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Subversion or exacerbation of antigen-presenting cells ( APC ) death modulates host/pathogen equilibrium . We demonstrated during in vitro differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells ( DCs ) that HIV sensitizes the cells to undergo apoptosis in response to TRAIL and FasL , respe...	Antigen-presenting cells ( APCs ) are critical for both innate and adaptive immunity . They have a profound impact on the hosts' ability to combat microbes . Dysfunction and premature death by apoptosis of APCs may contribute to an abnormal immune response unable to clear pathogens . Circulating blood monocytes exhibit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	HIV/SIV Infection Primes Monocytes and Dendritic Cells for Apoptosis
Recent computational models of sign tracking ( ST ) and goal tracking ( GT ) have accounted for observations that dopamine ( DA ) is not necessary for all forms of learning and have provided a set of predictions to further their validity . Among these , a central prediction is that manipulating the intertrial interval ...	In classical or Pavlovian conditioning , subjects learn to associate a previously neutral stimulus ( called “conditioned” stimulus; for example , a bell ) with a biologically potent stimulus ( called “unconditioned” stimulus; for example , a food reward ) . In some animals , the incentive salience of the conditioned st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "chemical", "compounds", "classical", "conditioning", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "conditioned", "response", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "learning", "and", "memory", "organic", "comp...	2018	Manipulating the revision of reward value during the intertrial interval increases sign tracking and dopamine release
In some recent studies , a view emerged that stochastic dynamics governing the switching of cells from one differentiation state to another could be characterized by a peak in gene expression variability at the point of fate commitment . We have tested this hypothesis at the single-cell level by analyzing primary chick...	The differentiation process has classically been seen as a stereotyped program leading from one progenitor toward a functional cell . This vision was based upon cell population-based analyses averaged over millions of cells . However , new methods have recently emerged that allow interrogation of the molecular content ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetic", "networks", "rna", "extraction", "cell", "differentiation", "multivariate", "analysis", "developmental", "biology", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "network", "analysis", "forms", "of", "dna", "dna", "thermodynamics", "extraction", "techniques", "...	2016	Single-Cell-Based Analysis Highlights a Surge in Cell-to-Cell Molecular Variability Preceding Irreversible Commitment in a Differentiation Process
Prion infections cause neurodegeneration , which often goes along with oxidative stress . However , the cellular source of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and their pathogenetic significance are unclear . Here we analyzed the contribution of NOX2 , a prominent NADPH oxidase , to prion diseases . We found that NOX2 is m...	The deposition of misfolded , aggregated prion protein in the brain causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ( TSE ) , a group of disorders including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and mad cow disease . TSE are characterized by neurodegeneration and progressive , lethal neurological dysfunction . Signs of oxidative ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "oxidative", "stress", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "microglial", "cells", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "veterinary", "science", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonoses", "an...	2014	The Role of the NADPH Oxidase NOX2 in Prion Pathogenesis
Herpes simplex virus type 2 ( HSV-2 ) increases the risk of HIV-1 infection and , although several reports describe the interaction between these two viruses , the exact mechanism for this increased susceptibility remains unclear . Dendritic cells ( DCs ) at the site of entry of HSV-2 and HIV-1 contribute to viral spre...	The vast majority of HIV-1 infections occur through genital and rectal mucosa . A better understanding of the characteristics of the mucosal microenvironment that help HIV-1 replication is critical to developing strategies for prevention of HIV-1 transmission . HSV-2 infects genital and rectal mucosa and infected indiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "drugs", "and", "devices", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2011	HSV-2 Infection of Dendritic Cells Amplifies a Highly Susceptible HIV-1 Cell Target
Cellular senescence suppresses cancer by arresting cell proliferation , essentially permanently , in response to oncogenic stimuli , including genotoxic stress . We modified the use of antibody arrays to provide a quantitative assessment of factors secreted by senescent cells . We show that human cells induced to senes...	Cells with damaged DNA are at risk of becoming cancerous tumors . Although “cellular senescence” can suppress tumor formation from damaged cells by blocking the cell division that underlies cancer growth , it has also been implicated in promoting cancer and other age-related diseases . To understand how this might happ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "oncology", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "immunology", "evolutionary", "biology", "molecular", "biology" ]	2008	Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor
Development of heart diseases is driven by dynamic changes in both the activity and connectivity of gene pathways . Understanding these dynamic events is critical for understanding pathogenic mechanisms and development of effective treatment . Currently , there is a lack of computational methods that enable analysis of...	Recent advances in systems biology have revealed that changes in the structure and activity of gene network play a critical role in the disease progression . Heart failure is a complex disease involving multiple molecular pathways . Yet little is known regarding the dynamic changes in the gene network of heart cells du...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Revealing Pathway Dynamics in Heart Diseases by Analyzing Multiple Differential Networks
Vaccinia virus ( VACV ) is being developed as a recombinant viral vaccine vector for several key pathogens . Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are specialised antigen presenting cells that are crucial for the initiation of primary immune responses; however , the mechanisms of uptake of VACV by these cells are unclear . Therefore...	Vaccinia virus ( VACV ) is a relative of the smallpox virus and was used for many decades as a successful vaccine that contributed to the eradication of smallpox . Today , through genetic recombination technology , VACV shows potential as a modern vaccine for many unconquered diseases including HIV and cancer . Dendrit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2010	A Differential Role for Macropinocytosis in Mediating Entry of the Two Forms of Vaccinia Virus into Dendritic Cells
Despite extensive theory , little is known about the empirical accumulation and evolutionary timing of mutations that contribute to speciation . Here we combined QTL ( Quantitative Trait Loci ) analyses of reproductive isolation , with information on species evolutionary relationships , to reconstruct the order and tim...	The evolution of reproductive barriers between species , like inviability and sterility in hybrids , continues to fascinate and puzzle evolutionary biologists . However , very few studies have successfully identified the genes responsible for these barriers , or when the underlying mutations appeared during species' ev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "genomes", "quantitative", "traits", "genetic", "complementation", "genome", "analysis", "speciation", "trait", "locus", "analysis", "plant", "genomics", "genetic", "interactions", "genomics", "plant", "genetics", "evolutionary", "theory", "evolu...	2014	Interspecific Tests of Allelism Reveal the Evolutionary Timing and Pattern of Accumulation of Reproductive Isolation Mutations
Cell-to-cell communication in bacteria is a process known as quorum sensing that relies on the production , detection , and response to the extracellular accumulation of signaling molecules called autoinducers . Often , bacteria use multiple autoinducers to obtain information about the vicinal cell density . However , ...	Although bacteria are unicellular , the individual cells communicate with each other via small diffusible molecules . This communication process , known as quorum sensing , allows groups of bacteria to track the density of the population they are in , synchronize gene expression across the population , and thereby carr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "microbiology" ]	2009	Quantifying the Integration of Quorum-Sensing Signals with Single-Cell Resolution
In eukaryotes , GTP-bound ARF GTPases promote intracellular membrane traffic by mediating the recruitment of coat proteins , which in turn sort cargo proteins into the forming membrane vesicles . Mammals employ several classes of ARF GTPases which are activated by different ARF guanine-nucleotide exchange factors ( ARF...	Membrane traffic plays an important role in cellular homeostasis , cell-cell communication , nutrient uptake and organismal interaction , delivering membrane proteins as well as secreted proteins to their sites of action and degradation . This requires sorting of proteins into forming membrane vesicles , which then bud...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "vesicles", "enzymes", "brassica", "enzymology", "hormones", "model", "organisms", "immunoprecipitation", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "seedlings", "co-immunoprecipitation", "plants", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "estradiol", ...	2018	A single class of ARF GTPase activated by several pathway-specific ARF-GEFs regulates essential membrane traffic in Arabidopsis
The zinc finger antiviral protein ( ZAP ) is a mammalian host restriction factor that inhibits the replication of a variety of RNA viruses , including retroviruses , alphaviruses and filoviruses , through interaction with the ZAP-responsive elements ( ZRE ) in viral RNA , and recruiting the exosome to degrade RNA subst...	The dynamics of virus and host interaction greatly influence viral pathogenesis , and host cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to inhibit viral replication . Since it was first discovered as a cellular restriction factor for retroviruses , the host-encoded zinc finger antiviral protein ( ZAP ) has been shown to anta...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "hepatitis", "hepatitis", "b", "immunity", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "virology", "innate", "immunity", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology", "liver", "diseases" ]	2013	Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by the Host Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein
