic", "biology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "signaling", "networks" ]	2011	Robust Network Topologies for Generating Switch-Like Cellular Responses
Q fever is a main zoonotic disease around the world . The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the overall seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii among human and animal population in Iran . Major national and international databases were searched from 2005 up to August 2016 . We extracted the prevalence of Q fever an...	Q fever is a zoonotic diseases caused by a bacterium so called Coxiella burnetii . Domestic ruminants ( primarily cattle , sheep and goats ) are the most important reservoir of C . burnetii in the nature . Q fever is mostly asymptomatic in livestock and animals . Clinical manifestations of Q fever in humans includes as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ruminants", "pathogens", "population", "dynamics", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "bacterial", "diseases", "population", ...	2017	Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis
A primary goal for artificial nose ( eNose ) technology is to report perceptual qualities of novel odors . Currently , however , eNoses primarily detect and discriminate between odorants they previously “learned” . We tuned an eNose to human odor pleasantness estimates . We then used the eNose to predict the pleasantne...	Electronic noses ( eNoses ) are devices aimed at mimicking animal noses . Typically , these devices contain a set of sensors that generate a pattern representing an odor . Application of eNoses entails first “training” the eNose to a particular odor , and once the eNose has “learned” , it can then be used to detect and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2010	Predicting Odor Pleasantness with an Electronic Nose
Populations in sub-Saharan Africa have historically been exposed to intense selection from chronic infection with falciparum malaria . Interestingly , populations with the highest malaria intensity can be identified by the increased occurrence of endemic Burkitt Lymphoma ( eBL ) , a pediatric cancer that affects popula...	We present a genome-wide analyses of genetic structure , gene flow , and natural selection in Ghana and Northern Uganda populations , both residing in the Sub-Saharan eBL belt , a region with intense falciparum malaria transmission and high endemic Burkitt Lymphoma ( eBL ) incidence . These populations are from differe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "uganda", "parasitic", "diseases", "aquatic", "environments", "bodies", "of", "water", "population", "b...	2019	Genetic signatures of gene flow and malaria-driven natural selection in sub-Saharan populations of the "endemic Burkitt Lymphoma belt"
Cell migration is a complex process involving many intracellular and extracellular factors , with different cell types adopting sometimes strikingly different morphologies . Modeling realistically behaving cells in tissues is computationally challenging because it implies dealing with multiple levels of complexity . We...	Cell migration is involved in vital processes like morphogenesis , regeneration and immune system responses , but can also play a central role in pathological processes like metastasization . Computational models have been successfully employed to explain how single cells migrate , and to study how diverse cell-cell in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Crawling and Gliding: A Computational Model for Shape-Driven Cell Migration
In eukaryotes , different subcellular organelles have distinct cholesterol concentrations , which is thought to be critical for biological functions . Oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins ( ORPs ) have been assumed to mediate nonvesicular cholesterol trafficking in cells; however , their in vivo functions and the...	The multivesicular body ( MVB ) sorting pathway provides a mechanism for the lysosomal degradation of membrane proteins , such as growth factor receptors . The formation of MVBs is unique in that the curvature is directed toward the lumen of the compartment rather than the cytosol . During MVB formation , the curvature...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting" ]	2010	Multivesicular Body Formation Requires OSBP–Related Proteins and Cholesterol
The β roll molecules with sequence ( GAGAGAGQ ) 10 stack via hydrogen bonding to form fibrils which have been themselves been used to make viral capsids of DNA strands , supramolecular nanotapes and pH-responsive gels . Accelerated molecular dynamics ( aMD ) simulations are used to investigate the unfolding of a stack ...	Silk-inspired repeated sequences , variants of the sequence from Bombyx Mori silk , have been used to make supramolecular nanotapes , pH-responsive gels , and most importantly self-assembled coat for artificial viruses . Silk-inspired repeated sequences have shown great potential as promising delivery vehicles in targe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "classical", "mechanics", "molecular", "dynamics", "oxygen", "potential", "energy", "thermodynamics", "hydrogen", "bonding", "polypeptides", "physical", "chemistry", "chemistry", "free", "energy", "physics", "biochemistry", "hydrogen", "molecular", ...	2017	Navigating in foldonia: Using accelerated molecular dynamics to explore stability, unfolding and self-healing of the β-solenoid structure formed by a silk-like polypeptide
Dengue viruses ( DENV ) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses of global importance . DENV exist as four serotypes , DENV1-DENV4 . Following a primary infection , individuals produce DENV-specific antibodies that bind only to the serotype of infection and other antibodies that cross-react with two or more serotypes . People e...	The mosquito-borne dengue viruses ( DENV ) are responsible for approximately 390 million new infections worldwide each year , and an estimated 100 million of these infections lead to clinical disease . The presence of four different serotypes of DENV allows the same individual to experience more than one DENV infection...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "viruses", "antibodies", "antibody", "response", "immune", "system", "proteins", "antibody", "specificity", "proteins", "...	2014	Dengue Viruses Are Enhanced by Distinct Populations of Serotype Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Human Immune Sera
Snakebite antivenom is a 120 years old invention based on polyclonal mixtures of antibodies purified from the blood of hyper-immunized animals . Knowledge on antibody recognition sites ( epitopes ) on snake venom proteins is limited , but may be used to provide molecular level explanations for antivenom cross-reactivit...	Although snakebite antivenom is a 120-year-old invention , saving lives and limbs of thousands of snakebite victims every year , little is known about the mechanisms and molecular interactions of how antivenoms neutralize snake toxins . Antivenoms are produced by immunizing large animals with cocktails of snake venoms ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxins", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "split-decomposition", "method", "immunology", "vertebrates", "animals", "toxicology", "toxic", "agents", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "rept...	2017	Cross-recognition of a pit viper (Crotalinae) polyspecific antivenom explored through high-density peptide microarray epitope mapping
SUMO conjugation is a key regulator of the cellular response to DNA replication stress , acting in part to control recombination at stalled DNA replication forks . Here we examine recombination-related phenotypes in yeast mutants defective for the SUMO de-conjugating/chain-editing enzyme Ulp2p . We find that spontaneou...	DNA damage , arising from environmental stress or errors in DNA metabolism , can interfere with DNA replication . Cells respond by using homologous recombination to bypass the damage , resulting in DNA strand linkages between the replicated chromosomes . It is crucial to undo these linkages so chromosomes can segregate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/dna", "replication", "cell", "biology/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "molecular", "biology/recombination", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "genetics", "and", "genomics/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "molecular...	2011	The SUMO Isopeptidase Ulp2p Is Required to Prevent Recombination-Induced Chromosome Segregation Lethality following DNA Replication Stress
India is home to 60% of the total global visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) population . Use of long-term oral ( e . g . miltefosine ) and parenteral drugs , considered the mainstay for treatment of VL , is now faced with increased resistance , decreased efficacy , low compliance and safety issues . The authors evaluated th...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is highly prevalent in northeastern India , particularly the state of Bihar and its bordering areas with Bangladesh and Nepal . The current standards of treatment , namely , miltefosine ( oral ) and pentavalent antimonials ( parenteral ) have long treatment durations and are faced with inc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "phase", "iii", "clinical", "investigation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "medicine", "clinical", "trials", "randomized", "controlled", "trials" ]	2014	Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B Emulsion versus Liposomal Formulation in Indian Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Randomized, Open-Label Study
