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Many species that run or leap across sparsely vegetated habitats , including horses and deer , evolved the severe reduction or complete loss of foot muscles as skeletal elements elongated and digits were lost , and yet the developmental mechanisms remain unknown . Here , we report the natural loss of foot muscles in th...	Intrinsic muscles are a group of muscles deep inside the hands and feet . They help to control the precise movements required , for example , for a pianist to play their instrument or for certain animals to climb with remarkable agility . Some animals , such as horses and deer , have evolved in such a way that they no ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Evolutionary loss of foot muscle during development with characteristics of atrophy and no evidence of cell death
Mothers are crucial for mammals’ survival before nutritional independence , but many social mammals reside with their mothers long after . In these species the social adversity caused by maternal loss later in life can dramatically reduce fitness . However , in some human populations these negative consequences can be ...	Most mammals depend entirely upon their mothers when they are born . In these species , losing a mother at a young age has dramatic consequences for survival . In cases where orphaned individuals do reach adulthood , they often suffer negative effects , like reduced reproductive success or lower social status . But thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2021	Social groups buffer maternal loss in mountain gorillas
Host factors restricting the transmission of respiratory viruses are poorly characterized . We analyzed the contribution of type I and type III interferon ( IFN ) using a mouse model in which the virus is selectively administered to the upper airways , mimicking a natural respiratory virus infection . Mice lacking func...	Influenza ( ‘the flu’ ) and other respiratory viruses make millions of people ill every year , placing a large burden on the healthcare system and the economy . Unfortunately , few options for preventing or treating these infections currently exist . The flu virus spreads from infected individuals , enters a new host t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	IFN-λ prevents influenza virus spread from the upper airways to the lungs and limits virus transmission
Some oscine songbird species modify their songs throughout their lives ( ‘adult song plasticity’ or ‘open-ended learning’ ) , while others crystallize their songs around sexual maturity . It remains unknown whether the strength of sexual selection on song characteristics , such as repertoire size , affects adult song p...	Every morning , people all over the world are greeted by the sound of songbirds singing to attract mates and defend their homes . Each type of songbird has its own unique song that it learns from other birds in the same species . Maintaining these signature songs is important , because songbirds that sing the wrong tun...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2019	Correlated evolution between repertoire size and song plasticity predicts that sexual selection on song promotes open-ended learning
Dynamic cellular systems reprogram gene expression to ensure appropriate cellular fate responses to specific extracellular cues . Here we demonstrate that the dynamics of Nuclear Factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) signalling and the cell cycle are prioritised differently depending on the timing of an inflammatory signal . Using ...	Investigating how cells adapt to the constantly changing environment inside the body is vitally important for understanding how the body responds to an injury or infection . One of the ways in which human cells adapt is by dividing to produce new cells . This takes place in a repeating pattern of events , known as the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Dynamic NF-κB and E2F interactions control the priority and timing of inflammatory signalling and cell proliferation
Regeneration following tissue damage often necessitates a mechanism for cellular re-programming , so that surviving cells can give rise to all cell types originally found in the damaged tissue . This process , if unchecked , can also generate cell types that are inappropriate for a given location . We conducted a scree...	Some animals are more able to replace damaged tissue than others . A salamander , for example , can re-grow an amputated limb but a mouse or human cannot . After damage or injury certain types of cells are lost and need to be replaced by cells that are left behind . The remaining cells – or new cells that develop from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2018	CtBP impedes JNK- and Upd/STAT-driven cell fate misspecifications in regenerating Drosophila imaginal discs
The export of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm requires the conserved and essential transcription and export ( TREX ) complex ( THO–UAP56/DDX39B–ALYREF ) . TREX selectively binds mRNA maturation marks and licenses mRNA for nuclear export by loading the export factor NXF1–NXT1 . How TREX integrates these marks and achieve...	The DNA of human and other eukaryotic cells is stored inside a compartment called the nucleus . DNA carries the genetic code and provides a blueprint for all of the cell’s proteins . However , protein production occurs outside the nucleus , in the main body of the cell . To transmit genetic information from one compart...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Structure of the human core transcription-export complex reveals a hub for multivalent interactions
The concerted evolution of morphological and behavioral specializations has compelling examples in ant castes . Unique to ants is a marked divergence between winged queens and wingless workers , but morphological specializations for behaviors on the ground have been overlooked . We analyzed thorax morphology of queens ...	The size and shape of an animal , known as its morphology , often reflect the actions it can perform . A grasshopper’s long legs , for example , are well suited to hopping , whilst the streamlined body of a dolphin helps swimming through water . These specialized features result from the interplay between morphology an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Evolution of thorax architecture in ant castes highlights trade-off between flight and ground behaviors
Arterial occlusive diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality . Blood flow to the affected tissue must be restored quickly if viability and function are to be preserved . We report that disruption of the mixed-lineage protein kinase ( MLK ) - cJun NH2-terminal kinase ( JNK ) signaling pathway in endothelial c...	A blocked artery can have serious health consequences . For example , heart attacks and strokes are caused by such blockages . Artery blockages are harmful because tissues and organs are supplied with oxygen carried in blood cells and without adequate oxygen they may suffer damage or even die . The body has back up art...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Suppression of ischemia in arterial occlusive disease by JNK-promoted native collateral artery development
Neuronal circuits' ability to maintain the delicate balance between stability and flexibility in changing environments is critical for normal neuronal functioning . However , to what extent individual neurons and neuronal populations maintain internal firing properties remains largely unknown . In this study , we show ...	The human brain contains more than 80 billion neurons , which are organised into extensive networks . Changes in the strength of connections between neurons are thought to underlie learning and memory: neuronal networks must therefore be sufficiently stable to allow existing memories to be stored , while remaining flex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Interplay between population firing stability and single neuron dynamics in hippocampal networks