The metabolic phenotype of cancer cells is reflected by the metabolites they consume and by the byproducts they release . Here , we use quantitative , extracellular metabolomic data of the NCI-60 panel and a novel computational method to generate 120 condition-specific cancer cell line metabolic models . These conditio...	Altered metabolism is characteristic for many human diseases including cancer . Disease progression and treatment efficacy vary between patients . Hence , we need personalized approaches to define metabolic disease phenotypes . This definition will enable us to unravel the underlying disease mechanisms and to treat ind...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "oxygen", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "cell", "metabolism", "oncology", "physiological", "processes", "oxygen", "metabolism", "metabolomics", "metabolites", "pharmacology", "drug", "metabolism", "melanomas"...	2017	A systems approach reveals distinct metabolic strategies among the NCI-60 cancer cell lines
Asters nucleated by Microtubule ( MT ) organizing centers ( MTOCs ) converge on chromosomes during spindle assembly in mouse oocytes undergoing meiosis I . Time-lapse imaging suggests that this centripetal motion is driven by a biased ‘search-and-capture’ mechanism . Here , we develop a model of a random walk in a drif...	Recent microscopy based time-lapse measurements of spindle assembly in the absence of pre-existing centrosomes , have improved our understanding of the principles of self-organization at a cellular scale . Mouse oocytes meiosis is one such example , where radial microtubule ( MT ) arrays , or asters , nucleated by MT o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "meiosis", "cell", "motility", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "vertebrates", "animals", "xenopus", "germ", "cells", "animal", "models", "oocytes", "model", "organisms", "amphibians", "dyneins", "mol...	2016	A Motor-Gradient and Clustering Model of the Centripetal Motility of MTOCs in Meiosis I of Mouse Oocytes
Many animal and plant viruses rely on vectors for their transmission from host to host . Grapevine fanleaf virus ( GFLV ) , a picorna-like virus from plants , is transmitted specifically by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index . The icosahedral capsid of GFLV , which consists of 60 identical coat protein subunits...	Numerous pathogenic viruses from animals and plants rely on vectors such as insects , worms or other organisms for their transmission from host to host . The reasons why certain vectors transmit some viruses but not others remain poorly understood . In plants , Grapevine fanleaf virus ( GFLV ) , a major pathogen of gra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "microbiology", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "plant", "biology", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "structure" ]	2011	Structural Insights into Viral Determinants of Nematode Mediated Grapevine fanleaf virus Transmission
Yaws is targeted for eradication by 2020 in the WHA66 . 12 resolution of the World Health Assembly . The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of yaws in the Americas and to contribute to the compilation of evidence based on published data to undertake the certification of yaws eradication . A systemat...	Yaws is a contagious non-venereal treponematosis caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue , transmitted by skin contact . It is a poverty-related chronic disease characterized by primary and secondary skin lesions , with latent infection and a chronic stage , which could include a destructive proc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "clinical", "research", "design", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "north", "america", "treponematoses", "bacterial", "diseases", "research", "design", "age", "gro...	2019	Epidemiological situation of yaws in the Americas: A systematic review in the context of a regional elimination goal
Interferons ( IFN ) exert antiviral , immunomodulatory and cytostatic activities . IFN-α/β ( type I IFN ) and IFN-λ ( type III IFN ) bind distinct receptors , but regulate similar sets of genes and exhibit strikingly similar biological activities . We analyzed to what extent the IFN-α/β and IFN-λ systems overlap in viv...	Virus-infected cells can secrete interferons ( IFNs ) , cytokines that induce an infection-resistant state in neighboring cells . IFNs are critical to slow down early multiplication of pathogens in the body . Two IFN families exhibiting strikingly similar properties were described: type I IFNs ( or IFN-α/β ) and type I...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2008	IFN-Lambda (IFN-λ) Is Expressed in a Tissue-Dependent Fashion and Primarily Acts on Epithelial Cells In Vivo
The multifunctional signaling protein p75 neurotrophin receptor ( p75NTR ) is a central regulator and major contributor to the highly invasive nature of malignant gliomas . Here , we show that neurotrophin-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis ( RIP ) of p75NTR is required for p75NTR-mediated glioma invasion , ...	Despite technical advances , clinical prognosis of patients with malignant glioma , with an average survival of less than one year , has not changed . The highly invasive nature of these tumors , together with the recently identified brain tumor-initiating cells , provide disease reservoirs that render these tumors inc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neurological", "disorders", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Gamma-Secretase Represents a Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Invasive Glioma Mediated by the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor
Climate warming is predicted to increase the frequency of invasions by pathogens and to cause the large-scale redistribution of native host species , with dramatic consequences on the health of domesticated and wild populations of plants and animals . The study of historic range shifts in response to climate change , s...	Global change is expected to cause the large-scale redistribution of species , including pathogens that threaten the health of domestic populations and natural ecosystems . Predicting the dynamics of invasive pathogens is therefore a major challenge for the 21st century ecologists and epidemiologists . Because past cli...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology/evolutionary", "ecology", "infectious", "diseases/fungal", "infections", "ecology/spatial", "and", "landscape", "ecology", "infectious", "diseases/sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "ecology/population", "ecology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ...	2010	Glacial Refugia in Pathogens: European Genetic Structure of Anther Smut Pathogens on Silene latifolia and Silene dioica
The Arabidopsis thaliana Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinases ( SERKs ) consist of five members , SERK1 to SERK5 , of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase subfamily II ( LRR-RLK II ) . SERK3 was named BRI1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 ( BAK1 ) due to its direct interaction with the brassinosteroid ( BR ) rece...	Brassinosteroids ( BRs ) are a group of plant hormones critical for plant growth and development . BRs are perceived by a cell-surface receptor complex including two distinctive receptor kinases , BRI1 and BAK1 . Whereas BRI1 is a true BR-binding receptor , BAK1 does not appear to have BR-binding activity . Therefore ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "signal", "transduction", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "plant", "and", "algal", "models", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "membrane", "receptor", "signaling", "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "plant", "biology", "plant", "genetics", "signalin...	2012	Genetic Evidence for an Indispensable Role of Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinases in Brassinosteroid Signaling
Mechanisms of gene regulation are poorly understood in Apicomplexa , a phylum that encompasses deadly human pathogens like Plasmodium and Toxoplasma . Initial studies suggest that epigenetic phenomena , including histone modifications and chromatin remodeling , have a profound effect upon gene expression and expression...	Apicomplexan parasites , including Toxoplasma gondii , are responsible for a variety of deadly infections , but little is understood about how these important pathogens regulate gene expression . Initial studies suggest that alterations in chromatin structure regulate expression of virulence traits . To understand the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "toxoplasma", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Epigenomic Modifications Predict Active Promoters and Gene Structure in Toxoplasma gondii
Honduras is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth ( STH ) infections , but critical information gaps still remain on the prevalence and intensity of these infections as well as on their spatial distribution at subnational levels . Firstly , to review the research activity on STH infections in Honduras and secondly , to...	Soil-transmitted helminthiases are infections of public health importance in Honduras . Although research data on this topic in the country is somewhat inconsistent and scattered , a wealth of information has been produced by Honduran researchers and practitioners over the years . The vast majority of this information ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "biology", "microbiology", "parasitology" ]	2014	A Scoping Review and Prevalence Analysis of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Honduras
The spliceosome , a sophisticated molecular machine involved in the removal of intervening sequences from the coding sections of eukaryotic genes , appeared and subsequently evolved rapidly during the early stages of eukaryotic evolution . The last eukaryotic common ancestor ( LECA ) had both complex spliceosomal machi...	The spliceosome is a complex molecular machine that removes intervening sequences ( introns ) from mRNAs . It is unique to eukaryotes . Although prokaryotes have self-splicing introns , they completely lack spliceosomal introns and the spliceosome itself . Yet even the simplest eukaryotic organisms have introns and a r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "computational", "biology/molecular", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology/gen...	2009	Sm/Lsm Genes Provide a Glimpse into the Early Evolution of the Spliceosome
An equine SNP genotyping array was developed and evaluated on a panel of samples representing 14 domestic horse breeds and 18 evolutionarily related species . More than 54 , 000 polymorphic SNPs provided an average inter-SNP spacing of ∼43 kb . The mean minor allele frequency across domestic horse breeds was 0 . 23 , a...	We utilized the previously generated horse genome sequence and a large SNP database to design an ∼54 , 000 SNP assay for use in the domestic horse and related species . The utility of this SNP array was demonstrated through genome-wide linkage disequilibrium , inbreeding and genetic distance measurements within breeds ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "types", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "population", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "veterinary", "science", "agriculture" ]	2012	A High Density SNP Array for the Domestic Horse and Extant Perissodactyla: Utility for Association Mapping, Genetic Diversity, and Phylogeny Studies
Several successful pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade host defense , resulting in the establishment of persistent and chronic infections . One such pathogen , Porphyromonas gingivalis , induces chronic low-grade inflammation associated with local inflammatory bone loss and systemic inflammation manifested as at...	Several human pathogens express structurally divergent forms of lipid A , the endotoxic portion of lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) , as a strategy to evade host innate immune detection and establish persistent infection . Expression of modified lipid A species promotes pathogen evasion of host recognition by Toll-like recep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Distinct Lipid A Moieties Contribute to Pathogen-Induced Site-Specific Vascular Inflammation