Brucellosis , a zoonotic infection caused by one of the Gram-negative intracellular bacteria of the Brucella genus , is an ongoing public health problem in Perú . While most patients who receive standard antibiotic treatment recover , 5–40% suffer a brucellosis relapse . In this study , we examined the ex vivo immune c...	Brucellosis is a disease caused by transmission of bacteria of the Brucella genus from infected animals to humans . The main route of infection occurs through consumption of contaminated dairy products or contact with infected animals . While most patients treated with antibiotics will be cured of the infection , betwe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "zoonoses", "clinical", "laboratory", "sciences", "diagnostic", "medicine", "clinical", "immunology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "brucellosis" ]	2013	Ex Vivo Innate Immune Cytokine Signature of Enhanced Risk of Relapsing Brucellosis
Ancient population structure shaping contemporary genetic variation has been recently appreciated and has important implications regarding our understanding of the structure of modern human genomes . We identified a ∼36-kb DNA segment in the human genome that displays an ancient substructure . The variation at this loc...	Natural selection shapes the genome in a non-random way , as an allele that contributes more to the reproductive fitness of a species increases in frequency within the population . Under balancing selection , a particular kind of natural selection , more than one allele increases in frequency in the population , likely...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "population", "genetics", "population", "biology", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2013	Balancing Selection on a Regulatory Region Exhibiting Ancient Variation That Predates Human–Neandertal Divergence
Clinical infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a deadly Gram-negative , opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised hosts , often involve the formation of antibiotic-resistant biofilms . Although biofilm formation has been extensively studied in vitro on glass or plastic surfaces , much less is known about biofilm for...	Clinical infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a deadly Gram-negative , opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised patients , involve the formation of antibiotic-resistant biofilms . Although P . aeruginosa biofilm formation has been extensively studied on glass or plastic surfaces , less is known about biofilm forma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "opportunistic", "infections", "healthcare-associated", "infections" ]	2014	The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type III Translocon Is Required for Biofilm Formation at the Epithelial Barrier
The T3SS injectisome is a syringe-shaped macromolecular assembly found in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that allows for the direct delivery of virulence effectors into host cells . It is composed of a “basal body” , a lock-nut structure spanning both bacterial membranes , and a “needle” that protrudes away from the...	Gram-negative bacteria such as E . coli , Salmonella , Shigella , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Yersinia pestis are responsible for a wide range of diseases , from pneumonia to lethal diarrhea and plague . A common trait shared by these bacteria is their capacity to inject toxins directly inside the cells of infected in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "salmonella", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2013	A Refined Model of the Prototypical Salmonella SPI-1 T3SS Basal Body Reveals the Molecular Basis for Its Assembly
The ability of pathogens to cause disease depends on their aptitude to escape the immune system . Type IV pili are extracellular filamentous virulence factors composed of pilin monomers and frequently expressed by bacterial pathogens . As such they are major targets for the host immune system . In the human pathogen Ne...	During infection pathogens and their host engage in a series of measures and counter-measures to promote their own survival: pathogens express virulence factors , the immune system targets these surface structures and pathogens modify them to evade detection . Like numerous bacterial pathogens , Neisseria meningitidis ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Neisseria meningitidis Type IV Pili Composed of Sequence Invariable Pilins Are Masked by Multisite Glycosylation
Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) is an angiogenic and neurotrophic factor , secreted by endothelial cells , known to impact various physiological and disease processes from cancer to cardiovascular disease and to be pharmacologically modifiable . We sought to identify novel loci associated with circulating V...	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( VEGF ) is a protein with a fundamental role in development of vascular system . The protein , produced by many types of cells , is released in the blood . High levels of VEGF have been observed in different pathological conditions especially in cancer , cardiovascular , and inflamma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "vegf", "signaling", "genomic", "databases", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "genome", "analysis", "platelets", "research", "and", "analys...	2016	Six Novel Loci Associated with Circulating VEGF Levels Identified by a Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies
Burkholderia pseudomallei , the bacterial agent of melioidosis , causes disease through inhalation of infectious particles , and is classified as a Tier 1 Select Agent . Optical diagnostic imaging has demonstrated that murine respiratory disease models are subject to significant upper respiratory tract ( URT ) coloniza...	Respiratory melioidosis is a lethal disease presentation of the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei , which is found in tropical regions worldwide . Respiratory melioidosis has also been highlighted as a concern in the biodefense community given the potential for weaponization of B . pseudomallei . This study demonstra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "bacteriology", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "microbial", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "population", "modeling", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences...	2015	Type 3 Secretion System Cluster 3 Is a Critical Virulence Determinant for Lung-Specific Melioidosis
Obtaining an in-depth understanding of the arms races between peptides comprising the innate immune response and bacterial pathogens is of fundamental interest and will inform the development of new antibacterial therapeutics . We investigated whether a whole organism view of antimicrobial peptide ( AMP ) challenge on ...	Antimicrobial peptides ( AMP ) are small proteins with often potent antibacterial activity found in a variety of organisms , including humans . Understanding how these antibiotics operate is challenging and often controversial since many studies have necessarily focussed on identifying a single major cause of bacterial...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "microbiology", "escherichia", "coli", "bacterial", "pathogens", "immune", "system", "proteins", "proteins", "medical", "microbiology", "metabolic", "pathways", "microbi...	2014	Combined Systems Approaches Reveal Highly Plastic Responses to Antimicrobial Peptide Challenge in Escherichia coli
In mammalian females , genes on one X are largely silenced by X-chromosome inactivation ( XCI ) , although some “escape” XCI and are expressed from both Xs . Escapees can closely juxtapose X-inactivated genes and provide a tractable model for assessing boundary function at epigenetically regulated loci . To delimit seq...	Early in mammalian female development , one X chromosome is largely silenced to equalize X-linked gene expression between the sexes . Nevertheless , some genes “escape” this silencing and therefore are expressed from both X chromosomes . Understanding how these escape genes are regulated , particularly when they closel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Deletion of an X-Inactivation Boundary Disrupts Adjacent Gene Silencing
