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Entry of Staphylococcus aureus into the bloodstream can lead to metastatic abscess formation and infective endocarditis . Crucial to the development of both these conditions is the interaction of S . aureus with endothelial cells . In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the staphylococcal invasin FnBPA triggers b...	Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of bacteremia and sepsis . Adhesion to and invasion of endothelial cells lining blood vessels by S . aureus can lead to colonization of the heart valves and/or dissemination into surrounding tissues and the establishment of secondary ( metastatic ) infections . Uptake by endoth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/nosocomial", "and", "healthcare-associated", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2010	Staphylococcus aureus Host Cell Invasion and Virulence in Sepsis Is Facilitated by the Multiple Repeats within FnBPA
Oscillations are observed at various frequency bands in continuous-valued neural recordings like the electroencephalogram ( EEG ) and local field potential ( LFP ) in bulk brain matter , and analysis of spike-field coherence reveals that spiking of single neurons often occurs at certain phases of the global oscillation...	Oscillatory modulation of neural activity in the brain is widely observed under conditions associated with a variety of cognitive tasks and mental states . Within individual neurons , oscillations may be uncovered in the moment-to-moment variation in neural firing rate . This , however , is often challenging because ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "applied", "mathematics", "membrane", "potential", "random", "variables", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "covariance", "motor", "neurons", "s...	2017	Inferring oscillatory modulation in neural spike trains
Paratransgenesis , the genetic manipulation of insect symbiotic microorganisms , is being considered as a potential method to control vector-borne diseases such as malaria . The feasibility of paratransgenic malaria control has been hampered by the lack of candidate symbiotic microorganisms for the major vector Anophel...	Paratransgenesis , the genetic manipulation of mosquito symbiotic microorganisms , is being considered as a potential strategy to control malaria . Microorganisms associated with Anopheles mosquitoes could be manipulated to alter the mosquito's ability to become infected with and transmit the malaria parasites , or red...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biotechnology/applied", "microbiology", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "public", "health", "and",...	2008	Viral Paratransgenesis in the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae
Neurological impairments are frequently detected in children surviving cerebral malaria ( CM ) , the most severe neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum . The pathophysiology and therapy of long lasting cognitive deficits in malaria patients after treatment of the parasitic disease is a critic...	Cerebral malaria ( CM ) is a deadly consequence of Plasmodium falciparum infection . Severe neurologic deficits are frequent during CM . Although most resolve within 6 months , several retrospective studies have described high frequencies of long-lasting cognitive impairment after an episode of CM . We developed behavi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2010	Cognitive Dysfunction Is Sustained after Rescue Therapy in Experimental Cerebral Malaria, and Is Reduced by Additive Antioxidant Therapy
In mammalian meiosis , homologous chromosome synapsis is coupled with recombination . As in most eukaryotes , mammalian meiocytes have checkpoints that monitor the fidelity of these processes . We report that the mouse ortholog ( Trip13 ) of pachytene checkpoint 2 ( PCH2 ) , an essential component of the synapsis check...	It is critical that the chromosomes carried by sperm and eggs contain faithful representations of the genome of the individual that produced them . During the process of meiosis , the maternal and paternal copies of each chromosome “synapse” with each other ( become tightly associated ) , exchange genetic material via ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mus", "(mouse)", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Mouse Pachytene Checkpoint 2 (Trip13) Is Required for Completing Meiotic Recombination but Not Synapsis
DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are potent sources of genome instability . While there is considerable genetic and molecular information about the disposition of direct DSBs and breaks that arise during replication , relatively little is known about DSBs derived during processing of single-strand lesions , especially...	DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are an important source of genome instability that can lead to severe biological consequences including tumorigenesis and cell death . Although much is known about DSBs induced directly by ionizing radiation and radiomimetic cancer drugs , there is a relative dearth of information abou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "toxicology" ]	2011	Alkylation Base Damage Is Converted into Repairable Double-Strand Breaks and Complex Intermediates in G2 Cells Lacking AP Endonuclease
Inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia ( IBMPFD ) is caused by mutations in Valosin-containing protein ( VCP ) , a hexameric AAA ATPase that participates in a variety of cellular processes such as protein degradation , organelle biogenesis , and cell-cycle regulation . To under...	Inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia ( IBMPFD ) is a progressive autosomal dominant disease , characterized by the adult onset of muscle degeneration , abnormal bone metabolism , and drastic behavior changes . IBMPFD is caused by specific mutations in the highly conserved VCP...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "pathology/pathophysiology", "neurological", "disorders", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models" ]	2011	Pathogenic VCP/TER94 Alleles Are Dominant Actives and Contribute to Neurodegeneration by Altering Cellular ATP Level in a Drosophila IBMPFD Model
Large numbers of gross chromosomal rearrangements ( GCRs ) are frequently observed in many cancers . High mobility group 1 ( HMG1 ) protein is a non-histone DNA-binding protein and is highly expressed in different types of tumors . The high expression of HMG1 could alter DNA structure resulting in GCRs . Spt2p is a non...	Transmitting genetic information without creating deleterious genetic alternations is one of the cell's most important tasks . When cells cannot repair DNA damage properly , it leads to genomic instability and results in genetic disorders , including cancer . Many studies , including ours , have started to uncover path...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/recombination", "molecular", "biology/chromosome", "structure", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "molecular", "biology/transcription", "elongation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/cancer", ...	2008	Spt2p Defines a New Transcription-Dependent Gross Chromosomal Rearrangement Pathway
Distinct transcriptional states are maintained through organization of chromatin , resulting from the sum of numerous repressive and active histone modifications , into tightly packaged heterochromatin versus more accessible euchromatin . Polycomb repressive complex 2 ( PRC2 ) is the main mammalian complex responsible ...	The formation of mammary glands requires the tight regulation of many genes that govern cell fate decisions in the cells that form them . However , most of these genes remain undefined . The Polycomb repressive complex 2 ( PRC2 ) has a role in gene silencing , and it is comprised of several subunits , which include eit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "organoids", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "reproductive", "system", "biological", "cultures", "dna-binding", "proteins", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "animal", "models", "oncology", "model", "organisms", "exp...	2018	Canonical PRC2 function is essential for mammary gland development and affects chromatin compaction in mammary organoids
Meiotic recombination safeguards proper segregation of homologous chromosomes into gametes , affects genetic variation within species , and contributes to meiotic chromosome recognition , pairing and synapsis . The Prdm9 gene has a dual role , it controls meiotic recombination by determining the genomic position of cro...	During differentiation of germ cells into gametes , a maternal and a paternal copy of each chromosome have to find each other , pair , and synapse in order to ensure proper chromosome segregation into the gametes . Because of the unique ability to identify homologous DNA sequences between homologous chromosomes , meiot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "model", "organisms", "dna", "recombination", "dna", "mammalian", "genomics", "homologous", "recombination", "inbred", "strains", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "chromosome", "biology", "genetic", "loci", "animal", "genomics",...	2016	Hybrid Sterility Locus on Chromosome X Controls Meiotic Recombination Rate in Mouse
The conserved target of rapamycin complex 1 ( TORC1 ) integrates nutrient signals to orchestrate cell growth and proliferation . Leucine availability is conveyed to control TORC1 activity via the leu-tRNA synthetase/EGOC-GTPase module in yeast and mammals , but the mechanisms sensing leucine remain only partially under...	In all organisms from yeasts to mammals the target of rapamycin TORC1 pathway controls growth in response to nutrients such as leucine , but the leucine sensing mechanisms are only partially characterized . We show that both leucine and its α-ketoacid metabolite , α-ketoisocaproate , are similarly capable of activating...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Branched-Chain Aminotransferases Control TORC1 Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
While the importance of transmission of pathogens is widely accepted , there is currently little mechanistic understanding of this process . Nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae ( the pneumococcus ) is common in humans , especially in early childhood , and is a prerequisite for the development of disease and tran...	In this study , we sought to identify factors contributing to the transmission of the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae ( the pneumococcus ) , a major cause of otitis media , pneumonia , and septicemia . Often found as a co-infection with other bacterial and viral pathogens , the pneumococcus is commonly carr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "gram", "positive", "bacteria", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunity", "medical", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", ...	2014	TLR2 Signaling Decreases Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Limiting Bacterial Shedding in an Infant Mouse Influenza A Co-infection Model
Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have detected many disease associations . However , the reported variants tend to explain small fractions of risk , and there are doubts about issues such as the portability of findings over different ethnic groups or the relative roles of rare versus common variants in the gene...	Describing and identifying the genetic variants that increase risk for complex diseases remains a central focus of human genetics and is fundamental for the emergent field of personalized medicine . Over the last six years , GWAS have revolutionized the field , discovering hundreds of disease loci . However , with only...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "genetic", "polymorphism", "epidemiology", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetic", "epidemiology" ]	2013	High Trans-ethnic Replicability of GWAS Results Implies Common Causal Variants