The tripeptide glutathione is the most abundant cellular antioxidant with high medical relevance , and it is also required as a co-factor for various enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and toxic compounds . However , its cell-type specific functions and its interaction with other cytoprot...	The skin is frequently exposed to various challenges that cause oxidative stress , such as UV irradiation , exposure to toxic chemicals or mechanical injury . Therefore , keratinocytes -the major cell type of the outermost layer of our skin—need sophisticated antioxidant defense systems . However , the relevance of ind...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "skin", "flow", "cytometry", "cell", "death", "keratinocytes", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "integumentary", "system", "immunofluorescence", "staining", "cell", "processes", "epithelial", "cells", "dna", "damage", "epidermis", "dna", "research", "and", "an...	2016	A Glutathione-Nrf2-Thioredoxin Cross-Talk Ensures Keratinocyte Survival and Efficient Wound Repair
Hedgehog ( Hh ) signaling in vertebrates depends on primary cilia . Upon stimulation , Hh pathway components , including Gli transcription factors , accumulate at primary cilia to transduce the Hh signal , but the mechanisms underlying their ciliary targeting remains largely unknown . Here , we show that the PY-type nu...	The secreted Hedgehog ( Hh ) protein plays an evolutionarily conserved role in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis . Malfunction of Hh signaling activity contributes to a wide range of human diseases , including birth defects and cancer . Hh signaling in vertebrates critically depends on the primary...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "blastomas", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "vertebrates", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animals", "oncology", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "developmental", "biology", "model", ...	2017	Regulation of Gli ciliary localization and Hedgehog signaling by the PY-NLS/karyopherin-β2 nuclear import system
Complications of scabies and impetigo such as glomerulonephritis and invasive bacterial infection in Australian Aboriginal children remain significant problems and the overall global burden of disease attributable to these skin infections remains high despite the availability of effective treatment . We hypothesised th...	Scabies and impetigo are common skin infections in children across the developing world as well as in disadvantaged populations living in developed countries . In previous studies including Australian Aboriginal and Pacific Islander children the rates of impetigo and scabies were amongst the highest described worldwide...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "streptococcus", "pyogenes", "skin", "infections", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "ectoparasiti...	2017	Are scabies and impetigo “normalised”? A cross-sectional comparative study of hospitalised children in northern Australia assessing clinical recognition and treatment of skin infections
Separase is best known for its function in sister chromatid separation at the metaphase-anaphase transition . It also has a role in centriole disengagement in late mitosis/G1 . To gain insight into the activity of separase at centrosomes , we developed two separase activity sensors: mCherry-Scc1 ( 142-467 ) -ΔNLS-eGFP-...	Centriole disengagement in telophase/G1 is the licensing step for centrosome duplication in the subsequent S phase . Recent data suggest that separase , together with polo-like kinase Plk1 , is essential for the centriole disengagement and individual depletion of either separase or Plk1 alone fails to suppress the cent...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "cell", "biology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "biology" ]	2014	Sensors at Centrosomes Reveal Determinants of Local Separase Activity
The mechanisms underlying prion-linked neurodegeneration remain to be elucidated , despite several recent advances in this field . Herein , we show that soluble , low molecular weight oligomers of the full-length prion protein ( PrP ) , which possess characteristics of PrP to PrPsc conversion intermediates such as part...	Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases caused by an infectious agent thought to be composed mainly of a host protein , the prion protein ( PrP ) . The mechanisms of neurodegeneration prevailing in these diseases are not well understood . In the present study , we demonstrate that small PrP aggregat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neurological", "disorders", "eukaryotes", "vertebrates", "mus", "(mouse)", "animals" ]	2007	In Vitro and In Vivo Neurotoxicity of Prion Protein Oligomers
In Mozambique , schistosomiasis is highly endemic across the whole country . The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation ( SCORE ) coordinates a five-year study that has been implemented in various African countries , including Mozambique . The overall goal of SCORE was to better understand h...	Urogenital schistosomiasis is highly endemic in Mozambique . This study was part of a multi-country trial , including Mozambique , designed to understand the impact of different schistosomiasis treatment strategies involving community-wide treatment ( CWT ) , school-based ( SBT ) , and treatment holidays over a five-ye...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "education", "helminths", "sociology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "arithmetic", "urine", "mathema...	2017	Assessing the benefits of five years of different approaches to treatment of urogenital schistosomiasis: A SCORE project in Northern Mozambique
Viral reservoirs that persist in HIV-1 infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) are the major obstacle to viral eradication . The identification and definition of viral reservoirs in patients on ART is needed in order to understand viral persistence and achieve the goal of viral eradication . We examined ...	Infection by HIV-1 and the related effects on human health continue to be a major problem throughout the world . Since the early 1980's , more than 25 million people have died from AIDS and the only treatment option for infected individuals is likely to be life-long treatment with a combination of antiviral drugs . Whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "molecular", "biology" ]	2011	Episomal Viral cDNAs Identify a Reservoir That Fuels Viral Rebound after Treatment Interruption and That Contributes to Treatment Failure
Endocytic vesicle formation is a complex process that couples sequential protein recruitment and lipid modifications with dramatic shape transformations of the plasma membrane . Although individual molecular players have been studied intensively , how they all fit into a coherent picture of endocytosis remains unclear ...	Endocytosis is a complex and efficient process that cells utilize to take up nutrients and communicate with other cells . Eukaryotes have diverse endocytic pathways with two common features , mechanical and chemical . Proper mechanical forces are necessary to deform the plasma membrane and , eventually , pinch off the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "biophysics/membrane", "proteins", "and", "energy", "transduction", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "cell", "biology/cytoskeleton" ]	2009	The Mechanochemistry of Endocytosis
Synapses on dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons show a remarkable ability to induce phosphorylation of transcription factors at the nuclear level with a short latency , incompatible with a diffusion process from the dendritic spines to the nucleus . To account for these findings , we formulated a novel extension of t...	Our study incorporates the fact that the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) forms a complete continuum from the spine head to the nuclear envelope and suggests that electrical current flow in a neuron may be better described by a cable-within-a-cable system , where synaptic current flows simultaneously in the medium between ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "physiology/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "cell", "biology/neuronal", "sig...	2008	Electrotonic Signals along Intracellular Membranes May Interconnect Dendritic Spines and Nucleus
The enzymatic control of the setting and maintenance of symmetric and non-symmetric DNA methylation patterns in a particular genome context is not well understood . Here , we describe a comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation patterns generated by high resolution sequencing of hairpin-bisulfite amplicons of selected ...	DNA methylation is a stable covalent epigenetic modification of cytosines mostly confined to CpG-dinucleotides in mammals . In general , it is associated with silencing of genomic DNA regions . Three catalytically active DNA methyltransferases ( Dnmts ) set and maintain CpG methylation in cooperation with other ( co- )...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "functional", "genomics", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "dna", "modification", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	In Vivo Control of CpG and Non-CpG DNA Methylation by DNA Methyltransferases
In species with large effective population sizes , highly expressed genes tend to be encoded by codons with highly abundant cognate tRNAs to maximize translation rate . However , there has been little evidence for a similar bias of synonymous codons in highly expressed human genes . Here , we ask instead whether there ...	The degeneracy of the genetic code means that many amino acids are encoded by not one , but a range of codons . In bacteria and yeast , it is known that the choice of codons used can be beneficial ( or detrimental ) to the gene function . As humans have a relatively small effective population size , and the efficiency ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology/human", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "evolutionary...	2009	Clustering of Codons with Rare Cognate tRNAs in Human Genes Suggests an Extra Level of Expression Regulation
Metabolic profiling holds promise with regard to deepening our understanding of infection biology and disease states . The objectives of our study were to assess the global metabolic responses to an Echinostoma caproni infection in the mouse , and to compare the biomarkers extracted from different biofluids ( plasma , ...	Consumption of raw fish and other freshwater products can lead to unpleasant worm infections . Indeed , such worm infections are of growing public health and veterinary concern , but they are often neglected , partially explained by the difficulty of accurate diagnosis . In the present study we infected 12 mice with an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases" ]	2008	Metabolic Profiling of an Echinostoma caproni Infection in the Mouse for Biomarker Discovery
The replication of many RNA viruses involves the translation of polyproteins , whose processing by endopeptidases is a critical step for the release of functional subunits . P1 is the first protease encoded in plant potyvirus genomes; once activated by an as-yet-unknown host factor , it acts in cis on its own C-termina...	RNA viruses are ideal systems for the study of population dynamics , relationships among pathogen traits such as fitness and virulence , and of host immune responses to pathogen attacks . Based on experimental evolution studies , early models equated parasite virulence with fitness . Some reports showed that viral viru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "virology", "plant", "pathogens", "plant", "pathology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2014	The Hypervariable Amino-Terminus of P1 Protease Modulates Potyviral Replication and Host Defense Responses