Adhesive pili on the surface of pathogenic bacteria comprise polymerized pilin subunits and are essential for initiation of infections . Pili assembled by the chaperone-usher pathway ( CUP ) require periplasmic chaperones that assist subunit folding , maintain their stability , and escort them to the site of bioassembl...	Bacterial infection begins with microbial adhesion to host cells . For gram-negative bacteria , adhesion is often mediated by pili , proteinaceous polymers that protrude from the bacterial surface and recognize host receptors . During assembly , each pilus protein subunit is assisted in folding by a chaperone that shut...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "periplasm", "biochemistry", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "microbiology", "molecular", "biology", "macromolecular", "structure", "analysis" ]	2014	Structure of CfaA Suggests a New Family of Chaperones Essential for Assembly of Class 5 Fimbriae
Cohesins are important for chromosome structure and chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis . Cohesins are composed of two structural maintenance of chromosomes ( SMC1-SMC3 ) proteins that form a V-shaped heterodimer structure , which is bridged by a α-kleisin protein and a stromal antigen ( STAG ) protein . ...	Meiosis is a specialized cell division required for the formation of gametes ( sperm and egg ) . Early in meiosis , the chromosome pairs that we inherit from our mother and father become linked and genetic material is exchanged . This is a remarkable process as every gamete that we make is unique , and the unison betwe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "cell", "biology", "chromosome", "biology", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cell", "processes", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Meiosis-Specific Cohesin Component, Stag3 Is Essential for Maintaining Centromere Chromatid Cohesion, and Required for DNA Repair and Synapsis between Homologous Chromosomes
Neurons transform time-varying inputs into action potentials emitted stochastically at a time dependent rate . The mapping from current input to output firing rate is often represented with the help of phenomenological models such as the linear-nonlinear ( LN ) cascade , in which the output firing rate is estimated by ...	Deciphering the encoding of information in the brain implies understanding how individual neurons emit action potentials ( APs ) in response to time-varying stimuli . This task is made difficult by two facts: ( i ) although the biophysics of AP generation are well understood , the dynamics of the membrane potential in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2011	From Spiking Neuron Models to Linear-Nonlinear Models
The Keller-Segel system has been widely proposed as a model for bacterial waves driven by chemotactic processes . Current experiments on Escherichia coli have shown the precise structure of traveling pulses . We present here an alternative mathematical description of traveling pulses at the macroscopic scale . This mod...	Modeling chemotaxis has raised a lot of interest in the applied mathematics community in past decades . The precise description of bacterial pulses traveling in a narrow channel is a challenging issue in the self-organization of cells . Indeed , our biological knowledge of signal integration in E . coli has grown in pa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "cell", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "mathematics", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "cell", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Mathematical Description of Bacterial Traveling Pulses
The aims of the present study were to identify and analyse the Diseases Neglected by the Media ( DNMs ) via a comparison between the most important health issues to the population of Espírito Santo , Brazil , from the epidemiological perspective ( health value ) and their effective coverage by the print media , and to ...	The Diseases Neglected by the Media ( DNMs ) are those diseases without media visibility due to their low newsworthiness level . In most cases , these diseases affect deprived social groups . This study analyses the DNMs by comparing the space achieved by the most important health problems for the population of Espírit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "behavioral", "and", "social", "aspects", "of", "health", "tropical", "diseases", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "parasitic", "diseases", "cardiovascular", "medicine", "health", "care", "oncology", "bacterial", "diseases", "neg...	2016	Diseases Neglected by the Media in Espírito Santo, Brazil in 2011–2012
We present CoPhosK to predict kinase-substrate associations for phosphopeptide substrates detected by mass spectrometry ( MS ) . The tool utilizes a Naïve Bayes framework with priors of known kinase-substrate associations ( KSAs ) to generate its predictions . Through the mining of MS data for the collective dynamic si...	Kinases play an important role in cellular regulation and have emerged as an important class of drug targets for many diseases , particularly cancers . Comprehensive identification of the links between kinases and their substrates enhances our ability to understand the underlying mechanism of diseases and signalling ne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "and", "future", "work", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "statistics", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "signaling", "networks", "enzymology", "oncology", "mathematics", "forecasting", "network", "analysis", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "enzyme", ...	2019	CoPhosK: A method for comprehensive kinase substrate annotation using co-phosphorylation analysis
The engulfment of apoptotic cells is required for normal metazoan development and tissue remodeling . In Caenorhabditis elegans , two parallel and partially redundant conserved pathways act in cell-corpse engulfment . One pathway , which includes the small GTPase CED-10 Rac and the cytoskeletal regulator ABI-1 , acts t...	Cell death is a normal part of organismal development . When cells die , other cells engulf them . In the roundworm C . elegans , engulfment is facilitated by one pathway that rearranges the actin cytoskeleton and another that recruits membrane . Together they cause the formation of cellular extensions that surround th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "genetics", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "development", "morphogenesis", "proteins", "biology", "biochemistry", "cytoskeletal", "proteins", "signaling", "cell", "migration", "geneti...	2012	SLI-1 Cbl Inhibits the Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells in C. elegans through a Ligase-Independent Function
Anatomical tract tracing methods are the gold standard for estimating the weight of axonal connectivity between a pair of pre-defined brain regions . Large studies , comprising hundreds of experiments , have become feasible by automated methods . However , this comes at the cost of positive-mean noise making it difficu...	Tract-tracing depends on active axonal transport of tracers between nerve cells , indicating the anatomical connectivity between areas of the brain . Recent advances in tract-tracing technology have enabled reconstruction of the connectome or wiring diagram of mammalian cerebral cortex . Here , we propose a novel stati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "density", "neural", "networks", "nervous", "system", "vertebrates", "mice", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "animal", "anatomy", "materials", "science", "brain", "mapping", "materials", "physics", "nerve", "f...	2016	Statistical Analysis of Tract-Tracing Experiments Demonstrates a Dense, Complex Cortical Network in the Mouse
Recent research has identified late-latency , long-lasting neural activity as a robust correlate of conscious perception . Yet , the dynamical nature of this activity is poorly understood , and the mechanisms governing its presence or absence and the associated conscious perception remain elusive . We applied dynamic-p...	What brain mechanisms underlie conscious perception ? A commonly adopted paradigm for studying this question is to present human subjects with threshold-level stimuli . When shown repeatedly , the same stimulus is sometimes consciously perceived , sometimes not . Using magnetoencephalography , we shed light on the neur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "access", "to", "consciousness", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "multivariate", "analysis", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "brain", "mapping", "vision", "discrete", "mathematics", "neuroimaging", "comb...	2017	Initial-state-dependent, robust, transient neural dynamics encode conscious visual perception
The final step during cell division is the separation of daughter cells , a process that requires the coordinated delivery and assembly of new membrane to the cleavage furrow . While most eukaryotic cells replicate by binary fission , replication of apicomplexan parasites involves the assembly of daughters ( merozoites...	Apicomplexan parasites are unusual in that they replicate by assembling daughter parasites within the mother cell . This involves the ordered assembly of an Inner Membrane Complex ( IMC ) , a scaffold consisting of flattened membrane cisternae and a subpellicular network made up of microtubules and scaffold proteins . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2009	Rab11A-Controlled Assembly of the Inner Membrane Complex Is Required for Completion of Apicomplexan Cytokinesis
