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The maintenance of cellular proteins in a biologically active and structurally stable state is a vital endeavor involving multiple cellular pathways . One such pathway is the ubiquitin-proteasome system that represents a major route for protein degradation , and reductions in this pathway usually have adverse effects o...	Proteins are complex molecules assembled from individual amino acids that are linked head to tail in a linear chain . Once assembled , the proteins play vital roles in the structure and function of every cell in the body . However , for these proteins to work properly , they must be assembled correctly and resist damag...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "lysosomes", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "rna", "interference", "oxidative", "stress", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "cell", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "transcription", "factors"...	2016	Graded Proteasome Dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans Activates an Adaptive Response Involving the Conserved SKN-1 and ELT-2 Transcription Factors and the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway
Plasmodium falciparum infection results in adhesion of infected erythrocytes to blood vessel endothelium , and acute endothelial cell activation , together with sequestration of platelets and leucocytes . We have previously shown that patients with severe infection or fulminant cerebral malaria have significantly incre...	Malaria is caused by infection of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) with protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium . Infected erythrocytes adhere to and disrupt the inner lining , or endothelium , of small blood vessels , especially those of the brain , resulting in blockage and subsequent cerebral malaria . We have s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases", "hematology/coagulation", "disorders" ]	2009	Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Is Associated with Circulating Ultra-Large von Willebrand Multimers and ADAMTS13 Inhibition
Cutaneous leishmaniasis ranks among the tropical diseases least known and most neglected in Libya . World Health Organization reports recognized associations of Phlebotomus papatasi , Psammomys obesus , and Meriones spp . , with transmission of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis ( ZCL; caused by Leishmania major ) across...	Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis ( ZCL ) represents a major public health problem in North Africa where Leishmania major is the potential etiological agent associated with all ZCL cases . In many countries across North Africa , L . major is transmitted by the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi , with rodents as likely reser...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "body", "weight", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecological", "niches", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "parasitic"...	2016	Coarse-resolution Ecology of Etiological Agent, Vector, and Reservoirs of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya
Viroporins are small transmembrane proteins with ion channel activities modulating properties of intracellular membranes that have diverse proviral functions . Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) encodes a viroporin , p7 , acting during assembly , envelopment and secretion of viral particles ( VP ) . HCV p7 is released from the ...	Viroporins are small transmembrane viral proteins with ion channel activities modulating properties of intracellular membranes , which impacts several fundamental biological processes such as trafficking , ion fluxes as well as connections and exchanges between organelles . Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) encodes a viroporin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "protein", "transport", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "hepacivirus", "pathogens", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "virus...	2017	The amino-terminus of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 viroporin and its cleavage from glycoprotein E2-p7 precursor determine specific infectivity and secretion levels of HCV particle types
The response of a neuronal population over a space of inputs depends on the intrinsic properties of its constituent neurons . Two main modes of single neuron dynamics–integration and resonance–have been distinguished . While resonator cell types exist in a variety of brain areas , few models incorporate this feature an...	Dynamic gain , the amount by which features at specific frequencies in the input to a neuron are amplified or attenuated in its output spiking , is fundamental for the encoding of information by neural populations . Most studies of dynamic gain have focused on neurons without intrinsic degrees of freedom exhibiting int...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Complete Firing-Rate Response of Neurons with Complex Intrinsic Dynamics
The kinetoplast ( k ) , the uniquely packaged mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid protists is formed by a catenated network of minicircles and maxicircles that divide and segregate once each cell cycle . Although many proteins involved in kDNA replication and segregation are now known , several key steps in the replica...	Trypanosomes bear a single mitochondrion with its genome ( kinetoplast , or kDNA ) arranged as a network of circular molecules . kDNA is essential for the Trypanosoma brucei life cycle , as it is required for proper functioning of the mitochondrion and progression through the insect vector . Division of kDNA is synchro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "rna", "interference", "parasitic", "cell", "cycles", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "developmental", "biology", "protozoans", "dna", "replication", "cytokinesis", "dna", "epigenetics", "cellul...	2017	A leucine aminopeptidase is involved in kinetoplast DNA segregation in Trypanosoma brucei
Inferior temporal ( IT ) cortex in human and nonhuman primates serves visual object recognition . Computational object-vision models , although continually improving , do not yet reach human performance . It is unclear to what extent the internal representations of computational models can explain the IT representation...	Computers cannot yet recognize objects as well as humans can . Computer vision might learn from biological vision . However , neuroscience has yet to explain how brains recognize objects and must draw from computer vision for initial computational models . To make progress with this chicken-and-egg problem , we compare...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "computer", "vision", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Deep Supervised, but Not Unsupervised, Models May Explain IT Cortical Representation
The development of morphological traits occurs through the collective action of networks of genes connected at the level of gene expression . As any node in a network may be a target of evolutionary change , the recurrent targeting of the same node would indicate that the path of evolution is biased for the relevant tr...	Trait development occurs through networks of genes that are connected by interactions between transcription factor proteins and binding site sequences within cis-regulatory element ( CRE ) DNA sequences . These interactions enable CREs to function as switches that control the expression of a gene ( s ) they regulate . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Recurrent Modification of a Conserved Cis-Regulatory Element Underlies Fruit Fly Pigmentation Diversity
For over 130 years , invasive pneumococcal disease has been associated with the presence of extracellular planktonic pneumococci , i . e . diplococci or short chains in affected tissues . Herein , we show that Streptococcus pneumoniae that invade the myocardium instead replicate within cellular vesicles and transition ...	Since its discovery in 1881 , invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae , the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and a prototypical extracellular pathogen , has been tied exclusively to the planktonic phenotype , i . e . individual diplococci or short chains . Herein , we report that heart-invaded ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biofilms", "blood", "cells", "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pneumococcus", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "organisms", ...	2017	Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heart subvert the host response through biofilm-mediated resident macrophage killing
Once interruption of transmission of lymphatic filariasis is achieved , morbidity prevention and management becomes more important . A study in Brugia malayi filariasis from India has shown sub-clinical lymphatic pathology with potential reversibility . We studied a Wuchereria bancrofti infected population , the major ...	Infection with lymphatic filarial parasites usually occurs early in childhood in endemic areas , but clinical signs appear much later . Reversal of lymphatic pathology has been shown with the much less common Brugia malayi infection using DEC and albendazole and there is scarce evidence whether the same occurs with ban...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "legs", "diagnostic", "radiology", "lymphoscintigraphy", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "geographical", "locations", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "india", "animals", "health", "care", "pediatrics", "brugia"...	2017	Lymphatic pathology in asymptomatic and symptomatic children with Wuchereria bancrofti infection in children from Odisha, India and its reversal with DEC and albendazole treatment
Genetically identical cells grown in the same culture display striking cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression and other traits . A crucial challenge is to understand how much of this heterogeneity reflects the noise tolerance of a robust system and how much serves a biological function . In bacteria , stochastic...	Genetically identical cells grown in the same environment can display heterogeneity in their morphology , behavior , and composition of their cellular components . In some microorganisms , such cellular heterogeneity can underlie a phenomenon known as bet hedging because it enables some cells to survive in harsh enviro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "theoretical", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "population", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Bet Hedging in Yeast by Heterogeneous, Age-Correlated Expression of a Stress Protectant
Central place foragers , such as pollinating bees , typically develop circuits ( traplines ) to visit multiple foraging sites in a manner that minimizes overall travel distance . Despite being taxonomically widespread , these routing behaviours remain poorly understood due to the difficulty of tracking the foraging his...	Many food resources , such as flowers refilling with nectar or fruits ripening on a tree , replenish over time , so animals that depend on them need to develop strategies to reduce the energy they use during foraging . Here we placed five artificial flowers in a field and set out to examine how bumblebees optimize thei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "psychology", "social", "and", "behavioral", "sciences", "animal", "behavior", "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology", "behavior", "biology", "zoology", "neuroscience", "behavioral", "ecology" ]	2012	Radar Tracking and Motion-Sensitive Cameras on Flowers Reveal the Development of Pollinator Multi-Destination Routes over Large Spatial Scales
Double-strand break ( DSB ) repair through homologous recombination ( HR ) is an evolutionarily conserved process that is generally error-free . The risk to genome stability posed by nonallelic recombination or loss-of-heterozygosity could be reduced by confining HR to sister chromatids , thereby preventing recombinati...	The cellular concentrations of individual proteins are expected to be kept within an optimal range , but protein expression is often stochastic . Some proteins are known to be in limiting amounts , so that even modest reduction can lead to malfunction . Within the network of genes that determine genome stability , prot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology" ]	2010	Cohesin Is Limiting for the Suppression of DNA Damage–Induced Recombination between Homologous Chromosomes