The SAFE strategy aims to reduce transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis through antibiotics , improved hygiene , and sanitation . We integrated assessment of intestinal parasites into large-scale trachoma impact surveys to determine whether documented environmental improvements promoted by a trachoma program had collate...	Part of the SAFE strategy ( surgery , antibiotics , facial cleanliness , and environmental improvement ) to eliminate blinding trachoma involves improving access to , and use of , water and sanitation . We combined the assessment of parasitic worm and intestinal protozoa infections with surveys of trachoma in an area o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ophthalmology", "medicine", "public", "health", "trachoma" ]	2013	Intestinal Parasite Prevalence in an Area of Ethiopia after Implementing the SAFE Strategy, Enhanced Outreach Services, and Health Extension Program
Given the relevance of beige adipocytes in adult humans , a better understanding of the molecular circuits involved in beige adipocyte biogenesis has provided new insight into human brown adipocyte biology . Genetic mutations in SLC39A13/ZIP13 , a member of zinc transporter family , are known to reduce adipose tissue m...	Inducible brown fat-like cells , named beige adipocytes have recently been a topic of great interest , mainly because they are induced in response to external cues , and are closely associated with adult human brown adipocyte . Therefore , the identification of selective molecular circuits involved in beige adipocyte b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "body", "weight", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "adipocytes", "physiological", "parameters", "connective", "tissue", "cells", "obesity", "bioenergetics", "adipocyte", "differentiation", "lipids", "animal", ...	2017	Zinc transporter ZIP13 suppresses beige adipocyte biogenesis and energy expenditure by regulating C/EBP-β expression
Urochordates are the closest relatives of vertebrates and at the larval stage , possess a characteristic bilateral chordate body plan . In vertebrates , the genes that orchestrate embryonic patterning are in part regulated by highly conserved non-coding elements ( CNEs ) , yet these elements have not been identified in...	Vertebrates share many aspects of early development with our closest chordate ancestors , the tunicates . However , whilst the repertoire of genes that orchestrate development is essentially the same in the two lineages , the genomic code that regulates these genes appears to be very different , even though it is highl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Parallel Evolution of Chordate Cis-Regulatory Code for Development
Harlequin Ichthyosis ( HI ) is a severe and often lethal hyperkeratotic skin disease caused by mutations in the ABCA12 transport protein . In keratinocytes , ABCA12 is thought to regulate the transfer of lipids into small intracellular trafficking vesicles known as lamellar bodies . However , the nature and scope of th...	Harlequin Ichthyosis is a severe inherited disease in which the skin develops as thick armour-like plates . While many HI patients die at birth , those who survive are subject to dehydration and infection . The disease is caused by defects in a protein called ABCA12 , which is thought to function by transporting lipids...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "dermatology/pediatric", "skin", "diseases,", "including", "genetic", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "cardiovascular", "disorders/coron...	2008	A Mouse Model of Harlequin Ichthyosis Delineates a Key Role for Abca12 in Lipid Homeostasis
Indirect reciprocity , besides providing a convenient framework to address the evolution of moral systems , offers a simple and plausible explanation for the prevalence of cooperation among unrelated individuals . By helping someone , an individual may increase her/his reputation , which may change the pre-disposition ...	The prevalence of cooperation among human societies is a puzzle that has caught the eye of researchers from multiple fields . Why is that people are selfless and often incur costs to aid others ? Reputations are intimately linked with the answer to this question , and so are the social norms that dictate what is reckon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "recreation", "markov", "models", "applied", "mathematics", "sociology", "social", "sciences", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "evolutionary", "computation", "social", "systems", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "animal", "behavior", "zoology", ...	2016	Social Norms of Cooperation in Small-Scale Societies
Mechanical force plays an important role in the physiology of eukaryotic cells whose dominant structural constituent is the actin cytoskeleton composed mainly of actin and actin crosslinking proteins ( ACPs ) . Thus , knowledge of rheological properties of actin networks is crucial for understanding the mechanics and p...	The actin cytoskeleton provides structural integrity to a cell , is highly dynamic , and plays a central role in a wide variety of phenomena such as migration and the sensation of external forces . For years , researchers have studied the mechanics of the cytoskeleton by creating actin gels in the laboratory in combina...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2009	Computational Analysis of Viscoelastic Properties of Crosslinked Actin Networks
Contemporary computational accounts of instrumental conditioning have emphasized a role for a model-based system in which values are computed with reference to a rich model of the structure of the world , and a model-free system in which values are updated without encoding such structure . Much less studied is the poss...	A hot topic in the neurobiology of learning is the idea that there may be two distinct mechanisms for learning in the brain: a model-based learning system in which predictions are made with respect to a rich internal model of the learning environment , versus a “model-free” mechanism in which trial-and-error learning o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cognitive", "neuroscience", "decision", "making", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	Evidence for Model-based Computations in the Human Amygdala during Pavlovian Conditioning
Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) forms two gH/gL glycoprotein complexes , gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL ( 128 , 130 , 131A ) , which determine the tropism , the entry pathways and the mode of spread of the virus . For murine cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) , which serves as a model for HCMV , a gH/gL/gO complex functionally homologous...	Several human herpesviruses form alternative gH/gL complexes which determine the tropism for different cell types . For murine cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) , a gH/gL/gO complex has recently been characterized . Here , we present the identification and characterization of an alternative gH/gL/MCK-2 complex which promotes MC...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases" ]	2013	The Viral Chemokine MCK-2 of Murine Cytomegalovirus Promotes Infection as Part of a gH/gL/MCK-2 Complex
Pathophysiological explanations of epilepsy typically focus on either the micro/mesoscale ( e . g . excitation-inhibition imbalance ) , or on the macroscale ( e . g . network architecture ) . Linking abnormalities across spatial scales remains difficult , partly because of technical limitations in measuring neuronal si...	We show that Bayesian inversion techniques used in electrophysiological data are applicable to calcium imaging data derived from light sheet microscopy in the zebrafish brain . Using this approach we can now make inference on the underlying large-scale connectivity changes underlying pathological states such as seizure...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "fluorescence", "imaging", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fish", "fluorescence", "neural", "networks", "brain", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "electromagnetic", "radiation", "epileptic", "seizures", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "model", "orga...	2018	Calcium imaging and dynamic causal modelling reveal brain-wide changes in effective connectivity and synaptic dynamics during epileptic seizures
Certain strains of the endosymbiont Wolbachia have the potential to lower the vectorial capacity of mosquito populations and assist in controlling a number of mosquito-borne diseases . An important consideration when introducing Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes into natural populations is the minimisation of any transient...	Wolbachia are symbiotic bacteria that are found in many insect species . Recent laboratory studies show that certain strains of Wolbachia can reduce the capacity of mosquito species to transmit diseases such as dengue fever and malaria , either by directly inhibiting the pathogen or by shortening lifespan . However , l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "theoretical", "biology", "ecology", "biology", "population", "biology" ]	2011	Strategies for Introducing Wolbachia to Reduce Transmission of Mosquito-Borne Diseases
A persistent obstacle for constructing kinetic models of metabolism is uncertainty in the kinetic properties of enzymes . Currently , available methods for building kinetic models can cope indirectly with uncertainties by integrating data from different biological levels and origins into models . In this study , we use...	Kinetic models are the most promising tool for understanding the complex dynamic behavior of living cells . The primary goal of kinetic models is to capture the properties of the metabolic networks as a whole , and thus we need large-scale models for dependable in silico analyses of metabolism . However , uncertainty i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "applied", "mathematics", "metabolic", "networks", "enzymology", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "xylose", "algorithms", "physiological", "parameters", "metabolites",...	2019	Uncertainty reduction in biochemical kinetic models: Enforcing desired model properties
The value of rewards arises from multiple hedonic and motivational dimensions . Reward-encoding brain regions such as the ventral striatum ( VS ) are known to process these dimensions . However , the mechanism whereby distinct reward dimensions are selected for neural processing and guiding behavior remains unclear . H...	People and animals typically both want and like rewards . Here , we show that these two dimensions of value can be dissociated at both the behavioral and the neural level . In keeping with rodent findings , our human neuroimaging data indicate that the ventral striatum—a part of the reward system in the basal ganglia—e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "statistics", "prefrontal", "cortex", "brain", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "analysis", "of", "variance", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "computatio...	2018	Frontostriatal pathways gate processing of behaviorally relevant reward dimensions
Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor consisting of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus ( KSHV ) –infected tumor cells that express endothelial cell ( EC ) markers and viral genes like v-cyclin , vFLIP , and LANA . Despite a strong link between KSHV infection and certain neoplasms , de novo virus infection of human primary cells does not r...	Recent findings have indicated that DNA hyper-replication triggered by oncogenes can induce cellular senescence , which together with the oncogene-induced DNA damage checkpoint confers a barrier to tumorigenesis . Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus ( KSHV ) can infect human dermal microvascular endothelial cells ( ECs ) in vit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "oncology", "viruses", "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Viral Oncogene–Induced DNA Damage Response Is Activated in Kaposi Sarcoma Tumorigenesis
Bacterial pathogens utilize pore-forming toxins or sophisticated secretion systems to establish infection in hosts . Recognition of these toxins or secretion system by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat proteins ( NLRs ) triggers the assembly of inflammasomes , the multiprotein complexes nece...	V . parahaemolyticus is Gram-negative pathogen that causes a food poisoning in human . To date , a number of bacterial factors that play a role in V . parahaemolyticus virulence have been characterized , yet little is known about the host factors contributing to the disease process and susceptibility to these pathogens...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2013	Vibrio parahaemolyticus Effector Proteins Suppress Inflammasome Activation by Interfering with Host Autophagy Signaling
Infection of host tissues by Staphylococcus aureus and S . epidermidis requires an unusual family of staphylococcal adhesive proteins that contain long stretches of serine-aspartate dipeptide-repeats ( SDR ) . The prototype member of this family is clumping factor A ( ClfA ) , a key virulence factor that mediates adhes...	Staphylococcus aureus and S . epidermidis are major bacterial pathogens that can cause life-threatening human diseases . Following entry into the circulation , S . aureus can infect virtually any organ . However , it must first counter antibacterial mechanisms of the innate immune system , including those involving mac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Novel Staphylococcal Glycosyltransferases SdgA and SdgB Mediate Immunogenicity and Protection of Virulence-Associated Cell Wall Proteins
The global distribution map of schistosomiasis shows a large overlap of Schistosoma haematobium- and S . mansoni-endemic areas in Africa . Yet , little is known about the consequences of mixed Schistosoma infections for the human host . A recent study in two neighboring co-endemic communities in Senegal indicated that ...	In the developing world , over 207 million people are infected with parasitic Schistosoma worms . Schistosoma haematobium and S . mansoni are the most abundant species in Africa and many people carry both . Yet , little is known about the consequences of such mixed infections . In general , S . haematobium affects the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "urology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "bladder", "and", "ureteric", "disorders", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitic", "diseases", "liver", "diseases", "gastroenterology", "and", "...	2012	Bladder Morbidity and Hepatic Fibrosis in Mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni Infections: A Population-Wide Study in Northern Senegal
The activation of several transcription factors is required for the elimination of infectious pathogens via the innate immune response . The transcription factors NF-κB , AP-1 , and STAT play major roles in the synthesis of immune effector molecules during innate immune responses . However , the fact that these immune ...	The immune response is designed to target foreign infectious elements , not self , but it can become destructive when it fails to discriminate self from nonself . Therefore , it is important to restrain the magnitude and duration of the immune response by several mechanisms including receptor down-regulation and inhibi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "drosophila", "immunology" ]	2007	Down-Regulation of NF-κB Target Genes by the AP-1 and STAT Complex during the Innate Immune Response in Drosophila
The envelope ( E ) protein from coronaviruses is a small polypeptide that contains at least one α-helical transmembrane domain . Absence , or inactivation , of E protein results in attenuated viruses , due to alterations in either virion morphology or tropism . Apart from its morphogenetic properties , protein E has be...	Coronaviruses are viral pathogens that cause a variety of lethal diseases in birds and mammals , and common colds in humans . In 2003 , however , an animal coronavirus was able to infect humans and produced severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) , causing a near pandemic . Such events are likely to reoccur in the f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "biophysics/experimental", "biophysical", "methods", "biophysics/structural", "genomics", "biophysics/membrane", "proteins", "and", "energy", "transduction" ]	2009	Structure and Inhibition of the SARS Coronavirus Envelope Protein Ion Channel
Pili of pathogenic Neisseria are major virulence factors associated with adhesion , twitching motility , auto-aggregation , and DNA transformation . Pili of N . meningitidis are subject to several different post-translational modifications . Among these pilin modifications , the presence of phosphorylcholine ( ChoP ) a...	Neisseria meningitidis is an important human pathogen that can cause rapidly progressing , life threatening meningitis and sepsis in humans . There is no fully protective vaccine against this pathogen in current use and the key processes that dictate the transition from harmless carriage of the bacterium in the airway ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2013	Dual Pili Post-translational Modifications Synergize to Mediate Meningococcal Adherence to Platelet Activating Factor Receptor on Human Airway Cells
Dietary restriction ( DR ) is the most consistent means of extending longevity in a wide range of organisms . A growing body of literature indicates that mitochondria play an important role in longevity extension by DR , but the impact of mitochondrial genotypes on the DR process have received little attention . Mitoch...	It is widely recognized that mitochondrial function plays an important role in longevity and healthy aging . Considerable attention has been focused on the extension of longevity by caloric or dietary restriction and mutations that alter this process , and these interventions commonly are associated with shifts in mito...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "aging", "developmental", "biology", "organism", "development", "genetic", "polymorphism", "coevolution", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes" ]	2014	G×G×E for Lifespan in Drosophila: Mitochondrial, Nuclear, and Dietary Interactions that Modify Longevity
Almost all animals show sex differences in body size . For example , in Drosophila , females are larger than males . Although Drosophila is widely used as a model to study growth , the mechanisms underlying this male-female difference in size remain unclear . Here , we describe a novel role for the sex determination ge...	Female-biased sexual size dimorphism is common in invertebrates , yet the mechanisms underlying increased female body size remain unclear . We uncovered a key role for sex determination gene transformer ( tra ) in promoting increased growth in females . Interestingly , we found that sex differences in body size are reg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Sex Determination Gene transformer Regulates Male-Female Differences in Drosophila Body Size
Dengue is the most extensively spread mosquito-borne disease; endemic in more than 100 countries . Information about dengue disease burden , its prevalence , incidence and geographic distribution is critical in planning appropriate control measures against dengue fever . We conducted a systematic review and meta-analys...	Dengue fever , an extensively spread mosquito-borne disease , is endemic in more than 100 countries . Information about dengue disease burden , its prevalence and incidence and geographic distribution is necessary to guide in planning appropriate control measures including the dengue vaccine that has recently been lice...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "laboratory", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "india", "microbiology", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "negle...	2018	Dengue infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Protection at the peak of Plasmodium chabaudi blood-stage malaria infection is provided by CD4 T cells . We have shown that an increase in Th1 cells also correlates with protection during the persistent phase of malaria; however , it is unclear how these T cells are maintained . Persistent malaria infection promotes pr...	Malaria causes significant mortality but current vaccine candidates have poor efficacy and duration , as does natural immunity to malaria . T helper cells ( CD4+ ) are essential to protection from malaria , but it is unknown what kinds of T cells would be both protective and long-lasting . Here , we explored the mechan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "spleen", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "cell", "differentiation", "parasite...	2018	Protection by and maintenance of CD4 effector memory and effector T cell subsets in persistent malaria infection
Vasopressin neurons , responding to input generated by osmotic pressure , use an intrinsic mechanism to shift from slow irregular firing to a distinct phasic pattern , consisting of long bursts and silences lasting tens of seconds . With increased input , bursts lengthen , eventually shifting to continuous firing . The...	Vasopressin is a hormone secreted from specialised brain cells into the bloodstream , acting at the kidneys to control water excretion , and thereby help regulate osmotic pressure . This is a cell membrane property determined by the ratio between body salt and water , and its maintenance is essential to the function of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "endocrine", "physiology", "computational", "neuroscience", "endocrinology", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology", "biology", "neuroendocrinology", "physiology", "endocrine", "system", "computational...	2012	Phasic Firing in Vasopressin Cells: Understanding Its Functional Significance through Computational Models
The Kato-Katz technique is widely used for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni , but shows low sensitivity in light-intensity infections . We assessed the accuracy of a commercially available point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen ( POC-CCA ) cassette test for the diagnosis of S . mansoni in preschool-aged childre...	The strategy to control morbidity due to infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is to regularly treat school-aged children with the drug praziquantel . Recent studies suggest that in highly endemic areas preschoolers might need to be included in such deworming campaigns . An accurate diagnosis is important ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2013	Accuracy of Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen Test for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in Preschool-Aged Children before and after Treatment
Plant innate immunity is mediated by Resistance ( R ) proteins , which bear a striking resemblance to animal molecules of similar function . Tobacco N is a TIR-NB-LRR R gene that confers resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus , specifically the p50 helicase domain . An intriguing question is how plant R proteins recognize ...	Each year , up to 10% of world agricultural production is lost to pests and diseases caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria , fungi , nematodes , and viruses . Scientists have understood for nearly a century that plants carry their own immune system that actively engages pathogens and prevents many infecti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "plant", "biology", "virology", "immunology", "molecular", "biology" ]	2007	A Novel Role for the TIR Domain in Association with Pathogen-Derived Elicitors