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae and remains endemic in many parts of the world . Despite several major studies on susceptibility to leprosy , few genomic loci have been replicated independently . We have conducted an association analysis of more than 1...	Mycobacterium leprae is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes leprosy , a disease that shares a long history with the human population but which remains endemic in many parts of the world . Despite the fact that the genome of M . leprae has been sequenced , our understanding of its pathogenesis and interaction...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "genetics", "and", ...	2010	Leprosy and the Adaptation of Human Toll-Like Receptor 1
Although evolutionary transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are frequent in eukaryotes , the genetic bases of such shifts toward asexuality remain largely unknown . We addressed this issue in an aphid species where both sexual and obligate asexual lineages coexist in natural populations . These sexual and ase...	Asexual lineages occur in most groups of organisms and arise from loss of sex in sexual species . Yet , the genomic bases of these transitions remain largely unknown . Here , we combined quantitative genetic and population genomic approaches to unravel the genetic control of shifts towards permanent asexuality in the p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "reproductive", "system", "signatures", "of", "natural", "selection", "anatomy", "genome", "scans", "natural", "selection", "genome", "analysis", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "computational", "biology", "evoluti...	2014	Genetic Control of Contagious Asexuality in the Pea Aphid
Enteric fever remains a major public health problem in low resource settings and antibiotic resistance is increasing . In Asia , an increasing proportion of infections is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A , which for a long time was assumed to cause a milder clinical syndrome compared to Salmonella ente...	Enteric fever is a bloodstream infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi A , B , or C . It is common in low resource settings and linked to poor water quality and sanitation . The disease is also endemic in Cambodia and since 2013 there has been a sharp increase in the number of Salmonel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "salmonella", "typhi", "salmonellosis", "bacterial", "diseases", "antibiotic", "resistance", "signs", "and", ...	2017	The clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in Cambodia, 2008-2015
Circadian rhythms modulate the biology of many human tissues , including brain tissues , and are driven by a near 24-hour transcriptional feedback loop . These rhythms are paralleled by 24-hour rhythms of large portions of the transcriptome . The role of dynamic DNA methylation in influencing these rhythms is uncertain...	Circadian rhythms are intrinsic 24-hour biological rhythms that influence many aspects of human biology , including normal and abnormal human brain functions such as cognition and seizures . Circadian rhythms are maintained by a near 24-hour feedback loop mediated by a series of “clock” genes that are similar across sp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "brain", "time", "series", "analysis", "circadian", "oscillators", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "genome", "analysis", "chronobiology", "dna", "dna", "methylation", "discrete", "mathematics", "combinatorics", "resea...	2014	24-Hour Rhythms of DNA Methylation and Their Relation with Rhythms of RNA Expression in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
The interaction between follicular T helper cells ( TFH ) and B cells in the lymph nodes and spleen has a major impact on the development of antigen-specific B cell responses during infection or vaccination . Recent studies described a functional equivalent of these cells among circulating CD4 T cells , referred to as ...	Follicular T helper cells ( TFH ) interact with B cells within germinal centers of lymphoid tissue to promote the survival , isotype switching and generation of high affinity memory B cells and plasma cells . Recently , a population of circulating CD4 T cells that shares phenotypic and functional characteristics with T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "antibody-producing", "cells", "infectious", "diseases", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "b", "cells", "immunoglobulins", "hiv", "t", "cells", "retrovirology", "and", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis", "immunology", "biology", "viral", "diseases", "immune", "syste...	2014	Loss of Circulating CD4 T Cells with B Cell Helper Function during Chronic HIV Infection
Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) is a major public health problem in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . Active and passive surveillance for HAT is conducted but may underestimate the true prevalence of the disease . We used ELISA to screen 7 , 769 leftover dried blood spots from a nationally representa...	Because of weak health surveillance infrastructures in poor countries , estimates of the burdens ( numbers of infections ) of many tropical diseases may be inaccurate . In particular , current estimates for the global burden of Human African Trypanosomiasis ( Sleeping Sickness , HAT ) vary widely . Most of the reported...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "biomarker", "epidemiology", "molecular", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "global", "health" ]	2011	Prevalence of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The liver is a vital organ involving in various major metabolic functions in human body . MicroRNA-122 ( miR-122 ) plays an important role in the regulation of liver metabolism , but its intrinsic physiological functions require further clarification . This study integrated the genome-scale metabolic model of hepatocyt...	For almost a century , researchers have known that cancer cells have an abnormal metabolism and utilize glucose differently than normal cells do . Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect in cancer cells involves elevated glucose uptake with lactic acid production in the presence of oxygen . MicroRNAs have recently bee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "physiology", "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "metabolic", "networks", "enzymology", "cell", "metabolism", "glucose", "metabolism", "physiological", "processes", "metabolomics", "metabolites", "warburg", "effect", "network", ...	2017	Flux balance analysis predicts Warburg-like effects of mouse hepatocyte deficient in miR-122a
Sand fly saliva plays a crucial role in establishing Leishmania infection . We identified adenosine ( ADO ) and adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) as active pharmacologic compounds present in Phlebotomus papatasi saliva that inhibit dendritic cell ( DC ) functions through a PGE2/IL 10-dependent mechanism . Herein , we pre...	Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected Phlebotomine sand flies during the blood meal of the flies . During the Leishmania transmission , the saliva is inoculated together with parasites and exhibit several pharmacological compounds that facilitate blood feeding , interfering on homeo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Nucleosides Present on Phlebotomine Saliva Induce Immunossuppression and Promote the Infection Establishment
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a cutaneous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . The exact mode of transmission remains elusive; yet , some studies identified environmental , socio-sanitary , and behavioral risk factors . The purpose of this study was to assess the association of such factors to contracting BU ...	In Côte d’Ivoire , West Africa , Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is the second leading cause of mycobacterial infection after tuberculosis . Moreover , Côte d’Ivoire is one of the most affected countries worldwide by BU . Studies suggest that the reservoir of this mycobacterial infection is environmental , but the exact mode of di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	Socio-Environmental Factors Associated with the Risk of Contracting Buruli Ulcer in Tiassalé, South Côte d’Ivoire: A Case-Control Study
Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease . There is a sparsity of data on this disease with regard to the incidence of human and animal disease in many low and middle income countries . Furthermore , rabies results in a large economic impact and a high human burden of disease . Kazakhstan is a large landlocked middle inc...	Kazakhstan is a large central Asian country that was part of the Soviet Union until 1991 . The country is endemic for rabies . This study shows that there are areas of Kazakhstan such as the north and south east of the country where outbreaks of animal rabies are concentrated . Cattle , dogs and foxes are the animals m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ruminants", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "dogs", "animals", "mammals", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "rabies", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "vaccina...	2016	Rabies in Kazakhstan
Arboviral infections have repeatedly been reported in the republic of Djibouti , consistent with the fact that essential vectors for arboviral diseases are endemic in the region . However , there is a limited recent information regarding arbovirus circulation , and the associated risk predictors to human exposure are l...	The arboviruses are a group of viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes , ticks , or sandflies . These pathogens have complex life cycles and depend on both arthropods and vertebrate hosts for survival and transmission . Recent global increase in cases confirms that they are of great public health concern ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2014	A Sero-epidemiological Study of Arboviral Fevers in Djibouti, Horn of Africa
The odorant receptor ( OR ) genes constitute the largest mammalian gene family and are expressed in a monogenic and monoallelic fashion , through an unknown mechanism that likely exploits positive and negative regulation . We devised a genetic strategy in mice to examine OR selection by determining the transcriptional ...	Odorant receptor ( OR ) gene choice is a paradigmatic example of transcriptional regulation in which each olfactory sensory neuron selects a single OR from a repertoire of over 1 , 000 genes . Two mechanistic models of OR choice have been proposed . One postulates the existence of a specialized transcriptional machiner...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "neuroscience", "developmental", "biology", "biology" ]	2013	Functional Interrogation of an Odorant Receptor Locus Reveals Multiple Axes of Transcriptional Regulation
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever ( CCHF ) is an often lethal , acute inflammatory illness that affects a large geographic area . The disease is caused by infection with CCHF virus ( CCHFV ) , a nairovirus from the Bunyaviridae family . Basic research on CCHFV has been severely hampered by biosafety requirements and lack...	The tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus ( CCHFV ) is the causative agent of a frequently life-threatening disease . CCHFV is present in a wide geographic area with potential for expansion . Moreover , CCHFV segmented genome reassortment leads to new strains with potentially different virulence . Studying C...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Assessment of Inhibitors of Pathogenic Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Strains Using Virus-Like Particles