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) and other alphaviruses are the etiologic agents of numerous diseases in both humans and animals . Despite this , the viral mediators of protective immunity against alphaviruses are poorly understood , highlighted by the lack of a licensed human vaccine for any member of this virus genus . Th...	Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is the cause of an ongoing explosive outbreak of arthritic disease in the Americas . Related alphaviruses cause human/animal disease globally , yet no vaccines or antivirals exist for human use . Although numerous candidate vaccines and therapies are being developed , little is known about t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Identifying the Role of E2 Domains on Alphavirus Neutralization and Protective Immune Responses
Human rabies cases in the Guangxi province of China decreased from 839 in 1982 to 24 in 1995 , but subsequently underwent a sharp increase , and has since maintained a high level . 3 , 040 brain samples from normal dogs and cats were collected from 14 districts of Guangxi and assessed by RT-PCR . The brain samples show...	Rabies is a worldwide zoonosis disease and is of considerable public health threat and hazard . The Guangxi province of southern China is a severe rabies epidemic region . Human rabies cases decreased from 839 in 1982 to 24 in 1995 in Guangxi as a result of a dog vaccination campaign . However , the number subsequently...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "taxonomy", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "rabies", "clinical", "medicine", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "veterinary", "science", "public", "and", "oc...	2014	Re-emergence of Rabies in the Guangxi Province of Southern China
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) gene are the most common cause of autosomal dominant familial Parkinson's disease ( PD ) and also contribute to idiopathic PD . LRRK2 encodes a large multi-domain protein with GTPase and kinase activity . Initial data indicates that an intact functional GTPase dom...	Parkinson's disease ( PD ) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder . Current therapies for treating PD are symptomatic and rely on restoring dopamine signaling . There is presently no cure for PD . PD is typically a sporadic disease , although 5%–10% of cases are known to have a familial origin . Mutatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cellular", "structures", "molecular", "neuroscience", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "neuroscience", "biology", "proteomics", "biochemistry", "cellular", "neuroscience", "cell", "biology", "neurological", "disorders", "neurology", "physiology", "cellular", "ty...	2012	GTPase Activity and Neuronal Toxicity of Parkinson's Disease–Associated LRRK2 Is Regulated by ArfGAP1
Dengue outbreaks were first reported in East Africa in the late 1970s to early 1980s including the 1982 outbreak on the Kenyan coast . In 2011 , dengue outbreaks occurred in Mandera in northern Kenya and subsequently in Mombasa city along the Kenyan coast in 2013–2014 . Following laboratory confirmation of dengue fever...	The first dengue outbreak in Kenya was reported in 1982 in the coastal region . This was followed almost 30 years later by the 2011 dengue outbreak in Mandera , northern Kenya and subsequently in Mombasa city in the coastal region ( 2013–2014 ) . An entomologic investigation was conducted to establish the density of mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "atmospheric", "science", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "animals", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "insect", "vectors", "zoology", "africa", "infectio...	2016	Dengue Outbreak in Mombasa City, Kenya, 2013–2014: Entomologic Investigations
Phosphate is an essential macronutrient required for cell growth and division . Pho84 is the major high-affinity cell-surface phosphate importer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a crucial element in the phosphate homeostatic system of this model yeast . We found that loss of Candida albicans Pho84 attenuated virulence i...	Candida albicans is the species most often isolated from patients with invasive fungal disease , and is also a common colonizer of healthy people . It is well equipped to compete for nutrients with bacteria co-inhabiting human gastrointestinal mucous membranes , since it possesses multiple transporters to internalize i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "redox", "signaling", "oxidative", "stress", "enzymes", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "enzymology", "dismutases", ...	2018	Intersection of phosphate transport, oxidative stress and TOR signalling in Candida albicans virulence
During mitosis chromosomes are condensed to facilitate their segregation , through a process mediated by the condensin complex . Although several factors that promote maximal condensin activity during mitosis have been identified , the mechanisms that downregulate condensin activity during interphase are largely unknow...	Chromosome conformation is cell cycle-regulated so that chromosomes are highly compacted to facilitate their segregation during mitosis , and decondensed during interphase to facilitate DNA-dependent processes such as replication and transcription . Understanding how chromosomes transition between these different state...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "phosphorylation", "g1", "phase", "condensation", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "mitosis", "epigenetics", "chromatin", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "chromosome", "bi...	2016	Levels of Ycg1 Limit Condensin Function during the Cell Cycle
The forces driving the accumulation and removal of non-coding DNA and ultimately the evolution of genome size in complex organisms are intimately linked to genome structure and organisation . Our analysis provides a novel method for capturing the regional variation of lineage-specific DNA gain and loss events in their ...	Approximately 2% of a mammalian genome is protein-coding DNA , the remainder is non-coding DNA . In mammals , this non-coding DNA fraction has undergone large amounts of turnover since placental mammals diverged from a common ancestor . For example , human and mouse , two species who diverged approximately 100 million ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genome", "evolution", "human", "genomics", "genome", "analysis", "genetic", "elements", "genome", "annotation", "mammalian", "genomics", "dna", "mobile", "genetic", "elements", "molecular", "evolution", "comparative", "genomics", "animal", "genomics", "biochemistry", "...	2018	Divergent genome evolution caused by regional variation in DNA gain and loss between human and mouse
The composition and structure of microbial communities that inhabit the mosquito midguts are poorly understood despite their well-documented potential to impede pathogen transmission . We used MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities of field-collected populations of 12 mosquito s...	The microbial communities that reside in mosquito midguts can impact transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens . We used high throughput next generation sequencing to characterize the midgut microbial communities of 12 mosquito species collected in urban residential areas in Champaign County , Illinois . A total of 181 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "gut", "bacteria", "microbiome", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "animals", "wolbachia", "infectious", "disease", "control",...	2017	Comparative analysis of gut microbiota of mosquito communities in central Illinois
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasitic eukaryotes that were considered to be amitochondriate until the recent discovery of highly reduced mitochondrial organelles called mitosomes . Analysis of the complete genome of Encephalitozoon cuniculi revealed a highly reduced set of proteins in the organe...	Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites responsible for a number of diseases in commercially important animals ( e . g . bees ) and of significant medical concern , in particular in immunocompromised humans . Though related to fungi , microsporidia have undergone a rapid phase of adaption to the intracellula...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2010	A Broad Distribution of the Alternative Oxidase in Microsporidian Parasites
Phylogenetic analyses have provided strong evidence that amino acid changes in spike ( S ) protein of animal and human SARS coronaviruses ( SARS-CoVs ) during and between two zoonotic transfers ( 2002/03 and 2003/04 ) are the result of positive selection . While several studies support that some amino acid changes betw...	The SARS-CoV caused a worldwide epidemic of SARS in 2002/03 and was responsible for this zoonotic infectious disease . The role of neutralizing antibody ( nAb ) mediated immune pressure in the evolution of SARS-CoV during the 2002/03 outbreak and a second 2003/04 zoonotic transmission is unknown . Here we demonstrate n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "immunology/immune", "response", "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "virology", "virology/emerging", "viral", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "immunology",...	2008	Broadening of Neutralization Activity to Directly Block a Dominant Antibody-Driven SARS-Coronavirus Evolution Pathway