Using DNA sequences 5′ to open reading frames , we have constructed green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) fusions and generated spatial and temporal tissue expression profiles for 1 , 886 specific genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . This effort encompasses about 10% of all genes identified in this organism . GFP...	Knowing where a protein is expressed provides an important clue about its potential function . As critical as this information is , we have complete developmental expression profiles for only a small fraction of all genes expressed in any metazoan . Here , we have generated spatial and temporal tissue expression profil...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "computational", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	High-Throughput In Vivo Analysis of Gene Expression in Caenorhabditis elegans
Chagas disease kills approximately 45 thousand people annually and affects 10 million people in Latin America and the southern United States . The parasite that causes the disease , Trypanosoma cruzi , can be transmitted by insects of the family Reduviidae , subfamily Triatominae . Any study that attempts to evaluate r...	Chagas disease kills thousands of people annually . Triatomine insects ( family Reduviidae , sub-family Triatominae ) , can be potential vectors of the parasite ( Trypanosoma cruzi ) that causes the disease . There are often no symptoms until cardiac and digestive system dysfunction ( possibly including heart failure )...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "global", "health", "global", "change", "ecology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences" ]	2014	Projected Future Distributions of Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in North America under Climate Change Scenarios
The type of food source has previously been shown to be as important as the level of food intake in influencing lifespan . Here we report that different Escherichia coli food sources alter Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan . These effects are modulated by different subsets of sensory neurons , which act with nmur-1 , a h...	Work on the model organisms C . elegans and D . melanogaster has contributed important and often surprising insights into the factors that determine lifespan . One intriguing finding is that lifespan in both animals can be extended or shortened by interfering with the function of neurons that smell or taste food . Inde...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "physiology/sensory", "systems", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "nutrition", "developmental", "biology/aging", "physiology", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology/obesity", "physiology/endocrinology", "nutrition/obesity", "microbiol...	2010	A Neuromedin U Receptor Acts with the Sensory System to Modulate Food Type-Dependent Effects on C. elegans Lifespan
Post-translational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-related modifier ( SUMO ) is reversible and highly evolutionarily conserved from yeasts to humans . Unlike ubiquitination with a well-established role in protein degradation , sumoylation may alter protein function , activity , stability and subcellular loc...	Protein modification by SUMO is a reversible and evolutionarily conserved process . Members of the SUMO-specific protease ( SENP ) family are known to reverse SUMO-conjugation in many defined systems , but their importance in mammalian development and pathogenesis remains largely elusive . Although SUMO-conjugated prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "molecular", "neuroscience", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "genetics", "cell", "processes", "neuroscience", "gene", "function", "animal", "models", "genetics", "of", "disease...	2014	Disruption of SUMO-Specific Protease 2 Induces Mitochondria Mediated Neurodegeneration
It is widely suspected that gene regulatory networks are highly plastic . The rapid turnover of transcription factor binding sites has been predicted on theoretical grounds and has been experimentally demonstrated in closely related species . We combined experimental approaches with comparative genomics to focus on the...	In explaining the diversity of organisms on Earth , it is increasingly evident that evolutionary changes in when and where genes are expressed provide a crucial source of variation . By using genome-wide transcription factor localization experiments in S . cerevisiae , K . lactis , and C . albicans , combined with comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2008	The Evolution of Combinatorial Gene Regulation in Fungi
Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) , a herpesvirus , is a ubiquitously distributed pathogen that causes severe disease in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns . Efforts are underway to prepare effective subunit vaccines and therapies including antiviral antibodies . However , current vaccine efforts are hampered...	The development of antibodies is a major defense mechanism against viruses . Understanding the repertoire of antiviral antibodies induced during infection is a necessary prerequisite to defining the protective activities of an antiviral antibody response . The isolation of antigen specific memory B cells and subsequent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viral", "vaccines", "virology", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "immune", "response", "immunoglobulins" ]	2011	B Cell Repertoire Analysis Identifies New Antigenic Domains on Glycoprotein B of Human Cytomegalovirus which Are Target of Neutralizing Antibodies
The efforts to control and eradicate polio as a global health burden have been successful to the point where currently only three countries now report endemic polio , and the number of cases of polio continues to decrease . The success of the polio programme has been dependant on a well-developed network of laboratorie...	The successful campaign being waged against polio has eliminated the disease from most countries where it was once endemic . With this success , it is anticipated that the disease will be eradicated in the coming years with only 37 cases being reported in 2016 . Although the efforts to control polio are successful ther...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "hookworms", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "necator", "americanus", "ascaris", "ascaris", "lumbricoides", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "strongyloides", "stercoralis"...	2018	Expanding molecular diagnostics of helminthiasis: Piloting use of the GPLN platform for surveillance of soil transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis in Ghana
Small bowel adenocarcinoma ( SBA ) is an aggressive disease with limited treatment options . Despite previous studies , its molecular genetic background has remained somewhat elusive . To comprehensively characterize the mutational landscape of this tumor type , and to identify possible targets of treatment , we conduc...	Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare but aggressive disease with limited treatment options . Of gastrointestinal tumors , small bowel tumors account for 3% , of which around one third are adenocarcinomas . Due to the scarcity of evidence-based treatment recommendations there is a dire need for knowledge on the biology ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunology", "carcinomas", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "oncology", "mutation", "nonsense", "mutation", "adenocarcinomas", "frameshift", "mutation", "animal", "cells", "somatic",...	2018	Exome-wide somatic mutation characterization of small bowel adenocarcinoma
Differentiated mammary epithelium shows apicobasal polarity , and loss of tissue organization is an early hallmark of breast carcinogenesis . In BRCA1 mutation carriers , accumulation of stem and progenitor cells in normal breast tissue and increased risk of developing tumors of basal-like type suggest that BRCA1 regul...	Mutations in two genes that were initially identified as predisposing carriers to early-onset breast cancer , BRCA1 and BRCA2 , cause similar perturbations in cellular responses to DNA damage but predispose carriers to distinct tumor types . Thus , the two genes may trigger different carcinogenic processes . We have us...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "cancer", "genetics", "basic", "cancer", "research", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "cancer", "risk", "factors", "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "gene", "function" ]	2011	Interplay between BRCA1 and RHAMM Regulates Epithelial Apicobasal Polarization and May Influence Risk of Breast Cancer
Malaria-protective CD8+ T cells specific for the circumsporozoite ( CS ) protein are primed by dendritic cells ( DCs ) after sporozoite injection by infected mosquitoes . The primed cells then eliminate parasite liver stages after recognizing the CS epitopes presented by hepatocytes . To define the in vivo processing o...	Malaria causes the deaths of 0 . 5–2 million people each year , mainly in Africa . A safe and effective vaccine is likely needed for the control or eradication of this disease . Immunization by irradiated malaria-infected mosquitoes has been shown to protect people against malaria . Irradiated parasites do not divide a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "immunology/antigen", "processing", "and", "recognition", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2011	Dendritic Cells and Hepatocytes Use Distinct Pathways to Process Protective Antigen from Plasmodium in vivo
Hosts may mitigate the impact of parasites by two broad strategies: resistance , which limits parasite burden , and tolerance , which limits the fitness or health cost of increasing parasite burden . The degree and causes of variation in both resistance and tolerance are expected to influence host–parasite evolutionary...	Animals can defend themselves against parasites through either resistance ( reducing parasite numbers , for example , by killing them ) or tolerance ( maintaining health as infections levels increase , for example , by repairing damage ) . Resistance has been well-studied in wild animals , but tolerance has been less s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "ecology", "intestinal", "parasites", "ecology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "evolutionary", "biology", "parasitology" ]	2014	Natural Selection on Individual Variation in Tolerance of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection
The constant removal of deleterious mutations by natural selection causes a reduction in neutral diversity and efficacy of selection at genetically linked sites ( a process called Background Selection , BGS ) . Population genetic studies , however , often ignore BGS effects when investigating demographic events or the ...	The removal of deleterious mutations from natural populations has potential consequences on patterns of variation across genomes . Population genetic analyses , however , often assume that such effects are negligible across recombining regions of species like Drosophila . We use simple models of purifying selection and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "arthropoda", "organisms", "invertebrates", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "natural", "selection", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "evolutionary", "theory", "evolutionary", "biology", "drosophila", "evolutionary", "processes", "animals", "gene...	2014	Background Selection as Baseline for Nucleotide Variation across the Drosophila Genome