Drosophila male courtship is controlled by the male-specific products of the fruitless ( fruM ) gene and its expressing neuronal circuitry . fruM is considered a master gene that controls all aspects of male courtship . By temporally and spatially manipulating fruM expression , we found that fruM is required during a c...	Innate behaviors are behaviors that do not need to be learned . They include activities such as nest building in birds and web spinning in spiders . Another behavior that has been extensively studied , and which is generally considered to be innate , is courtship in fruit flies . Male fruit flies serenade potential mat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2021	fruitless tunes functional flexibility of courtship circuitry during development
Linking interindividual differences in psychological phenotype to variations in brain structure is an old dream for psychology and a crucial question for cognitive neurosciences . Yet , replicability of the previously-reported ‘structural brain behavior’ ( SBB ) -associations has been questioned , recently . Here , we ...	All human brains share the same basic structure . But no two brains are exactly alike . Brain scans can reveal differences between people in the organization and activity of individual brain regions . Studies have suggested that these differences give rise to variation in personality , intelligence and even political p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Empirical examination of the replicability of associations between brain structure and psychological variables
Nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) -mediated transcription is an important mediator for cellular responses to DNA damage . Genotoxic agents trigger a 'nuclear-to-cytoplasmic' NF-κB activation signaling pathway; however , the early nuclear signaling cascade linking DNA damage and NF-κB activation is poorly understood . He...	Cells use signaling pathways to detect and respond to harmful conditions by switching on genes that keep the cell healthy . One important pathway is the nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) signaling pathway , which is activated by many stimuli . These stimuli may come from infections from outside the cell or may originate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Sam68/KHDRBS1 is critical for colon tumorigenesis by regulating genotoxic stress-induced NF-κB activation
Single-cell RNA-sequencing is revolutionising our understanding of seemingly homogeneous cell populations but has not yet been widely applied to single-celled organisms . Transcriptional variation in unicellular malaria parasites from the Plasmodium genus is associated with critical phenotypes including red blood cell ...	Malaria is a life-threatening disease that affects hundreds of millions of people every year and causes around 500 , 000 deaths , mostly among young children . The disease is caused by Plasmodium parasites , which have a complex life cycle that involves different stages in different hosts . During mosquito bites , the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	Single-cell RNA-seq reveals hidden transcriptional variation in malaria parasites
Measures of lung function are heritable , and thus , we sought to utilise genetics to propose drug-repurposing candidates that could improve respiratory outcomes . Lung function measures were found to be genetically correlated with seven druggable biochemical traits , with further evidence of a causal relationship betw...	Chronic respiratory disorders like asthma affect around 600 million people worldwide . Although these illnesses are widespread , they can have several different underlying causes , making them difficult to treat . Drugs that work well on one type of respiratory disorder may be completely ineffective on another . Unders...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Genetic association and causal inference converge on hyperglycaemia as a modifiable factor to improve lung function
Formation of a regularly branched blood vessel network is crucial in development and physiology . Here we show that the expression of the Notch ligand Dll4 fluctuates in individual endothelial cells within sprouting vessels in the mouse retina in vivo and in correlation with dynamic cell movement in mouse embryonic ste...	Throughout life , blood vessels are constantly remodelled to ensure that oxygen and nutrients reach every part of the body where they are needed . If a tissue is not receiving an adequate blood flow , existing blood vessels may widen or new blood vessels may sprout from their walls . In certain diseases , such as cance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Synchronization of endothelial Dll4-Notch dynamics switch blood vessels from branching to expansion
The conserved Musashi ( Msi ) family of RNA binding proteins are expressed in stem/progenitor and cancer cells , but generally absent from differentiated cells , consistent with a role in cell state regulation . We found that Msi genes are rarely mutated but frequently overexpressed in human cancers and are associated ...	All living things start life as a single cell , but many organisms develop into a collection of different , specialized cells . Most of the cells in an organism can only divide to make more of the same type of cell; however , stem cells are different because they can ‘differentiate’ and develop into several different c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	Musashi proteins are post-transcriptional regulators of the epithelial-luminal cell state
During all stages of tumor progression , cancer cells are subjected to inappropriate extracellular matrix environments and must undergo adaptive changes in order to evade growth constraints associated with the loss of matrix attachment . A gain of function screen for genes that enable proliferation independently of mat...	Epithelial tissue is one of the four major types of tissue found in animals , and is the only type of tissue that is able to form and maintain layers of cells that are just one cell thick . These layers provide inner linings to various cavities and hollow organs throughout the body—including the lungs and glandular org...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2013	A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
Despite being pervasive , the control of programmed grooming is poorly understood . We addressed this gap by developing a high-throughput platform that allows long-term detection of grooming in Drosophila melanogaster . In our method , a k-nearest neighbors algorithm automatically classifies fly behavior and finds groo...	From birds that preen their feathers to dogs that lick their fur , many animals groom themselves . They do so to stay clean , but routine grooming also has a range of other uses , such as social communication or controlling body temperature . Despite its importance , grooming remains poorly understood; it is especially...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Automated analysis of long-term grooming behavior in Drosophila using a k-nearest neighbors classifier
Maintaining constant CO2 and H+ concentrations in the arterial blood is critical for life . The principal mechanism through which this is achieved in mammals is the respiratory chemoreflex whose circuitry is still elusive . A candidate element of this circuitry is the retrotrapezoid nucleus ( RTN ) , a collection of ne...	An adult at rest will typically breathe in and out up to 20 times per minute , inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in a process that , for the most part , occurs automatically . While we can choose to override this process and exert voluntary control over our breathing , we cannot suppress it indefinitely . Att...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	The retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons expressing Atoh1 and Phox2b are essential for the respiratory response to CO2
Liquid-liquid phase separation ( LLPS ) has been recognized as one of the key cellular organizing principles and was shown to be responsible for formation of membrane-less organelles such as nucleoli . Although nucleoli were found to behave like liquid droplets , many ramifications of LLPS including nucleolar dynamics ...	The inside of a cell is very organized . Just as bodies contain internal organs , cells contain many different compartments , called ‘organelles’ , each with its own specific role . Most organelles are surrounded by a membrane that keeps their contents separate from the cytoplasm , the water-based liquid inside the res...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2019	Nucleolar dynamics and interactions with nucleoplasm in living cells