Plant–animal mutualisms are characterized by weak or asymmetric mutual dependences between interacting species , a feature that could increase community stability . If invasive species integrate into mutualistic webs , they may alter web structure , with consequences for species persistence . However , the effect of al...	Plant–animal mutualisms are characterized by weak or asymmetric mutual dependences between interacting species , such that if a plant species depends strongly on an animal species , the animal typically depends weakly on the plant , and vice versa . This limited reciprocal dependency , or “mutualism strength , ” might ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2008	Invasive Mutualists Erode Native Pollination Webs
The X chromosome is present as a single copy in the heterogametic sex , and this hemizygosity is expected to drive unusual patterns of evolution on the X relative to the autosomes . For example , the hemizgosity of the X may lead to a lower chromosomal effective population size compared to the autosomes , suggesting th...	There is a single copy of the X chromosome in males , yet two copies in females . This unique inheritance pattern has long been predicted to influence how the X chromosome evolves . In particular , the theory suggests that the single copy of the X in males could facilitate faster evolution of the X , although this fast...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "population", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "population", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "developmental", "biology" ]	2012	An Excess of Gene Expression Divergence on the X Chromosome in Drosophila Embryos: Implications for the Faster-X Hypothesis
Holliday junctions ( HJs ) are cruciform DNA structures that are created during recombination events . It is a matter of considerable importance to determine the resolvase ( s ) that promote resolution of these structures . We previously reported that C . elegans GEN-1 is a symmetrically cleaving HJ resolving enzyme re...	Meiosis is a specialized cell division , where a single S-phase is followed by two rounds of cell divisions to ensure the production of haploid gametes . Meiotic crossover ( CO ) recombination is required for genetic diversity and for the proper segregation of chromosomes during the first meiotic division . In addition...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology" ]	2013	Combinatorial Regulation of Meiotic Holliday Junction Resolution in C. elegans by HIM-6 (BLM) Helicase, SLX-4, and the SLX-1, MUS-81 and XPF-1 Nucleases
Malignant tumors shed DNA into the circulation . The transient half-life of circulating tumor DNA ( ctDNA ) may afford the opportunity to diagnose , monitor recurrence , and evaluate response to therapy solely through a non-invasive blood draw . However , detecting ctDNA against the normally occurring background of cel...	During cell death , DNA that is not contained within a membrane ( i . e . , cell-free DNA ) enters the circulation . Detecting cell-free DNA originating from solid tumors ( i . e . , circulating tumor DNA , ctDNA ) , particularly solid tumors that have not metastasized , has proven challenging due to the relatively abu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "nervous", "system", "blood-brain", "barrier", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "biomarkers", "oncology", "dna", "libraries", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "dna...	2016	Fragment Length of Circulating Tumor DNA
Weekly iron-folic acid ( IFA ) supplementation and regular deworming is effective for the prevention of iron deficiency and anaemia in women of child-bearing age . Between 2006 and 2013 , a program of weekly IFA and biannual deworming was implemented in Yen Bai province , Vietnam . In this study we aimed to determine t...	Weekly iron-folic acid ( IFA ) supplementation combined with regular deworming for women of child bearing age is effective in the prevention of iron deficiency and anaemia . Following a baseline survey , a weekly IFA and regular deworming project was implemented in Yen Bai province , Vietnam in 2006 , and after 12 mont...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "hookworms", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "anemia", "research", "design", "nutrition", "ferritin", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "surveys", "research", "and", "a...	2017	Sustained effectiveness of weekly iron-folic acid supplementation and regular deworming over 6 years in women in rural Vietnam
Synonymous sites are generally assumed to be subject to weak selective constraint . For this reason , they are often neglected as a possible source of important functional variation . We use site frequency spectra from deep population sequencing data to show that , contrary to this expectation , 22% of four-fold synony...	Synonymous mutations do not alter the sequence of amino acids encoded by the gene in which they occur . These synonymous mutations were thus long thought to have no effect on the function of the ensuing protein or the fitness of the organism . At four-fold degenerate sites , every possible mutation is synonymous . For ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "genetic", "polymorphism", "natural", "selection", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2013	Strong Purifying Selection at Synonymous Sites in D. melanogaster
As single-cell RNA-sequencing ( scRNA-seq ) datasets have become more widespread the number of tools designed to analyse these data has dramatically increased . Navigating the vast sea of tools now available is becoming increasingly challenging for researchers . In order to better facilitate selection of appropriate an...	In recent years single-cell RNA-sequencing technologies have emerged that allow scientists to measure the activity of genes in thousands of individual cells simultaneously . This means we can start to look at what each cell in a sample is doing instead of considering an average across all cells in a sample , as was the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Design", "and", "implementation", "Results", "Availability", "and", "future", "directions" ]	[ "data", "acquisition", "engineering", "and", "technology", "rna", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "gene", "expression", "molecular", "biology", "molecular", "biolog...	2018	Exploring the single-cell RNA-seq analysis landscape with the scRNA-tools database
In recent years there has been growing availability of individual-level spatio-temporal disease data , particularly due to the use of modern communicating devices with GPS tracking functionality . These detailed data have been proven useful for inferring disease transmission to a more refined level than previously . Ho...	Availability of individual-level , spatio-temporal disease data ( e . g . GPS locations of infected individuals ) has been increasing in recent years , primarily due to the increased use of modern communication devices such as mobile phones . Such data create invaluable opportunities for researchers to study disease tr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "epidemiological", "statistics", "population", "metrics", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "biol...	2017	A mechanistic spatio-temporal framework for modelling individual-to-individual transmission—With an application to the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola outbreak
Host cells impose a broad range of obstacles to the replication of retroviruses . Tetherin ( also known as CD317 , BST-2 or HM1 . 24 ) impedes viral release by retaining newly budded HIV-1 virions on the surface of cells . HIV-1 Vpu efficiently counteracts this restriction . Here , we show that HIV-1 Vpu induces the de...	To efficiently replicate in cells , HIV-1 needs to inactivate a number of intracellular host defenses . One such antiviral mechanism is provided by the newly identified tetherin protein . This factor blocks viral production by impeding the release of newly generated HIV-1 particles from the surface of cells . HIV-1 pos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "virology/virulence", "factors", "and", "mechanisms", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections", "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses"...	2009	HIV-1 Vpu Neutralizes the Antiviral Factor Tetherin/BST-2 by Binding It and Directing Its Beta-TrCP2-Dependent Degradation
Mycobacterium ulcerans , the causative agent of Buruli ulcer , is an emerging environmental bacterium in Australia and West Africa . The primary risk factor associated with Buruli ulcer is proximity to slow moving water . Environmental constraints for disease are shown by the absence of infection in arid regions of inf...	Buruli ulcer is an ulcerative skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . Though usually not fatal , ulceration can cover up to 15% of the body , with treatment being costly and sometimes painful . Primary risk for Buruli ulcer in Africa is exposure to stagnant water , but the route of transmission is unknown . Det...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microbiology/environmental", "microbiology" ]	2008	Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Buruli Ulcer Endemic and Non-Endemic Aquatic Sites in Ghana
Interleukin ( IL ) -21 is an attractive antitumor agent with potent immunomodulatory functions . Yet thus far , the cytokine has yielded only partial responses in solid cancer patients , and conditions for beneficial IL-21 immunotherapy remain elusive . The current work aims to identify clinically-relevant IL-21 regime...	Among the many potential drugs explored within the scope of cancer immunotherapy are selected cytokines which possess promising immune-boosting properties . Yet , the natural involvement of these proteins in multiple , often contradicting biological processes can complicate their use in the clinic . The cytokine interl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "immune", "physiology", "immune", "cells", "cytokines", "clinical", "research", "design", "immune", "activation", "animal", "models", "of", "disease", "immunology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "preclinical", "models", "adaptive", "immunity", "genetics", ...	2011	An Integrated Disease/Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model Suggests Improved Interleukin-21 Regimens Validated Prospectively for Mouse Solid Cancers
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases spread in Latin America . Since many species are involved in dog infection with different clinical manifestations , the development of specific diagnostic tests is mandatory for more accurate disease control and vaccine strategies . Seventy-five 15-mer peptid...	Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease being among the six endemic prioritized diseases in the world . Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is caused by Leishmania infantum and represents a serious public health problem in Brazil . Dogs are the main source of infection in the urban area and , in Brazil , the main strat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "physiology", "immune", "cells", "epitope", "mapping", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "parasitic", "diseases", "dogs", "animals", "mammals", "negl...	2017	Epitope mapping of recombinant Leishmania donovani virulence factor A2 (recLdVFA2) and canine leishmaniasis diagnosis using a derived synthetic bi-epitope
