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The human immune system functions to provide continuous body-wide surveillance to detect and eliminate foreign agents such as bacteria and viruses as well as the body's own cells that undergo malignant transformation . To counteract this surveillance , tumor cells evolve mechanisms to evade elimination by the immune sy...	Immunologic surveillance is a function of the immune system which serves to constantly monitor the body for microorganisms , foreign tissue , and cancer cells . To evade this surveillance and subsequent elimination , cancer cells evolve strategies to prevent being recognized and killed by immune system cells; one mecha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "mathematics", "applied", "mathematics" ]	2012	A Race between Tumor Immunoescape and Genome Maintenance Selects for Optimum Levels of (epi)genetic Instability
Changes in gene regulatory circuits often give rise to phenotypic differences among closely related organisms . In bacteria , these changes can result from alterations in the ancestral genome and/or be brought about by genes acquired by horizontal transfer . Here , we identify an allele of the ancestral transcription f...	Horizontally acquired genes are typically viewed as independent units that confer new traits when introduced into different bacterial species . However , preexisting proteins in a bacterium can impact the ability of horizontally acquired gene products to bring about new functions when they target ancestral pathways . H...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbial", "evolution", "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2012	An Allele of an Ancestral Transcription Factor Dependent on a Horizontally Acquired Gene Product
Cell-fate specification is typically thought to precede and determine cell-cycle regulation during differentiation . Here we show that endoreplication , also known as endoreduplication , a specialized cell-cycle variant often associated with cell differentiation but also frequently occurring in malignant cells , plays ...	Differentiating cells often amplify their nuclear DNA content through a special cell-cycle variant , called endoreplication , in which cell division is skipped . Although this process is widespread from humans to plants , not much is currently known about the biological importance of endoreplication . Moreover , the co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "cell", "biology", "developmental", "biology/pattern", "formation", "developmental", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology/plant", "cell", "biology", "plant", "bi...	2010	Endoreplication Controls Cell Fate Maintenance
The impact of bacterial morphology on virulence and transmission attributes of pathogens is poorly understood . The prevalent enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni displays a helical shape postulated as important for colonization and host interactions . However , this had not previously been demonstrated experimentally...	Bacterial cell shape is dictated by the composition of the cell envelope component peptidoglycan . Some important pathogens have a characteristic helical corkscrew morphology that may help them burrow into mucus overlaying cells to initiate colonization and pathogenicity . One example is Campylobacter jejuni , the lead...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "biology", "microbiology", "glycobiology", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2012	Peptidoglycan-Modifying Enzyme Pgp1 Is Required for Helical Cell Shape and Pathogenicity Traits in Campylobacter jejuni
Identifying sources of variation in DNA methylation levels is important for understanding gene regulation . Recently , bisulfite sequencing has become a popular tool for investigating DNA methylation levels . However , modeling bisulfite sequencing data is complicated by dramatic variation in coverage across sites and ...	DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification involved in regulating gene expression . It can be measured at base-pair resolution , on a genome-wide scale , by coupling sodium bisulfite conversion with high-throughput sequencing ( a technique known as ‘bisulfite sequencing’ ) . However , the data generated by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Flexible, Efficient Binomial Mixed Model for Identifying Differential DNA Methylation in Bisulfite Sequencing Data
Forward genetic screens represent powerful , unbiased approaches to uncover novel components in any biological process . Such screens suffer from a major bottleneck , however , namely the cloning of corresponding genes causing the phenotypic variation . Reverse genetic screens have been employed as a way to circumvent ...	Model organisms are useful tools for uncovering new genes involved in a biological process via genetic screens . Such an approach is powerful , but suffers from drawbacks that can slow down gene discovery . In forward genetics screens , difficult-to-map phenotypes present daunting challenges , and whole-genome coverage...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "caenorhabditis", "neuroscience", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "animal", "models", "mutation", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "mutant", ...	2016	Accelerating Gene Discovery by Phenotyping Whole-Genome Sequenced Multi-mutation Strains and Using the Sequence Kernel Association Test (SKAT)
Prader-Willi syndrome ( PWS [MIM 176270] ) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by decreased fetal activity , muscular hypotonia , failure to thrive , short stature , obesity , mental retardation , and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism . It is caused by the loss of function of one or more imprinted , paternally express...	Prader-Willi syndrome , or PWS , is a complex neurogenetic disorder and the most common genetic cause of life-threatening childhood obesity . Newborns have poor muscle tone , making suckling difficult , which leads to poor weight gain . After infancy , they experience extreme hunger , leading to obesity . Other symptom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mus", "(mouse)", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Deletion of the MBII-85 snoRNA Gene Cluster in Mice Results in Postnatal Growth Retardation
In Bombyx mori ( B . mori ) , Fem piRNA originates from the W chromosome and is responsible for femaleness . The Fem piRNA-PIWI complex targets and cleaves mRNAs transcribed from the Masc gene . Masc encodes a novel CCCH type zinc-finger protein and is required for male-specific splicing of B . mori doublesex ( Bmdsx )...	In the silkworm , Bombyx mori , a W-chromosome-linked gene Feminizer ( Fem ) determines femaleness . Fem transcript yields a piRNA ( Fem piRNA ) and Fem- piRNA-PIWI complex targets and cleaves mRNAs transcribed from the Masculinizer ( Masc ) . Masc is required for male-specific expression of Bmdsx , which is an importa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "animals", "germ", "cells", "organisms", "developmental", "biology", "silkworms", "forms", "of", "dna", "molecular", "biology", ...	2016	Transgenic Expression of the piRNA-Resistant Masculinizer Gene Induces Female-Specific Lethality and Partial Female-to-Male Sex Reversal in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) causes disease in livestock and humans . It can be transmitted by mosquitoes , inhalation or physical contact with the body fluids of infected animals . Severe clinical cases are characterized by acute hepatitis with hemorrhage , meningoencephalitis and/or retinitis . The dynamics of RV...	Rift Valley fever , caused by a member of the Bunyaviridae family , has spread during recent years to most sub-Saharan African countries , in Egypt and in the Arabian peninsula . The virus can be transmitted by insect vectors or by direct contacts with infectious tissues . The analysis of virus replication and dissemin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biotechnology", "medicine", "animal", "types", "pathology", "immunology", "microbiology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "model", "organisms", "veterinary", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "veterinary", "science", "veterinary", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "vet...	2011	Tissue Tropism and Target Cells of NSs-Deleted Rift Valley Fever Virus in Live Immunodeficient Mice
For the vast majority of species – including many economically or ecologically important organisms , progress in biological research is hampered due to the lack of a reference genome sequence . Despite recent advances in sequencing technologies , several factors still limit the availability of such a critical resource ...	The problem of obtaining the full genomic sequence of an organism has been solved either via a global brute-force approach ( called whole-genome shotgun ) or by a divide-and-conquer strategy ( called clone-by-clone ) . Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost , manual labor , and the ability t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "algorithms", "genome", "sequencing", "computer", "science", "genomics", "mathematics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "discrete", "mathematics", "combinatorics" ]	2013	Combinatorial Pooling Enables Selective Sequencing of the Barley Gene Space
In plants , root system architecture is determined by the activity of root apical meristems , which control the root growth rate , and by the formation of lateral roots . In legumes , an additional root lateral organ can develop: the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodule . We identified in Medicago truncatula ten allelic mu...	Despite the essential functions of roots in plant access to water and nutrients , root system architecture has not been directly considered for crop breeding improvement , but it is now considered key for a “second green revolution . ” In this study , we aimed to decipher integrated molecular mechanisms coordinating la...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "symbiosis", "genetics", "plant", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "species", "interactions", "molecular", "biology" ]	2014	Local and Systemic Regulation of Plant Root System Architecture and Symbiotic Nodulation by a Receptor-Like Kinase
T cells use their T-cell receptors ( TCRs ) to scan other cells for antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules ( pMHC ) . If a TCR encounters a pMHC , it can trigger a signalling pathway that could lead to the activation of the T cell and the initiation of an immune response . It is currently not clear how the bindi...	The interaction between T-cells and other cells is one of the most important interactions in the human immune system . If T-cells are not triggered major parts of the immune system cannot be activated or are not working effectively . Despite many years of research the exact mechanism of how a T-cell is initially trigge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "&", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "clinical", "medicine", "mathematics", "protein", "structure", "tcr", "signaling", "cascade", "discrete", "mathematics", "combinatorics", "resear...	2019	MHC binding affects the dynamics of different T-cell receptors in different ways