Topoisomerase II ( TOP2 ) relieves topological stress in DNA by introducing double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) via a transient , covalently linked TOP2 DNA-protein intermediate , termed TOP2 cleavage complex ( TOP2cc ) . TOP2ccs are normally rapidly reversible , but can be stabilized by TOP2 poisons , such as the chemothera...	Molecules of DNA contain the archive of a cell’s genetic information and identity . DNA comprises two strands that twist together into a structure known as a double helix . Physical tension tends to build up in the double helix that can cause it to break apart . To avoid this , cells have an enzyme called Topoisomerase...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Suppressing proteasome mediated processing of topoisomerase II DNA-protein complexes preserves genome integrity
During continuous speech , lip movements provide visual temporal signals that facilitate speech processing . Here , using MEG we directly investigated how these visual signals interact with rhythmic brain activity in participants listening to and seeing the speaker . First , we investigated coherence between oscillator...	People are able communicate effectively with each other even in very noisy places where it is difficult to actually hear what others are saying . In a face-to-face conversation , people detect and respond to many physical cues – including body posture , facial expressions , head and eye movements and gestures – alongsi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Lip movements entrain the observers’ low-frequency brain oscillations to facilitate speech intelligibility
Within land vertebrate species , snakes display extreme variations in their body plan , characterized by the absence of limbs and an elongated morphology . Such a particular interpretation of the basic vertebrate body architecture has often been associated with changes in the function or regulation of Hox genes . Here ...	Animals with a backbone can look remarkably different from one another , like fish and birds , for example . Nevertheless , these animals – which are also known as vertebrates – have many genes in common that shape their bodies during development . These genes include a family called the Hox genes , which control how a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2016	Reorganisation of Hoxd regulatory landscapes during the evolution of a snake-like body plan
Many mammals forage and burrow in dark constrained spaces . Touch through facial whiskers is important during these activities , but the close quarters makes whisker deployment challenging . The diverse shapes of facial whiskers reflect distinct ecological niches . Rodent whiskers are conical , often with a remarkably ...	When foraging in dark , confined spaces , mammals use the information gathered by their whiskers to ‘see’ the world around them . Mammalian whiskers come in a variety of shapes and sizes , most likely reflecting the way in which they are used . Rodent whiskers are conical and precisely tapered , whereas some harbor sea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Tapered whiskers are required for active tactile sensation
How do DNA transposons live in harmony with their hosts ? Bacteria provide the only documented mechanisms for autoregulation , but these are incompatible with eukaryotic cell biology . Here we show that autoregulation of Hsmar1 operates during assembly of the transpososome and arises from the multimeric state of the tr...	Transposons are regions of mobile DNA that can jump from one location in the genome to another . This represents a genetic burden to the host because there is always the risk that the transposon will inactivate a cellular gene . However , a greater problem is that transposition is accompanied by an increase in the numb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2013	The autoregulation of a eukaryotic DNA transposon
Autophagy is a major pathway for the clearance of harmful material from the cytoplasm . During autophagy , cytoplasmic material is delivered into the lysosomal system by organelles called autophagosomes . Autophagosomes form in a de novo manner and , in the course of their formation , isolate cargo material from the re...	Cells use a process called autophagy to destroy damaged proteins and other harmful materials . During autophagy , the harmful materials become enclosed in a compartment called an autophagosome , which seals it off from the rest of the cell . The autophagosome – which is made of a double-layered membrane – then fuses wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Oligomerization of p62 allows for selection of ubiquitinated cargo and isolation membrane during selective autophagy
The Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporters ( NSSs ) represent an important class of proteins mediating sodium-dependent uptake of neurotransmitters from the extracellular space . The substrate binding stoichiometry of the bacterial NSS protein , LeuT , and thus the principal transport mechanism , has been heavily debated ....	All living cells need amino acids – the building blocks of proteins – in order to survive , yet few cells can make all the amino acids that they need . Instead , transporter proteins in cell membranes must take these molecules from the outside of the cell and release them to the inside . Some cells , including those in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Direct assessment of substrate binding to the Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter LeuT by solid state NMR
Cytokinesis requires activation of the GTPase RhoA . ECT-2 , the exchange factor responsible for RhoA activation , is regulated to ensure spatiotemporal control of contractile ring assembly . Centralspindlin , composed of the Rho family GTPase-activating protein ( RhoGAP ) MgcRacGAP/CYK-4 and the kinesin MKLP1/ZEN-4 , ...	Cell division is a process in which a cell splits to form two daughter cells . In most cases , the cell first duplicates its genetic material and then the two copies are pulled to opposite ends of the cell . A ring of protein filaments—called the contractile ring—then assembles to form a band around the cell at the sit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The RhoGAP activity of CYK-4/MgcRacGAP functions non-canonically by promoting RhoA activation during cytokinesis
Eukarya , Archaea , and some Bacteria encode all or part of the essential mevalonate ( MVA ) metabolic pathway clinically modulated using statins . Curiously , two components of the MVA pathway are often absent from archaeal genomes . The search for these missing elements led to the discovery of isopentenyl phosphate k...	Living things make thousands of chemicals that are vital for life , and are also useful as medicines , perfumes , and food additives . The largest family of these natural chemicals is called the isoprenoids , and members of this family are found in all three domains of life: the eukaryotes ( such as plants and animals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Discovery of a metabolic alternative to the classical mevalonate pathway
G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs ) signal through allostery , and it is increasingly clear that chemically distinct agonists can produce different receptor-based effects . It has been proposed that agonists selectively promote receptors to recruit one cellular interacting partner over another , introducing allosteri...	About a third of all drugs work by targeting a group of proteins known as G-protein coupled receptors , or GPCRs for short . These receptors are found on the surface of cells and transmit messages across the cell’s outer barrier . When a signaling molecule , like a hormone , is released in the body , it binds to a GPCR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Agonist-selective recruitment of engineered protein probes and of GRK2 by opioid receptors in living cells