RNA molecules such as small-interfering RNAs ( siRNAs ) and antisense RNAs ( asRNAs ) trigger chromatin silencing of target loci . In the model plant Arabidopsis , RNA–triggered chromatin silencing involves repressive histone modifications such as histone deacetylation , histone H3 lysine-9 methylation , and H3 lysine-...	Chromatin , made of histones and DNA , is often covalently modified in the nucleus , and modifications can regulate gene transcription . RNA molecules such as small-interfering or silencing RNAs ( siRNAs ) and antisense RNAs ( asRNAs ) can trigger silencing of gene expression in eukaryotes . We have found that in the f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology", "genetics", "plant", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "dna", "modification", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "histone", "modification" ]	2011	Arabidopsis Homologs of Retinoblastoma-Associated Protein 46/48 Associate with a Histone Deacetylase to Act Redundantly in Chromatin Silencing
There is great interest in increasing proteins’ stability to enhance their utility as biocatalysts , therapeutics , diagnostics and nanomaterials . Directed evolution is a powerful , but experimentally strenuous approach . Computational methods offer attractive alternatives . However , due to the limited reliability of...	Proteins are increasingly used in numerous biotechnological applications . A key property determining proteins’ applicability is their stability under operating conditions . Natural proteins can be stabilized by modification of their structure . Methods of molecular biology allow introduction of modifications–mutations...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	FireProt: Energy- and Evolution-Based Computational Design of Thermostable Multiple-Point Mutants
Expansion of a stretch of polyglutamine in huntingtin ( htt ) , the protein product of the IT15 gene , causes Huntington's disease ( HD ) . Previous investigations into the role of the polyglutamine stretch ( polyQ ) in htt function have suggested that its length may modulate a normal htt function involved in regulatin...	Expansion of a stretch of glutamines near the amino-terminus of huntingtin ( htt ) , the protein product of the IT15 gene , is a deleterious mutation that causes Huntington's disease ( HD ) . Here we show , in contrast , that deletion of htt's normal polyglutamine stretch ( ΔQ-htt ) is a potentially beneficial mutation...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/neuronal", "and", "glial", "cell", "biology", "developmental", "biology/aging", "neurological", "disorders/movement", "disorders", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "neuroscience/neurobiol...	2010	Deletion of the Huntingtin Polyglutamine Stretch Enhances Neuronal Autophagy and Longevity in Mice
Alphaherpesviruses are widespread in the human population , and include herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV-1 ) and 2 , and varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) . These viral pathogens cause epithelial lesions , and then infect the nervous system to cause lifelong latency , reactivation , and spread . A related veterinary herpesvir...	Alphaherpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) are ubiquitous in the human population . HSV causes oral and genital lesions , and has co-morbidities in acquisition and spread of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . The lack of a vaccine for HSV hinders medical progress for both of these infections . A relate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genome", "evolution", "viral", "classification", "immunology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "microbiology", "vaccines", "genome", "sequencing", "dna", "viruses", "microbial", "evolution", "veterinary", "science", "vaccination", "infectious", "diseases", "genome",...	2011	A Wide Extent of Inter-Strain Diversity in Virulent and Vaccine Strains of Alphaherpesviruses
Although the nature of solvent-protein interactions is generally weak and non-specific , addition of cosolvents such as denaturants and osmolytes strengthens protein-protein interactions for some proteins , whereas it weakens protein-protein interactions for others . This is exemplified by the puzzling observation that...	Solvents play a fundamental role in living systems where they mediate the interactions between proteins and other biomolecules . Besides water , biological solvents often contain high concentrations of small molecular compounds known as cosolvents . Although many studies have reported specific and opposite effects of c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "biochemical", "simulations", "protein", "interactions", "proteins", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "simulations", "biophysics" ]	2013	Quantifying the Molecular Origins of Opposite Solvent Effects on Protein-Protein Interactions
Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) receptor-associated factor 4 ( TRAF4 ) is frequently overexpressed in carcinomas , suggesting a specific role in cancer . Although TRAF4 protein is predominantly found at tight junctions ( TJs ) in normal mammary epithelial cells ( MECs ) , it accumulates in the cytoplasm of malignant MECs...	Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) receptor-associated factor 4 , also known as TRAF4 , is an unusual member of the TRAF protein family . While TRAFs are primarily known as regulators of inflammation , antiviral responses , and apoptosis , research on TRAF4 has identified its involvement in development and cancer . Importan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	TRAF4 Is a Novel Phosphoinositide-Binding Protein Modulating Tight Junctions and Favoring Cell Migration
Transitive inference , class inclusion and a variety of other inferential abilities have strikingly similar developmental profiles—all are acquired around the age of five . Yet , little is known about the reasons for this correspondence . Category theory was invented as a formal means of establishing commonalities betw...	Children acquire various reasoning skills during a remarkably similar period of development . Yet , the reasons for these similarities are a mystery . Two examples are Transitive Inference and Class Inclusion , which develop around five years of age . Older children understand that if John is taller than Mary , and Mar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "mathematics", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/experimental", "psychology" ]	2009	What Do Transitive Inference and Class Inclusion Have in Common? Categorical (Co)Products and Cognitive Development
Malaria starts with the infection of the liver of the host by Plasmodium sporozoites , the parasite form transmitted by infected mosquitoes . Sporozoites migrate through several hepatocytes by breaching their plasma membranes before finally infecting one with the formation of an internalization vacuole . Migration thro...	Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito that deposits Plasmodium sporozoites under the skin . These sporozoites migrate from the skin into the circulation and then enter the liver to start a new infection inside hepatocytes . Sporozoites have the capacity to traverse mammalian cells . They breac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections" ]	2008	Adenylyl Cyclase α and cAMP Signaling Mediate Plasmodium Sporozoite Apical Regulated Exocytosis and Hepatocyte Infection
Cytoplasmic capping is catalyzed by a complex that contains capping enzyme ( CE ) and a kinase that converts RNA with a 5′-monophosphate end to a 5′ diphosphate for subsequent addition of guanylic acid ( GMP ) . We identify the proline-rich C-terminus as a new domain of CE that is required for its participation in cyto...	We previously described a cyclical process of mRNA decapping and recapping termed “cap homeostasis . ” Recapping is catalyzed by a complex of cytoplasmic proteins that includes the enzyme known to catalyze nuclear capping , and a kinase that converts RNA with a 5′-monophosphate end to a 5′-diphosphate capping substrate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "rna", "rna", "processing", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "protein", "translation", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "rna", "stability" ]	2014	The Cytoplasmic Capping Complex Assembles on Adapter Protein Nck1 Bound to the Proline-Rich C-Terminus of Mammalian Capping Enzyme