Global demands for agricultural and forestry products provide economic incentives for deforestation across the tropics . Much of this deforestation occurs with a lack of information on the spatial distribution of benefits and costs of deforestation . To inform global sustainable land-use policies , we combine geographi...	Tropical forests are often destroyed to clear land for agriculture or to harvest forestry products , such as timber . However , the benefits derived from agriculture and these products are countered by the costs to the environment and the loss of ecosystem systems ( the benefits that nature provides to humans ) . Littl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "conservation", "science", "oil", "palm", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "ecology", "ecosystems", "forests", "agriculture", "forest", "ecology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "social", "sciences", "plants", "agricultural", "economics", "economics...	2017	Global economic trade-offs between wild nature and tropical agriculture
In contrast with common human infections for which vaccine efficacy can be evaluated directly in field studies , alternative strategies are needed to evaluate efficacy for slowly developing or sporadic diseases like tularemia . For diseases such as these caused by intracellular bacteria , serological measures of antibo...	Diseases such as tuberculosis ( caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) or tularemia ( caused by Francisella tularensis ) result from infections by microbes that live within cells of a person's body . New vaccines are being developed against such intracellular pathogens , but some will be difficult to test , because dis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "animal", "models", "medicine", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "model", "organisms", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "global", "health", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Development of Functional and Molecular Correlates of Vaccine-Induced Protection for a Model Intracellular Pathogen, F. tularensis LVS
Herpes viruses persist in the infected host and are transmitted between hosts in the presence of a fully functional humoral immune response , suggesting that they can evade neutralization by antiviral antibodies . Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) encodes a number of polymorphic highly glycosylated virion glycoproteins ( ...	Herpes viruses are transmitted between individuals in cell free form and successful spread benefits from mechanisms that limit the loss of infectivity by the activity of virus neutralizing antibodies . Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is an important pathogen and understanding how the virus can evade antiviral antibodies...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunology", "biology", "immunomodulation", "immune", "response" ]	2012	Glycoprotein N of Human Cytomegalovirus Protects the Virus from Neutralizing Antibodies
Type 3 effector proteins secreted via the bacterial type 3 secretion system ( T3SS ) are not only virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria , but also influence symbiotic interactions between nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria ( rhizobia ) and leguminous host plants . In this study , we characterized NopM ( nodulation oute...	Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens possess type 3 secretion systems , which deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells through needle-like structures . Effectors manipulate the host cell and many of them suppress host defense responses . Interestingly , certain symbiotic strains of rhizobia also possess s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	Functional Analysis of NopM, a Novel E3 Ubiquitin Ligase (NEL) Domain Effector of Rhizobium sp. Strain NGR234
Mimivirus and Megavirus are the best characterized representatives of an expanding new family of giant viruses infecting Acanthamoeba . Their most distinctive features , megabase-sized genomes carried in particles of size comparable to that of small bacteria , fill the gap between the viral and cellular worlds . These ...	Giant viruses , such as Mimivirus and Megavirus , have huge near-micron-sized particles and possess more genes than several cellular organisms . Furthermore their genomes encode functions not supposed to be in a virus , such as components of the protein translation apparatus . Since Lwoff in 1957 , viruses are defined ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "genome", "evolution", "viral", "classification", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "dna", "viruses", "microbial", "evolution", "gene", "expression", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "viral", "evolution", "protein", "translation"...	2012	Translation in Giant Viruses: A Unique Mixture of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Termination Schemes
Hair plays an important role in primates and is clearly subject to adaptive selection . While humans have lost most facial hair , eyebrows are a notable exception . Eyebrow thickness is heritable and widely believed to be subject to sexual selection . Nevertheless , few genomic studies have explored its genetic basis ....	Hair plays an important role in primates and is clearly subject to adaptive selection . While humans have lost most facial hair , eyebrows are a notable exception . Eyebrow thickness is heritable and widely believed to be subject to sexual selection . Nevertheless , few genomic studies have explored its genetic basis ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "geographical", "locations", "cloning", "ethnicities", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "genome", "analysis", "latin", "american", "people", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods",...	2018	Genome-wide association studies and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing identify regulatory variants influencing eyebrow thickness in humans
The formation of spore-filled fruiting bodies by myxobacteria is a fascinating case of multicellular self-organization by bacteria . The organization of Myxococcus xanthus into fruiting bodies has long been studied not only as an important example of collective motion of bacteria , but also as a simplified model for de...	Understanding bacteria self-organization is an active area of research with broad implications in both microbiology and developmental biology . Myxococcus xanthus undergoes multicellular aggregation and differentiation under starvation and is widely used as a model organism for studying bacteria self-organization . In ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "complex", "systems", "computerized", "simulations", "physics", "cell", "motility", "computer", "science", "mathematics", "applied", "mathematics", "biophysics", "simulations", "biology", "microbiology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "biophysics" ]	2012	Interconnected Cavernous Structure of Bacterial Fruiting Bodies
The Rift Valley fever virus ( RVFV ) is an arthropod-borne phlebovirus . RVFV mostly causes outbreaks among domestic ruminants with a major economic impact . Human infections are associated with these events , with a fatality rate of 0 . 5–2% . Since the virus is able to use many mosquito species of temperate climates ...	We describe a high seropositivity rate for Rift Valley fever virus , in up to 29 . 3% of tested individuals from the shore of Lake Malawi in southwestern Tanzania , and much lower rates from areas distant to the lake . Rift Valley fever disease or outbreaks have not been observed there in the past , which suggests that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2012	High Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and Evidence for Endemic Circulation in Mbeya Region, Tanzania, in a Cross-Sectional Study
An important question in dengue pathogenesis is the identity of immune cells involved in the control of dengue virus infection at the site of the mosquito bite . There is evidence that infection of immature myeloid dendritic cells plays a crucial role in dengue pathogenesis and that the interaction of the viral envelop...	Mosquito-transmitted pathogens are a major challenge to humans due to ever-increasing distribution of the vector worldwide . Dengue virus causes morbidity and mortality , and no anti-viral treatment or vaccine are currently available . The virus is injected into the skin when an infected mosquito probes for blood . Amo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunology/immune", "response", "dermatology/skin", "infections", "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "cell", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "infectiou...	2008	Dermal-Type Macrophages Expressing CD209/DC-SIGN Show Inherent Resistance to Dengue Virus Growth
Tick-borne encephalitis virus ( TBEV ) , a member of the genus Flavivirus ( Flaviviridae ) , is a causative agent of a severe neuroinfection . Recently , several flaviviruses have been shown to interact with host protein synthesis . In order to determine whether TBEV interacts with this host process in its natural targ...	Tick-borne encephalitis virus ( TBEV ) is a causative agent of a severe human neuroinfection that threatens Europe and Asia . Little is known about the interaction of this neurotropic virus with neural cells , even though this may be important to better understand why or how TBEV can cause high pathogenicity in humans ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nucleic", "acid", "synthesis", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "messenger", "rna", "dna-binding", "proteins", "microbiology", "viruses", "protein", "synthesis", "polymerases", "rna", "viruses", "rna", ...	2019	Tick-borne encephalitis virus inhibits rRNA synthesis and host protein production in human cells of neural origin
Nuclear factor ( NF ) -κB is a major survival pathway engaged by the Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) Tax protein . Tax1 activation of NF-κB occurs predominantly in the cytoplasm , where Tax1 binds NF-κB Essential Modulator ( NEMO/IKKγ ) and triggers the activation of IκB kinases . Several independent studi...	Oncogenic viruses ( i . e . , viruses that can induce cancer ) have usually been found to deregulate several cellular signaling pathways controlling cell survival and proliferation . Among those , the NF-κB pathway is particularly important . In this study , we focus on the Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/post-translational", "regulation", "of", "gene", "expression", "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "biochemistry/cell", "signaling", "and", "trafficking", "structures", "virology/viruses", "an...	2009	NRP/Optineurin Cooperates with TAX1BP1 to Potentiate the Activation of NF-κB by Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax Protein
Mutations in a number of genes have been linked to inherited dilated cardiomyopathy ( DCM ) . However , such mutations account for only a small proportion of the clinical cases emphasising the need for alternative discovery approaches to uncovering novel pathogenic mutations in hitherto unidentified pathways . Accordin...	Heart disease is very common . Some cases of heart disease are strongly influenced by lifestyle and diet , whereas others have a strong genetic component . A certain form of heart failure , known as dilated cardiomyopathy ( DCM ) quite often runs in families suggesting that a defective gene or genes underlie this disea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "And", "Methods" ]	[ "cardiovascular", "disorders/congenital", "heart", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models" ]	2010	A Mutation in the Mitochondrial Fission Gene Dnm1l Leads to Cardiomyopathy