In light microscopy , refractive index mismatches between media and sample cause spherical aberrations that often limit penetration depth and resolution . Optical clearing techniques can alleviate these mismatches , but they are so far limited to fixed samples . We present Iodixanol as a non-toxic medium supplement tha...	Light microscopy is a key tool in biomedical research . For perfect images , light needs to be able to pass through the sample , the material ( or “mounting medium” ) that holds the sample in place , and finally the image-detecting equipment in a straight line . However , in practice , light rays often deviate away fro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	A tunable refractive index matching medium for live imaging cells, tissues and model organisms
Differences in longevity between sexes is a mysterious yet general phenomenon across great evolutionary distances . To test the roles of responses to environmental cues and sexual behaviors in longevity regulation , we examined Caenorhabditis male lifespan under solitary , grouped , and mated conditions . We find that ...	In many animals , different sexes have different life expectancies . This holds true for a roundworm species called Caenorhabditis elegans that has commonly been used to study aging and lifespan . Unlike some related Caenorhabditis roundworm species ( which consist of male and female worms ) , C . elegans worms are pre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	Mating and male pheromone kill Caenorhabditis males through distinct mechanisms
Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the principal risk factor ( IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , 2012 ) for cholangiocarcinoma ( CCA ) in the Lower Mekong River Basin countries including Thailand , Lao PDR , Vietnam and Cambodia . We exploited this l...	In the rural regions alongside the Mekong River in South East Asia , traditional cuisines often use uncooked or under cooked fish , many of which carry a worm known as Opisthorchis viverrini . Once inside the body , this parasite settles in the human liver , causing a tropical disease known as liver fluke infection . O...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Programmed knockout mutation of liver fluke granulin attenuates virulence of infection-induced hepatobiliary morbidity
Eukaryotic replication origin licensing , activation and timing are influenced by chromatin but a mechanistic understanding is lacking . Using reconstituted nucleosomal DNA replication assays , we assessed the impact of nucleosomes on replication initiation . To generate distinct nucleosomal landscapes , different chro...	Each human cell contains more than two meters of DNA . To fit this length into a cell , remodeling enzymes compact the DNA by helping it to bind to specific proteins . This compaction has the side effect of making the DNA harder to access . DNA replication is one process that requires access to the DNA . Replication oc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Nucleosomes influence multiple steps during replication initiation
The generation of diverse neuronal subtypes involves specification of neural progenitors and , subsequently , postmitotic neuronal differentiation , a relatively poorly understood process . Here , we describe a mechanism whereby the neurotrophic factor NGF and the transcription factor Runx1 coordinate postmitotic diffe...	Animals detect and respond to their environment using their sensory nervous system , which forms through a complex , multi-step process . A precursor nerve cell’s fate is set early in its development , and determines the different nerve types it can become . As development progresses , sensory nerve cells develop furth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Extrinsic and intrinsic signals converge on the Runx1/CBFβ transcription factor for nonpeptidergic nociceptor maturation
The brain has a remarkable capacity to acquire and store memories that can later be selectively recalled . These processes are supported by the hippocampus which is thought to index memory recall by reinstating information stored across distributed neocortical circuits . However , the mechanism that supports this inter...	Memories are stored by distributed groups of neurons in the brain , with individual neurons contributing to multiple memories . In a part of the brain called the neocortex , memories are held in a silent state through a balance between excitatory and inhibitory activity . This is to prevent them from being disrupted by...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Memory recall involves a transient break in excitatory-inhibitory balance
The FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication ( FLT3ITD ) mutation is common in adult acute myeloid leukemia ( AML ) but rare in early childhood AML . It is not clear why this difference occurs . Here we show that Flt3ITD and cooperating Flt3ITD/Runx1 mutations cause hematopoietic stem cell depletion and myeloid progenitor expa...	Leukemias are a group of blood cancers that usually arise when immature blood cells gain one or more tumor-promoting genetic mutations . However , for reasons that are not clear , the mutations that cause leukemia are different in children and adults . For example , a mutation called FLT3ITD occurs relatively often in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Fetal and neonatal hematopoietic progenitors are functionally and transcriptionally resistant to Flt3-ITD mutations
The cell cycle regulator p16 is known as a biomarker and an effector of aging . However , its function in intervertebral disc degeneration ( IVDD ) is unclear . In this study , p16 expression levels were found to be positively correlated with the severity of human IVDD . In a mouse tail suspension ( TS ) -induced IVDD ...	Neck and shoulder pain , lower back pain and leg numbness are conditions that many people will encounter as years go by . This is because intervertebral discs , the padding structures that fit between the bones in the spine , degenerate with age: their cells enter a ‘senescent’ , inactive state , and stop multiplying ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	p16 deficiency attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by adjusting oxidative stress and nucleus pulposus cell cycle
Internal states can profoundly alter the behavior of animals . A quantitative understanding of the behavioral changes upon metabolic challenges is key to a mechanistic dissection of how animals maintain nutritional homeostasis . We used an automated video tracking setup to characterize how amino acid and reproductive s...	When making decisions , animals , including humans , do not always choose the same option . One reason for this is that their “internal state” changes the value of different options . This is particularly evident when deciding what type of food to eat . Depending on which nutrients the animal needs , it will choose to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Internal states drive nutrient homeostasis by modulating exploration-exploitation trade-off
Metabolic studies suggest that the absorptive capacity of the small intestine for fructose is limited , though the molecular mechanisms controlling this process remain unknown . Here we demonstrate that thioredoxin-interacting protein ( Txnip ) , which regulates glucose homeostasis in mammals , binds to fructose transp...	Fructose is a type of sugar that is found naturally in fruits , and it is closely related to glucose . The amount of fructose in our diet has increased dramatically in the last few decades . Growing evidence suggests that excessive amounts of fructose contribute to several metabolic diseases , including fatty liver dis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Diabetes regulates fructose absorption through thioredoxin-interacting protein