Most infections induce anorexia but its function , if any , remains unclear . Because this response is common among animals , we hypothesized that infection-induced diet restriction might be an adaptive trait that modulates the host's ability to fight infection . Two defense strategies protect hosts against infections:...	Two routes to decreasing susceptibility to infection are resistance ( the ability to clear pathogens ) and tolerance ( the ability to limit damage in response to pathogens ) . Anorexia induced by sickness puts animals into a diet-restricted state , a state that is generally believed to extend lifespan . We asked whethe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "nutrition", "microbiology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	The Role of Anorexia in Resistance and Tolerance to Infections in Drosophila
The Polyomaviridae constitute a family of small DNA viruses infecting a variety of hosts . In humans , polyomaviruses can cause infections of the central nervous system , urinary tract , skin , and possibly the respiratory tract . Here we report the identification of a new human polyomavirus in plucked facial spines of...	Diseases that occur exclusively in immunocompromized patients are often of an infectious nature . Trichodysplasia spinulosa ( TS ) is such a disease characterized by development of papules , spines and alopecia in the face . Fortunately this disease is rare , because facial features can change dramatically , as in the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/persistence", "and", "latency", "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "dermatology/skin", "cancers,", "including", "melanoma", "and", "lymphoma", "virology", "virology/emerging", "vira...	2010	Discovery of a New Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa in an Immunocompromized Patient
Studies of synthetic , well-defined biomolecular systems can elucidate inherent capabilities that may be difficult to uncover in a native biological context . Here , we used a minimal , reconstituted translation system from Escherichia coli to identify efficient ribosome binding sites ( RBSs ) in an unbiased , high-thr...	In order to maintain an appropriate balance of proteins in the cell , the protein factories ( ribosomes ) translate different messages ( mRNAs ) into protein at different rates . Many human diseases , including cancer and certain hereditary diseases , are caused by making too much or too little protein . Additionally ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "bioengineering", "gene", "expression", "synthetic", "biology", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "engineering" ]	2012	Broad-Specificity mRNA–rRNA Complementarity in Efficient Protein Translation
Sleep is homeostatically regulated , such that sleep drive reflects the duration of prior wakefulness . However , despite the discovery of genes important for sleep , a coherent molecular model for sleep homeostasis has yet to emerge . To better understand the function and regulation of sleep , we employed a reverse-ge...	Sleep is an essential behavior that encompasses roughly a third of our lives; however , the underlying function remains a mystery . The fruit fly has emerged as an important model system for understanding sleep behavior , exhibiting several behavioral and genetic similarities with mammalian sleep , including consolidat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "animal", "genetics", "model", "organisms", "behavioral", "neuroscience", "genetic", "screens", "genetics", "neurotransmitters", "biology", "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Cul3 and the BTB Adaptor Insomniac Are Key Regulators of Sleep Homeostasis and a Dopamine Arousal Pathway in Drosophila
Elucidating how appropriate neurite patterns are generated in neurons of the olfactory system is crucial for comprehending the construction of the olfactory map . In the Drosophila olfactory system , projection neurons ( PNs ) , primarily derived from four neural stem cells ( called neuroblasts ) , populate their cell ...	In the Drosophila olfactory system , olfactory projection neurons ( PNs ) are derived from four neural stem cells ( called neuroblasts ) during the development . Intriguingly , these PNs generate complex dendritic patterns within the primary olfactory center of the brain , the antennal lobe ( AL ) , to relay odorant in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "rna", "interference", "cloning", "neuroscience", "animals", "neurites", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "epigenetics", "neuroblasts", "neur...	2017	Semaphorin-1a prevents Drosophila olfactory projection neuron dendrites from mis-targeting into select antennal lobe regions
The Pseudomonas syringae type III effector protein avirulence protein B ( AvrB ) is delivered into plant cells , where it targets the Arabidopsis RIN4 protein ( resistance to Pseudomonas maculicula protein 1 [RPM1]–interacting protein ) . RIN4 is a regulator of basal host defense responses . Targeting of RIN4 by AvrB i...	Many bacterial pathogens use a specialized protein “injection needle” called a type III secretion system to help colonize cells of higher organisms . The type III secretion needle attaches to a host cell and is the delivery conduit for a variety of bacterial proteins that act inside of the host cell . These proteins ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "plant", "immune", "system", "plant", "biology", "type", "iii", "effector", "arabidopsis", "microbiology" ]	2007	Type III Effector Activation via Nucleotide Binding, Phosphorylation, and Host Target Interaction
We describe an innovative experimental and computational approach to control the expression of a protein in a population of yeast cells . We designed a simple control algorithm to automatically regulate the administration of inducer molecules to the cells by comparing the actual protein expression level in the cell pop...	A crucial feature of biological systems is their ability to maintain homeostasis in spite of ever-changing conditions . In engineering , this ability can be embedded in devices ranging from the thermostat to the autopilot of a modern plane using control systems which operate via a negative feedback mechanism: the quant...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biotechnology", "bioengineering", "systems", "biology", "biological", "systems", "engineering", "control", "engineering", "engineering", "and", "technology", "synthetic", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	In-Vivo Real-Time Control of Protein Expression from Endogenous and Synthetic Gene Networks
In West Africa , the principal vectors of lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) are Anopheles species with Culex species playing only a minor role in transmission , if any . Being a predominantly rural disease , the question remains whether conflict-related migration of rural populations into urban areas would be sufficient for ...	There have been many arguments regarding the implementation of Mass Drug Administration ( MDA ) activities for elephantiasis control in urban areas , and especially in countries where the disease is mostly found in rural settings . Blanket MDA in implementation units in big cities , may be costly and unnecessary , with...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "mosquitoes", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "vectors", "and", "hosts", "lymphatic", "filariasis" ]	2014	No Evidence for Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Big Cities Affected by Conflict Related Rural-Urban Migration in Sierra Leone and Liberia
Mutations affect individual health , population persistence , adaptation , diversification , and genome evolution . There is evidence that the mutation rate varies among genotypes , but the causes of this variation are poorly understood . Here , we link differences in genetic quality with variation in spontaneous mutat...	The replication and maintenance of genomes is essential to all organisms , and multiple cellular pathways serve to correct replication errors and repair DNA damage . The use of these repair pathways can vary among individuals , and we hypothesized that those in poor condition may be less capable of effectively repairin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "insertion", "mutation", "invertebrate", "genomics", "animals", "animal", "models", "mutation", "substitution", "mutation", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "dna", "recombination", "dna", "gene", "conversion", "drosophila", "research", ...	2016	Low Genetic Quality Alters Key Dimensions of the Mutational Spectrum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) is the causative bacterium of tuberculosis , a disease responsible for over a million deaths worldwide annually with a growing number of strains resistant to antibiotics . The development of better therapeutics would greatly benefit from improved understanding of the mechanisms associ...	Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge with a need for enhanced drug development efforts . Drug development would be aided by understanding more about the bacteria that causes the disease , Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) , and how it adapts to survive the broad range of conditions within hosts . To he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Integrated Modeling of Gene Regulatory and Metabolic Networks in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) resistance to protease inhibitors ( PI ) results from mutations in the viral protease ( PR ) that reduce PI binding but also decrease viral replicative capacity ( RC ) . Additional mutations compensating for the RC loss subsequently accumulate within PR and in Gag substrate...	Protease inhibitors are among the most active antiviral drugs used in the treatment of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) infection . The efficacy of these compounds , however , can be threatened by the emergence of viral resistance , the result of the gradual accumulation of specific mutations in the viral ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/mechanisms", "of", "resistance", "and", "susceptibility,", "including", "host", "genetics", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology/antivirals,", "including", "modes", "of", "action", "and", "resistance" ]	2009	Gag Mutations Strongly Contribute to HIV-1 Resistance to Protease Inhibitors in Highly Drug-Experienced Patients besides Compensating for Fitness Loss
Damaged cardiac valves attract blood-borne bacteria , and infective endocarditis is often caused by viridans group streptococci . While such bacteria use multiple adhesins to maintain their normal oral commensal state , recognition of platelet sialoglycans provides an intermediary for binding to damaged valvular endoca...	Bacterial infective endocarditis remains a disease with considerable morbidity and mortality . Of the numerous bacteria that can enter the bloodstream , certain oral commensal viridans group streptococci are among the major causative organisms of endocarditis . However , mechanisms underlying this selectivity are incom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "characterization", "cardiovascular", "physiology", "microbiology", "glycocalyx", "chemical", "biology", "opportunistic", "infections", "biochemical", "analysis", "bacterial", "diseases", "histochemistry", "and", "cytochemi...	2014	Oral Streptococci Utilize a Siglec-Like Domain of Serine-Rich Repeat Adhesins to Preferentially Target Platelet Sialoglycans in Human Blood
Measures that bolster the resolution phase of infectious diseases may offer new opportunities for improving outcome . Here we show that inactivation of microbial lipopolysaccharides ( LPS ) can be required for animals to recover from the innate immune tolerance that follows exposure to Gram-negative bacteria . When wil...	We showed previously that mice lacking acyloxyacyl hydrolase ( AOAH ) , the host enzyme that inactivates Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides ( LPS ) , are unable to regain normal immune responsiveness for many weeks/months after they are exposed in vivo to a small amount of LPS or Gram-negative bacteria . The m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immune", "cells", "immunity", "innate", "immunity", "immune", "defense", "immunology", "immune", "suppression", "biology", "immunity", "to", "infections", "microbiology", "immune", "tolerance", "immune", "response" ]	2013	Persistently Active Microbial Molecules Prolong Innate Immune Tolerance In Vivo