Adaptive divergence at the microgeographic scale has been generally disregarded because high gene flow is expected to disrupt local adaptation . Yet , growing number of studies reporting adaptive divergence at a small spatial scale highlight the importance of this process in evolutionary biology . To investigate the ge...	Where does a local adaptation take place ? In general , an adaptive divergence is predicted to occur between isolated populations because gene flow will erode and prevent the divergence . Therefore , previous genome-wide studies that aim to find the adaptive genes have compared populations that are usually tens of hund...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Genome Scan for Genes Underlying Microgeographic-Scale Local Adaptation in a Wild Arabidopsis Species
Recent studies indicate a mutual epidemiological relationship between coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and periodontitis . Both diseases are associated with similar risk factors and are characterized by a chronic inflammatory process . In a candidate-gene association study , we identify an association of a genetic suscep...	Coronary heart disease ( CHD ) and periodontitis are the most widespread diseases in the Western industrialized world and pose a substantial health threat to populations worldwide . CHD is a leading cause for premature death , and periodontitis is the major cause for tooth loss in adults over 40 years . Both diseases a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "immunology/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "genetics", "and", "genomics/medica...	2009	Identification of a Shared Genetic Susceptibility Locus for Coronary Heart Disease and Periodontitis
We propose an integrative , mechanistic model that integrates in vitro virology data , pharmacokinetics , and viral response to a combination regimen of a direct-acting antiviral ( telaprevir , an HCV NS3-4A protease inhibitor ) and peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin ( PR ) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C ...	Hepatitis C virus chronically infects approximately 180 million people worldwide . The treatment aim for patients chronically infected with hepatitis C is viral eradication or sustained viral response ( SVR ) . Historical standard of care for HCV treatment was peginterferon-alfa and ribavirin . Recently , approved HCV ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "bioengineering", "medicine", "hepatitis", "c", "biological", "systems", "engineering", "infectious", "diseases", "biotechnology", "hepatitis", "viral", "diseases", "engineering" ]	2012	A Viral Dynamic Model for Treatment Regimens with Direct-acting Antivirals for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Recent epidemics of Zika , dengue , and chikungunya have heightened the need to understand the seasonal and geographic range of transmission by Aedes aegypti and Ae . albopictus mosquitoes . We use mechanistic transmission models to derive predictions for how the probability and magnitude of transmission for Zika , chi...	Understanding the drivers of recent Zika , dengue , and chikungunya epidemics is a major public health priority . Temperature may play an important role because it affects virus transmission by mosquitoes , through its effects on mosquito development , survival , reproduction , and biting rates as well as the rate at w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "animals", "alphaviruses", "viruses", "chikungunya", ...	2017	Detecting the impact of temperature on transmission of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya using mechanistic models
The “enhanced intracellular survival” ( eis ) gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is involved in the intracellular survival of M . smegmatis . However , its exact effects on host cell function remain elusive . We herein report that Mtb Eis plays essential roles in modulating macrophage autophagy , inflammatory r...	Tuberculosis is a global health problem: at least one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) . Mtb is a successful pathogen that enhances its own intracellular survival by arresting phagolysosomal fusion . Recently , autophagy has emerged as a host defense strategy against M...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cellular", "death", "and", "stress", "responses", "microbiology/innate", "immunity", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2010	Mycobacterium tuberculosis Eis Regulates Autophagy, Inflammation, and Cell Death through Redox-dependent Signaling
Plasmodium sporozoites are deposited in the skin by Anopheles mosquitoes . They then find their way to the liver , where they specifically invade hepatocytes in which they develop to yield merozoites infective to red blood cells . Relatively little is known of the molecular interactions during these initial obligatory ...	Sporozoites , the infective form of the malaria parasites Plasmodium , are deposited in the skin by Anopheles mosquitoes . They then find their way to the liver where they specifically invade hepatocytes , in which they develop to yield another form , the merozoite , infective to red blood cells . Relatively little is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases", "microbiology/parasitology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2008	Temperature Shift and Host Cell Contact Up-Regulate Sporozoite Expression of Plasmodium falciparum Genes Involved in Hepatocyte Infection
In angiosperms , the egg cell forms within the multicellular , haploid female gametophyte . Female gametophyte and egg cell development occurs through a unique process in which a haploid spore initially undergoes several rounds of synchronous nuclear divisions without cytokinesis , resulting in a single cell containing...	Female gamete formation in angiosperms occurs through a unique process in which a haploid spore initially undergoes a series of free nuclear divisions without cytokinesis , resulting in a single cell containing multiple nuclei . The nuclei then differentiate and are partitioned with cell walls to generate the egg cell ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	MYB64 and MYB119 Are Required for Cellularization and Differentiation during Female Gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Migratory lung dendritic cells ( DCs ) transport viral antigen from the lungs to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes ( MLNs ) during influenza virus infection to initiate the adaptive immune response . Two major migratory DC subsets , CD103+ DCs and CD11bhigh DCs participate in this function and it is not clear if the...	Migratory lung dendritic cells ( DCs ) control the initiation of the adaptive immune responses to influenza virus by expanding virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes ( MLNs ) that will subsequently clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract . Here we demonstrate that both subsets of lung DCs , CD103+ DCs and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immune", "cells", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immunologic", "subspecialties", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "animal", "models", "adaptive", "immunity", "model",...	2011	Unique Type I Interferon Responses Determine the Functional Fate of Migratory Lung Dendritic Cells during Influenza Virus Infection
Parasite-specific antibodies protect against blood-stage Plasmodium infection . However , in malaria-endemic regions , it takes many months for naturally-exposed individuals to develop robust humoral immunity . Explanations for this have focused on antigenic variation by Plasmodium , but have considered less whether ho...	Plasmodium parasites cause malaria by invading , replicating within , and rupturing out of red blood cells . Natural immunity to malaria , which depends on generating Plasmodium-specific antibodies , often takes years to develop . Explanations for this focus on antigenic variation by the parasite , but consider less wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Experimental", "Procedures" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "humoral", "immunity", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "protozoans", "white", "blood", "cells", "malarial", "parasites", "animal", "...	2016	IFNAR1-Signalling Obstructs ICOS-mediated Humoral Immunity during Non-lethal Blood-Stage Plasmodium Infection
Most human somatic cells express insufficient levels of telomerase , which can result in telomere shortening and eventually senescence , both of which are hallmarks of ageing . Homology-directed repair ( HDR ) is important for maintaining proper telomere function in yeast and mammals . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Rad...	Telomeres are essential structures located at the ends of chromosomes . The canonical DNA replication machinery is unable to fully replicate DNA at chromosome ends , causing telomeres to shorten with every round of cell division . This shortening can be counteracted by an enzyme called telomerase , but in most human so...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "recombination-based", "assay", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "cloning", "telomeres", "dna", "replication", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis", "artifici...	2016	Multiple Rad52-Mediated Homology-Directed Repair Mechanisms Are Required to Prevent Telomere Attrition-Induced Senescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Rice ( Oryza sativa ) is a staple food for more than half the world and a model for studies of monocotyledonous species , which include cereal crops and candidate bioenergy grasses . A major limitation of crop production is imposed by a suite of abiotic and biotic stresses resulting in 30%–60% yield losses globally eac...	A major limitation of crop production is imposed by a suite of abiotic and biotic stresses resulting in 30%–60% yield losses globally each year . In this paper , we used a yeast-based approach to identify rice proteins that govern the rice stress response . We validated the role of these new proteins using additional a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "agriculture", "biology" ]	2011	Towards Establishment of a Rice Stress Response Interactome
Buruli Ulcer ( BU ) is a tropical infectious skin disease that is currently treated with 8 weeks of intramuscular streptomycin and oral rifampicin . As prolonged streptomycin administration can cause both oto- and nephrotoxicity , we evaluated its long term toxicity by following-up former BU patients that had received ...	Buruli Ulcer is an infectious skin disease , mainly occurring in West Africa . Previously , the disease was treated exclusively by surgery , but in the last decade , effective treatment with antibiotics has been established . The WHO recommended regimen consists of 8 weeks of oral rifampicin combined with intramuscular...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "buruli", "ulcer" ]	2014	Long Term Streptomycin Toxicity in the Treatment of Buruli Ulcer: Follow-up of Participants in the BURULICO Drug Trial
Dengue infection is endemic in many regions throughout the world . While insecticide fogging targeting the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major control measure against dengue epidemics , the impact of this method remains controversial . A previous mathematical simulation study indicated that insecticide fogging min...	Dengue virus infection is a serious infectious disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in the tropics and sub-tropics . Disease control often involves the use of insecticide fogging against mosquito vectors . However , the effectiveness of this method for reducing dengue cases , in addition to appropriate application p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "preventive", "medicine", "mathematical", "computing", "mathematics", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "infectious", "diseases", "disease"...	2011	Optimal Timing of Insecticide Fogging to Minimize Dengue Cases: Modeling Dengue Transmission among Various Seasonalities and Transmission Intensities