The virus-host relationship in simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) infected chimpanzees is thought to be different from that found in other SIV infected African primates . However , studies of captive SIVcpz infected chimpanzees are limited . Previously , the natural SIVcpz infection of one chimpanzee , and the exper...	The HIV-1/AIDS pandemic is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIVcpz ) from chimpanzees to humans . Many African primates are infected with SIV , but those studied in captivity generally do not develop disease . However , wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz are at increased ri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Shares Features of Both Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Lentiviral Infections
Following Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) infection neutralizing antibodies are shown to provide protection in a significant proportion of cases , but not all , suggesting additional components of immune system might also contribute to elicit protective immune response . Here we have characterized the role of T cel...	Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV ) commonly infects human beings in developing countries including those in Southeast Asia . While the majority of the infected people suffer from mild illness , a minority suffers from encephalitis which may lead to death . The virus is transmitted by mosquito bites and elimination of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "spleen", "immunology", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "cytotoxic", "t", "cells", "antibodies", "research", "and", ...	2017	CD8 T cells protect adult naive mice from JEV-induced morbidity via lytic function
In Chagas disease , CD8+ T-cells are critical for the control of Trypanosoma cruzi during acute infection . Conversely , CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the myocardium during chronic infection may cause tissue injury leading to chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy ( CCC ) . Here we explored the role of CD8+ T-cells in T . cruzi...	Chagas disease , a neglected tropical disease that is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , afflicts between 8 and 15 million people in Latin America . Anti-parasite immunity allows for acute phase survival; however , approximately 30% of patients present chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy ( CCC ) with parasite persistence and CD...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunopathology", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "t", "cells", "immunology", "biology", "immune", "response", "immune", "system" ]	2012	CD8+ T-Cells Expressing Interferon Gamma or Perforin Play Antagonistic Roles in Heart Injury in Experimental Trypanosoma Cruzi-Elicited Cardiomyopathy
DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic regulator of development in mammals and social insects , but its significance in development outside these groups is not understood . Here we investigated the genome-wide dynamics of DNA methylation in a mollusc model , the oyster Crassostrea gigas , from the egg to the completi...	Elucidating the mechanisms which govern the development of multicellular animals and their evolution is a fundamental task . Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation have recently emerged as critical regulators of mammalian development through the control of genes that determine the identity of cells and the transmis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "gene", "regulation", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "dna", "transcription", "developmental", "biology", "epigenetics", "dna", "dna", "methylation", "chromatin", "chromosome", "biology", "gene", "expression", "oysters", "molluscs", "chromatin", "m...	2017	Dynamics of DNA methylomes underlie oyster development
The coagulation system provides a primitive but effective defense against hemorrhage . Soluble fibrinogen ( Fg ) monomers , composed of α , β and γ chains , are recruited to provide structural support for the formation of a hemostatic plug . Fg binds to platelets and is processed into a cross-linked fibrin polymer by t...	Leptospirosis , caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp . , has been increasingly recognized as an emerging zoonosis worldwide . In human cases , clinical presentation can vary from a mild flu-like syndrome to severe multi-organ failure including hepatitis , nephritis and occasionally meningitis . Particularly , pulmonary ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "bacteriology", "chemical", "bonding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "leptospira", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fibrinogen", "pathogens", "microbiology", "fibrin", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "glycoproteins", "bacteria", "bacterial", "pathogen...	2016	Leptospira Immunoglobulin-Like Protein B (LigB) Binds to Both the C-Terminal 23 Amino Acids of Fibrinogen αC Domain and Factor XIII: Insight into the Mechanism of LigB-Mediated Blockage of Fibrinogen α Chain Cross-Linking
As the most prevalent mammalian mRNA epigenetic modification , N6-methyladenosine ( m6A ) has been shown to possess important post-transcriptional regulatory functions . However , the regulatory mechanisms and functional circuits of m6A are still largely elusive . To help unveil the regulatory circuitry mediated by mRN...	Powered by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing ( MeRIP-Seq ) technology , recent studies have revealed a new mode of post transcriptional regulation mediated by mRNA N6-methyladenosine ( m6A ) . Currently , the analysis of m6A focuses mostly on prediction of m6A sites as well as differential m6A methylation ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetic", "networks", "gene", "regulation", "applied", "mathematics", "protein", "interaction", "networks", "enzymes", "enzymology", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "methylation", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "enzyme", "chemistry", "research", "an...	2016	m6A-Driver: Identifying Context-Specific mRNA m6A Methylation-Driven Gene Interaction Networks
Evolutionary forces that shape regulatory networks remain poorly understood . In mammals , the Rb pathway is a classic example of species-specific gene regulation , as a germline mutation in one Rb allele promotes retinoblastoma in humans , but not in mice . Here we show that p53 transactivates the Retinoblastoma-like ...	TP53 , the gene encoding p53 , is mutated in more than half of human cancers . Consequently , p53 is one of the most studied transcription factors , shown to directly regulate more than 150 genes . The mouse is a model of choice to study p53 mutants and cancer . However , differences were found between tumorigenesis in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "genetics", "genome", "evolution", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "comparative", "genomics", "biology", "mouse", "evolutionary", "genetics", "genetics", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "gene", "networks", "rat", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ...	2012	Fuzzy Tandem Repeats Containing p53 Response Elements May Define Species-Specific p53 Target Genes
Translation of consecutive prolines causes ribosome stalling , which is alleviated but cannot be fully compensated by the elongation factor P . However , the presence of polyproline motifs in about one third of the E . coli proteins underlines their potential functional importance , which remains largely unexplored . W...	Polyproline motifs induce ribosome stalling during translation , but the functional significance of this effect remains unclear . Our evolutionary analysis of polyproline motifs reveals that they are disfavored in E . coli proteomes as a consequence of the reduced translation efficiency , supporting the conjecture that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "organismal", "evolution", "chemical", "compounds", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "microbial", "evolution", "amino", "acids", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods"...	2018	Evolutionary analysis of polyproline motifs in Escherichia coli reveals their regulatory role in translation
Tsetse flies occur in much of sub-Saharan Africa where they transmit the trypanosomes that cause the diseases of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock . One of the most economical and effective methods of tsetse control is the use of insecticide-treated screens , called targets , that simulate hosts . Tar...	We employed a deterministic model to simulate the efficacy of various ways of using the tiny , ~0 . 06m2 , insecticide-treated targets recently recommended as replacements for the larger , ~1m2 , types previously used to control riverine species of tsetse fly , the main vectors of sleeping sickness in humans . Results ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Optimal Strategies for Controlling Riverine Tsetse Flies Using Targets: A Modelling Study