We identified a functional single strand origin of replication ( sso ) in the integrative and conjugative element ICEBs1 of Bacillus subtilis . Integrative and conjugative elements ( ICEs , also known as conjugative transposons ) are DNA elements typically found integrated into a bacterial chromosome where they are tra...	Mobile genetic elements facilitate movement of genes , including those conferring antibiotic resistance and other traits , between bacteria . Integrative and conjugative elements ( ICEs ) are a large family of mobile genetic elements that are typically found integrated in the chromosome of their host bacterium . Under ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Identification of a Single Strand Origin of Replication in the Integrative and Conjugative Element ICEBs1 of Bacillus subtilis
Leaky integrate-and-fire ( LIF ) network models are commonly used to study how the spiking dynamics of neural networks changes with stimuli , tasks or dynamic network states . However , neurophysiological studies in vivo often rather measure the mass activity of neuronal microcircuits with the local field potential ( L...	Leaky integrate-and-fire ( LIF ) networks are often used to model neural network activity . The spike trains they produce , however , cannot be directly compared to the local field potentials ( LFPs ) that are measured by low-pass filtering the potential recorded from extracellular electrodes . This is because LFPs are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Computing the Local Field Potential (LFP) from Integrate-and-Fire Network Models
Flagellin is a wide-spread bacterial virulence factor sensed by the membrane-bound Toll-like receptor 5 ( TLR5 ) and by the intracellular NAIP5/NLRC4 inflammasome receptor . TLR5 recognizes a conserved region within the D1 domain of flagellin , crucial for the interaction between subunits in the flagellum and for bacte...	Receptors of the innate immune system typically recognize conserved microbial patterns , crucial for pathogen fitness and survival . Flagellin , the main structural protein of bacterial flagella , is recognized by two receptors of the innate immune system , the intracellular inflammasome receptor NAIP5/NLRC4 and the me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "immune", "receptor", "signaling", "bacterial", "diseases", "mutatio...	2017	The role of the C-terminal D0 domain of flagellin in activation of Toll like receptor 5
Shoot organ primordia are initiated from the shoot apical meristem and develop into leaves during the vegetative stage , and into flowers during the reproductive phase . Between the meristem and the newly formed organ primordia , a boundary with specialized cells is formed that separates meristematic activity from dete...	The shoot apical meristem is the stem cell pool in plants that gives rise to all above-ground organs including leaves , flowers and fruits . Between the meristem and the newly formed organ primordia , a boundary with specialized cells is formed to separate them . Boundary genes are specifically expressed in boundaries ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	HANABA TARANU (HAN) Bridges Meristem and Organ Primordia Boundaries through PINHEAD, JAGGED, BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 and CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 during Flower Development in Arabidopsis
Lipophorin , the main Drosophila lipoprotein , circulates in the hemolymph transporting lipids between organs following routes that must adapt to changing physiological requirements . Lipophorin receptors expressed in developmentally dynamic patterns in tissues such as imaginal discs , oenocytes and ovaries control the...	In multicellular animals , nutrients and metabolites required for cell growth are distributed throughout the body by the blood circulation or in insects , by hemolymph . The uptake of these molecules by cells is tightly controlled to ensure the necessary coordination between cellular requirements and organismal homeost...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Drosophila Lipophorin Receptors Recruit the Lipoprotein LTP to the Plasma Membrane to Mediate Lipid Uptake
The molecular mechanisms controlling the subunit composition of glutamate receptors are crucial for the formation of neural circuits and for the long-term plasticity underlying learning and memory . Here we use the Drosophila neuromuscular junction ( NMJ ) to examine how specific receptor subtypes are recruited and sta...	Ionotropic receptors assembled from different subunits have strikingly different properties and uses . In mammalian brain , the molecular mechanisms controlling the subunit composition of glutamate receptors are critical for the formation of neural circuits and for the long-term plasticity underlying learning and memor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Neto-Mediated Intracellular Interactions Shape Postsynaptic Composition at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction
We performed a genome-wide scan for muscle-specific cis-regulatory modules ( CRMs ) using three computational prediction programs . Based on the predictions , 339 candidate CRMs were tested in cell culture with NIH3T3 fibroblasts and C2C12 myoblasts for capacity to direct selective reporter gene expression to different...	For efficient identification of genomic sequences responsible for regulating gene expression , a number of computer programs have been developed for automatic annotation of these regulatory regions . We searched for potential regulatory regions responsible for controlling the expression of skeletal muscle-specific gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequence", "analysis", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "genomics", "gene", "regulation", "genetics", "regulatory", "networks", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "dna", "transcription" ...	2011	Validation of Skeletal Muscle cis-Regulatory Module Predictions Reveals Nucleotide Composition Bias in Functional Enhancers
We demonstrated previously that 75% of infertile men with round , acrosomeless spermatozoa ( globozoospermia ) had a homozygous 200-Kb deletion removing the totality of DPY19L2 . We showed that this deletion occurred by Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination ( NAHR ) between two homologous 28-Kb Low Copy Repeats ( LCRs )...	We demonstrated previously that most men with globozoospermia , who produce only round acrosomeless spermatozoa and are 100% infertile , had a homozygous deletion removing the totality of DPY19L2 . We also showed that this deletion occurred by Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination ( NAHR ) . NAHR results in the producti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "genetic", "mutation", "mutation", "types", "natural", "selection", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "gene", "duplication", "population", "genetics", "genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", ...	2013	Fine Characterisation of a Recombination Hotspot at the DPY19L2 Locus and Resolution of the Paradoxical Excess of Duplications over Deletions in the General Population
With increasing appreciation for the extent and importance of intratumor heterogeneity , much attention in cancer research has focused on profiling heterogeneity on a single patient level . Although true single-cell genomic technologies are rapidly improving , they remain too noisy and costly at present for population-...	One of the major challenges in making sense of cancer genomics is high heterogeneity cell-to-cell , as a tumor is typically made up of multiple cell populations with distinct genomes and gene expression patterns . The difficulty of working with such data has led to interest in computationally inferring the components o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cancer", "genomics", "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "basic", "cancer", "research", "oncology", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "materials", "science", "copy", "number", "variation", "mate...	2017	Automated deconvolution of structured mixtures from heterogeneous tumor genomic data
Respiratory infectious diseases are the third cause of worldwide death . The nasopharynx is the portal of entry and the ecological niche of many microorganisms , of which some are pathogenic to humans , such as Neisseria meningitidis and Moraxella catarrhalis . These microbes possess several surface structures that int...	The nasopharynx hosts an important microbial community that comprises some well-known pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Moraxella catarrhalis . In some circumstances , it also represents the portal of entry of systemic infections such as septicemia and meningitis , or infections of the respiratory system , m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Common Cell Shape Evolution of Two Nasopharyngeal Pathogens
Extreme weather events affect the development and survival of disease pathogens and vectors . Our aim was to investigate the potential effects of heat waves on the population dynamics of Asian tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) , which is a major vector of dengue and Zika viruses . We modeled the population abundance ...	Understanding the population dynamics of Asian Tiger mosquito ( Ae . albopictus ) –the most prevalent vector of global epidemics including West Nile virus , dengue fever , Zika–could shed lights on improving the understanding of vector transmission as well as developing effective disease control strategies . It is wide...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "ocean", "waves", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "atmospheric", "science", "population", "dynamics", "experimental", "design", "animals", "research", "design", "developmental", "biology", "physiological", "processes", "diapause", "population", "...	2019	Potential effects of heat waves on the population dynamics of the dengue mosquito Aedes albopictus
In developing tissues , cell polarization and proliferation are regulated by morphogens and signaling pathways . Cells throughout the Drosophila wing primordium typically show subcellular localization of the unconventional myosin Dachs on the distal side of cells ( nearest the center of the disc ) . Dachs localization ...	In the tissues of a developing organism , specialized proteins can control cell growth and give cells a sense of direction , e . g . , which way is the head or the tail , by having their concentration vary throughout the tissue . In cells of the developing fruit fly wing , a protein called Dachs localizes on the side o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "phosphorylation", "cell", "physiology", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "cloning", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "growth", "molecular", "development", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "chemical", "dissociat...	2017	Expanding signaling-molecule wavefront model of cell polarization in the Drosophila wing primordium
Aedes aegypti , the “yellow fever mosquito” , is the primary vector to humans of the four serotypes of dengue viruses ( DENV1-4 ) and yellow fever virus ( YFV ) and is a known vector of Chikungunya virus . There are two recognized subspecies of Ae . aegypti sensu latu ( s . l . ) : the presumed ancestral form , Ae . ae...	We conducted a population genetic study with 1 , 040 Aedes aegypti sensu latu ( s . l . ) collected from 19 sites distributed across the five phytogeographic regions of Senegal . Adult mosquitoes without pale scales on their first abdominal tergite were classified as Aedes aegypti formosus ( Aaf ) and those having pale...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2009	Gene Flow, Subspecies Composition, and Dengue Virus-2 Susceptibility among Aedes aegypti Collections in Senegal
Explaining the maintenance of communicative behavior in the face of incentives to deceive , conceal information , or exaggerate is an important problem in behavioral biology . When the interests of agents diverge , some form of signal cost is often seen as essential to maintaining honesty . Here , novel computational m...	How can honest communication evolve , given the many incentives to deceive , conceal information , or exaggerate ? In recent work , it has often been supposed that either common interest between the sender and receiver of messages must be present , or special factors ( such as a special cost for dishonest production of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Communication and Common Interest