Failure to demonstrate efficacy and safety issues are important reasons that drugs do not reach the market . An incomplete understanding of how drugs exert their effects hinders regulatory and pharmaceutical industry projections of a drug’s benefits and risks . Signaling pathways mediate drug response and while many si...	Many drugs fail to reach the market because they are not sufficiently efficacious for their disease indication or they cause intolerable side-effects . To understand drug efficacy and safety , we created an algorithm , PathFX . The algorithm identified relationships between drugs and diseases , and drugs and side-effec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "interaction", "networks", "clinical", "research", "design", "protein", "interaction", "networks", "research", "design", "network", "analysis", "pharmacology", "mood", "disorders", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "compu...	2018	PathFX provides mechanistic insights into drug efficacy and safety for regulatory review and therapeutic development
Segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I depends on appropriately positioned crossovers/chiasmata . Crossover assurance ensures at least one crossover per homolog pair , while interference reduces double crossovers . Here , we have investigated the interplay between chromosome axis morphogenesis and non-r...	In the germ line of sexually reproducing organisms , haploid gametes are generated from diploid precursor cells by a specialized cell division called meiosis . Reduction by half of chromosome numbers during the first meiotic division depends on genetic exchange , resulting in the formation of crossovers . Without cross...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/recombination", "molecular", "biology/chromosome", "structure" ]	2009	Pch2 Links Chromosome Axis Remodeling at Future Crossover Sites and Crossover Distribution during Yeast Meiosis
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) cause severe diarrhoea in humans and neonatal farm animals . Annually , 380 , 000 human deaths , and multi-million dollar losses in the farming industry , can be attributed to ETEC infections . Illness results from the action of enterotoxins , which disrupt signalling pathways ...	Diarrheagenic illness remains a major disease burden in the developing world . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) are the leading bacterial cause of such disease; hundreds of millions of cases occur every year . The severe watery diarrhoea associated with ETEC infections results from the action of enterotoxins ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxins", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "enterotoxins", "toxicology", "toxic", "agents", "escherichia", "coli", "prokaryotic", "models", "model", "organisms", ...	2015	The Molecular Basis for Control of ETEC Enterotoxin Expression in Response to Environment and Host
Associations between repeated ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis in childhood and conjunctival scarring in adulthood are well established . Trachomatous scarring ( TS ) in children has also been observed in hyper-endemic areas , but data are scant regarding childhood scarring in areas where trachoma has been ...	Trachoma is a disease in which the conjunctiva of the eye is repeatedly infected by the intracellular organism Chlamydia trachomatis . This can cause scarring of the eyelid’s inner surface , which in turn can cause the eyelashes to turn inwards , scratching the eye and leading to blindness . This scarring process is as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "skin", "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "integumentary", "system", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chlamydia", "trachomatis", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "bacterial", "diseases", "age", "groups", ...	2017	Trachomatous scarring among children in a formerly hyper-endemic district of Tanzania
Rhythms with time scales of multiple cycles per second permeate the mammalian brain , yet neuroscientists are not certain of their functional roles . One leading idea is that coherent oscillation between two brain regions facilitates the exchange of information between them . In rats , the hippocampus and the vibrissal...	Many regions of the mammalian brain exhibit oscillations in electrical activity . In rats , the 5–12 Hz theta rhythm is present in the hippocampus and in diverse areas of the cerebral cortex . What is the function of this rhythm ? One proposal is that the exchange of information between two brain regions is facilitated...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "brain", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "models", "animal", "anatomy", "model", "organisms", "materials", "science", "zoology", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "an...	2016	Coherence between Rat Sensorimotor System and Hippocampus Is Enhanced during Tactile Discrimination
The in vivo kinetics of antigen-presenting cells ( APCs ) in patients with advanced and convalescent tuberculosis ( TB ) is not well characterized . In order to target Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) peptides- and HLA-DR-holding monocytes and macrophages , 2 MTB peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell receptor ( TCR ) tetramer...	Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) is one of the most dangerous pathogens in the world . It is estimated that one-third of the world population contracts the bacteria during their lives . Approximately 5–10% of infected individuals will eventually develop an active form of the disease . Cellular immunity plays an impor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "diagnostic", "medicine", "clinical", "immunology", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Relatively Low Level of Antigen-specific Monocytes Detected in Blood from Untreated Tuberculosis Patients Using CD4+ T-cell Receptor Tetramers
The de novo origin of a new protein-coding gene from non-coding DNA is considered to be a very rare occurrence in genomes . Here we identify 60 new protein-coding genes that originated de novo on the human lineage since divergence from the chimpanzee . The functionality of these genes is supported by both transcription...	The origin of genes can involve mechanisms such as gene duplication , exon shuffling , retroposition , mobile elements , lateral gene transfer , gene fusion/fission , and de novo origination . However , de novo origin , which means genes originate from a non-coding DNA region , is considered to be a very rare occurrenc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "genomic", "evolution", "human", "evolution", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2011	De Novo Origin of Human Protein-Coding Genes
West Nile virus ( WNV ) replicates in a wide variety of avian species , which serve as reservoir and amplification hosts . WNV strains isolated in North America , such as the prototype strain NY99 , elicit a highly pathogenic response in certain avian species , notably American crows ( AMCRs; Corvus brachyrhynchos ) . ...	West Nile virus ( WNV ) is a mosquito-borne virus that has caused outbreaks in humans in many regions of the world . Birds are the natural hosts for WNV . However , different strains of WNV cause different disease outcomes in birds . Here , we compared two WNV strains , one of which causes higher mortality and generate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "cloning", "animals", "viruses", "mutation", "physiological", "parameters", "rna", "viruses", "body", "temperature", "molecular", "biology", ...	2016	West Nile Virus Temperature Sensitivity and Avian Virulence Are Modulated by NS1-2B Polymorphisms
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) , an infectious disease caused by hantaviruses , is endemic in China and remains a serious public health problem . Historically , Shandong Province has had the largest HFRS burden in China . However , we do not have a comprehensive and clear understanding of the current ep...	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) is a global infectious disease , which is still a serious public health threat in China today . The reported HFRS cases in Shandong Province accounted for approximate one third of total cases in the whole country . HFRS is a zoonosis mainly caused by Hantaan virus ( HTNV )...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "china", "spatial", "epidemiology", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "hemorrhagic", "fever", "with", "renal", "syndrome", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phyl...	2019	The characteristics of current natural foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shandong Province, China, 2012-2015
Recent neural ensemble recordings have established a link between goal-directed spatial decision making and internally generated neural sequences in the hippocampus of rats . To elucidate the synaptic mechanisms of these sequences underlying spatial decision making processes , we develop and investigate a spiking neura...	Adaptive goal-directed decision making is critical for animals , robots and humans to navigate through space . In this study , we propose a novel neural mechanism for implementing spatial decision making in cued-choice tasks . We show that in a spiking neural circuit model , the interplay of network dynamics and a comb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "action", "potentials", "decision", "making", "neural", "networks", "nervous", "system", "applied", "mathematics", "membrane", "potential", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", ...	2017	Learning and executing goal-directed choices by internally generated sequences in spiking neural circuits
Subversion of host immune surveillance is a crucial step in viral pathogenesis . Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) encodes two immune evasion gene products , BCRF1 ( viral IL-10 ) and BPLF1 ( deubiquitinase/deneddylase ) ; both proteins suppress antiviral immune responses during primary infection . The BCRF1 and BPLF1 genes a...	Late proteins are expressed during the productive cycle of Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) after the onset of viral DNA replication . Many late proteins serve structural functions; they form the capsid shell around the viral genome or mediate attachment and fusion of the virus to the host cell . EBV also encodes two late pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "gene", "regulation", "microbiology", "dna", "transcription", "regulator", "genes", "dna", "replication", "gene", "types", "dna", "microbial", "genetics", "small", "interfering", "rnas", "gene", "expression", "viral", "replication", "lytic", "cycle", "viral", "genetic...	2016	The Epstein-Barr Virus Immunoevasins BCRF1 and BPLF1 Are Expressed by a Mechanism Independent of the Canonical Late Pre-initiation Complex
Dengue is a major public health problem worldwide . Although several drug candidates have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials , none has been effective and at present , early recognition of severe dengue and timely supportive care are used to reduce mortality . While the first dengue vaccine was recently lic...	Dengue is a major public health problem worldwide . Although several drug candidates have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials , none has been effective , and early recognition of severe dengue and timely supportive care remain the only means to reduce mortality . While the first dengue vaccine was recently l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "blood", "counts", "hepatitis", "hemodynamics", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "platelets", "cardiology", "infectious", "diseases", "thrombocytopenia"...	2018	Development of standard clinical endpoints for use in dengue interventional trials