Condensin complexes are key determinants of higher-order chromatin structure and are required for mitotic and meiotic chromosome compaction and segregation . We identified a new role for condensin in the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion during C . elegans meiosis . Using conventional and stimulated emission dep...	During the early stages of meiosis , duplicated copies of chromosomes must be held together , and homologous chromosomes must pair to ensure formation of sperm and oocytes with the correct number of chromosomes . A protein complex called cohesin is essential for this process . A related complex called condensin is resp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "invertebrates", "chromosome", "staining", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "rna", "interference", "gonads", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "caenorhabditis", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", ...	2018	Condensin I protects meiotic cohesin from WAPL-1 mediated removal
The CD8+ T-cell is a key mediator of antiviral immunity , potentially contributing to control of pathogenic lentiviral infection through both innate and adaptive mechanisms . We studied viral dynamics during antiretroviral treatment of simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) infected rhesus macaques following CD8+ T-cell...	The recognition and elimination of infected host cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes is held to be a key component of the immune response against viral pathogens . However , this basic tenet of viral immunology may not hold true for HIV and the related SIV . In the current work , we eliminated CD8+ T-cells by treating simian i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "virology/immune", "evasion" ]	2010	In Vivo CD8+ T-Cell Suppression of SIV Viremia Is Not Mediated by CTL Clearance of Productively Infected Cells
Invasion by the malaria merozoite depends on recognition of specific erythrocyte surface receptors by parasite ligands . Plasmodium falciparum uses multiple ligands , including at least two gene families , reticulocyte binding protein homologues ( RBLs ) and erythrocyte binding proteins/ligands ( EBLs ) . The combinati...	Plasmodium falciparum causes the most virulent form of human malaria . The pathology of the disease is associated with the invasion , replication and subsequent destruction of the erythrocyte by the parasite . Invasion of the host erythrocyte by the invasive form of the parasite , the merozoite , is a key step involvin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2008	Antibodies Targeting the PfRH1 Binding Domain Inhibit Invasion of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites
African swine fever virus ( ASFV ) is a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus ( NCLDV ) that causes a highly lethal disease in domestic pigs . As other NCLDVs , the extracellular form of ASFV possesses a multilayered structure consisting of a genome-containing nucleoid successively wrapped by a thick protein core shell , a...	Virus entry is a crucial initial event for productive infection , being therefore a potential target for antiviral strategies . African swine fever virus ( ASFV ) is the causative agent of a frequently fatal swine disease for which there is no vaccine . ASFV belongs to the superfamily of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA vir...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "viral", "structure", "animals", "mammals", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "endosomes", "swine", "white", ...	2016	African Swine Fever Virus Undergoes Outer Envelope Disruption, Capsid Disassembly and Inner Envelope Fusion before Core Release from Multivesicular Endosomes
Schistosoma haematobium infections are responsible for significant urinary tract ( UT ) complications . Schistosomiasis control programs aim to reduce morbidity , yet the extent of morbidity in preschool-aged children and the impact of treatment on morbidity reduction are not well studied . Our study was embedded in a ...	Schistosoma haematobium is a parasite that infects the human genito-urinary tract . People get infected with the parasite through contact with fresh water and children are at major risk . The complications linked to this infection are due to an inflammation caused by accumulation of the eggs in peri-bladder veins . If ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "diagnostic", "radiology", "ultrasound", "imaging", "helminths", "bladder", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "health", "care", "urine", "morbidity", "research", "and...	2017	Ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary tract morbidity in school-aged and preschool-aged children infected with Schistosoma haematobium and its evolution after praziquantel treatment: A randomized controlled trial
Lipid droplet ( LD ) formation occurs during infection of macrophages with numerous intracellular pathogens , including Mycobacterium tuberculosis . It is believed that M . tuberculosis and other bacteria specifically provoke LD formation as a pathogenic strategy in order to create a depot of host lipids for use as a c...	Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis , causes more deaths annually than any other single bacterial pathogen . M . tuberculosis primarily lives in macrophages , immune cells which specialize in phagocytosing and killing pathogens . In order to survive this inhospitable environment...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "immune", "cells", "nuclear", "staining", "eicosanoids", "immunology", "neuroscience", "lipid", "inclusions", "bacteria", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "specimen", "preparation", "a...	2018	Lipid droplet formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages requires IFN-γ/HIF-1α signaling and supports host defense
The spore wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a multilaminar extracellular structure that is formed de novo in the course of sporulation . The outer layers of the spore wall provide spores with resistance to a wide variety of environmental stresses . The major components of the outer spore wall are the polysaccharide c...	The cell wall of fungi is a complex extracellular matrix and an important target for antifungal drugs . Assembly of the wall during spore formation in baker's yeast is a useful model for fungal wall development . The outermost layers of the spore wall are composed of a polymer of dityrosine connected to an underlying p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "structures", "subcellular", "organelles", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetic", "screens", "genetics", "gene", "duplication", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "saccharomyces", "cerevisiae", "...	2013	A Highly Redundant Gene Network Controls Assembly of the Outer Spore Wall in S. cerevisiae
It is often assumed that animals and people adjust their behavior to maximize reward acquisition . In visually cued reinforcement schedules , monkeys make errors in trials that are not immediately rewarded , despite having to repeat error trials . Here we show that error rates are typically smaller in trials equally di...	Theories of rational behavior are built on a number of principles , including the assumption that subjects adjust their behavior to maximize their long-term returns and that they should work equally hard to obtain a reward in situations where the effort to obtain reward is the same ( called the invariance principle ) ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/animal", "cognition", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Modeling the Violation of Reward Maximization and Invariance in Reinforcement Schedules
Mutations in ORC1 , ORC4 , ORC6 , CDT1 , and CDC6 , which encode proteins required for DNA replication origin licensing , cause Meier-Gorlin syndrome ( MGS ) , a disorder conferring microcephaly , primordial dwarfism , underdeveloped ears , and skeletal abnormalities . Mutations in ATR , which also functions during rep...	Meier-Gorlin syndrome ( MGS ) is a rare disorder conferring small head circumference , primordial dwarfism , underdeveloped ears , and skeletal abnormalities . Our previous findings suggest that impaired DNA replication could cause the developmental defects in these disorders . Here we expand on those findings by showi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biochemistry", "autosomal", "recessive", "dna", "replication", "nucleic", "acids", "genetics", "dna", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "clinical", "genetics" ]	2013	Deficiency in Origin Licensing Proteins Impairs Cilia Formation: Implications for the Aetiology of Meier-Gorlin Syndrome
Infection of red blood cells ( RBC ) subjects the malaria parasite to oxidative stress . Therefore , efficient antioxidant and redox systems are required to prevent damage by reactive oxygen species . Plasmodium spp . have thioredoxin and glutathione ( GSH ) systems that are thought to play a major role as antioxidants...	The antioxidant systems of malaria parasites ( Plasmodium spp . ) are potential targets for the development of antimalarials . The glutathione ( GSH ) redox system constitutes one of the Plasmodium primary lines of defense against damage caused by reactive oxygen species and other forms of chemical stress . GSH is synt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "molecular", "biology", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2009	The Glutathione Biosynthetic Pathway of Plasmodium Is Essential for Mosquito Transmission