Membrane attack complex/perforin-like ( MACPF ) proteins comprise the largest superfamily of pore-forming proteins , playing crucial roles in immunity and pathogenesis . Soluble monomers assemble into large transmembrane pores via conformational transitions that remain to be structurally and mechanistically characteris...	Animals , plants , fungi , and bacteria all use pore-forming proteins of the membrane attack complex-perforin ( MACPF ) family as lethal , cell-killing weapons . These proteins are able to insert into the plasma membranes of target cells , creating large pores that short circuit the natural separation between the intra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Conformational Changes during Pore Formation by the Perforin-Related Protein Pleurotolysin
Water plays an important role in the transmission of many infectious diseases , which pose a great burden on global public health . However , the global distribution of these water-associated infectious diseases and underlying factors remain largely unexplored . Based on the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology N...	Water is essential for maintaining life on Earth but can also serve as a media for many pathogenic organisms , causing a high disease burden globally . However , how the global distribution of water-associated infectious pathogens/diseases looks like and how such distribution is related to possible social and environme...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "global", "health" ]	2012	Global Distribution of Outbreaks of Water-Associated Infectious Diseases
Our work addresses two key challenges , one biological and one methodological . First , we aim to understand how proliferation and cell migration rates in the intestinal epithelium are related under healthy , damaged ( Ara-C treated ) and recovering conditions , and how these relations can be used to identify mechanism...	The intestinal epithelium is an important model system for studying the dynamics and regulation of multicellular populations . It is characterised by rapid rates of self-renewal and repair; dysregulation of these processes is thought to explain , in part , why many tumours form in the intestinal and similar epithelial ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "mathematical", "models", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "information", "technology", "...	2017	A hierarchical Bayesian model for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of the intestinal epithelium
Ehrlichia chaffeensis , an obligatory intracellular rickettsial pathogen , enters and replicates in monocytes/macrophages and several non-phagocytic cells . E . chaffeensis entry into mammalian cells is essential not only for causing the emerging zoonosis , human monocytic ehrlichiosis , but also for its survival . It ...	Human monocytic ehrlichiosis ( HME ) , discovered in 1986 , was designated as a nationally notifiable disease by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1998 . HME is one of the most prevalent , life-threatening emerging infectious diseases in the United States . HME is caused by a bacterium , Ehrlichia chaffeens...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Ehrlichia chaffeensis Uses Its Surface Protein EtpE to Bind GPI-Anchored Protein DNase X and Trigger Entry into Mammalian Cells
Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is typically evaluated using in vitro assays that do not consider the complex host microenvironment . This may help explaining a significant discrepancy between antibiotic efficacy in vitro and in vivo , with some antibiotics being effective in vitro but not in vivo or v...	There is a poor correlation between the activity of antibiotics in the laboratory and in patients , including in several infectious diseases of the respiratory tract . What may help explaining differences between antibiotic activity in vitro and in vivo is that current antibiotic susceptibility tests do not consider th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "antimicrobials", "biofilms", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "microbiology", "cell", "metabolism", "neuroscience", "epithelial", "cells", ...	2019	Host metabolites stimulate the bacterial proton motive force to enhance the activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics
Dynamic models of large-scale brain activity have been used for reproducing many empirical findings on human brain functional connectivity . Features that have been shown to be reproducible by comparing modeled to empirical data include functional connectivity measured over several minutes of resting-state functional m...	In human neuroscience , there is growing interest in temporal fluctuations in coactivation patterns of resting-state brain activity . To elucidate generative mechanisms of these fluctuations , theoretical studies try to reproduce their empirical properties by simulations using dynamic models of large-scale spontaneous ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "data", "acquisition", "neural", "networks", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "behav...	2018	Comparison of fluctuations in global network topology of modeled and empirical brain functional connectivity
As plans to expand mass drug treatment campaigns to fight schistosomiasis form , worries about reliance on praziquantel as the sole available treatment motivate the investigation for novel antischistosomal compounds . Drug repurposing might be an inexpensive and effective source of novel antischistosomal leads . 1600 F...	For a disease of large global health importance , schistosomiasis has a disproportionally small treatment tool box- only praziquantel is used to treat all 3 major forms of the disease . While drug discovery can be a long , laborious and expensive process , especially for an under-funded neglected disease such as schist...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Activity Profile of an FDA-Approved Compound Library against Schistosoma mansoni
Central abdominal fat is a strong risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease . To identify common variants influencing central abdominal fat , we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association analysis for waist circumference ( WC ) . In total , three loci reached genome-wide significance . In stage 1 , 31 , 37...	Obesity is a major health concern worldwide . In the past two years , genome-wide association studies of DNA markers known as SNPs ( single nucleotide polymorphisms ) have identified two novel genetic factors that may help scientists better understand why some people may be more susceptible to obesity . Similarly , thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "nutrition/obesity" ]	2009	NRXN3 Is a Novel Locus for Waist Circumference: A Genome-Wide Association Study from the CHARGE Consortium
Successful replication within an infected host and successful transmission between hosts are key to the continued spread of most pathogens . Competing selection pressures exerted at these different scales can lead to evolutionary trade-offs between the determinants of fitness within and between hosts . Here , we examin...	It has recently been suggested that for avian influenza viruses , prolonged persistence in the environment plays an important role in the transmission between birds . In such situations , influenza virus strains may face a trade-off: they need to persist well in the environment at low temperatures , but they also need ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "population", "modeling", "biology", "computational", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "modeling" ]	2013	A Multi-scale Analysis of Influenza A Virus Fitness Trade-offs due to Temperature-dependent Virus Persistence
A simple biochemical method to isolate mRNAs pulled down with a transfected , biotinylated microRNA was used to identify direct target genes of miR-34a , a tumor suppressor gene . The method reidentified most of the known miR-34a regulated genes expressed in K562 and HCT116 cancer cell lines . Transcripts for 982 genes...	microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are small RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to mRNAs bearing a partially complementary sequence . miRNAs decrease the stability or translation of mRNA targets , leading to reduced protein expression . Understanding the biological function of a miRNA requires identifying its targets . He...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "rna", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "rna", "interference", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "cell", "growth", "gene", "expression", "regulatory", "networks", "biology", "computational", "biology", "signaling", "networks", "molecular", "biology" ]	2011	Capture of MicroRNA–Bound mRNAs Identifies the Tumor Suppressor miR-34a as a Regulator of Growth Factor Signaling
We report the genome of the facultative intracellular parasite Rhodococcus equi , the only animal pathogen within the biotechnologically important actinobacterial genus Rhodococcus . The 5 . 0-Mb R . equi 103S genome is significantly smaller than those of environmental rhodococci . This is due to genome expansion in no...	Rhodococcus is a prototypic genus within the Actinobacteria , one of the largest microbial groups on Earth . Many of the ubiquitous rhodococcal species are biotechnologically useful due to their metabolic versatility and biodegradative properties . We have deciphered the genome of a facultatively parasitic Rhodococcus ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics" ]	2010	The Genome of a Pathogenic Rhodococcus: Cooptive Virulence Underpinned by Key Gene Acquisitions
Avian leukosis virus ( ALV ) is a simple retrovirus that causes a wide range of tumors in chickens , the most common of which are B-cell lymphomas . The viral genome integrates into the host genome and uses its strong promoter and enhancer sequences to alter the expression of nearby genes , frequently inducing tumors ....	The Avian Leukosis Virus ( ALV ) is a simple retrovirus that causes cancer in chickens . The virus integrates its genome into the host genome and induces changes in expression of nearby genes . Here , we determine the sites of viral integrations and their role in the progression of tumors . We report pathways and novel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "immunology", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "vertebrates", "animals", "dna", "transcription", "oncology", "epigenetics", "dna", "dna", "methylation", "chromatin", ...	2017	Selection for avian leukosis virus integration sites determines the clonal progression of B-cell lymphomas
Antifilarial antibody testing has been established as a sensitive and specific method of diagnosing lymphatic filariasis . However , the development of serological responses to specific filarial antigens and their relationship to acquisition of infection is poorly understood . In order to evaluate whether the developme...	Programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) are designed to interrupt transmission of the parasite by treating the human reservoir of infection . As infection levels decline , assessing infection and transmission levels becomes more and more challenging . In principle , measuring the level of antibody to filarial...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "microbiology", "parasitology" ]	2012	Longitudinal Monitoring of the Development of Antifilarial Antibodies and Acquisition of Wuchereria bancrofti in a Highly Endemic Area of Haiti
In light of multinational efforts to reduce helminthiasis , we evaluated whether there exist high-risk subpopulations for helminth infection . Such individuals are not only at risk of morbidity , but may be important parasite reservoirs and appropriate targets for disease control interventions . We followed two longitu...	Approximately 1 billion people are infected with one or more helminthes – a class of parasites that can impair physical , mental and economic development . We are interested in whether there exist groups who are repeatedly infected with helminthes over time in areas where treatment is ongoing . Such individuals may be ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control", "infectious", "disease",...	2013	Repeated Schistosoma japonicum Infection Following Treatment in Two Cohorts: Evidence for Host Susceptibility to Helminthiasis?