Sensory experience modifies behavior through both associative and non-associative learning . In Caenorhabditis elegans , pairing odor with food deprivation results in aversive olfactory learning , and pairing odor with food results in appetitive learning . Aversive learning requires nuclear translocation of the cGMP-de...	We learn from experience . When we repeatedly encounter a signal that is coupled to either reward or punishment , we eventually learn to expect the two to occur together . This phenomenon is called associative learning . Within the brain , distinct groups of neurons process information about the signal and about reward...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Parallel encoding of sensory history and behavioral preference during Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory learning
Neural activity has been implicated in the motility and outgrowth of glial cell processes throughout the central nervous system . Here , we explore this phenomenon in Müller glia , which are specialized radial astroglia that are the predominant glial type of the vertebrate retina . Müller glia extend fine filopodia-lik...	When it comes to studying the nervous system , neurons often steal the limelight; yet , they can only work properly thanks to an ensemble cast of cell types whose roles are only just emerging . For example , ‘glial cells’ – their name derives from the Greek word for glue – were once thought to play only a passive , sup...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Excitatory neurotransmission activates compartmentalized calcium transients in Müller glia without affecting lateral process motility
Pairwise models are commonly used to describe many-species communities . In these models , an individual receives additive fitness effects from pairwise interactions with each species in the community ( 'additivity assumption' ) . All pairwise interactions are typically represented by a single equation where parameters...	From the soil to our body , microbes , such as bacteria , are everywhere and affect us in many ways . Many microbes perform important roles in natural environments and for our health , but some of them can cause harm and lead to diseases . Often , microbes affect and interact with each other within large groups or comm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussions", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2017	Lotka-Volterra pairwise modeling fails to capture diverse pairwise microbial interactions
The histone chaperone Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 ( CAF-1 ) deposits tetrameric ( H3/H4 ) 2 histones onto newly-synthesized DNA during DNA replication . To understand the mechanism of the tri-subunit CAF-1 complex in this process , we investigated the protein-protein interactions within the CAF-1-H3/H4 architecture usi...	The DNA of a human , yeast or other eukaryotic cell is bound to proteins called histones to form repeating units called nucleosomes . Every time a eukaryotic cell divides , it must duplicate its DNA . Old histones are first removed from the nucleosomes before being re-assembled onto the newly duplicated DNA along with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The Cac1 subunit of histone chaperone CAF-1 organizes CAF-1-H3/H4 architecture and tetramerizes histones
How multicellular organisms respond to and are impacted by severe hypothermic stress is largely unknown . From C . elegans screens for mutants abnormally responding to cold-warming stimuli , we identify a molecular genetic pathway comprising ISY-1 , a conserved uncharacterized protein , and ZIP-10 , a bZIP-type transcr...	Life on earth faces constant changes in temperature . Most warm-blooded animals like humans can maintain a fairly stable body temperature , but cold-blooded animals can experience drastic shifts in body temperature . For example , the body temperature of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans can vary greatly depending on its...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	A genetic program mediates cold-warming response and promotes stress-induced phenoptosis in C. elegans
Human lung adenocarcinomas ( LUAD ) contain mutations in EGFR in ∼15% of cases and in KRAS in ∼30% , yet no individual adenocarcinoma appears to carry activating mutations in both genes , a finding we have confirmed by re-analysis of data from over 600 LUAD . Here we provide evidence that co-occurrence of mutations in ...	A person develops cancer when changes in a cell's DNA ( called mutations ) allow the cell to grow rapidly and spread around the body . The mutated genes are often involved in controlling the growth of cells , such as two genes called EGFR and KRAS , which are associated with forms of lung cancer . In a type of lung can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	Evidence that synthetic lethality underlies the mutual exclusivity of oncogenic KRAS and EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma
The bar-headed goose is famed for migratory flight at extreme altitude . To better understand the physiology underlying this remarkable behavior , we imprinted and trained geese , collecting the first cardiorespiratory measurements of bar-headed geese flying at simulated altitude in a wind tunnel . Metabolic rate durin...	The bar-headed goose is famous for reaching extreme altitudes during its twice-yearly migrations across the Himalayas . These geese have been tracked flying as high as 7 , 270 meters up , and mountaineers have anecdotally reported seeing them fly over summits around Mount Everest ( that are over 8 , 000 meters tall ) ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Reduced metabolism supports hypoxic flight in the high-flying bar-headed goose (Anser indicus)
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase ( IN ) inhibitors ( ALLINIs ) are a promising new class of antiretroviral agents that disrupt proper viral maturation by inducing hyper-multimerization of IN . Here we show that lead pyridine-based ALLINI KF116 exhibits striking selectivity for IN tetramers versus lower order protein oligomer...	HIV-1 inserts its genetic code into human genomes , turning healthy cells into virus factories . To do this , the virus uses an enzyme called integrase . Front-line treatments against HIV-1 called “integrase strand-transfer inhibitors” stop this enzyme from working . These inhibitors have helped to revolutionize the tr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	HIV-1 integrase tetramers are the antiviral target of pyridine-based allosteric integrase inhibitors
Expression of inflammatory genes is determined in part by post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA metabolism but how stimulus- and transcript-dependent nuclear export influence is poorly understood . Here , we report a novel pathway in which LPS/TLR4 engagement promotes nuclear localization of IRAK2 to facilitate nucle...	The innate immune system is the body’s first line of defense against invading microbes . Some immune cells carry specific receptor proteins called Toll-like receptors that can identify microbes and the signals they emit . As soon as the receptors have detected a threat – for example through sensing oily molecules that ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	IRAK2 directs stimulus-dependent nuclear export of inflammatory mRNAs
Ribosomes can read through stop codons in a regulated manner , elongating rather than terminating the nascent peptide . Stop codon readthrough is essential to diverse viruses , and phylogenetically predicted to occur in a few hundred genes in Drosophila melanogaster , but the importance of regulated readthrough in euka...	For a gene to give rise to a protein , its DNA is first used as a template to produce a messenger RNA molecule . Each group of three nucleotides within the messenger RNA encodes an amino acid , and structures called ribosomes assemble the protein by joining together amino acids in the correct order . The nucleotide tri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Ribosome profiling reveals pervasive and regulated stop codon readthrough in Drosophila melanogaster