The mammalian ortholog of yeast Slx4 , BTBD12 , is an ATM substrate that functions as a scaffold for various DNA repair activities . Mutations of human BTBD12 have been reported in a new sub-type of Fanconi anemia patients . Recent studies have implicated the fly and worm orthologs , MUS312 and HIM-18 , in the regulati...	Mutations in genes essential for genome maintenance during meiosis can result in severe disruptions to spermatogenesis and subsequent low fertility and/or birth defects in mammals . The mammalian homolog of yeast Slx4 , BTBD12 , plays a critical role in somatic cell repair in mice . Here , we show that this critical fu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "animal", "genetics", "genetic", "mutation", "sexual", "differentiation", "genetics", "biology", "morphogenesis", "cytogenetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Mammalian BTBD12 (SLX4) Protects against Genomic Instability during Mammalian Spermatogenesis
Our knowledge about the computational mechanisms underlying human learning and recognition of sound sequences , especially speech , is still very limited . One difficulty in deciphering the exact means by which humans recognize speech is that there are scarce experimental findings at a neuronal , microscopic level . He...	Neuroscience still lacks a concrete explanation of how humans recognize speech . Even though neuroimaging techniques are helpful in determining the brain areas involved in speech recognition , there are rarely mechanistic explanations at a neuronal level . Here , we assume that songbirds and humans solve a very similar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	From Birdsong to Human Speech Recognition: Bayesian Inference on a Hierarchy of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
We develop a coarse-grained stochastic model for the influence of signal relay on the collective behavior of migrating Dictyostelium discoideum cells . In the experiment , cells display a range of collective migration patterns , including uncorrelated motion , formation of partially localized streams , and clumping , d...	Collective cell migration is observed in various biological processes including angiogenesis , gastrulation , fruiting body formation , and wound healing . Dictyostelium discoideum , for example , exhibits highly dynamic patterns such as streams and clumps during its early phases of collective motion and has served as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "motility", "mathematics", "cell", "migration", "biology", "nonlinear", "dynamics", "morphogenesis", "biophysics" ]	2013	Modeling and Measuring Signal Relay in Noisy Directed Migration of Cell Groups
The genetic basis of morphological differences among species is still poorly understood . We investigated the genetic basis of sex-specific differences in wing size between two closely related species of Nasonia by positional cloning a major male-specific locus , wing-size1 ( ws1 ) . Male wing size increases by 45% thr...	The regulation of cell size and cell numbers is an important part of determining the size of organs in development , as well as of controlling cell over-proliferation in diseases such as cancer and diabetes . How the regulation of cell size and number can change to produce different organ sizes is not well understood ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "developmental", "biology/developmental", "evolution", ...	2010	Non-Coding Changes Cause Sex-Specific Wing Size Differences between Closely Related Species of Nasonia
Determining how synaptic coupling within and between regions is modulated during sensory processing is an important topic in neuroscience . Electrophysiological recordings provide detailed information about neural spiking but have traditionally been confined to a particular region or layer of cortex . Here we develop n...	Sensory processing is known to span multiple regions of the nervous system . However , electrophysiological recordings during sensory processing have traditionally been limited to a single region or brain layer . With recent advances in experimental techniques , recorded spiking activity from multiple regions simultane...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "brain", "electrophysiology", "random", "variables", "neuroscience", "covariance", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "network", "analysis", "research"...	2017	A theoretical framework for analyzing coupled neuronal networks: Application to the olfactory system
The conservation of the intrinsic dynamics of proteins emerges as we attempt to understand the relationship between sequence , structure and functional conservation . We characterise the conservation of such dynamics in a case where the structure is conserved but function differs greatly . The triosephosphate isomerase...	Proteins are dynamic entities , and their flexibility is intimately linked with function . Some suggest that function drives the conservation of flexibility in proteins , while it has also been observed that proteins with similar structures also exhibit similar flexibility . To investigate the role of shape vs . functi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "classical", "mechanics", "chemical", "compounds", "phosphates", "enzymes", "split-decomposition", "method", "enzymology", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "damage", "mechanics", "protein", "structure", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", ...	2016	Similarity in Shape Dictates Signature Intrinsic Dynamics Despite No Functional Conservation in TIM Barrel Enzymes
Fragile X syndrome is caused by loss of function of a single gene encoding the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein ( FMRP ) . This RNA-binding protein , widely expressed in mammalian tissues , is particularly abundant in neurons and is a component of messenger ribonucleoprotein ( mRNP ) complexes present within the tr...	Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation affecting approximately 1/7000 females and 1/4000 males worldwide . The syndrome is due to the silencing of a single gene , the Fragile Mental Retardation 1 ( FMR1 ) , that codes for a protein called the Fragile X mental retardation protein ( FM...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Nuclear Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Is localized to Cajal Bodies
Gene-regulatory enhancers have been identified using various approaches , including evolutionary conservation , regulatory protein binding , chromatin modifications , and DNA sequence motifs . To integrate these different approaches , we developed EnhancerFinder , a two-step method for distinguishing developmental enha...	The human genome contains an immense amount of non-protein-coding DNA with unknown function . Some of this DNA regulates when , where , and at what levels genes are active during development . Enhancers , one type of regulatory element , are short stretches of DNA that can act as “switches” to turn a gene on or off at ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genomics", "functional", "genomics", "organism", "development", "genome", "analysis", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "comparative", "genomics", "molecular", "genetics", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	Integrating Diverse Datasets Improves Developmental Enhancer Prediction
Sensorimotor learning has been shown to depend on both prior expectations and sensory evidence in a way that is consistent with Bayesian integration . Thus , prior beliefs play a key role during the learning process , especially when only ambiguous sensory information is available . Here we develop a novel technique to...	When learning a new skill , such as riding a bicycle , we can adjust the commands we send to our muscles based on two sources of information . First , we can use sensory inputs to inform us how the bike is behaving . Second , we can use prior knowledge about the properties of bikes and how they behave in general . This...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "neuroscience/experimental", "psychology", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2011	Inferring Visuomotor Priors for Sensorimotor Learning
A central challenge in interpreting personal genomes is determining which mutations most likely influence disease . Although progress has been made in scoring the functional impact of individual mutations , the characteristics of the genes in which those mutations are found remain largely unexplored . For example , gen...	This work uses empirical single nucleotide variant data from the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project to introduce a genome-wide scoring system that ranks human genes in terms of their intolerance to standing functional genetic variation in the human population . It is often inferred that genes carrying relatively fewer or r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "statistics", "genetics", "statistical", "methods", "population", "genetics", "population", "biology", "biology", "genomics", "biostatistics", "computational", "biology" ]	2013	Genic Intolerance to Functional Variation and the Interpretation of Personal Genomes
Humans , like other animals , are exposed to a continuous stream of signals , which are dynamic , multimodal , extended , and time varying in nature . This complex input space must be transduced and sampled by our sensory systems and transmitted to the brain where it can guide the selection of appropriate actions . To ...	When we watch someone speak , how much work is our brain actually doing ? How much of this work is facilitated by the structure of speech itself ? Our work shows that not only are the visual and auditory components of speech tightly locked ( obviating the need for the brain to actively bind such information ) , this te...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computer", "science/natural", "and", "synthetic", "vision", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "neuroscience/motor", "systems", "neuroscience/natural", "and", "synthetic", "vision", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2009	The Natural Statistics of Audiovisual Speech
Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) is responsible for acute febrile polyarthralgia and , in a proportion of cases , severe complications including chronic arthritis . CHIKV has spread recently in East Africa , South-West Indian Ocean , South-Asia and autochthonous cases have been reported in Europe . Although almost all patie...	The mosquito-transmitted chikungunya virus is responsible for acute febrile polyarthralgia and , in a proportion of cases , complications including chronic arthritis . Since 2005 , it has massively re-emerged in the Old World . Although the large majority of patients are outpatients , the most detailed studies have foc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Chikungunya Fever: A Clinical and Virological Investigation of Outpatients on Reunion Island, South-West Indian Ocean
The linear receptive field describes a mapping from sensory stimuli to a one-dimensional variable governing a neuron's spike response . However , traditional receptive field estimators such as the spike-triggered average converge slowly and often require large amounts of data . Bayesian methods seek to overcome this pr...	A central problem in systems neuroscience is to understand how sensory neurons convert environmental stimuli into spike trains . The receptive field ( RF ) provides a simple model for the first stage in this encoding process: it is a linear filter that describes how the neuron integrates the stimulus over time and spac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "neuroscience", "single", "neuron", "function", "biology", "sensory", "systems", "neuroscience", "coding", "mechanisms" ]	2011	Receptive Field Inference with Localized Priors