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) aims at eliminating onchocerciasis by 2020 in selected African countries . Current control focuses on community-directed treatment with ivermectin ( CDTI ) . In Ghana , persistent transmission has been reported despite long-term control . We present spatial and temporal patterns of...	The World Health Organization ( WHO ) aims at eliminating onchocerciasis by 2020 in selected African countries . The success of elimination using ivermectin treatment alone will depend on several interacting factors including baseline endemicity , treatment coverage and vector species mix . In Ghana , transmission pers...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Onchocerciasis Transmission in Ghana: Persistence under Different Control Strategies and the Role of the Simuliid Vectors
Emerging evidences exhibit that mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK/MPK ) signaling pathways are connected with many aspects of plant development . The complexity of MAPK cascades raises challenges not only to identify the MAPK module in planta but also to define the specific role of an individual module . So far ,...	MAPK cascades play important roles in transducing environmental and developmental signals into adaptive and programmed responses . Because of the complexity of MAPK cascades , revealing the specificity of the MAPK modules is key to forming a functional and fully connected signal transduction system in higher plants . I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "plant", "anatomy", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "brassica", "hormones", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "signaling", "cascades", "plant", "hormones", "seedlings", "inflor...	2016	Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade MKK7-MPK6 Plays Important Roles in Plant Development and Regulates Shoot Branching by Phosphorylating PIN1 in Arabidopsis
Models of early protein evolution posit the existence of short peptides that bound metals and ions and served as transporters , membranes or catalysts . The Cys-X-X-Cys-X-X-Cys heptapeptide located within bacterial ferredoxins , enclosing an Fe4S4 metal center , is an attractive candidate for such an early peptide . Fe...	The ferredoxin fold is one of the oldest structures capable of catalyzing electron transfer reactions . In nature , only a right-handed topology exists in the ferredoxin fold . To understand how a specific fold-handedness was selected , we analyzed the structural motif using the tools of de novo protein design , search...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "computational", "chemistry", "earth", "sciences", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "geochemistry" ]	2012	Energetic Selection of Topology in Ferredoxins
Face expressions are a rich source of social signals . Here we estimated the proportion of phenotypic variance in the brain response to facial expressions explained by common genetic variance captured by ∼500 , 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms . Using genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood ( GREML...	We measured brain response to facial expressions in a large sample of typically developing adolescents ( n = 1 , 620 ) and assessed “heritability” of the response using common genetic variations across the genome . In a subset of brain regions , we explained 40–50% of phenotypic variance by genetic variance . These bra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "neuroscience", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "genomics" ]	2014	Global Genetic Variations Predict Brain Response to Faces
Many large genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified common blood pressure ( BP ) variants . However , most of the identified BP variants do not overlap with the linkage evidence observed from family studies . We thus hypothesize that multiple rare variants contribute to the observed linkage evidence . W...	Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the most important risk factor for stroke . Family studies suggest that hypertension related traits are heritable . Previous genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified multiple common blood pressure ( BP ) variants but these variants do not over...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "body", "weight", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "variant", "genotypes", "chromosome", "16", "genetic", "mapping", "physiological", "parameters", "heart", "genome", "analysis", "chromosome", ...	2017	Rare variants in fox-1 homolog A (RBFOX1) are associated with lower blood pressure
In inflammation , pain is regulated by a balance of pro- and analgesic mediators . Analgesic mediators include opioid peptides which are secreted by neutrophils at the site of inflammation , leading to activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons . In humans , local opioids and opioid peptides significa...	Inflammation of peripheral tissue can be caused by bacteria and is frequently accompanied by pain . Pain severity depends on the balance of enhancing ( proalgesic ) and decreasing ( analgesic ) mediators . Local endogenous pain control involves the release of opioid peptides from immune cells at the site of inflammatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "neurological", "disorders/pain", "management", "immunology/immune", "response", "microbiology/innate", "immunity", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "microbiology/applied", "microbiology", "immunology/leukocy...	2009	Mycobacteria Attenuate Nociceptive Responses by Formyl Peptide Receptor Triggered Opioid Peptide Release from Neutrophils
Enterohemorrhagic E . coli ( EHEC ) is a human intestinal pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome . No vaccines or specific therapies are currently available to prevent or treat these infections . EHEC tightly attaches to the intestinal epithelium by injecting the intimin receptor Tir int...	Currently , there is no effective treatment or vaccine against enterohemorrhagic E . coli ( EHEC ) , a bacterial pathogen that infects human colon after the ingestion of contaminated food . It thrives in the colon thanks to its ability to attach intimately to the intestinal epithelium . Here , we have identified and ch...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "biopsy", "hela", "cells", "biological", "cultures", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "bacterial", "diseases", "cell", "cultures", "immunologic", "techniques", "enterohaemorrh...	2019	A nanobody targeting the translocated intimin receptor inhibits the attachment of enterohemorrhagic E. coli to human colonic mucosa
Entomopathogenic fungi represent a promising class of bio-insecticides for mosquito control . Thus , detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing anti-fungal immune response in mosquitoes is essential . In this study , we show that CLSP2 is a modulator of immune responses during anti-fungal infection in the...	Entomopathogenic fungi represent a promising class of bio-insecticides for mosquito control . Detailed knowledge of molecular mechanisms governing anti-fungal immune response in mosquitoes is essential . CLSP2 composed of serine protease and lectin domains functions as a modulator of the mosquito immune system during t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Critical Role for CLSP2 in the Modulation of Antifungal Immune Response in Mosquitoes
Lactoferrin binding protein B ( LbpB ) is a bi-lobed outer membrane-bound lipoprotein that comprises part of the lactoferrin ( Lf ) receptor complex in Neisseria meningitidis and other Gram-negative pathogens . Recent studies have demonstrated that LbpB plays a role in protecting the bacteria from cationic antimicrobia...	Bacteria responsible for important infections in humans and food production animals survive and proliferate within their host by ‘hijacking’ iron from the host iron-binding proteins , transferrin and lactoferrin . The iron-hijacking process is mediated by a set of surface receptors that are specific for transferrin and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "characterization", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "organic", "compou...	2017	Lactoferrin binding protein B – a bi-functional bacterial receptor protein
Destruction of the pulmonary epithelium is a major feature of lung diseases caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus . Although it is widely postulated that tissue invasion is governed by fungal proteases , A . fumigatus mutants lacking individual or multiple enzymes remain fully invasive , suggesting a conco...	Inhaled spores of the pathogenic mould Aspergillus fumigatus cause fungal lung infections in humans having immune defects . A . fumigatus spores germinate within the immunocompromised lung , producing invasively growing , elongated cells called hyphae . Hyphae degrade the surrounding pulmonary tissue , a process though...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "mycology", "aspergillus", "fumigatus", "medical", "microbiology", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "fungal", "pathogens" ]	2014	The pH-Responsive PacC Transcription Factor of Aspergillus fumigatus Governs Epithelial Entry and Tissue Invasion during Pulmonary Aspergillosis
The role of the basement membrane is vital in maintaining the integrity and structure of an epithelial layer , acting as both a mechanical support and forming the physical interface between epithelial cells and the surrounding connective tissue . The function of this membrane is explored here in the context of the epit...	At the onset of colorectal carcinogenesis , marked changes can be observed in the structure and dynamics of the crypts of Lieberkühn . These test tube shaped glands regularly punctuate the surface of the gut and are lined with a monolayer of epithelial cells which divide and migrate upwards to renew the intestinal surf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Notes", "Added", "in", "Proof" ]	[ "histology", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	A Two-Dimensional Model of the Colonic Crypt Accounting for the Role of the Basement Membrane and Pericryptal Fibroblast Sheath
Plasma cholesterol lowering ( PCL ) slows and sometimes prevents progression of atherosclerosis and may even lead to regression . Little is known about how molecular processes in the atherosclerotic arterial wall respond to PCL and modify responses to atherosclerosis regression . We studied atherosclerosis regression a...	The main underlying cause of heart attacks and strokes is atherosclerosis . One strategy to prevent these often deadly clinical events is therefore either to slow atherosclerosis progression or better , induce regression of atherosclerotic plaques making them more stable . Plasma cholesterol lowering ( PCL ) is the mos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "medicine", "model", "organisms", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "mouse", "molecular", "genetics", "atherosclerosis", "biology", "computational", "biology", "gene", "networks", "cardiovascular" ]	2014	Plasma Cholesterol–Induced Lesion Networks Activated before Regression of Early, Mature, and Advanced Atherosclerosis