Deep learning has led to significant advances in artificial intelligence , in part , by adopting strategies motivated by neurophysiology . However , it is unclear whether deep learning could occur in the real brain . Here , we show that a deep learning algorithm that utilizes multi-compartment neurons might help us to ...	Artificial intelligence has made major progress in recent years thanks to a technique known as deep learning , which works by mimicking the human brain . When computers employ deep learning , they learn by using networks made up of many layers of simulated neurons . Deep learning has opened the door to computers with h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Towards deep learning with segregated dendrites
Newts have the ability to repeatedly regenerate their lens even during ageing . However , it is unclear whether this regeneration reflects an undisturbed genetic activity . To answer this question , we compared the transcriptomes of lenses , irises and tails from aged newts that had undergone lens regeneration 19 times...	Newts are unusual animals because they are able to regenerate injured or lost body parts . To regenerate the lens in an eye , certain cells in the iris need to change into lens cells . In 2011 , a group of researchers reported the results of a 16-year long study of lens regeneration in Japanese newts . This study found...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	A robust transcriptional program in newts undergoing multiple events of lens regeneration throughout their lifespan
Preferably , lifespan-extending therapies should work when applied late in life without causing undesired pathologies . Reducing insulin/insulin-like growth factor ( IGF ) -1 signaling ( IIS ) increases lifespan across species , but the effects of reduced IIS interventions in extreme geriatric ages remains unknown . Us...	The goal of geroscience , or research into old age , is to promote health during old age , and thus , to increase lifespan . In the body , the groups of biochemical reactions , or ‘pathways’ , that allow an organism to sense nutrients , and regulate growth and stress , play major roles in ensuring healthy aging . Indee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2021	End-of-life targeted degradation of DAF-2 insulin/IGF-1 receptor promotes longevity free from growth-related pathologies
Apicomplexan parasites contain a conserved protein CelTOS that , in malaria parasites , is essential for traversal of cells within the mammalian host and arthropod vector . However , the molecular role of CelTOS is unknown because it lacks sequence similarity to proteins of known function . Here , we determined the cry...	Half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria: a disease caused by parasites that are spread by mosquito bites . Yet antimalarial drugs are becoming less and less effective because many of the parasites have grown to be resistant to them . Furthermore , and although some vaccines are already being t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Malaria parasite CelTOS targets the inner leaflet of cell membranes for pore-dependent disruption
Pharmacological inhibition of chromatin co-regulatory factors represents a clinically validated strategy to modulate oncogenic signaling through selective attenuation of gene expression . Here , we demonstrate that CBP/EP300 bromodomain inhibition preferentially abrogates the viability of multiple myeloma cell lines . ...	Multiple myeloma is an aggressive and incurable cancer of white blood cells called B cells and plasma cells . Many of the mutations that trigger multiple myeloma interfere with genes that normally cause B cells to develop into plasma cells . Multiple myeloma cells often activate genes that are inactive in healthy cells...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Bromodomain inhibition of the transcriptional coactivators CBP/EP300 as a therapeutic strategy to target the IRF4 network in multiple myeloma
The internal state of an organism influences its perception of attractive or aversive stimuli and thus promotes adaptive behaviors that increase its likelihood of survival . The mechanisms underlying these perceptual shifts are critical to our understanding of how neural circuits support animal cognition and behavior ....	Animals typically need to forage for their food , but doing so is not without risk . Foraging can expose an animal to predators and harmful toxins . Many animals use odors and other chemical signals to help them locate food or to avoid harm . In some animals , such as fruit flies , different parts of the nervous system...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Starvation promotes concerted modulation of appetitive olfactory behavior via parallel neuromodulatory circuits
Translational repression and mRNA degradation are critical mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation that help cells respond to internal and external cues . In response to certain stress conditions , many mRNA decay factors are enriched in processing bodies ( PBs ) , cellular structures involved in degradation ...	Most cells and organisms live in changeable environments . Adapting to environmental changes means that organisms must quickly alter which of their genes they express . Varying which genes are switched on or off is not enough; cells must also degrade existing messenger RNAs ( or mRNAs for short ) , which contain the ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	ATPase activity of the DEAD-box protein Dhh1 controls processing body formation
Apical secretion from epithelial tubes of the Drosophila embryo is mediated by apical F-actin cables generated by the formin-family protein Diaphanous ( Dia ) . Apical localization and activity of Dia are at the core of restricting F-actin formation to the correct membrane domain . Here we identify the mechanisms that ...	Many physiological processes are directional , which means that tissues and organs often need a sense of spatial orientation in order to function properly . In most tissues , this sense of direction relies on certain proteins and infrastructure components of the cell being located in specific subcellular regions , rath...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Apical targeting of the formin Diaphanous in Drosophila tubular epithelia
Group 1 CD1 molecules , CD1a , CD1b and CD1c , present lipid antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) to T cells . Mtb lipid-specific group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have been detected in Mtb-infected individuals . However , their role in protective immunity against Mtb remains unclear due to the absence of grou...	Most cases of tuberculosis are caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis , which is believed to have infected one third of the world’s population . Most of these infections are dormant and don’t cause any symptoms . However , active infections can be deadly if left untreated and often require six months o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Mycolic acid-specific T cells protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a humanized transgenic mouse model
Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells go though embryo-like cell cycles regulated by specialized molecular mechanisms . However , it is not known whether there are ES cell-specific mechanisms regulating mitotic fidelity . Here we showed that Autoimmune Regulator ( Aire ) , a transcription coordinator involved in immune tolerance...	Before the cells in our body separate to create copies of themselves , they need to duplicate their genetic material . To do so , they construct a machine called the spindle apparatus to divide their DNA evenly . In the embryo of mammals , embryonic stem cells – cells that can create all the cell types in adults – divi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2017	AIRE is a critical spindle-associated protein in embryonic stem cells
Ebola is a deadly virus that causes frequent disease outbreaks in the human population . In this study , we analyse its rate of new introductions , case fatality ratio , and potential to spread from person to person . The analysis is performed for all completed outbreaks and for a scenario where these are augmented by ...	The West Africa outbreak of Ebola virus disease is larger than any of the previous outbreaks over the last four decades . Most human outbreaks likely begin when a person is infected after contact with an infected wild animal—but during an outbreak the virus can spread from person-to-person via contact with blood or oth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Epidemiological dynamics of Ebola outbreaks