Although retroviruses have been extensively studied for many years , basic questions about how retroviral infections are detected by the immune system and which innate pathways are required for the generation of immune responses remain unanswered . Defining these pathways and how they contribute to the anti-retroviral ...	Efforts to develop vaccines against the retrovirus HIV by inducing immune responses involving antibodies or T cells have been unsuccessful . Although antibodies can be generated against HIV , they fail to neutralize the virus . Thus , a more fundamental understanding of how neutralizing antibody responses to retroviral...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/innate", "immunity", "virology", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses" ]	2009	Myd88 Is Required for an Antibody Response to Retroviral Infection
Budding yeast , which undergoes polarized growth during budding and mating , has been a useful model system to study cell polarization . Bud sites are selected differently in haploid and diploid yeast cells: haploid cells bud in an axial manner , while diploid cells bud in a bipolar manner . While previous studies have...	Budding yeast is a model organism in understanding fundamental aspects of eukaryotic cells , such as cell polarization and cell aging . Previously , extensive research has focused on the molecular mechanisms of biological processes in yeast , but many questions regarding yeast budding remain unsolved . For example , ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "systems", "science", ...	2017	A modeling study of budding yeast colony formation and its relationship to budding pattern and aging
The presence of voltage fluctuations arising from synaptic activity is a critical component in models of gain control , neuronal output gating , and spike rate coding . The degree to which individual neuronal input-output functions are modulated by voltage fluctuations , however , is not well established across differe...	The membrane voltage of neurons in vivo is dominated by noisy “background” fluctuations generated by network-based synaptic activity from nearby cells . It has been speculated that membrane voltage fluctuations in neurons play an important role in scaling the relationship between input amplitude and spike rate response...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Non-linear Membrane Properties in Entorhinal Cortical Stellate Cells Reduce Modulation of Input-Output Responses by Voltage Fluctuations
Whereas optogenetic techniques have proven successful in their ability to manipulate neuronal populations—with high spatial and temporal fidelity—in species ranging from insects to rodents , significant obstacles remain in their application to nonhuman primates ( NHPs ) . Robust optogenetics-activated behavior and long...	This report details the first successful application of long-term all-optical interrogation techniques in monkeys . We have overcome obstacles that prevented the combination of single- and two-photon ( 1P and 2P ) optogenetic stimulation with 2P imaging in awake-behaving monkeys , retesting targeted individual cells an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "methods", "and", "resources", "optogenetics", "engineering", "and", "technology", "lasers", "social", "sciences", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "brain", "mapping", "bioassays", "and", "physiolo...	2018	Long-term all-optical interrogation of cortical neurons in awake-behaving nonhuman primates
Scabies is a common dermatological condition , affecting more than 130 million people at any time . To evaluate and/or predict the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions , disease transmission modelling can be used . To review published scabies models and data to inform the design of a comprehens...	Scabies is a neglected tropical disease affecting more than 130 million people , with major costs on health care systems worldwide . While effective treatments exist , it is unknown which treatment strategies result in the best outcomes against the lowest costs , and to what extent this differs between communities . He...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cost-effectiveness", "analysis", "engineering", "and", "technology", "economic", "analysis", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "health", "care", "vaccines", "decisio...	2019	A systematic review of scabies transmission models and data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry ( MALDI-TOF MS ) is an emerging tool for routine identification of bacteria , archaea and fungi . It has also been recently applied as an accurate approach for arthropod identification . Preliminary studies have shown that the MALDI-TOF MS was...	Filariosis is a disease group affecting humans and animals , caused by nematode parasites of the family Onchocercidae , superfamily Filarioidea . These parasites can be transmitted , essentially , by mosquitoes during blood meals of infected female specimens . Screening vectors for these filariae currently relies on ti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "nematode", "infections", "brugia", "insect", "vectors", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "infectious", "diseases", "spectrum", "analysis", "techniqu...	2017	Assessment of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for filariae detection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Small molecule inhibitors of hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) are being developed to complement or replace treatments with pegylated interferons and ribavirin , which have poor response rates and significant side effects . Resistance to these inhibitors emerges rapidly in the clinic , suggesting that successful therapy will i...	Approximately 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , which is a leading cause of chronic liver disease . Current treatments are not optimal; however , several molecules that inhibit HCV replication are in development . However , resistance to individual antivirals is like...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "virology/antivirals,", "including", "modes", "of", "action", "and", "resistance", "virology" ]	2010	A Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus Entry
Akt represents a nodal point between the Insulin receptor and TOR signaling , and its activation by phosphorylation controls cell proliferation , cell size , and metabolism . The activity of Akt must be carefully balanced , as increased Akt signaling is frequently associated with cancer and as insufficient Akt signalin...	The development of multi-cellular organisms depends on the precise choreography of a diverse array of signal transduction pathways . This requires balanced regulation by activating as well as repressing signals . Negative feedback , defined as a signaling response counteracting the stimulus , is a frequently used mecha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology" ]	2010	Dynamic Switch of Negative Feedback Regulation in Drosophila Akt–TOR Signaling
Genomic conflict is perplexing because it causes the fitness of a species to decline rather than improve . Many diverse forms of genomic conflict have been identified , but this extant tally may be incomplete . Here , we show that the unusual characteristics of the sex chromosomes can , in principle , lead to a previou...	Our study describes a new form of sexual genomic conflict that operates through the process of antagonistic green-beard effects . Although past theoretical and empirical work indicated that green-beard effects rarely operate in nature , our new theory shows why this conclusion may have to be reevaluated . We integrate ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Models" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2008	Sexually Antagonistic “Zygotic Drive” of the Sex Chromosomes
Obligate intracellular pathogens satisfy their nutrient requirements by coupling to host metabolic processes , often modulating these pathways to facilitate access to key metabolites . Such metabolic dependencies represent potential targets for pathogen control , but remain largely uncharacterized for the intracellular...	The kinetoplastid protozoan , Trypanosoma cruzi , is a highly successful parasite with a broad mammalian host range and the capacity to colonize a variety of tissues within a given host to establish life-long infection . T . cruzi infection causes Chagas disease in humans , characterized by severe cardiomyopathy and ga...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "respiratory", "infections", "chemical", "compounds", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "microbiology", "carbohydrates", "glucose", "metabolism", "parasitic", "protozoans", "pulmonology", "pro...	2017	Modulation of host central carbon metabolism and in situ glucose uptake by intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes
Non-typhoidal Salmonella ( NTS ) bacteremia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide . It is considered to be an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa . We studied this in two tertiary hospitals–Al Farwaniya and Al Amiri–in Kuwait , a subtropical country , from April 2013-May 2016 . NTS b...	Salmonella organisms are classified into typhoidal Salmonella ( causing enteric fever ) and non-typhoidal Salmonella ( NTS ) ( causing infections other than enteric fever ) . Apart from causing other infections , NTS causes blood-stream infection ( bacteremia and septicemia ) . NTS blood stream infection ( NTS-BI ) is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "microbiology", "diabetes", "mellitus", "diarrhea", "bacterial", "diseases", "antibiotic", "resistance", "endocrine", "disorder...	2019	Non-typhoidal Salmonella blood stream infection in Kuwait: Clinical and microbiological characteristics
Normal development of the respiratory system is essential for survival and is regulated by multiple genes and signaling pathways . Both Tbx4 and Tbx5 are expressed throughout the mesenchyme of the developing lung and trachea; and , although multiple genes are known to be required in the epithelium , only Fgfs have been...	Defective development of the mammalian respiratory system can lead to tracheal , bronchial , or pulmonary malformations causing severe consequences at birth or during postnatal life . Studies using mouse genetics have begun to reveal complex regulatory mechanisms that guide the development of the respiratory system , b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "biology", "respiratory", "medicine", "pulmonology" ]	2012	Multiple Roles and Interactions of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in Development of the Respiratory System