Position determination in biological systems is often achieved through protein concentration gradients . Measuring the local concentration of such a protein with a spatially varying distribution allows the measurement of position within the system . For these systems to work effectively , position determination must be...	Many biological systems require precise positional information to function correctly . Examples include positioning of the site of cell division and determination of cell fate during embryonic development . This positional information often is encoded in concentration gradients . A specific protein is produced only wit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "cell", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "none" ]	2007	Fundamental Limits to Position Determination by Concentration Gradients
Histone modifiers are critical regulators of chromatin-based processes in eukaryotes . The histone methyltransferase Set1 , a component of the Set1C/COMPASS complex , catalyzes the methylation at lysine 4 of histone H3 ( H3K4me ) , a hallmark of euchromatin . Here , we show that the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces po...	Methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 ( H3K4me ) is a well-documented mark associated with euchromatin . In this study , we investigate the contributions of the histone methyltransferase Set1 ( KMT2 ) and its associated Set1C/COMPASS complex in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to histone H3 lysine 4 methylat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "histone", "modification", "cell", "biology", "post-translational", "modification", "proteins", "acetylation", "chromosome", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "epigenetics", "histone", "acetylation", "molecula...	2014	Multifaceted Genome Control by Set1 Dependent and Independent of H3K4 Methylation and the Set1C/COMPASS Complex
Distinct phylogenetic lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) cause disease in patients of particular genetic ancestry , and elicit different patterns of cytokine and chemokine secretion when cultured with human macrophages in vitro . Circulating and antigen-stimulated concentrations of these inflammatory mediat...	Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) is the causative agent of tuberculosis . Genetically distinct strains of MTB cause disease in particular ethnic groups , and these strains vary in their ability to elicit inflammatory responses from antigen-presenting cells in vitro . Circulating and antigen-stimulated concentrations ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "immunopathology", "infectious", "diseases", "bacterial", "diseases", "inflammation", "immune", "cells", "genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "clinical", "immunology", "immunity", "bacterial", "taxonomy", "tuberculosis", "host-pathogen", ...	2013	Ethnic Variation in Inflammatory Profile in Tuberculosis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML ) induced by JC virus ( JCV ) is a risk for natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis ( MS ) patients . Here we characterize the JCV-specific T cell responses in healthy donors and natalizumab-treated MS patients to reveal functional differences that may account for the dev...	Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML ) is a complication of treatment with natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis ( MS ) and Crohn's disease . PML results from a failure of the immune system to control replication of JC virus ( JCV ) in the brain . We studied the T cell responses of 8 patients with...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "adaptive", "immunity", "demyelinating", "disorders", "immunity", "multiple", "sclerosis", "neurology", "neurological", "disorders", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "immune", "response", "immunotherapy" ]	2012	Changes in JC Virus-Specific T Cell Responses during Natalizumab Treatment and in Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Taenia solium , a parasite that affects humans and pigs , is the leading cause of preventable epilepsy in the developing world . Geographic hotspots of pigs testing positive for serologic markers of T . solium exposure have been observed surrounding the locations of human tapeworm carriers . This clustered pattern of s...	Taenia solium , the pork tapeworm , is a parasite transmitted between humans and pigs . The disease is most common in developing countries where access to sanitation is limited and domestic pigs are allowed to roam freely . Humans infected with the intestinal tapeworm release T . solium eggs into the environment when t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pig", "models", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "mammals", "peru", "animal", "models", "physiological", "proce...	2017	Spatial relationship between Taenia solium tapeworm carriers and necropsy cyst burden in pigs
We have previously identified and characterized the phenomenon of ectopic human centromeres , known as neocentromeres . Human neocentromeres form epigenetically at euchromatic chromosomal sites and are structurally and functionally similar to normal human centromeres . Recent studies have indicated that neocentromere f...	The centromere is an essential chromosomal structure for the correct segregation of chromosomes during cell division . Normal human centromeres comprise a 171-bp α-satellite DNA arranged into tandem and higher-order arrays . Neocentromeres are fully functional centromeres that form epigenetically on noncentromeric regi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/centromeres", "molecular", "biology/chromatin", "structure", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology" ]	2009	LINE Retrotransposon RNA Is an Essential Structural and Functional Epigenetic Component of a Core Neocentromeric Chromatin
Liver fluke infection of livestock causes economic losses of over US$ 3 billion worldwide per annum . The disease is increasing in livestock worldwide and is a re-emerging human disease . There are currently no commercial vaccines , and only one drug with significant efficacy against adult worms and juveniles . A liver...	Combating neglected parasitic diseases is of paramount importance to improve the health of human populations and/or their domestic animals . Uncovering key roles in host-parasite interactions may support the vaccine potential portfolio of a parasite protein . Fasciola hepatica causes global disease in humans and their ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "immunology", "microbiology", "parasitology", "veterinary", "science", "vaccination", "veterinary", "diseases", "veterinary", "parasitology", "cytochemistry", "proteins", "biology", "recombinant", "proteins", "biochemistry", "histochemistry", "clinical", "immunology...	2012	The Sigma Class Glutathione Transferase from the Liver Fluke Fasciola hepatica
Animals learn to make predictions , such as associating the sound of a bell with upcoming feeding or predicting a movement that a motor command is eliciting . How predictions are realized on the neuronal level and what plasticity rule underlies their learning is not well understood . Here we propose a biologically plau...	Sensory inputs are often predictable . Lightning is followed by thunder , a falling object causes noise when hitting the ground , our skin gets wet when we jump into the water . Humans learn regularities like these without effort . Learned predictions allow to cover the ears in anticipation of thunder or close the eyes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "learning", "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nervous", "system", "membrane", "potential", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "synaptic", "plasticity", "cognitive", "psychology", "computa...	2016	Prospective Coding by Spiking Neurons
Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) is a major risk factor for developing tuberculosis ( TB ) . TB-DM comorbidity is expected to pose a serious future health problem due to the alarming rise in global DM incidence . At present , the causal underlying mechanisms linking DM and TB remain unclear . DM is associated with eleva...	Tuberculosis ( TB ) is an infectious disease of the lungs caused by a bacterium , Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) , and is responsible for over a million deaths per year worldwide . Population studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) is a risk factor for TB as it triples the risk of developing ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "lysosomes", "immune", "cells", "bovine", "tuberculosis", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "diabetes", "mellitus", "bacterial", "diseases", "endocrine", "disorders", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organe...	2019	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages by inducing lysosomal dysfunction
The Pacific Islands have environmental conditions highly favourable for transmission of leptospirosis , a neglected zoonosis with highest incidence in the tropics , and Oceania in particular . Recent reports confirm the emergence and outbreaks of leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands , but the epidemiology and drivers o...	Leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonosis that affects people and animals worldwide . It is common in tropical areas , especially in island ecosystems . Because islands are relatively small , isolated , and have limited health and diagnostic facilities , the disease burden is often underestimated . In this syste...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "geomorphology", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "leptospira", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "landforms", "ruminants", "pathogens", "topography", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "dogs", "ba...	2018	A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity
The delivery of blood-borne therapeutic agents to solid tumours depends on a broad range of biophysical factors . We present a novel multiscale , multiphysics , in-silico modelling framework that encompasses dynamic tumour growth , angiogenesis and drug delivery , and use this model to simulate the intravenous delivery...	One of the main challenges in optimising cancer therapy is understanding the in-vivo cancer environment and how it changes over time . The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is known to be strongly dependent on blood vessel wall properties and the architecture of the developing tumour vasculature , which in turn are de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "cardiovascular", "physiology", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "cancer", "treatment", "basic", "cancer", "research", "oncology", "angiogenesis", "developmental", "biology", "pharmaceutics", "tumor", "physiology", "d...	2018	In-silico dynamic analysis of cytotoxic drug administration to solid tumours: Effect of binding affinity and vessel permeability