In many low-income settings , despite improvements in sanitation and hygiene , groundwater sources used for drinking may be contaminated with enteric pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia , which remain important causes of childhood morbidity . In this study , we examined the contribution of diarrhea caused by ...	Water , sanitation , and hygiene ( WASH ) interventions aimed at reducing exposure to enteric pathogens have produced mixed health impacts , with some interventions finding no significant difference in health outcomes between intervention and control groups . While there are many explanations why individual WASH interv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "water", "resources", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "giardia", "pathogens", "cryptosporidium", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "diarrhea", "protozoa...	2018	Estimating Cryptosporidium and Giardia disease burdens for children drinking untreated groundwater in a rural population in India
Triclabendazole is reported to be highly effective in treatment of human fascioliasis . We present 7 of 19 selected cases of human fascioliasis referred to our center in the Cusco region of Peru that failed to respond to triclabendazole . These were mostly symptomatic adults of both sexes that continued passing Fasciol...	Fascioliasis is a zoonotic food borne trematode infection with a wide distribution . The complex epidemiology of this infection makes control efforts difficult . The paucity of drugs available for treatment may further hinder their success . Triclabendazole , the only first line drug for Fasciola , has been used for ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "fascioliasis", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "peru", "trematodes", "signs", "and", "symptoms", ...	2016	Treatment Failure after Multiple Courses of Triclabendazole among Patients with Fascioliasis in Cusco, Peru: A Case Series
To assess the operational effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide treated materials ( ITMs ) , when used at household level , for the control of Aedes aegypti in moderately infested urban and suburban areas . In an intervention study , ITMs consisting of curtains and water jar-covers ( made from PermaNet ) were distr...	An estimated 40% of the world's population lives at risk of contracting dengue , and it inflicts a significant health , economic and social burden on the populations of endemic areas . In the absence of a vaccine , vector control is the only available strategy to prevent transmission . Some control methods against Aede...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/preventive", "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseas...	2011	Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Insecticide Treated Materials for Household Level Dengue Vector Control
DNA strand-breaks ( SBs ) with non-ligatable ends are generated by ionizing radiation , oxidative stress , various chemotherapeutic agents , and also as base excision repair ( BER ) intermediates . Several neurological diseases have already been identified as being due to a deficiency in DNA end-processing activities ....	We report that human polynucleotide kinase 3’-phosphatase ( PNKP ) , a major DNA strand break repair enzyme , stably associates with Ataxin-3 ( ATXN3 ) . This protein contains repeats of the amino acid glutamine , and the expansion of these repeats from 14–41 to 55–82 glutamines leads to a neurological disorder called ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Role of the Mammalian DNA End-processing Enzyme Polynucleotide Kinase 3’-Phosphatase in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 Pathogenesis
The T-cell factor ( TCF ) family of transcription factors are major mediators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in metazoans . All TCFs contain a High Mobility Group ( HMG ) domain that possesses specific DNA binding activity . In addition , many TCFs contain a second DNA binding domain , the C-clamp , which binds to DNA moti...	Regulation of gene expression is controlled in large part by proteins known as transcription factors , which bind to specific DNA sequences in the genome . The DNA binding domains of transcription factors recognize short stretches ( 5–11 base pairs ) of DNA with considerable sequence degeneracy . This means that a sing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "signal", "transduction", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "molecular", "genetics", "wnt", "signaling", "cascade", "molecular", "cell", "biology", ...	2014	Bipartite Recognition of DNA by TCF/Pangolin Is Remarkably Flexible and Contributes to Transcriptional Responsiveness and Tissue Specificity of Wingless Signaling
Cohort studies , randomized trials , and post-licensure studies have reported reduced natural and vaccine-derived protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis ( RVGE ) in low- and middle-income countries . While susceptibility of children to rotavirus is known to vary within and between settings , implications for esti...	Differences in susceptibility can help explain why some individuals , and not others , acquire infection and exhibit symptoms when exposed to infectious disease agents . However , it is difficult to distinguish between differences in susceptibility versus exposure in epidemiological studies . We developed a modeling ap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "respiratory", "infections", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "geographical", "locations", "pulmonology", "north", "america", "diarrhea", "age", "groups", "vaccines", "research", "design", "signs", "and",...	2019	Heterogeneous susceptibility to rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in two birth cohort studies: Parameter estimation and epidemiological implications
Wolbachia are required for filarial nematode survival and fertility and contribute to the immune responses associated with human filarial diseases . Here we developed whole-mount immunofluorescence techniques to characterize Wolbachia somatic and germline transmission patterns and tissue distribution in Brugia malayi ,...	Filarial diseases affect over 150 million people in tropical countries . They are caused by parasitic nematodes like Brugia malayi that rely on their endosymbiont Wolbachia for their survival and fertility . These bacteria are a recognized drug target in the search for treatments killing adult worms . To understand the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/embryology", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "developmental", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "cell", "biology/microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections" ]	2010	Asymmetric Wolbachia Segregation during Early Brugia malayi Embryogenesis Determines Its Distribution in Adult Host Tissues
Hereditary periodic fever syndromes are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation with no known pathogenic or autoimmune cause . In humans , several genes have been implicated in this group of diseases , but the majority of cases remain unexplained . A similar periodic fever syndrome is relatively f...	Shar-Pei dogs have two unique features: a breed defining “wrinkled” skin phenotype and a genetic disorder called Familial Shar-Pei Fever ( FSF ) . The wrinkled phenotype is strongly selected for and is the result of excessive hyaluronan ( HA ) deposited in the skin . HA is a molecule that may behave in a pro-inflammato...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics" ]	2011	A Novel Unstable Duplication Upstream of HAS2 Predisposes to a Breed-Defining Skin Phenotype and a Periodic Fever Syndrome in Chinese Shar-Pei Dogs
Loss-of-function variants in innate immunity genes are associated with Mendelian disorders in the form of primary immunodeficiencies . Recent resequencing projects report that stop-gains and frameshifts are collectively prevalent in humans and could be responsible for some of the inter-individual variability in innate ...	There are well-characterized severe immunodeficiencies associated with loss-of-function variants in innate immunity genes . Genome sequencing projects identify rare stop-gain and frameshift variants in innate immunity genes whose phenotype is uncharacterized . Current methods to estimate the severity of rare stop-gains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "sequence", "analysis", "mutation", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "personalized", "medicine", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "molecular", "biology", "techniques",...	2014	Analysis of Stop-Gain and Frameshift Variants in Human Innate Immunity Genes
Sequence data from the past decade has laid bare the significance of horizontal gene transfer in creating genetic diversity in the bacterial world . Regulatory evolution , in which non-coding DNA is mutated to create new regulatory nodes , also contributes to this diversity to allow niche adaptation and the evolution o...	All organisms have a means to control gene expression ensuring correct spatiotemporal deployment of gene products . In bacteria , gene control presents a challenge because one species can reside in multiple niches , requiring them to coordinate gene expression with environmental sensing . Also , widespread acquisition ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "infectious", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2010	Identification of the Regulatory Logic Controlling Salmonella Pathoadaptation by the SsrA-SsrB Two-Component System
North-west Ethiopia faces the highest burden world-wide of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) and HIV co-infection . VL-HIV co-infected patients have higher ( initial ) parasitological failure and relapse rates than HIV-negative VL patients . Whereas secondary prophylaxis reduces the relapse rate , parasitological failure r...	North-west Ethiopia faces the highest burden world-wide of visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) and HIV co-infection . VL treatment outcomes in HIV co-infected patients are associated with high initial treatment ( parasitological ) failure and recurrence rates after cure ( relapse ) . With secondary chemoprophylaxis , the ris...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "kala-azar", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "antiviral", "therapy", "pathogens", "spleen", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "retro...	2018	The initial effectiveness of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and miltefosine combination for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV co-infected patients in Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study
Rotaviruses ( RVs ) are the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children , accounting for half a million deaths annually worldwide . RV encodes non-structural protein 1 ( NSP1 ) , a well-characterized interferon ( IFN ) antagonist , which facilitates virus replication by mediating the degradation of host a...	Rotaviruses ( RVs ) are the leading cause of diarrhea in young children and lead to over 215 , 000 deaths annually worldwide . For virtually every mammal , there are RV strains specifically adapted to replicate efficiently in that host species . The success of RV , to a large extent , derives from its extraordinary abi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "enzymes", "protein", "interaction", "networks", "rna", "extraction", "enzymology", "cloning", "immunoprecipitation", "network", "analysis", "molecular", "biology"...	2016	Comparative Proteomics Reveals Strain-Specific β-TrCP Degradation via Rotavirus NSP1 Hijacking a Host Cullin-3-Rbx1 Complex