Sixty cases of human rabies in international travelers were reviewed from 1990–2012 . A significant proportion of the cases were observed in migrants or their descendants when emigrating from their country of origin or after a trip to visit friends and relatives or for other reasons ( 43 . 3% ) . The cases were not nec...	Rabies is readily diagnosed when it presents in the classic furious form . The paralytic and atypical forms can pose significant problems in diagnosis , particularly when found in rabies-free countries in travelers who acquired the disease abroad . We systematically reviewed the existing literature and collected 60 cas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "rabies", "clinical", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "travel-associated", "diseases", "viral", "diseases" ]	2013	Imported Human Rabies Cases Worldwide, 1990–2012
During central nervous system ( CNS ) development neural stem cells ( Neuroblasts , NBs ) have to acquire an identity appropriate to their location . In thoracic and abdominal segments of Drosophila , the expression pattern of Bithorax-Complex Hox genes is known to specify the segmental identity of NBs prior to their d...	The central nervous system ( CNS ) needs to be subdivided into functionally specified regions . In the developing CNS of Drosophila , each neural stem cell , called neuroblasts ( NB ) , acquires a unique identity according to its anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral position to generate a specific cell lineage . Along ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nervous", "system", "gene", "regulation", "neuroscience", "animals", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "cell", "nucleus", "nuclear", "bodies", "e...	2016	Cell-Autonomous and Non-cell-autonomous Function of Hox Genes Specify Segmental Neuroblast Identity in the Gnathal Region of the Embryonic CNS in Drosophila
Interferon-inducible GTPases of the Immunity Related GTPase ( IRG ) and Guanylate Binding Protein ( GBP ) families provide resistance to intracellular pathogenic microbes . IRGs and GBPs stably associate with pathogen-containing vacuoles ( PVs ) and elicit immune pathways directed at the targeted vacuoles . Targeting o...	Cell-autonomous host defense pathways directed against vacuolar pathogens constitute an essential arm of the mammalian innate immune defense system . Underlying most of these defense strategies is the ability of the host cell to recognize foreign or pathogen-modified structures and to deliver antimicrobial molecules sp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunity", "microbial", "pathogens", "immunology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens", "immune", "response" ]	2013	IRG and GBP Host Resistance Factors Target Aberrant, “Non-self” Vacuoles Characterized by the Missing of “Self” IRGM Proteins
The TGF-β/Smad signaling system decreases its activity through strong negative regulation . Several molecular mechanisms of negative regulation have been published , but the relative impact of each mechanism on the overall system is unknown . In this work , we used computational and experimental methods to assess multi...	TGF-β signaling pathway regulates a variety of cellular responses , such as differentiation , migration and apoptosis . Phosphorylated R-Smad , the central signaling protein in this pathway , exhibits self-limiting behaviors: it not only decreases quickly after TGF-β is removed , but it also decreases slowly when TGF-β...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "biochemistry", "biochemical", "simulations", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "network", "analysis", "regulatory", "networks", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "signaling", "networks", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	The Self-Limiting Dynamics of TGF-β Signaling In Silico and In Vitro, with Negative Feedback through PPM1A Upregulation
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to distinct environmental conditions . Phenotypic plasticity can be adaptive . Furthermore , it is thought to facilitate evolution . Although phenotypic plasticity is a widespread phenomenon , its molecular mechanisms a...	Environmental conditions can strongly modulate the phenotype produced by a particular genotype . This process , called phenotypic plasticity , has major implications in medicine and agricultural sciences , and is thought to facilitate evolution . Phenotypic plasticity is observed in many animals and plants but its mech...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "skin", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "integumentary", "system", "gene", "regulation", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animals", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "physiological", "parameters", "body", "tempera...	2016	Phenotypic Plasticity through Transcriptional Regulation of the Evolutionary Hotspot Gene tan in Drosophila melanogaster
Viruses infecting prokaryotic cells ( phages ) are the most abundant entities of the biosphere and contain a largely uncharted wealth of genomic diversity . They play a critical role in the biology of their hosts and in ecosystem functioning at large . The classical approaches studying phages require isolation from a p...	Prokaryotic species contain extremely large gene pools ( pan-genome ) the study of which has been constrained by the difficulties in getting enough cultivated representatives of most of them . The situation of their viruses , also known as phages , that provide part of this genomic diversity and preserve it , is even w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Expanding the Marine Virosphere Using Metagenomics
Protein-RNA docking is hampered by the high flexibility of RNA , and particularly single-stranded RNA ( ssRNA ) . Yet , ssRNA regions typically carry the specificity of protein recognition . The lack of methodology for modeling such regions limits the accuracy of current protein-RNA docking methods . We developed a fra...	Protein-RNA interactions fulfill a large variety of fundamental cellular functions , in particular for regulation of genome expression . A full understanding of these interactions requires an atomistic description of the interface in the complex . It can aid in silico design of new therapeutics to modulate these functi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "rna-binding", "proteins", "crystal", "structure", "protein", "interactions", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "protein", "structure", "prediction", "protein", "structure", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", ...	2016	Binding Site Identification and Flexible Docking of Single Stranded RNA to Proteins Using a Fragment-Based Approach
Genome integrity depends on correct chromosome segregation , which in turn relies on cohesion between sister chromatids from S phase until anaphase . S phase cohesion , together with DNA double-strand break ( DSB ) recruitment of cohesin and formation of damage-induced ( DI ) cohesion , has previously been shown to be ...	Correct chromosome segregation requires that sister chromatids are held together by the protein complex cohesin , from S phase until anaphase . This S phase established cohesion is , together with DSB recruitment of cohesin and formation of damage-induced ( DI ) cohesion , also important for repair of DSBs . Eco1 is a ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "microbiology", "mitosis", "model", "organisms", "cell", "division", "chromosome", "biology", "proteins", "schizosaccharomyces", "pombe", "biology", "biochemistry", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "genetics", "yeast", ...	2013	Importance of Polη for Damage-Induced Cohesion Reveals Differential Regulation of Cohesion Establishment at the Break Site and Genome-Wide
Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as an important model of non-pathogenic host–microbe interactions . The genetic and experimental tractability of Drosophila has led to significant gains in our understanding of animal–microbial symbiosis . However , the full implications of these results cannot be appreciated without...	All animals are associated with large consortia of non-pathogenic microbes . Most of these “microbiomes” are not well characterized despite their importance for many aspects of host biology including human and animal health and the agricultural impact of pest species . The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides a p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "community", "ecology", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "ecology", "biology", "species", "interactions", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "microbial", "ecology" ]	2011	Bacterial Communities of Diverse Drosophila Species: Ecological Context of a Host–Microbe Model System
Bacteria suffer various stresses in their unpredictable environment . In response , clonal populations may exhibit cell-to-cell variation , hypothetically to maximize their survival . The origins , propagation , and consequences of this variability remain poorly understood . Variability persists through cell division e...	Individual organisms of identical genetic background , living in a homogeneous constant environment , may nonetheless exhibit observable differences dubbed phenotypic plasticity or variability . When such a population is challenged with an unforeseen stress , the disparity among individuals may increase , yielding diff...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "escherichia", "coli", "systems", "biology", "bacterial", "physiology", "prokaryotic", "models", "model", "organisms", "biology", "microbiology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Pre-Disposition and Epigenetics Govern Variation in Bacterial Survival upon Stress
RNA interference ( RNAi ) pathways are widespread in metaozoans but the genes required show variable occurrence or activity in eukaryotic microbes , including many pathogens . While some Leishmania lack RNAi activity and Argonaute or Dicer genes , we show that Leishmania braziliensis and other species within the Leishm...	RNAi interference pathways play fundamental roles in eukaryotes and provide important methods for the analysis of gene function . Occasionally RNAi has been lost , precluding its use as a tool , as well as raising the question of what forces could lead to loss of such a key pathway . Genomic and functional studies prev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2010	Retention and Loss of RNA Interference Pathways in Trypanosomatid Protozoans
Tremendous strides have been made in improving patients’ survival from cancer with one glaring exception: brain cancer . Glioblastoma is the most common , aggressive and highly malignant type of primary brain tumor . The average overall survival remains less than 1 year . Notably , cancer patients with obesity and diab...	Current treatment for glioblastoma patients is limited to nonspecific methods: surgery followed by a combination of radio- and chemotherapy . With these methods , glioma patient survival is less than one year post-diagnosis . Targeting specific protein signaling pathways offers potentially more potent therapies . One p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Simulation Predicts IGFBP2-HIF1α Interaction Drives Glioblastoma Growth
Influenza A virus ( IAV ) is an airborne pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality each year . Macrophages ( Mϕ ) are the first immune population to encounter IAV virions in the lungs and are required to control infection . In the present study , we explored the mechanism by which cytokine signaling regu...	IAV causes seasonal epidemics that result in significant morbidity and mortality annually . Less frequently , novel viral strains emerge and are responsible for much larger outbreaks around the globe . In the last pandemic in 2009 , an estimated 300 , 000 people died from IAV infection or secondary complications . Sinc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Type I Interferon Induced Epigenetic Regulation of Macrophages Suppresses Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Acute Respiratory Viral Infection