Sugars are evolutionarily conserved signaling molecules that regulate the growth and development of both unicellular and multicellular organisms . As sugar-producing photosynthetic organisms , plants utilize glucose as one of their major signaling molecules . However , the details of other sugar signaling molecules and...	Among the many plant sugar metabolites , glucose signaling has received the most attention . Although fructose is also an abundant hexose , its signaling role in plant growth and development has not been addressed clearly and systematically to date . We found that fructose functions as a regulatory sugar metabolite and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression", "plant", "biology" ]	2011	Signaling Role of Fructose Mediated by FINS1/FBP in Arabidopsis thaliana
Dengue fever is an important arboviral disease . The clinical manifestations vary from a mild non-specific febrile syndrome to severe life-threatening illness . The virus can usually be detected in the blood during the early stages of the disease . Dengue virus has also been found in isolated cases in the cerebrospinal...	Dengue virus is rarely identified in respiratory specimens . We retrospectively identified four patients with dengue fever who had the virus isolated from their nose or throat . All the patients had respiratory signs or symptoms . Half had family members who also had respiratory symptoms . Further studies are needed to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "reverse", "transcriptase-polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "respiratory", "infections", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "pulmo...	2017	Isolation of dengue virus from the upper respiratory tract of four patients with dengue fever
The province of Bohol , located in the Visayas islands region in the Philippines has a human population of 1 . 13 million and was the 4th highest region for human rabies deaths in the country , averaging 10 per year , prior to the initiation of the Bohol Rabies Prevention and Elimination Project ( BRPEP ) . The BRPEP w...	The Province of Bohol , Philippines has eliminated dog and human rabies in less than three years by empowering the community and implementing an intersectoral strategy . In 2006 , Bohol ranked 4th highest in the Philippines for human rabies , averaging 10 deaths per year . Launched in 2007 , the program utilized a soci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "rabies", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonotic", "diseases", "animal", "management", "public", "health", "veterinary", "science", "agriculture" ]	2012	Implementation of an Intersectoral Program to Eliminate Human and Canine Rabies: The Bohol Rabies Prevention and Elimination Project
This paper presents a variational framework for dense diffeomorphic atlas-mapping onto high-throughput histology stacks at the 20 μm meso-scale . The observed sections are modelled as Gaussian random fields conditioned on a sequence of unknown section by section rigid motions and unknown diffeomorphic transformation of...	New developments in neural tracing techniques have motivated the widespread use of histology as a modality for exploring the circuitry of the brain . Automated mapping of pre-labeled atlases onto modern large datasets of histological imagery is a critical step for elucidating the brain’s neural circuitry and shape . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "fluorescence", "imaging", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "diagnostic", "radiology", "neuroscience", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "optimization", "histology", "mathematics", "brain", "mapping", "damage", "mechanics", "neuroimaging"...	2018	On variational solutions for whole brain serial-section histology using a Sobolev prior in the computational anatomy random orbit model
Aerobic glycolysis is essential for supporting the fast growth of a variety of cancers . However , its role in the survival of cancer cells under stress conditions is unclear . We have previously reported an efficient model of gammaherpesvirus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) -induced cellular transform...	KSHV is causally associated with the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma; however , the mechanism underlying KSHV-induced malignant transformation remains unclear . The recent development of an efficient KSHV-induced cellular transformation model of primary rat mesenchymal stem cells should fa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "cell", "death", "chemical", "compounds", "gene", "regulation", "metabolic", "processes", "cell", "processes", "carbohydrates", "glucose", "metabolism", "organic", "compounds", "glucose", "glycolysis", "oxidative", "phosphorylation", "micrornas...	2016	An Oncogenic Virus Promotes Cell Survival and Cellular Transformation by Suppressing Glycolysis
Acute kidney injury ( AKI ) from leptospirosis is frequently nonoliguric with hypo- or normokalemia . Higher serum potassium levels are observed in non-survivor patients and may have been caused by more severe AKI , metabolic disarrangement , or rhabdomyolysis . An association between the creatine phosphokinase ( CPK )...	Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome that results from the disruption of skeletal muscle integrity , leading to a massive release of the intracellular contents into the blood stream , including myoglobin , creatine phosphokinase , aspartate transaminase , lactate dehydrogenase , aldolase , and electrolytes . Complications of r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "leptospira", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "membrane", "proteins", "animal", "models", "bacterial", "diseases"...	2017	Lp25 membrane protein from pathogenic Leptospira spp. is associated with rhabdomyolysis and oliguric acute kidney injury in a guinea pig model of leptospirosis
Although the protective functions by T helper 17 ( Th17 ) cytokines against extracellular bacterial and fungal infection have been well documented , their importance against intracellular bacterial infection remains unclear . Here , we investigated the contribution of Th17 responses to host defense against intracellula...	There is a considerable gap in our understanding of how pathogenic intracellular bacteria escape innate and adaptive host immunity . Production of IL-12 , and subsequently IFNγ , upon infection triggers host immunity that prevents early dissemination of pathogenic intracellular pathogens . This is evident in observing ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Epstein Barr Virus-Induced 3 (EBI3) Together with IL-12 Negatively Regulates T Helper 17-Mediated Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes Infection
MPV17 is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein whose dysfunction causes mitochondrial DNA abnormalities and disease by an unknown mechanism . Perturbations of deoxynucleoside triphosphate ( dNTP ) pools are a recognized cause of mitochondrial genomic instability; therefore , we determined DNA copy number and dNTP leve...	Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome ( MDS ) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by a decrease of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) copy number and decreased activities of respiratory chain enzymes . Depletion of mtDNA has been associated with mutations in several genes , which encode either proteins direc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	MPV17 Loss Causes Deoxynucleotide Insufficiency and Slow DNA Replication in Mitochondria
The clinical signs of active trachoma are often present in the absence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in low prevalence and mass treated settings . Treatment decisions are currently based on the prevalence of clinical signs , and this may result in the unnecessary distribution of mass antibiotic treatment . ...	Trachoma , caused by infection of the eye with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis , is the leading infectious cause of blindness and is associated with poverty . Antibiotic treatment of all community members is one of the recommended control strategies for trachoma . However , in places where the prevalence of clinica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "diagnostic", "medicine", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "ophthalmology", "public", "health" ]	2011	Diagnostic Accuracy of a Prototype Point-of-Care Test for Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis under Field Conditions in The Gambia and Senegal
Over 1 . 5 billion people lack the skeletal muscle fast-twitch fibre protein α-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for a common null polymorphism ( R577X ) in the ACTN3 gene . α-Actinin-3 deficiency is detrimental to sprint performance in elite athletes and beneficial to endurance activities . In the human genome , it is ver...	α-Actinin-3 is a protein found inside the muscles of most people around the world . It is encoded by a gene called ACTN3 , popularly known as “the gene for speed . ” In 1 . 5 billion people , a certain variation in the genetic sequence of their ACTN3 gene causes their muscles to produce no α-actinin-3 protein at all . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Altered Ca2+ Kinetics Associated with α-Actinin-3 Deficiency May Explain Positive Selection for ACTN3 Null Allele in Human Evolution
Phagocytosis of bacteria by innate immune cells is a primary method of bacterial clearance during infection . However , the mechanisms by which the host cell recognizes bacteria and consequentially initiates phagocytosis are largely unclear . Previous studies of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa have indicated that ...	Flagella-driven bacterial motility , referred to as swimming , has been recognized for over 20 years to affect the ability of bacteria to infect and colonize a host . The common theme is that bacteria must be motile to colonize the host but must become non-motile to chronically persist; this has been observed in many p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "diseases", "pseudomonas", "infections", "bacterial", "pathogens", "infectious", "diseases", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "immune", "response", "gram", "negative", "immunity", "in...	2011	Step-Wise Loss of Bacterial Flagellar Torsion Confers Progressive Phagocytic Evasion