Motoneurons developmentally acquire appropriate cellular architectures that ensure connections with postsynaptic muscles and presynaptic neurons . In Drosophila , leg motoneurons are organized as a myotopic map , where their dendritic domains represent the muscle field . Here , we investigate mechanisms underlying deve...	Nerve cells enable us to both sense the world around us and to move about it . The nerves responsible for movement are called motor neurons . While one end of a motor neuron stimulates the muscle it is connected to , the other end receives signals from nerves in the spinal cord that relay messages about movement from t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Glial and neuronal Semaphorin signaling instruct the development of a functional myotopic map for Drosophila walking
Adiponectin-mediated pathways contribute to mammalian homeostasis; however , little is known about adiponectin and adiponectin receptor signaling in arthropods . In this study , we demonstrate that Ixodes scapularis ticks have an adiponectin receptor-like protein ( ISARL ) but lack adiponectin , suggesting activation b...	Many countries around the world are seeing an increase in the number of patients diagnosed with Lyme disease , with often serious joint , heart , and neurologic complications . This illness is caused by species of ‘spirochete’ bacteria that live and multiply inside black-legged ticks , and get injected into mammals upo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	The Lyme disease agent co-opts adiponectin receptor-mediated signaling in its arthropod vector
Ankyrin adaptors together with their spectrin partners coordinate diverse ion channels and cell adhesion molecules within plasma membrane domains and thereby promote physiological activities including fast signaling in the heart and nervous system . Ankyrins specifically bind to numerous membrane targets through their ...	Proteins are made up of smaller building blocks called amino acids that are linked to form long chains that then fold into specific shapes . Each protein gets its unique identity from the number and order of the amino acids that it contains , but different proteins can contain similar arrangements of amino acids . Thes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Structural basis of diverse membrane target recognitions by ankyrins
Thrombocytopenic disorders have been treated with the Thrombopoietin-receptor agonist Eltrombopag . Patients with the same apparent form of thrombocytopenia may respond differently to the treatment . We describe a miniaturized bone marrow tissue model that provides a screening bioreactor for personalized , pre-treatmen...	Platelets are tiny cell fragments essential for blood to clot . They are created and released into the bloodstream by megakaryocytes , giant cells that live in the bone marrow . In certain genetic diseases , such as Inherited Thrombocytopenia , the bone marrow fails to produce enough platelets: this leaves patients ext...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2021	Miniaturized 3D bone marrow tissue model to assess response to Thrombopoietin-receptor agonists in patients
Complex memory of personal events is thought to depend on coordinated reinstatement of cortical representations by the medial temporal lobes ( MTL ) . MTL-cortical theta and gamma coupling is believed to mediate such coordination , but which cortical structures are critical for retrieval and how they influence oscillat...	When you recall an event from your past , such as a meal you ate last week , many regions of your brain become active . The coordinated activity of these regions enables you to recall the event in detail . This coordination depends on rhythmic waves of electrical activity called neural oscillations . These arise whenev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	A causal role for the precuneus in network-wide theta and gamma oscillatory activity during complex memory retrieval
A central question to biology is how pathogenic bacteria initiate acute or chronic infections . Here we describe a genetic program for cell-fate decision in the opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus , which generates the phenotypic bifurcation of the cells into two genetically identical but different cell ...	While in hospital , patients can be unwittingly exposed to bacteria that can cause disease . These hospital-associated bacteria can lead to potentially life-threatening infections that may also complicate the treatment of the patients’ existing medical conditions . Staphylococcus aureus is one such bacterium , and it c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Cell differentiation defines acute and chronic infection cell types in Staphylococcus aureus
The small GTPase Rab7 is a key regulator of endosomal maturation in eukaryotic cells . Mutations in rab7 are thought to cause the dominant neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2B ( CMT2B ) by a gain-of-function mechanism . Here we show that loss of rab7 , but not overexpression of rab7 CMT2B mutants , causes adult-onset neur...	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is an inherited disorder of the nervous system with symptoms that typically begin in adolescence or early adulthood . The sensory and motor nerves gradually degenerate , causing muscles to waste away and leading to the loss of touch sensation across the body . One subtype of the disease—Char...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2B mutations in rab7 cause dosage-dependent neurodegeneration due to partial loss of function
Inhibitory interneurons target precise membrane regions on pyramidal cells , but differences in their functional effects on somata , dendrites and spines remain unclear . We analyzed inhibitory synaptic events induced by cortical , fast-spiking ( FS ) basket cells which innervate dendritic shafts and spines as well as ...	The brain contains millions of cells called neurons that communicate with one another as part of complex circuits . To send information around these circuits , neurons ‘fire’ electrical signals along their length . These trigger the release of chemicals across a structure—known as the synapse—that forms a connection wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Functional effects of distinct innervation styles of pyramidal cells by fast spiking cortical interneurons
Many marine animals , ranging from corals to fishes , synchronise reproduction to lunar cycles . In the annelid Platynereis dumerilii , this timing is orchestrated by an endogenous monthly ( circalunar ) clock entrained by moonlight . Whereas daily ( circadian ) clocks cause extensive transcriptomic and proteomic chang...	Like many other sea creatures , the worm Platynereis dumerilii reproduces by dispersing eggs and sperm in the water . For these animals , timing is everything: if they fail coordinate their release , the precious reproductive cells will drift in the vastness of the ocean without ever meeting their male or female counte...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Combined transcriptome and proteome profiling reveals specific molecular brain signatures for sex, maturation and circalunar clock phase
The evolutionary mechanisms leading to duplicate gene retention are well understood , but the long-term impacts of paralog differentiation on the regulation of metabolism remain underappreciated . Here we experimentally dissect the functions of two pairs of ancient paralogs of the GALactose sugar utilization network in...	Genetic information is organized into units called genes , which encode sets of instructions needed to make proteins and other molecules in cells . When an organism reproduces , it passes on some or all of its genes to its offspring . Over many generations , individual genes may acquire changes known as mutations . Som...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2016	Ongoing resolution of duplicate gene functions shapes the diversification of a metabolic network