The dynamics of circadian rhythms needs to be adapted to day length changes between summer and winter . It has been observed experimentally , however , that the dynamics of individual neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) does not change as the seasons change . Rather , the seasonal adaptation of the circadian...	Circadian clocks drive the temporal coordination of internal biological processes , which in turn determine daily rhythms in physiology and behavior in the most diverse organisms . In mammals , the 24-hour timing clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) of the hypothalamus . The SCN is a network of intercon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2012	Modeling the Seasonal Adaptation of Circadian Clocks by Changes in the Network Structure of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Molecular-based surveys have indicated that Ancylostoma ceylanicum , a zoonotic hookworm , is likely the second most prevalent hookworm species infecting humans in Asia . Most current PCR-based diagnostic options for the detection of Ancylostoma species target the Internal Transcribed Spacer ( ITS ) regions of the ribo...	Historically , Ancylostoma ceylanicum has been viewed as an uncommon cause of human hookworm infection , with minimal public health importance . However , recent reports have indicated that this zoonotic hookworm causes a much greater incidence of infection within certain human populations than was previously believed ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "helminths", "hookworms", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "ancylostoma", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "infectious", "diseases", "zoonoses...	2017	A novel, species-specific, real-time PCR assay for the detection of the emerging zoonotic parasite Ancylostoma ceylanicum in human stool
Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease and is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries . Biomphalaria straminea , an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni , is native to the southeastern part of South America and has established in other regions of South America , Central America and southern ...	Biomphalaria straminea is an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni . This snail has not only established in peripheral countries but also survived in different water habitats in Hong Kong and adjacent cities of mainland China . Ecological niche models were used to predict the potential global distribution of B . str...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "species", "colonization", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "ecological", "niches", "invasive", "species", "helminths", "china", "malacology", "geographical", "locations", "animals", "multivariate", "an...	2018	Prediction of the potential global distribution for Biomphalaria straminea, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni
Food webs , networks of feeding relationships in an ecosystem , provide fundamental insights into mechanisms that determine ecosystem stability and persistence . A standard approach in food-web analysis , and network analysis in general , has been to identify compartments , or modules , defined by many links within com...	The relationships among organisms in an ecosystem can be described by a food web , a network representing who eats whom . Food web organization has important consequences for how populations change over time , how one species extinction can cause others , and how robustly ecosystems respond to disturbances . We present...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "community", "ecology", "spatial", "and", "landscape", "ecology", "ecosystem", "modeling", "mathematics", "ecology", "food", "web", "structure", "statistics", "theoretical", "ecology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "statistical", "methods", "terrestrial", "ecolog...	2011	Spatial Guilds in the Serengeti Food Web Revealed by a Bayesian Group Model
Establishing the genetic determinants of niche adaptation by microbial pathogens to specific hosts is important for the management and control of infectious disease . Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific bacterial pathogen that secretes superantigens ( SAgs ) as ‘trademark’ virulence factors . ...	Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis , also known as ‘strep throat’ . However , this organism is also responsible for a range of other important human illnesses including necrotizing fasciitis and rheumatic heart disease ( RHD ) . Indeed , complications from RHD and invasive infectio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "streptococcal", "pharyngitis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxic", "shock", "syndrome", "population", "modeling", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "infectious", "disease", "modeling", "computational", ...	2014	Bacterial Superantigens Promote Acute Nasopharyngeal Infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in a Human MHC Class II-Dependent Manner
Across diverse biological systems—ranging from neural networks to intracellular signaling and genetic regulatory networks—the information about changes in the environment is frequently encoded in the full temporal dynamics of the network nodes . A pressing data-analysis challenge has thus been to efficiently estimate t...	Cells represent changes in their own state or in the state of their environment by temporally varying the concentrations of intracellular signaling molecules , mimicking in a simple chemical context the way we humans represent our thoughts and observations through temporally varying patterns of sounds that constitute s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "information", "entropy", "neural", "networks", "engineering", "and", "technology", "electronics", "applied", "mathematics", "signaling", "networks", "random", "variables", "neuroscience", "covariance", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "mathematics", "network"...	2019	Estimating information in time-varying signals
Experimental obstacles have impeded our ability to study prion transmission within and , more particularly , between species . Here , we used cervid prion protein expressed in brain extracts of transgenic mice , referred to as Tg ( CerPrP ) , as a substrate for in vitro generation of chronic wasting disease ( CWD ) pri...	Prions are unique pathogens that result from conversion of a normal host-encoded prion protein , PrPC , into a self-propagating , disease-associated conformation , referred to as PrPSc . An important aspect of prion diseases is their transmissibility , frequently as epidemics . The contagious transmission of chronic wa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/prion", "diseases" ]	2008	Accelerated High Fidelity Prion Amplification Within and Across Prion Species Barriers
Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease , affects 8 million people predominantly living in socioeconomic underdeveloped areas . T . cruzi trypomastigotes ( Ty ) , the classical infective stage , interact with the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) , an obligatory step before invasion of almost all mammal...	Adhesion of Trypanosoma cruzi to distinct elements of ECM involving different surface proteins from the infective stage of the parasite has been described . Despite the relevance of ECM for T . cruzi infection , the signaling pathways triggered in trypomastigotes upon interactions with ECM are less well understood . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "chemical", "compounds", "enzymes", "ketones", "microbiology", "enzymology", "parasitic", "protozoans", "protozoan", "life", "cycles", "pyruvate", "phosphatases", "developmental", "biology", "trypomastigotes", "protozoans", "enzyme", "metabolism", "enzyme",...	2019	Reprogramming of Trypanosoma cruzi metabolism triggered by parasite interaction with the host cell extracellular matrix
Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that early postnatal exposure to anesthetics can lead to lasting deficits in learning and other cognitive processes . The mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been clarified and there is no treatment currently available . Recent evidence suggests that anesthetics might ...	The United States Food and Drug Administration has recently warned that exposure to anesthetic and sedative drugs during the third trimester of prenatal development and during the first 3 years of life may cause lasting impairments in cognitive function . The mechanisms by which this undesirable side effect occurs are ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "cognitive", "neurology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "dendritic", "structure", "anesthetics", "drugs", "brain", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "psychology", "pharmacolo...	2017	Early postnatal exposure to isoflurane causes cognitive deficits and disrupts development of newborn hippocampal neurons via activation of the mTOR pathway
Correctly evaluating functional similarities among homologous proteins is necessary for accurate transfer of experimental knowledge from one organism to another , and is of particular importance for the development of animal models of human disease . While the fact that sequence similarity implies functional similarity...	Common ancestry is a central tenet of modern biology , as genes from different species often show a high degree of sequence similarity , making it possible to study analogous processes across model organisms . However , many genes belong to large families with several duplicates and the relationship between genes from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/genomics" ]	2011	Accurate Quantification of Functional Analogy among Close Homologs
The complexity of clinical manifestations commonly observed in autoimmune disorders poses a major challenge to genetic studies of such diseases . Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) affects humans as well as other mammals , and is characterized by the presence of antinuclear antibodies ( ANA ) in patients’ sera and mu...	Autoimmune disorders display complex phenotypes with clinically diverse manifestations , which together with complex genetic inheritance and environmental factors triggering the disease may complicate the diagnosis and investigation of the disease mechanism . The use of dog breeds may facilitate the analysis of genetic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Multiple Changes of Gene Expression and Function Reveal Genomic and Phenotypic Complexity in SLE-like Disease
Human angiostrongyliasis ( HA ) is a neurological helminthic disease caused by the lung worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis . It is suspected in the combination of travel or a residence in an endemic area and eosinophilic meningitis . In Mayotte , an island in the Indian Ocean , cases are rare but regular . The main objec...	Human angiostrongyliasis is a neurological helminthic disease caused by the lung worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis , and most cases are reported from Asia , particularly Thailand and China . In Mayotte , an overseas French Territory in the Indian Ocean , cases are rare but regular , with life-threatening clinical pictur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "invertebrates", "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "demography", "nervous", "system", "neuroscience", "animals", "cranial", "nerves", "age", "groups", "gastropods", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "population"...	2016	Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection on Mayotte Island, Indian Ocean, 2007-2012
During Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection of C57BL/6 mice , an exceptionally large CD8+ T cell response to a protective epitope in the type III secretion system effector YopE is produced . At the peak of the response , up to 50% of splenic CD8+ T cells recognize the epitope YopE69-77 . The features of the interactio...	Dendritic cells ( DCs ) direct host protective adaptive immune responses during infection . How different subpopulations of DCs contribute to the formation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is incompletely understood . Infection of C57BL/6 mice with the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis results in the produ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	CCR2+ Inflammatory Dendritic Cells and Translocation of Antigen by Type III Secretion Are Required for the Exceptionally Large CD8+ T Cell Response to the Protective YopE69-77 Epitope during Yersinia Infection