Leishmaniasis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics . Available therapies are problematic due to toxicity , treatment duration and emerging drug resistance . Mouse models of leishmaniasis have demonstrated that disease outcome depends critically on the balance between effector and regula...	Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that causes a large burden of morbidity and mortality in the tropics . Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that are transmitted by sandflies , leishmaniasis causes a wide spectrum of human disease . The severe end of the spectrum , visceral leishmaniasis , causes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitic", "diseases", "parastic", "protozoans", "leishmania", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "immunoregulation", "immunomodulation", "immunotherapy", "infectious", "diseases",...	2011	Therapeutic Enhancement of Protective Immunity during Experimental Leishmaniasis
ARID is a DNA-binding domain involved in several transcriptional regulatory processes , including cell-cycle regulation and embryonic development . ARID domains are also targets of the Human Cancer Protein Interaction Network . Little is known about the molecular mechanisms related to conformational changes in the fami...	Regulation of DNA transcription is a key element for the cell to finely regulate its physiological processes . This is acquired by the use of a special class of proteins that bind to DNA and function as transcriptional regulators . ARID domains are responsible for many of these DNA-protein interactions in proteins invo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "dna-binding", "proteins", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "biophysical", "simulations" ]	2014	Communication Routes in ARID Domains between Distal Residues in Helix 5 and the DNA-Binding Loops
Influenza A virus ( IAV ) triggers a contagious and potentially lethal respiratory disease . A protective IL-1β response is mediated by innate receptors in macrophages and lung epithelial cells . NLRP3 is crucial in macrophages; however , which sensors elicit IL-1β secretion in lung epithelial cells remains undetermine...	Although epithelial cells lining our respiratory tract are both the primary targets of influenza A virus ( IAV ) infection and major players in the outcome of this infection , we still have an imperfect understanding of their response to the virus . Such knowledge is important to design proper anti-influenza strategies...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "inflammation", "immunity", "virology", "innate", "immunity", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Type I IFN Triggers RIG-I/TLR3/NLRP3-dependent Inflammasome Activation in Influenza A Virus Infected Cells
P . multocida is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases of animals , including fowl cholera in poultry and wild birds . Fowl cholera isolates of P . multocida generally express a capsular polysaccharide composed of hyaluronic acid . There have been reports of spontaneous capsule loss in P . multocida , but the...	Pasteurella multocida is an animal pathogen of worldwide economic significance . It causes fowl cholera in wild birds and poultry , hemorrhagic septicemia in ungulates , and atrophic rhinitis in swine . The major virulence factor in fowl cholera-causing isolates is the polysaccharide capsule , which is composed of hyal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/bioinformatics", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/immunity", "to", "infections" ]	2010	Fis Is Essential for Capsule Production in Pasteurella multocida and Regulates Expression of Other Important Virulence Factors
The centromere , on which kinetochore proteins assemble , ensures precise chromosome segregation . Centromeres are largely specified by the histone H3 variant CENP-A ( also known as Cse4 in yeasts ) . Structurally , centromere DNA sequences are highly diverse in nature . However , the evolutionary consequence of these ...	Centromeres aid in high fidelity chromosome segregation . Paradoxically , centromere DNA sequences are rapidly evolving in fungi , plants , and animals . Centromere DNA sequences in fungi can be unique in each chromosome or share conserved features such as motifs for sequence specific protein binding , pericentric repe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "centromeres", "pathogens", "microbiology", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "molecular", "biology", "techniques"...	2016	Repeat-Associated Fission Yeast-Like Regional Centromeres in the Ascomycetous Budding Yeast Candida tropicalis
Genome wide association studies ( GWAS ) for fasting glucose ( FG ) and insulin ( FI ) have identified common variant signals which explain 4 . 8% and 1 . 2% of trait variance , respectively . It is hypothesized that low-frequency and rare variants could contribute substantially to unexplained genetic variance . To tes...	Understanding how FI and FG levels are regulated is important because their derangement is a feature of T2D . Despite recent success from GWAS in identifying regions of the genome influencing glycemic traits , collectively these loci explain only a small proportion of trait variance . Unlocking the biological mechanism...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Identification and Functional Characterization of G6PC2 Coding Variants Influencing Glycemic Traits Define an Effector Transcript at the G6PC2-ABCB11 Locus
Root-knot nematodes ( genus Meloidogyne ) exhibit a diversity of reproductive modes ranging from obligatory sexual to fully asexual reproduction . Intriguingly , the most widespread and devastating species to global agriculture are those that reproduce asexually , without meiosis . To disentangle this surprising parasi...	Sexual reproduction is evolutionary successful in animals as more than 99% of species reproduce sexually . The few animals that have abandoned sex are usually believed to be short-lived and outcompeted by their sexual relatives . Yet , in the root-knot nematodes , plant pests of global economic importance , an intrigui...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "amphibian", "genomics", "taxonomy", "invertebrate", "genomics", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "phylogenetic", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis", "genomic", "libraries", "computer", "and", "informat...	2017	Hybridization and polyploidy enable genomic plasticity without sex in the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes
Metagenomic sequencing has produced significant amounts of data in recent years . For example , as of summer 2013 , MG-RAST has been used to annotate over 110 , 000 data sets totaling over 43 Terabases . With metagenomic sequencing finding even wider adoption in the scientific community , the existing web-based analysi...	Metagenomic sequencing has produced significant amounts of data in recent years . For example , as of summer 2013 , the MG-RAST metagenomics analysis system has been used to annotate over 110 , 000 data sets totaling over 43 Terabases . With metagenomic sequencing finding even wider adoption in the scientific community...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Design", "and", "Implementation", "Results" ]	[ "biodiversity", "ecology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology" ]	2015	A RESTful API for Accessing Microbial Community Data for MG-RAST
The evolution of cooperation is a paradox because natural selection should favor exploitative individuals that avoid paying their fair share of any costs . Such conflict between the self-interests of cooperating individuals often results in the evolution of complex , opponent-specific , social strategies and counterstr...	Despite the appearance of cooperation in nature , selection should often favor exploitative individuals who perform less of any cooperative behaviors while maintaining the benefits accrued from the cooperative behavior of others . This conflict of interest among cooperating individuals can lead to the evolution of comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "dictyostelium", "discoideum", "model", "organisms", "protozoan", "models", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2011	A Simple Mechanism for Complex Social Behavior
Regenerating tissue must initiate the signaling that drives regenerative growth , and sustain that signaling long enough for regeneration to complete . How these key signals are sustained is unclear . To gain a comprehensive view of the changes in gene expression that occur during regeneration , we performed whole-geno...	Regenerating tissue must initiate the signaling that drives regenerative growth , and then sustain that signaling long enough for regeneration to complete . Drosophila imaginal discs , the epithelial structures in the larva that will form the adult animal during metamorphosis , have been an important model system for t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reactive", "oxygen", "species", "gene", "regulation", "animals", "animal", "models", "c-jun", "n-terminal", "kinase", "signaling", "cascade", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "o...	2017	The Drosophila Duox maturation factor is a key component of a positive feedback loop that sustains regeneration signaling
While considered solely an extracellular pathogen , increasing evidence indicates that Pseudomonas aeruginosa encounters intracellular environment in diverse mammalian cell types , including macrophages . In the present study , we have deciphered the intramacrophage fate of wild-type P . aeruginosa PAO1 strain by live ...	The ability of professional phagocytes to ingest and kill microorganisms is central to host defense and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has developed mechanisms to avoid being killed by phagocytes . While considered an extracellular pathogen , P . aeruginosa has been reported to be engulfed by macrophages in animal models . Her...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "pathogens", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "light", "microscopy", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", ...	2019	Killing from the inside: Intracellular role of T3SS in the fate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within macrophages revealed by mgtC and oprF mutants
Transcriptional regulators can specify different cell types from a pool of equivalent progenitors by activating distinct developmental programs . The Glass transcription factor is expressed in all progenitors in the developing Drosophila eye , and is maintained in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell types . Glass is re...	Distinct cell types within an organ are specified by the activity of cell type-specific transcription factors , which activate distinct gene networks that confer the appropriate cellular identities . The Drosophila eye is derived from a field of equivalent progenitors that develop into photoreceptor neurons as well as ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "neuronal", "differentiation", "dna-binding", "proteins", "social", "sciences", "cloning", "neuroscience", "pigments", "cell", "differentiation", "dna", "transcription", "developmental"...	2018	Glass promotes the differentiation of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types in the Drosophila eye
Animal tungiasis is believed to increase the prevalence and parasite burden in humans . Animal reservoirs of Tunga penetrans differ among endemic areas and their role in the epidemiology of tungiasis had never been investigated in Uganda . To identify the major animal reservoirs of Tunga penetrans and their relative im...	Tungiasis is a neglected skin disease , frequent in resource-poor communities in the tropics . It is caused by sand fleas ( also called jigger fleas ) which burrow in the skin of humans and animals . Tungiasis can cause physical disabilities and the associated wounds facilitate entry of pathogens including those causin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Animal Reservoirs of Zoonotic Tungiasis in Endemic Rural Villages of Uganda