A key question in ecology is the relative impact of internal nonlinear dynamics and external perturbations on the long-term trajectories of natural systems . Measles has been analyzed extensively as a paradigm for consumer-resource dynamics due to the oscillatory nature of the host-pathogen life cycle , the abundance o...	The impact of intrinsic versus external drivers of transmission on long-term dynamics is an open question in complex systems studies . In particular , when and where dynamics become chaotic has crucial implications for control efforts . Here , we extended the well-studied London measles data to include nearly a century...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "viral", "vaccines", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "influenza", "population", "dynamics", "immunology", "microbiology", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "population", "biol...	2019	Long-term dynamics of measles in London: Titrating the impact of wars, the 1918 pandemic, and vaccination
Endogenous retroviral elements ( ERVs ) in mice are significant genomic mutagens , causing ∼10% of all reported spontaneous germ line mutations in laboratory strains . The majority of these mutations are due to insertions of two high copy ERV families , the IAP and ETn/MusD elements . This significant level of ongoing ...	The laboratory mouse is the most widely used mammal for biological research . Hundreds of inbred mouse strains have been developed that vary in characteristics such as susceptibility to cancer or other diseases . There is much interest in uncovering differences between strains that result in different traits and , to a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2008	Genome-Wide Assessments Reveal Extremely High Levels of Polymorphism of Two Active Families of Mouse Endogenous Retroviral Elements
Staphylococcus aureus infections are a growing health burden worldwide , and paramount to this bacterium’s pathogenesis is the production of virulence factors , including pore-forming leukotoxins . Leukocidin A/B ( LukAB ) is a recently discovered toxin that kills primary human phagocytes , though the underlying mechan...	Staphylococcus aureus infections are becoming increasingly common , aggressive , and difficult to manage clinically . S . aureus produces a number of pore-forming toxins that target and kill immune cells . In this study , we demonstrate that LukAB is primarily responsible for S . aureus-mediated targeting and killing o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Staphylococcus aureus Leukocidin A/B (LukAB) Kills Human Monocytes via Host NLRP3 and ASC when Extracellular, but Not Intracellular
We have identified LmaPA2G4 , a homolog of the human proliferation-associated 2G4 protein ( also termed Ebp1 ) , in a phosphoproteomic screening . Multiple sequence alignment and cluster analysis revealed that LmaPA2G4 is a non-peptidase member of the M24 family of metallopeptidases . This pseudoenzyme is structurally ...	Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania . Its clinical manifestations are widespread , ranging from ulcerative skin lesions to life-threatening visceral infections . Approximately 1 . 5–2 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported each year with an estimated 70 , 000 deaths...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "signal", "transduction", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "proteomics", "parasitology" ]	2014	LmaPA2G4, a Homolog of Human Ebp1, Is an Essential Gene and Inhibits Cell Proliferation in L. major
Lymphatic Filariasis , a Neglected Tropical Disease , is caused by thread-like parasitic worms , including B . malayi , which migrate to the human lymphatic system following transmission . The parasites reside in collecting lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes for years , often resulting in lymphedema , elephantiasis or h...	Lymphatic Filariasis is the largest world-wide source of secondary lymphedema and is caused by parasitic nematodes that migrate to and dwell in the lymphatic system . The World Health Organization estimates that over 120 million people in 73 countries are currently infected , and a further 1 . 4 billion live in infecti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biotechnology", "digital", "video", "imaging", "microscopy", "engineering", "and", "technology", "biological", "cultures", "light", "microscopy", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "parasitology", "microscopy", "computer", "based", "imaging", "cell", "cultures", ...	2014	An Integrated In Vitro Imaging Platform for Characterizing Filarial Parasite Behavior within a Multicellular Microenvironment
Studies employing serological , DTH or conventional PCR techniques suggest a vast proportion of Leishmania infected individuals living in regions endemic for Visceral Leishmaniasis ( VL ) remain asymptomatic . This study was designed to assess whether quantitative PCR ( qPCR ) can be used for detection of asymptomatic ...	Anthroponotic VL caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent accounts for 70% of the world burden of VL . Among the estimated 100 , 000 cases of VL acquired annually in India , 90% occur in the state of Bihar . Leishmania infection can result in either symptomatic or asymptomatic infection . L . donovani i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "vector-borne", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Quantitative PCR in Epidemiology for Early Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases in India
While the bacterial mechanosensitive channel of large conductance ( MscL ) is the best studied biological mechanosensor and serves as a paradigm for how a protein can sense and respond to membrane tension , the simple matter of its oligomeric state has led to debate , with models ranging from tetramers to hexamers . In...	The ability to detect mechanical forces is at the basis of not only the senses of touch hearing and balance but also cardiovascular and osmotic regulation . One of the primary ways that organisms detect forces is through mechanosensitive channels , and mechanosensation is so vital that essentially all organisms have at...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "biochemistry", "biochemistry/membrane", "proteins", "and", "energy", "transduction" ]	2010	S. aureus MscL Is a Pentamer In Vivo but of Variable Stoichiometries In Vitro: Implications for Detergent-Solubilized Membrane Proteins
Hosts including humans , other vertebrates , and arthropods , are frequently infected with heterogeneous populations of pathogens . Within-host pathogen diversity has major implications for human health , epidemiology , and pathogen evolution . However , pathogen diversity within-hosts is difficult to characterize and ...	Lyme disease , caused by a bacteria carried by deer ticks , is the most common vector-borne disease in North America and over 30 , 000 cases are reported each year in the United States . Ticks may be infected with multiple strains of the Lyme disease bacteria , which differ in transmissibility and the harm they pose to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ixodes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "population", "genetics", "vertebrates", "animals", "alleles", "developmental", "biology", "nymphs", "ticks", "population", "biology", "epidemiol...	2016	Vectors as Epidemiological Sentinels: Patterns of Within-Tick Borrelia burgdorferi Diversity
In Drosophila , genes expressed in males tend to accumulate on autosomes and are underrepresented on the X chromosome . In particular , genes expressed in testis have been observed to frequently relocate from the X chromosome to the autosomes . The inactivation of X-linked genes during male meiosis ( i . e . , meiotic ...	During the course of Drosophila evolution , genes expressed in males have accumulated on the autosomes . Meiotic sex chromosome X inactivation in males was proposed , among other hypotheses , as a selective force favoring the accumulation of testis-expressed genes on the autosomes . Under such a model , the inactivatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics" ]	2009	Stage-Specific Expression Profiling of Drosophila Spermatogenesis Suggests that Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation Drives Genomic Relocation of Testis-Expressed Genes
Attentional control ensures that neuronal processes prioritize the most relevant stimulus in a given environment . Controlling which stimulus is attended thus originates from neurons encoding the relevance of stimuli , i . e . their expected value , in hand with neurons encoding contextual information about stimulus lo...	To navigate within an environment filled with sensory stimuli , the brain must selectively process only the most relevant sensory information . Identifying and shifting attention to the most relevant sensory stimulus requires integrating information about its sensory features as well as its relative value , that is , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "biology", "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Specific Contributions of Ventromedial, Anterior Cingulate, and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex for Attentional Selection and Stimulus Valuation

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