Environmental enteric dysfunction ( EED ) is commonly defined as an acquired subclinical disorder of the small intestine , characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia . EED has been proposed to underlie stunted growth among children in developing countries . A collection of biomarkers , organized into distin...	Globally , one-quarter of children under the age of five are affected by poor linear growth , known as stunting . Interventions , including giving children supplemental foods or improving hygiene to prevent diarrhea , have only been partially successful at restoring normal growth . Environmental enteric dysfunction ( E...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbiome", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "permeability", "microbiology", "biomarkers", "diarrhea", "age", "groups", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "materials", "science", "gastroenterology"...	2018	Environmental enteric dysfunction pathways and child stunting: A systematic review
Triatomine bugs are the insect vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiological agent of Chagas disease . These insects are known to aggregate inside shelters during daylight hours and it has been demonstrated that within shelters , the aggregation is induced by volatiles emitted from bug feces . These signals promote in...	Chagas disease is a parasitic infection affecting approximately 12 million people , and is considered to be one of the most severe burdens for public health in Latin America . Control of the disease is based on attempted elimination of domestic populations of triatomine bugs , the insects transmitting the disease to hu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chemical", "ecology", "animal", "behavior", "zoology", "ecology", "entomology", "olfactory", "system", "sensory", "systems", "biology", "neuroethology", "neuroscience", "parasitology" ]	2014	A Multi-species Bait for Chagas Disease Vectors
The relationships between the infecting dengue serotype , primary and secondary infection , viremia and dengue severity remain unclear . This cross-sectional study examined these interactions in adult patients hospitalized with dengue in Ha Noi . 158 patients were enrolled between September 16 and November 11 , 2008 . ...	Dengue is estimated to affect 50 million people each year and can occur as explosive outbreaks that overwhelm health systems . Despite significant advances the available knowledge is not sufficient to predict the outcome of individual infections or the occurrence of epidemics . Studies from low dengue transmission sett...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "immunology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "virology", "virology/mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility,", "including", "host", "genetics", "infectious", ...	2011	Immunological and Viral Determinants of Dengue Severity in Hospitalized Adults in Ha Noi, Viet Nam
Neuronal firing , synaptic transmission , and its plasticity form the building blocks for processing and storage of information in the brain . It is unknown whether adult human synapses are more efficient in transferring information between neurons than rodent synapses . To test this , we recorded from connected pairs ...	Our ability to think , memorize information , and act appropriately depends on circuits of connected neurons in the brain . In these circuits , neurons pass information to each other using electric pulses ( action potentials ) that cause the release of chemical neurotransmitters , which alter the membrane electric pote...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "electrophysiological", "properties", "cellular", "neuroscience", "synaptic", "plasticity", "action", "potentials", "computational", "neuroscience", "single", "neuron", "function", "neurotransmission", "physiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biol...	2014	High Bandwidth Synaptic Communication and Frequency Tracking in Human Neocortex
The Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 ( PfEMP1 ) family plays a central role in antigenic variation and cytoadhesion of P . falciparum infected erythrocytes . PfEMP1 proteins/var genes are classified into three main subfamilies ( UpsA , UpsB , and UpsC ) that are hypothesized to have different roles ...	The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum persists in the human host partly by avoiding elimination in the spleen during blood stage infection . This strategy depends principally upon members of the large and diverse PfEMP1 family of proteins that are exported to the surface of infected erythrocytes . PfEMP1 proteins ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitology" ]	2011	Investigating the Host Binding Signature on the Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 Protein Family
The conserved target of rapamycin ( TOR ) pathway integrates growth and development with available nutrients , but how cellular glucose controls TOR function and signaling is poorly understood . Here , we provide functional evidence from the devastating rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae that glucose can mediate TOR ...	TOR kinase coordinates cell development with nutrient availability . Due to its roles in many debilitating diseases , it is important that all aspects of TOR regulation are understood . Nonetheless , how cellular glucose controls TOR function and downstream activities is largely unknown . Here , we discovered and chara...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "chemical", "compounds", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "tor", "signaling", "cell", "processes", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "fungal", "structure", "glucose", "mitosis", "mutation", "glucose", ...	2017	Glucose-ABL1-TOR Signaling Modulates Cell Cycle Tuning to Control Terminal Appressorial Cell Differentiation
Genome-scale metabolic models are available for an increasing number of organisms and can be used to define the region of feasible metabolic flux distributions . In this work we use as constraints a small set of experimental metabolic fluxes , which reduces the region of feasible metabolic states . Once the region of f...	The sequencing of full genomes and the development of high-throughput analysis technologies have made available both genome-scale metabolic networks and simultaneous transcription data for all the genes of an organism . Genome-scale metabolic models , with the assumption of steady state for the internal metabolites , a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks" ]	2010	Sampling the Solution Space in Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks Reveals Transcriptional Regulation in Key Enzymes
With the paucity of new drugs and HIV co-infection , vaccination remains an unmet research priority to combat visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) requiring strong cellular immunity . Protein vaccination often suffers from low immunogenicity and poor generation of memory T cells for long-lasting protection . Cysteine protease...	Conventional chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) typically relies on pentavalent antimonials that suffer from extensive drug resistance in India . Development of preventive vaccination is undoubtedly a better alternative to completely eradicate the disease . With this in mind , we chose to target parasite cys...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "medical", "microbiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "vaccination", "and", "immunizati...	2014	Combining Cationic Liposomal Delivery with MPL-TDM for Cysteine Protease Cocktail Vaccination against Leishmania donovani : Evidence for Antigen Synergy and Protection
The polyamines putrescine , spermidine , and spermine are organic cations that are required for cell growth and differentiation . Ornithine decarboxylase ( ODC ) , the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway , is a highly regulated enzyme . To use this enzyme as a potential drug target , th...	Entamoeba histolytica is a unicellular protozoan parasite that infects about 50 million people each year and can cause potentially life-threatening diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis and extraintestinal abscesses . The infections are primarily treated by antiamoebic therapy . Drugs of choice for invasive amoebiasis a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "molecular", "biology" ]	2008	Characterization of the Entamoeba histolytica Ornithine Decarboxylase-Like Enzyme
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ( PRRSV ) is a major threat to swine health worldwide and is considered the most significant viral disease in the swine industry today . In past years , studies on the entry of the virus into its host cell have led to the identification of a number of essential vi...	The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ( PRRSV ) is a major threat to swine health worldwide . The virus specifically targets subpopulations of macrophages , central players in the immune system , and can persist in animals for extended periods of time due to a hampered immunity . At present , no vacci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry" ]	2010	The M/GP5 Glycoprotein Complex of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Binds the Sialoadhesin Receptor in a Sialic Acid-Dependent Manner
In recent experimental work it has been shown that neuronal interactions are modulated by neuronal synchronization and that this modulation depends on phase shifts in neuronal oscillations . This result suggests that connections in a network can be shaped through synchronization . Here , we test and expand this hypothe...	Different brain areas are involved in any cognitive task . This implies that information has to be transmitted between different brain areas . Recent experimental results suggest that synchronization plays a crucial role in information exchange between cortical areas . They show that synchronization is capable of rende...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience" ]	2010	Optimal Information Transfer in the Cortex through Synchronization
Epstein–Barr virus ( EBV ) , a ubiquitous human herpesvirus , can latently infect the human population . EBV is associated with several types of malignancies originating from lymphoid and epithelial cell types . EBV latent antigen 3C ( EBNA3C ) is essential for EBV-induced immortalization of B-cells . The Moloney murin...	The oncogenic serine/threonine kinase Pim-1 is upregulated in a number of human cancers including lymphomas , gastric , colorectal and prostate carcinomas . EBV nuclear antigen 3C ( EBNA3C ) is essential for EBV-induced transformation of human primary B-lymphocytes . Our current study revealed that EBNA3C significantly...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "virology" ]	2014	EBNA3C Augments Pim-1 Mediated Phosphorylation and Degradation of p21 to Promote B-Cell Proliferation
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed a variety of strategies to avoid degradation by the host innate immune defense mechanisms triggered upon phagocytocis . Upon infection of mammalian host cells , the intracellular pathogen Francisella replicates exclusively in the cytosolic compartment . Hence , its abili...	Intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed a variety of strategies to avoid degradation by the host innate immune defense mechanisms triggered upon phagocytocis . We show here for the first time that glutamate acquisition is essential for phagosomal escape and virulence of an intracellular pathogen . Remarkably ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbial", "metabolism", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "pathogenesis", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2014	Glutamate Utilization Couples Oxidative Stress Defense and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Francisella Phagosomal Escape