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous follicles . Propionibacterium acnes ( P . acnes ) , a gram-positive anareobic bacterium , plays a critical role in the development of these inflammatory lesions . This study aimed at determining whether reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) are produced by ker...	Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous follicles . It is the most common skin disease , affecting up to 80% of individuals at some point between the ages of 11 and 30 years . Propionibacterium acnes ( P . acnes ) plays a role in the development of inflammatory acne lesions , but whether it ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/innate", "immunity", "dermatology/skin", "infections", "dermatology/acne-like", "disorders", "dermatology/dermatologic", "pathology" ]	2009	Production of Superoxide Anions by Keratinocytes Initiates P. acnes-Induced Inflammation of the Skin
We performed a quantitative analysis of the HLA restriction , antigen and epitope specificity of human pathogen specific responses in healthy individuals infected with M . tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , in a South African cohort as a test case . The results estimate the breadth of T cell responses for the first time in the con...	Human pathogen-specific immune responses are tremendously complex and the techniques to study them ever expanding . There is an urgent need for a quantitative analysis and better understanding of pathogen-specific immune responses . Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is one of the leading causes of mortality due to an ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "t", "helper", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immunology", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "developmental",...	2016	A Quantitative Analysis of Complexity of Human Pathogen-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses in Healthy M. tuberculosis Infected South Africans
The host protein TRIM5α inhibits retroviral infection at an early post-penetration stage by targeting the incoming viral capsid . While the detailed mechanism of restriction remains unclear , recent studies have implicated the activity of cellular proteasomes in the restriction of retroviral reverse transcription impos...	Recent studies have identified several cellular proteins that restrict infection by a variety of retroviruses . One of these restriction factors , TRIM5α , is partially responsible for the differences in susceptibility of monkeys and humans to SIV and HIV-1 , respectively . TRIM5α inhibits retrovirus infection soon aft...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cell", "biology", "virology", "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "microbiology", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2008	Proteasomal Degradation of TRIM5α during Retrovirus Restriction
The role of host movement in the spread of vector-borne diseases of livestock has been little studied . Here we develop a mathematical framework that allows us to disentangle and quantify the roles of vector dispersal and livestock movement in transmission between farms . We apply this framework to outbreaks of blueton...	Diseases which are transmitted by the bites of insects can be spread to new locations through the movement of both infected insects and infected hosts . The importance of these routes has implications for disease control , because we can often restrict host movement , and so potentially reduce spread , but cannot easil...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ruminants", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "applied", "mathematics", "vector-borne", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "bluetongue", "v...	2017	Quantifying the roles of host movement and vector dispersal in the transmission of vector-borne diseases of livestock
The dynamics of the cellular proportion of mutant mtDNA molecules is crucial for mitochondrial diseases . Cellular populations of mitochondria are under homeostatic control , but the details of the control mechanisms involved remain elusive . Here , we use stochastic modelling to derive general results for the impact o...	Mitochondria , best known for their role in energy production , are crucial to the survival of most of our cells . To respond to energetic demands and mitigate against mutational damage , cells control the mitochondrial populations within them . However , the character of these control mechanisms remains open . As expe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "engineering", "control", "theory", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "therapy", "mitochondrial", "dna", "engineering", "and", "technology", "nucleases", "enzymes", "synthetic", "biology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "enzymology", "plant", "energ...	2019	Energetic costs of cellular and therapeutic control of stochastic mitochondrial DNA populations
Melioidosis is a life threatening infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei predominantly found in southeast Asia and northern Australia . Studying the host transcription profiles in response to infection is crucial for understanding disease pathogenesis and correlates of disease...	Melioidosis is a life threatening infectious disease caused by a soil-associated gram-negative bacterium , B . pseudomallei . Melioidosis is endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia; however , the global distribution of B . pseudomallei and the disease burden of melioidosis is still poorly understood . Melioido...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "melioidosis", "drugs", "immunology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "diseases", "sepsis", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "antibiotics", "epigenetics"...	2017	Host gene expression analysis in Sri Lankan melioidosis patients
Dynamins are large superfamily GTPase proteins that are involved in various cellular processes including budding of transport vesicles , division of organelles , cytokinesis , and pathogen resistance . Here , we characterized several dynamin-related proteins from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and found that ...	Dynamin superfamily members are involved in budding of transport vesicles and division of organelles in eukaryotic cells . To further understand how dynamins function in phytopathogenic fungi , we characterized several dynamin-related proteins from the rice blast fungus M . oryzae . In addition to revealing major conse...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cell", "processes", "light", "microscopy", "fungal", "structure", "cereal", "crops", "rice", "model", "organisms", "microscopy", "...	2016	MoDnm1 Dynamin Mediating Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial Fission in Complex with MoFis1 and MoMdv1 Is Important for Development of Functional Appressorium in Magnaporthe oryzae
Transposable elements ( TEs ) are exceptional contributors to eukaryotic genome diversity . Their ubiquitous presence impacts the genomes of nearly all species and mediates genome evolution by causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements and by modulating gene expression . We performed an exhaustive analysis of the...	Transposable elements ( TEs ) are enigmatic genetic units that have played important roles in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes . Since their discovery in the 1950s , they have gained increasing attention and are known today as active genome modelers in multiple species . Although these elements have been widely stud...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "fungal", "genetics", "computational", "biology", "fungi", "genome", "analysis", "genetic", "elements", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "genomic", "libraries", "mycology", "gene", "expression", "biological", "databases", "fungal", "genomics", "database", "and"...	2016	Transposable Elements versus the Fungal Genome: Impact on Whole-Genome Architecture and Transcriptional Profiles
Pseudomonas syringae pv . tomato DC3000 ( PtoDC3000 ) is an extracellular model plant pathogen , yet its potential to produce secreted effectors that manipulate the apoplast has been under investigated . Here we identified 131 candidate small , secreted , non-annotated proteins from the PtoDC3000 genome , most of which...	The extracellular space in the leaf ( the apoplast ) is colonized by a diversity of microbes that will have to deal with host-secreted hydrolytic enzymes , many of which accumulate during defence responses . We hypothesize that in addition to fungal and oomycete pathogens , the bacterial model plant pathogen Pseudomona...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "apoplastic", "space", "enzymes", "pathogens", "enzymology", "microbiology", "plant", "science", "crops", "cysteine", "proteases", "plant", "pathology", "plants", ...	2016	Screen of Non-annotated Small Secreted Proteins of Pseudomonas syringae Reveals a Virulence Factor That Inhibits Tomato Immune Proteases
An attenuated line of Leishmania infantum ( L . infantum H-line ) has been established by culturing promastigotes in vitro under gentamicin pressure . A vaccine trial was conducted using 103 naive dogs from a leishmaniosis non-endemic area ( 55 vaccinated and 48 unvaccinated ) brought into an endemic area of southeast ...	A 24 month vaccine trial was conducted using 103 leishmania free dogs in an area of southeast Iran endemic for visceral leishmaniosis . The dogs were vaccinated with gentamicin-attenuated line of Leishmania infantum . No local and/or general indications of disease were observed in the vaccinated dogs immediately after ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "veterinary", "science" ]	2014	Gentamicin-Attenuated Leishmania infantum Vaccine: Protection of Dogs against Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis in Endemic Area of Southeast of Iran
Cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) is an important health problem in many areas of the world including the Mediterranean region . However , the real CE epidemiological situation is not well established . In fact , it is possible that CE is a re-emerging disease due to the weakness of current control programs . We performed a...	The incidence of CE in our region is still high; however , in this period of study , a slow decrease was observed . The sharp decline of incidence in pediatric population highlights the importance of long-term control of CE . The systematic search of HDR may be a more accurate method than other methods in the estimatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Surveillance of Human Echinococcosis in Castilla-Leon (Spain) between 2000-2012
Single-stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSBs ) regulate multiple DNA transactions , including replication , transcription , and repair . We recently identified SSB1 as a novel protein critical for the initiation of ATM signaling and DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination . Here we report that germlin...	Single-stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSBs ) play a variety of roles in the cell , regulating transcription , replication , and DNA repair . We recently identified and described a novel SSB , designated SSB1 , which was shown to be critical for DNA repair in the cell . In this study we have used a mouse model in which...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "skeletal", "development", "dna", "morphogenesis", "birth", "defects", "biology", "mouse", "molecular", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "dna", "repair", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Essential Developmental, Genomic Stability, and Tumour Suppressor Functions of the Mouse Orthologue of hSSB1/NABP2