BK virus ( BKV ) associated nephropathy affects 1–10% of kidney transplant recipients , leading to graft failure in about 50% of cases . Immune responses against different BKV antigens have been shown to have a prognostic value for disease development . Data currently suggest that the structural antigens and regulatory...	BK virus ( BKV ) is the cause of a kidney disease affecting 1–10% of kidney transplant recipients , which leads to transplantation failure in about 50% of the cases . This disease is not well understood , but there are indications that markers of the immune response against BKV can be used to predict the outcome . Sinc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "death", "urinary", "system", "procedures", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "organ", "transplantation", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "immunolog...	2018	Differential T cell response against BK virus regulatory and structural antigens: A viral dynamics modelling approach
Otitis media ( OM ) , inflammation of the middle ear ( ME ) , is a common cause of conductive hearing impairment . Despite the importance of the disease , the aetiology of chronic and recurrent forms of middle ear inflammatory disease remains poorly understood . Studies of the human population suggest that there is a s...	Otitis media ( OM ) is the most common cause of deafness in children and is primarily characterised by inflammation of the middle ear . It is the most common cause of surgery in children in the developed world , with many children developing recurrent and chronic forms of OM undergoing tympanostomy tube insertion . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ears", "immunology", "animal", "models", "middle", "ear", "developmental", "biology", "otology", "model", "organisms", "organism", "development", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "exper...	2017	A mutation in Nischarin causes otitis media via LIMK1 and NF-κB pathways
Invasive lobular breast cancer ( ILC ) accounts for 10–15% of all invasive breast carcinomas . It is generally ER positive ( ER+ ) and often associated with lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS ) . Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 70 common polymorphisms that predispose to breast cancer , but these...	Invasive lobular breast cancer ( ILC ) accounts for 10–15% of invasive breast cancer and is generally ER positive ( ER+ ) . To date , none of the genome-wide association studies that have identified loci that predispose to breast cancer in general or to ER+ or ER-negative breast cancer have focused on lobular breast ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "human", "genetics" ]	2014	Genetic Predisposition to In Situ and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast
Eukaryotic cells must coordinate contraction of the actomyosin ring at the division site together with ingression of the plasma membrane and remodelling of the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) to support cytokinesis , but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood . In eukaryotes , glycosyltransferases that synt...	Cytokinesis is the process by which a cell divides in two and occurs once cells have replicated and segregated their chromosomes . Eukaryotic cells assemble a molecular machine called the actomyosin ring that drives cytokinesis . Contraction of the actomyosin ring is coupled to ingression of the plasma membrane and ext...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chitin", "cell", "physiology", "g1", "phase", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "mitosis", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "materials", "science", "cytokinesis", "macromolecules", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "materials...	2016	Ingression Progression Complexes Control Extracellular Matrix Remodelling during Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast
Decision formation recruits many brain regions , but the procedure they jointly execute is unknown . Here we characterize its essential composition , using as a framework a novel recursive Bayesian algorithm that makes decisions based on spike-trains with the statistics of those in sensory cortex ( MT ) . Using it to s...	Decision-making is central to cognition . Abnormally-formed decisions characterize disorders like over-eating , Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases , OCD , addiction , and compulsive gambling . Yet , a unified account of decision-making has , hitherto , remained elusive . Here we show the essential composition of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "decision", "making", "reaction", "time", "brain", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "psychology", "cognition", "monkeys", "animal", "...	2018	A probabilistic, distributed, recursive mechanism for decision-making in the brain
White coat color has been a highly valued trait in horses for at least 2 , 000 years . Dominant white ( W ) is one of several known depigmentation phenotypes in horses . It shows considerable phenotypic variation , ranging from ∼50% depigmented areas up to a completely white coat . In the horse , the four depigmentatio...	White horses have always been highly valued by their human owners . Their important role in history is reflected by their widespread use as heraldic animals ( e . g . , on the flags of the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia ) . In the Swiss Franches-Montagnes Horse population , a completely white ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "dermatology", "mammals", "horse", "eukaryotes", "vertebrates", "animals", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses
Despite its morphological similarity to the other species in the Drosophila melanogaster species complex , D . sechellia has evolved distinct physiological and behavioral adaptations to its host plant Morinda citrifolia , commonly known as Tahitian Noni . The odor of the ripe fruit of M . citrifolia originates from hex...	Most herbivorous insects specialize on one or a few host plants; understanding the processes and genetics underlying this specialization has broad implications across biology . Drosophila sechellia , a fruit fly endemic to the Seychelles , feeds exclusively on the ripe fruit of Morinda citrifolia , a tropical plant com...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "ecology", "arthropods", "eukaryotes", "evolutionary", "biology", "drosophila", "neuroscience", "animals", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "insects" ]	2007	Odorant-Binding Proteins OBP57d and OBP57e Affect Taste Perception and Host-Plant Preference in Drosophila sechellia
Meiosis is a specialized cell division used by diploid organisms to form haploid gametes for sexual reproduction . Central to this reductive division is repair of endogenous DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) induced by the meiosis-specific enzyme Spo11 . These DSBs are repaired in a process called homologous recombinat...	Most eukaryotic cells are diploid , which means that they contain two copies of each chromosome – one from each parent . In order to preserve the chromosome number from generation to generation , diploid organisms employ a process called meiosis to form gametes containing only one copy of each chromosome . During sexua...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Inhibition of the Smc5/6 Complex during Meiosis Perturbs Joint Molecule Formation and Resolution without Significantly Changing Crossover or Non-crossover Levels
Unlike other dipteran disease vectors , tsetse flies of both sexes feed on blood and transmit pathogenic African trypanosomes . During transmission , Trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex cycle of proliferation and development inside the tsetse vector , culminating in production of infective forms in the saliva . The ...	In tropical Africa human and livestock diseases caused by parasitic trypanosomes are transmitted by bloodsucking tsetse flies . In the fly , trypanosomes undergo a complex cycle of proliferation and development during their remarkable journey from the midgut to the salivary glands . At every step of the way , the flies...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "vector", "biology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "protozoology", "biology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "veterinary", "science" ]	2012	The Influence of Sex and Fly Species on the Development of Trypanosomes in Tsetse Flies
The ecology and distribution of B . anthracis in Australia is not well understood , despite the continued occurrence of anthrax outbreaks in the eastern states of the country . Efforts to estimate the spatial extent of the risk of disease have been limited to a qualitative definition of an anthrax belt extending from s...	This study explores the spatial ecology of Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax disease , in Australia . Globally , anthrax is a neglected zoonotic disease that primarily affect herbivores and incidentally humans and all warm-blooded animals . Here , we used historic anthrax outbreaks for the period 1996...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "ecological", "niches", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "population", "dynamics", "bacillus", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "aust...	2016	Redefining the Australian Anthrax Belt: Modeling the Ecological Niche and Predicting the Geographic Distribution of Bacillus anthracis
The IL-27R , WSX-1 , is required to limit IFN-γ production by effector CD4+ T cells in a number of different inflammatory conditions but the molecular basis of WSX-1-mediated regulation of Th1 responses in vivo during infection has not been investigated in detail . In this study we demonstrate that WSX-1 signalling sup...	The cytokine interleukin 27 ( IL-27 ) , a member of the IL-12 family , is produced by cells of the innate immune system and has been shown to exert mainly suppressive effects during a wide range of inflammatory conditions , including malaria infection , where it suppresses the development of CD4+ T cell-dependent immun...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "protozoan", "classification", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitology", "immune", "defense", "immunoregulation", "inflammation", "biology", "pathogenesis", "immune", "response", "immunopathology", "immunity", "protozoology...	2013	IL-27 Receptor Signalling Restricts the Formation of Pathogenic, Terminally Differentiated Th1 Cells during Malaria Infection by Repressing IL-12 Dependent Signals
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 ( HTLV-1 ) is the etiologic agent of Adult T cell Leukemia ( ATL ) and the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis ( HAM/TSP ) . Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers ( AC ) during their lifetime , 2–5...	Infection with HTLV-1 leads to the development of Adult T cell Leukemia ( ATL ) or the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis ( HAM/TSP ) . Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers ( AC ) during their lifetime , 2–5% will develop either A...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology/viruses", "and", "cancer", "virology/immune"...	2010	HTLV-1 Evades Type I Interferon Antiviral Signaling by Inducing the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (SOCS1)

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