Cells live in uncertain , dynamic environments and have many mechanisms for sensing and responding to changes in their surroundings . However , sudden fluctuations in the environment can be catastrophic to a population if it relies solely on sensory responses , which have a delay associated with them . Cells can reconc...	Cells can sense their environment and respond to changes , however the sudden appearance of a stressor can be catastrophic if the time it takes to sense and initiate a response is slow relative to the action of a stressor . A possible solution is to couple a sensory response with a stochastic , random approach . In the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Tunable Stochastic Pulsing in the Escherichia coli Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Network from Interlinked Positive and Negative Feedback Loops
The interaction of nuclear pore proteins ( Nups ) with active genes can promote their transcription . In yeast , some inducible genes interact with the nuclear pore complex both when active and for several generations after being repressed , a phenomenon called epigenetic transcriptional memory . This interaction promo...	Cells respond to changes in nutrients or signaling molecules by altering the expression of genes . The rate at which genes are turned on is not uniform; some genes are induced rapidly and others are induced slowly . In brewer's yeast , previous experience can enhance the rate at which genes are turned on again , a phen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "model", "organisms", "genetics", "immunology", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	A Conserved Role for Human Nup98 in Altering Chromatin Structure and Promoting Epigenetic Transcriptional Memory
Chaperonins are a class of molecular chaperones that assist in the folding and assembly of a wide range of substrates . In plants , chloroplast chaperonins are composed of two different types of subunits , Cpn60α and Cpn60β , and duplication of Cpn60α and Cpn60β genes occurs in a high proportion of plants . However , t...	Chaperonins are large oligomeric complexes that are involved in the folding and assembly of numerous proteins in various species . In contrast to other types of chaperonins , chloroplast chaperonins are characterized by the hetero-oligomeric structure composed of two unique types of subunits , Cpn60α and Cpn60β , each ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "anatomy", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "cell", "biology", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "brassica", "chloroplasts", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "genetically", "modified", "plants",...	2017	Functional divergence of chloroplast Cpn60α subunits during Arabidopsis embryo development
Mycobacterium ulcerans ( M . ulcerans ) is a necrotizing skin infection endemic to the Bellarine Peninsula , Australia . Current treatment recommendations include 8 weeks of combination antibiotics , with adjuvant surgery if necessary . However , antibiotic toxicity often results in early treatment cessation and local ...	Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin and subcutaneous tissue infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and is the third most common mycobacterial infection , behind tuberculosis and leprosy , world-wide . In recent years , the World Health Organisation has modified its guidelines for M . ulcerans treatment , moving from...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Mycobacterium Ulcerans Treatment – Can Antibiotic Duration Be Reduced in Selected Patients?
Complex interactions between genes or proteins contribute substantially to phenotypic evolution . We present a probabilistic model and a maximum likelihood approach for cross-species clustering analysis and for identification of conserved as well as species-specific co-expression modules . This model enables a “soft” c...	A major goal in biology is to understand the evolution of complex traits , such as the development of multicellular body plans . To a certain extent , complex traits are governed by regulated gene expression . The comparison expression data between species requires extra considerations than sequence comparison , becaus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology/stem", "cells", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation" ]	2010	Modeling Co-Expression across Species for Complex Traits: Insights to the Difference of Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most significant pathogens affecting global food security . To cause rice blast disease the fungus elaborates a specialised infection structure called an appressorium . Here , we report genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of appressorium development using ...	The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a disease of rice , known as rice blast . Half the world's population depends on rice as a staple food source and rice blast disease destroys 18% of the rice harvest annually . It is therefore important to develop methods to control blast as a means of ensuring global food security ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "biology", "genomics", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Genome-wide Transcriptional Profiling of Appressorium Development by the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Incidences of infection-related cancers are on the rise in developing countries where the prevalence of intestinal nematode worm infections are also high . Trichuris muris ( T . muris ) is a murine gut-dwelling nematode that is the direct model for human T . trichiura , one of the major soil-transmitted helminth infect...	It is estimated that now 2 billion people currently live with chronic parasitic worm infections . As the incidences of cancer increase worldwide , the importance of these chronic inflammatory conditions on the development of cancer becomes more important . Several bacterial , viral and parasitic infections are already ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results" ]	[ "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "cancer", "treatment", "immunology", "parasitic", "diseases", "nematode", "infections", "oncology", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "orga...	2017	Chronic Trichuris muris infection causes neoplastic change in the intestine and exacerbates tumour formation in APC min/+ mice
Chagas disease , caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , is endemic in southern parts of the American continent . Herein , we have tested the protective efficacy of a DNA-prime/T . rangeli-boost ( TcVac4 ) vaccine in a dog ( Canis familiaris ) model . Dogs were immunized with two-doses of DNA vaccine ( pcDNA3 . 1 encoding TcG1 ,...	Chagas disease , is an illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , is endemic in southern parts of the American continent . We tested the protective efficacy of a DNA-prime/T . rangeli-boost ( TcVac4 ) vaccine in a dog ( Canis familiaris ) model . Dogs were immunized with two-doses of DNA vaccine followed by two doses of ina...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Immune Protection against Trypanosoma cruzi Induced by TcVac4 in a Canine Model
Varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) is the etiological agent of chickenpox and shingles , diseases characterized by epidermal skin blistering . Using a calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation model we investigated the interaction between epidermal differentiation and VZV infection . RNA-seq analysis showed that VZV inf...	Varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) causes chickenpox and shingles , which are characterised by the formation of fluid-filled skin lesions . Infectious viral particles present in these lesions are critical for airborne spread to cause chickenpox in non-immune contacts and for infection of nerve ganglia via nerve endings in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "developmental", "biology", "biology", "cell", "differentiation" ]	2014	RNA-seq Analysis of Host and Viral Gene Expression Highlights Interaction between Varicella Zoster Virus and Keratinocyte Differentiation
For gene products that must be present in cells at defined concentrations , expression levels must be tightly controlled to ensure robustness against environmental , genetic , and developmental noise . By studying the regulation of the concentration-sensitive Drosophila melanogaster Hox gene Ultrabithorax ( Ubx ) , we ...	Gene expression is generally governed by cis-regulatory elements , also called enhancers . For genes whose expression levels must be tightly controlled , enhancer activities must be tightly regulated . In this work , we show that enhancers that control the expression of the Hox gene Ultrabithorax ( Ubx ) in Drosophila ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/molecular", "development", "molecular", "biology/translational", "regulation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2009	Regulation of Ubx Expression by Epigenetic Enhancer Silencing in Response to Ubx Levels and Genetic Variation
Scedosporium apiospermum is part of the Pseudallescheria-Scedosporium complex . Peptidorhamnomannans ( PRMs ) are cell wall glycopeptides present in some fungi , and their structures have been characterized in S . apiospermum , S . prolificans and Sporothrix schenckii . Prior work shows that PRMs can interact with host...	The incidence of fungal infections has increased dramatically over the last 50 years , largely because of the increasing size of the population at risk , which especially includes immunocompromised hosts . Scedosporium apiospermum is a filamentous fungus that causes a variety of infections , ranging from localized dise...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	Monoclonal Antibodies Against Peptidorhamnomannans of Scedosporium apiospermum Enhance the Pathogenicity of the Fungus
Human rabies is an encephalitic disease transmitted by animals infected with lyssaviruses . The most common lyssavirus that causes human infection is rabies virus ( RABV ) , the prototypic member of the genus . The incubation period of RABV in humans varies from few weeks to several months in some instances . During th...	Although rabies is almost always fatal after the symptom onset phase , it can be prevented by timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) , which involves passive antibody transfer and vaccination . One of the primary laboratory confirmatory tests for RABV infection is antigen detection , directed agains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "tissue", "proteins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "amino"...	2018	Novel mass spectrometry based detection and identification of variants of rabies virus nucleoprotein in infected brain tissues

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