Ocular pentastomiasis is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of pentastomids , an unusual group of crustacean-related parasites . Zoonotic pentastomids have a distinct geographical distribution and utilize reptiles or canids as final hosts . Recently , an increasing number of human abdominal infections have bee...	Ocular pentastomiasis is a severely neglected parasitic disease . Most human infections are linked to the consumption and/or handling of snakes . Here we present a series of cases from a remote area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Two patients had an infection with Armillifer grandis . As livestock production...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences" ]	2014	Ocular Pentastomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a subcutaneous skin disease listed among the neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Early case detection and management is very important to reduce morbidity and the accompanied characteristic disfiguring nature of BU . Since diagnosis based on clinical evidence ca...	Buruli ulcer disease is a subcutaneous necrotizing skin disease caused by ecological Mycobacterium ulcerans . The availability of antibiotic treatment makes it imperative for early detection of the disease to avoid the disfiguring and morbid effects associated with the disease . Currently available detection methods in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "bovine", "tuberculosis", "tropical", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "bacteria", "researc...	2016	RNA Aptamer That Specifically Binds to Mycolactone and Serves as a Diagnostic Tool for Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer
Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani . This infection is characterized by an uncontrolled parasitization of internal organs which , when left untreated , leads to death . Disease progression is linked with the type of immune response generated and a str...	Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is a significant neglected tropical disease , with 350 million people in 98 countries at risk of developing one of the forms of the disease . Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by an uncontrolled parasitization of internal orga...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Leishmania infantum Amastigotes Trigger a Subpopulation of Human B Cells with an Immunoregulatory Phenotype
The sensitivity and specificity of two in-house MAC-ELISA assays were tested and compared with the performance of commercially-available CTK lateral flow rapid test and EUROIMMUN IFA assays for the detection of anti-Chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) IgM . Each MAC-ELISA assay used a whole virus-based antigen derived from gen...	Chikungunya is a mounting public health concern in many parts of the world . Definitive diagnosis is critical in differentiating the diseases , especially in dengue endemic areas . There are some commercial chikungunya kits and published molecular protocols available , but no comprehensive comparative evaluation of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virology/diagnosis", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/environmental", "health" ]	2010	Evaluation of Chikungunya Diagnostic Assays: Differences in Sensitivity of Serology Assays in Two Independent Outbreaks
Sri Lankan Russell’s viper ( Daboia russelii ) envenoming is reported to cause myotoxicity and neurotoxicity , which are different to the effects of envenoming by most other populations of Russell’s vipers . This study aimed to investigate evidence of myotoxicity in Russell’s viper envenoming , response to antivenom an...	There are many gaps in our knowledge of muscle damage caused by snake venoms . Russell’s vipers are more medically important than any other snake in Asia . Sri Lankan Russell’s viper ( Daboia russelii ) bites have been reported to cause muscle damage in humans , which is not reported for other Russell’s vipers . The ai...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxins", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "toxicology", "toxic", "agents", "urine", "reptiles", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "v...	2016	Clinical and Pharmacological Investigation of Myotoxicity in Sri Lankan Russell’s Viper (Daboia russelii) Envenoming
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) to thrive in its phagosomal niche is critical for its establishment of a chronic infection . This requires that Mtb senses and responds to intraphagosomal signals such as pH . We hypothesized that Mtb would respond to additional intraphagosomal factors that correlate wi...	Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) is the causative agent of tuberculosis , a disease that remains a major global health problem . To ensure its long-term survival in the host , Mtb must be able to sense and respond to changes in its immediate environment , such as the pH differences that occur in the phagosome in whic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunopathology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "microbial", "physiology", "medical", "microbiology", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction" ]	2013	Mycobacterium tuberculosis Responds to Chloride and pH as Synergistic Cues to the Immune Status of its Host Cell
The avoidance of starvation is critical for the survival of most organisms , thus animals change behavior based on past nutritional conditions . Insulin signaling is important for nutritional state-dependent behavioral plasticity , yet the underlying regulatory mechanism at the cellular level remains unclear . Previous...	Animals change behavior based on remembered experiences of hunger and appetite . Signaling by insulin and insulin-like peptides in the nervous system plays key roles in behavioral responses to hunger and satiety . In C . elegans , insulin-like signaling in the gustatory sensory neuron ASER regulates learned avoidance o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "invertebrates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "caenorhabditis", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "animals", "endocrine", "physiology", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", ...	2019	DAF-16/FOXO promotes taste avoidance learning independently of axonal insulin-like signaling
Meiotic DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) initiate crossover ( CO ) recombination , which is necessary for accurate chromosome segregation , but DSBs may also repair as non-crossovers ( NCOs ) . Multiple recombination pathways with specific intermediates are expected to lead to COs and NCOs . We revisited the mechanism...	Sexual reproduction consists in fusing two complementary gametes carrying only one set of chromosomes ( haploids ) to form a cell with two sets of homologous chromosomes ( diploid ) . Gametes are generated through meiosis , a specialized cell division occurring in diploid organisms . For proper meiotic division to occu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "enzymes", "isomerases", "microbiology", "model", "organisms", "dna", "dna", "structure", "molecular", "genetics", "dna", "synthesis", "mycology", "genomics", "enzyme", "classes", "chromosome", "biology", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "yeast", "biochemis...	2011	Genome-Wide Analysis of Heteroduplex DNA in Mismatch Repair–Deficient Yeast Cells Reveals Novel Properties of Meiotic Recombination Pathways
Genomic maps of chromatin modifications have provided evidence for the partitioning of genomes into domains of distinct chromatin states , which assist coordinated gene regulation . The maintenance of chromatin domain integrity can require the setting of boundaries . The HS4 insulator element marks the 3′ boundary of a...	The transcription of genes in eukaryotes occurs within the context of chromatin , a complex of DNA , histone proteins , and regulatory factors . Whole-genome profiling of chromatin proteins and histones that are post-translationally modified has revealed that genomes are organized into domains of distinct chromatin sta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chromosome", "biology", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "genomics", "chromatin", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "histone", "modification" ]	2011	Histone Crosstalk Directed by H2B Ubiquitination Is Required for Chromatin Boundary Integrity
The chemotherapeutic arsenal against human African trypanosomiasis , sleeping sickness , is limited and can cause severe , often fatal , side effects . One of the classic and most widely used drugs is pentamidine , an aromatic diamidine compound introduced in the 1940s . Recently , a genome-wide loss-of-function screen...	Pentamidine is usable only in the early , non-cerebral stage of human African trypanosomiasis . An aquaglyceroporin , TbAQP2 , is required for high-affinity pentamidine uptake . This study established the mechanism . Pentamidine does not pass TbAQP2 but blocks the unique selectivity filter via a single charged amidine ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "compounds", "cell", "processes", "permeability", "ions", "light", "organic", "compounds", "parasitic", "protozoans", "electromagnetic", "radiation", "light", "scattering", "mutation", "trypanosoma", "brucei", "gambiense", "monomers", "(chemistry)", "protozoans"...	2016	Pentamidine Is Not a Permeant but a Nanomolar Inhibitor of the Trypanosoma brucei Aquaglyceroporin-2
Fertility traits in humans are heritable , however , little is known about the genes that influence reproductive outcomes or the genetic variants that contribute to differences in these traits between individuals , particularly women . To address this gap in knowledge , we performed an unbiased genome-wide expression q...	Little is known about the genetics of female fertility . In this study , we addressed this gap in knowledge by first searching for genetic variants that regulate gene expression in uterine endometrial cells , and then testing those functional variants for associations with the length of time to pregnancy in fertile wom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "uterus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "maternal", "health", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "variant", "genotypes", "alleles", "genetic", "mapping", "women's", "health", "pregnancy", "m...	2016	Expression Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Studies in Mid-secretory Phase Endometrial Cells Identifies HLA-F and TAP2 as Fecundability-Associated Genes
Fragile X syndrome ( FXS ) is the most frequent inherited form of mental retardation . The cause for this X-linked disorder is the silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 ( fmr1 ) gene and the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein ( Fmrp ) . The RNA-binding protein Fmrp represses protein translati...	The most frequent inherited mental retardation disorder is fragile X syndrome , which is characterized by learning disabilities , cognitive impairment , anxiety , and hyperactive behavior . The genetic cause of this disorder is the silencing of the fmr1 gene , which encodes the RNA-binding protein Fmrp . This protein i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Fmrp Interacts with Adar and Regulates RNA Editing, Synaptic Density and Locomotor Activity in Zebrafish

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