The live attenuated yellow fever ( YF ) vaccine has an excellent record of efficacy and one dose provides long-lasting immunity , which in many cases may last a lifetime . Vaccination stimulates strong innate and adaptive immune responses , and neutralizing antibodies are considered to be the major effectors that corre...	The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine has been administered to more than 600 million people worldwide and is considered to be one of the most successful viral vaccines ever produced . Following injection , the apathogenic vaccine virus replicates in the vaccinee and induces antibodies that mediate virus neutralizati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "humoral", "immunity", "medicine", "vaccination", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "virology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Dissection of Antibody Specificities Induced by Yellow Fever Vaccination
Failure to detect a disease agent or vector where it actually occurs constitutes a serious drawback in epidemiology . In the pervasive situation where no sampling technique is perfect , the explicit analytical treatment of detection failure becomes a key step in the estimation of epidemiological parameters . We illustr...	Blood-sucking bugs of the genus Rhodnius are major vectors of Chagas disease . Control and surveillance of Chagas disease transmission critically depend on ascertaining whether households and nearby ecotopes ( such as palm trees ) are infested by these vectors . However , no bug detection technique works perfectly . Be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Acknowledgments" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "evidence-based", "healthcare/statistical", "methodologies", "and", "health", "informatics", "ecology/population", "ecology", "infectious", "diseases/epid...	2010	Modeling Disease Vector Occurrence when Detection Is Imperfect: Infestation of Amazonian Palm Trees by Triatomine Bugs at Three Spatial Scales
Ubiquitin-dependent processes control much of cellular physiology . We show that expression of a highly active , Epstein-Barr virus-derived deubiquitylating enzyme ( EBV-DUB ) blocks proteasomal degradation of cytosolic and ER-derived proteins by preemptive removal of ubiquitin from proteasome substrates , a treatment ...	Constant turnover of proteins is part of normal cellular physiology . Newly synthesized proteins that fail to fold are recognized by dedicated receptors and tagged for immediate degradation . The tag usually consists of a chain of a small protein , ubiquitin , and is recognized by the proteasome . We introduce a new to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "cell", "biology" ]	2011	Enzymatic Blockade of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway
Regulated nuclear entry of clock proteins is a conserved feature of eukaryotic circadian clocks and serves to separate the phase of mRNA activation from mRNA repression in the molecular feedback loop . In Drosophila , nuclear entry of the clock proteins , PERIOD ( PER ) and TIMELESS ( TIM ) , is tightly controlled , an...	In Drosophila , circadian rhythms are driven by a negative feedback loop that includes the key regulators , period ( per ) and timeless ( tim ) . To generate this feedback loop , PER and TIM proteins first accumulate in the cytoplasm and then translocate to the nucleus where PER represses transcription . Thus , the nuc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Drosophila TIM Binds Importin α1, and Acts as an Adapter to Transport PER to the Nucleus
Function diversification in large protein families is a major mechanism driving expansion of cellular networks , providing organisms with new metabolic capabilities and thus adding to their evolutionary success . However , our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of functional diversity in such families is very...	The protein universe is under constant expansion and is reshaping through multiple duplication , gene losses , lateral gene transfers , and speciation events . Large and functionally heterogeneous protein families that evolve through these processes contain conserved motifs and structural scaffolds , yet their individu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequence", "analysis", "genomics", "functional", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "modeling", "biology", "computational", "biology", "comparative", "genomics", "macromolecular", "structure", "analysis" ]	2011	The FGGY Carbohydrate Kinase Family: Insights into the Evolution of Functional Specificities
Hyperostosis Cranialis Interna ( HCI ) is a rare bone disorder characterized by progressive intracranial bone overgrowth at the skull . Here we identified by whole-exome sequencing a dominant mutation ( L441R ) in SLC39A14 ( ZIP14 ) . We show that L441R ZIP14 is no longer trafficked towards the plasma membrane and exce...	Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder affecting hundreds of millions of people , and is characterized by a low bone mineral density ( BMD ) and increased susceptibility to fracture . Genetic factors are the greatest determinants of BMD , but only a small fraction of these have been identified through genome-wide associat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "models", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "osteoblasts", "model", "organisms", "organism", "development", "bone", "homeostasis", "connective", "tissue", "cells", "experimental", "organism", "syst...	2018	Conditional mouse models support the role of SLC39A14 (ZIP14) in Hyperostosis Cranialis Interna and in bone homeostasis
In areas where schistosomiasis control programs have been implemented , morbidity and prevalence have been greatly reduced . However , to sustain these reductions and move towards interruption of transmission , new tools for disease surveillance are needed . Genomic methods have the potential to help trace the sources ...	Schistosomiasis is a devastating tropical disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide . Over the past several decades , transmission control strategies implemented in China have reduced the prevalence and morbidity of Schistosoma japonicum in many areas . Infections still persist , however , and it is t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "helminths", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "microsatellite", "loci", "genome", "analysis", "gene", "types", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "schistosoma", "japonicum", "genomic", "lib...	2017	Whole Genome Amplification and Reduced-Representation Genome Sequencing of Schistosoma japonicum Miracidia
Listeriolysin-O ( LLO ) plays a crucial role during infection by Listeria monocytogenes . It enables escape of bacteria from phagocytic vacuole , which is the basis for its spread to other cells and tissues . It is not clear how LLO acts at phagosomal membranes to allow bacterial escape . The mechanism of action of LLO...	Listeriolysin-O ( LLO ) plays a crucial role in Listeria monocytogenes infection by allowing bacteria to escape from intracellular phagosomes and cells via an unknown molecular mechanism . We used high-speed atomic force microscopy ( HS-AFM ) supported with giant unilamellar vesicles imaging ( GUVs ) to characterize th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "toxicology", "toxic", "agents", "materials", "science", "partial", "disruption", "of", "cell", "membrane", "oligomers", "cellular", "structures", "and", "orga...	2016	Listeriolysin O Membrane Damaging Activity Involves Arc Formation and Lineaction -- Implication for Listeria monocytogenes Escape from Phagocytic Vacuole
The e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes ( E-cigs ) consist of propylene glycol ( PG ) , vegetable glycerin ( VG ) , nicotine , and chemical additives for flavoring . There are currently over 7 , 700 e-liquid flavors available , and while some have been tested for toxicity in the laboratory , most have not . Here , ...	The e-liquids used in electronic cigarettes ( E-cigs ) typically consist of a mixture of propylene glycol ( PG ) , vegetable glycerin ( VG ) , and nicotine , as well as numerous chemical additives that are used for flavoring . There are currently over 7 , 700 different flavored e-liquids that are commercially available...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "methods", "and", "resources", "cell", "viability", "testing", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "cell", "processes", "social", "sciences", "habits", "toxicology", "toxicity", "monomers", "(...	2018	Evaluation of e-liquid toxicity using an open-source high-throughput screening assay
Ribosome biogenesis is a ubiquitous and essential process in cells . Defects in ribosome biogenesis and function result in a group of human disorders , collectively known as ribosomopathies . In this study , we describe a zebrafish mutant with a loss-of-function mutation in nol9 , a gene that encodes a non-ribosomal pr...	The production of ribosomes , the protein-synthesizing machines , is fundamental in all cells . It is a very complex process that requires the coordinated actions of ribosomal and non-ribosomal proteins . Impairment of ribosome formation and function leads to a class of disorders known as “ribosomopathies” . Here , we ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Ribosome Biogenesis Protein Nol9 Is Essential for Definitive Hematopoiesis and Pancreas Morphogenesis in Zebrafish
Reef coral cover is in rapid decline worldwide , in part due to bleaching ( expulsion of photosynthetic symbionts ) and outbreaks of infectious disease . One important factor associated with bleaching and in disease transmission is a shift in the composition of the microbial community in the mucus layer surrounding the...	An important correlate in bleaching and disease in reef-building corals is a shift in the makeup of the microbial community in the mucus layer surrounding the coral . Resident microbes critical to the healthy functioning of the coral organism are outcompeted by pathogenic microbes , often species of the Vibrio bacteria...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology/marine", "and", "freshwater", "ecology", "computational", "biology/ecosystem", "modeling", "ecology/community", "ecology", "and", "biodiversity", "mathematics/mathematical", "computing", "ecology/theoretical", "ecology", "ecology/population", "ecology" ]	2010	How Microbial Community Composition Regulates Coral Disease Development
Many animals exploit several niches sequentially during their life cycles , a fitness referred to as ontogenetic niche shift ( ONS ) . To successfully accomplish ONS , transition between development stages is often coupled with changes in one or more primitive , instinctive behaviors . Yet , the underlining molecular m...	Many animals occupy distinct niches and utilize diverse resources at different development stages in order to meet stage-dependent requirements and overcome stage-specific limitations . This fitness is referred to as ontogenetic niche shift ( ONS ) . During the preparation for ONS , animals often change one or more pri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "social", "sciences", "light", "animals", "electromagnetic", "radiation", "hormones", "animal", "models", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster",...	2019	Hormonal signaling cascades required for phototaxis switch in wandering Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae

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