Most cellular features have a range of states , but understanding the mechanisms responsible for interspecific divergence is a challenge for evolutionary cell biology . Models are developed for the distribution of mean phenotypes likely to evolve under the joint forces of mutation and genetic drift in the face of const...	When most people think about evolution , they commonly think of natural selection: the evolutionary force that helps populations to develop toward an optimum state for their environment . The observable traits and features of a cell or organism are known as its phenotype . Under natural selection , genes that produce p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Theory", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Phylogenetic divergence of cell biological features
Most transgenic crops are produced through tissue culture . The impact of utilizing such methods on the plant epigenome is poorly understood . Here we generated whole-genome , single-nucleotide resolution maps of DNA methylation in several regenerated rice lines . We found that all tested regenerated plants had signifi...	Rice is one of the most important food crops and is estimated to provide more than a fifth of the calories consumed by the world's population . For several decades , rice has been modified by conventional breeding methods to produce plants with increased yields and greater resistance to pests and harsh weather conditio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "plant", "biology" ]	2013	Plants regenerated from tissue culture contain stable epigenome changes in rice
Synaptic inputs from different brain areas are often targeted to distinct regions of neuronal dendritic arbors . Inputs to proximal dendrites usually produce large somatic EPSPs that efficiently trigger action potential ( AP ) output , whereas inputs to distal dendrites are greatly attenuated and may largely modulate A...	Cells called neurons carry information—in the form of electrical signals—around the brain . These cells connect to each other in complex networks and each neuron is able to form junctions , or synapses , with many neighbors . In a neuron , small electrical signals start from synapses at the tips of branched structures ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Dendritic Na+ spikes enable cortical input to drive action potential output from hippocampal CA2 pyramidal neurons
Aberrant display of the truncated core1 O-glycan T-antigen is a common feature of human cancer cells that correlates with metastasis . Here we show that T-antigen in Drosophila melanogaster macrophages is involved in their developmentally programmed tissue invasion . Higher macrophage T-antigen levels require an atypic...	Proteins , the workhorses of the body , participate in virtually every single process in a cell . Different types of molecules , such as sugars , can be added onto a protein to change its role or location , but this process may also play a role in cancer . Indeed , tumor cells that contain certain sugar modifications a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2019	A conserved major facilitator superfamily member orchestrates a subset of O-glycosylation to aid macrophage tissue invasion
Forskolin is a unique structurally complex labdane-type diterpenoid used in the treatment of glaucoma and heart failure based on its activity as a cyclic AMP booster . Commercial production of forskolin relies exclusively on extraction from its only known natural source , the plant Coleus forskohlii , in which forskoli...	Unlike animals , plants cannot move away from a herbivore or other threats . Instead , they have evolved to produce a vast array of chemical compounds to protect themselves . Some of these compounds are also important to humans , for example , as medicines or fragrances . Plants usually only produce small amounts of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Total biosynthesis of the cyclic AMP booster forskolin from Coleus forskohlii
Macrophages derive from multiple sources of hematopoietic progenitors . Most macrophages require colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor ( CSF1R ) , but some macrophages persist in the absence of CSF1R . Here , we analyzed mpeg1:GFP–expressing macrophages in csf1r-deficient zebrafish and report that embryonic macrophages ...	Immune cells called macrophages are found in all organs in the body . These cells are highly effective at eating and digesting large particles including dead cells and debris , and microorganisms such as bacteria . Macrophages are also instrumental in shaping developing organs and repairing tissues during life . Macrop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Zebrafish macrophage developmental arrest underlies depletion of microglia and reveals Csf1r-independent metaphocytes
Methods for analysing correlated mutations in proteins are becoming an increasingly powerful tool for predicting contacts within and between proteins . Nevertheless , limitations remain due to the requirement for large multiple sequence alignments ( MSA ) and the fact that , in general , only the relatively small numbe...	Genes contain instructions to make proteins from building blocks called amino acids . The instructions are encoded in units called codons that each specify a single amino acid in the chain . A small mutation in a particular codon can change the amino acid found at the corresponding position in the protein . Some amino ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Codon-level information improves predictions of inter-residue contacts in proteins by correlated mutation analysis
Human-based modelling and simulations are becoming ubiquitous in biomedical science due to their ability to augment experimental and clinical investigations . Cardiac electrophysiology is one of the most advanced areas , with cardiac modelling and simulation being considered for virtual testing of pharmacological thera...	Decades of intensive experimental and clinical research have revealed much about how the human heart works . Though incomplete , this knowledge has been used to construct computer models that represent the activity of this organ as a whole , and of its individual chambers ( the atria and ventricles ) , tissues and cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2019	Development, calibration, and validation of a novel human ventricular myocyte model in health, disease, and drug block
Cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur ( Fe-S ) proteins are involved in many essential pathways including translation and DNA maintenance . Their maturation requires the cytosolic Fe-S protein assembly ( CIA ) machinery . To identify new CIA proteins we employed systematic protein interaction approaches and discovered the ...	Many proteins depend on small molecules called cofactors to be able to perform their roles in cells . One class of proteins—the iron-sulfur proteins—contain cofactors that are made of clusters of iron and sulfide ions . In yeast , humans and other eukaryotes , the clusters are assembled and incorporated into their targ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The deca-GX3 proteins Yae1-Lto1 function as adaptors recruiting the ABC protein Rli1 for iron-sulfur cluster insertion
Endothelial cells respond to molecular and physical forces in development and vascular homeostasis . Deregulation of endothelial responses to flow-induced shear is believed to contribute to many aspects of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis . However , how molecular signals and shear-mediated physical fo...	Blood vessels play an essential role in growth and development as they transport many important molecules that help cells to survive . Throughout life , the forces that act on the blood vessels help to remodel the vessel network to ensure that blood gets to the parts of the body that need it . For example , the movemen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Non-canonical Wnt signalling modulates the endothelial shear stress flow sensor in vascular remodelling
Phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine 118 ( H3 T118ph ) weakens histone DNA-contacts , disrupting the nucleosome structure . We show that Aurora-A mediated H3 T118ph occurs at pericentromeres and chromosome arms during prophase and is lost upon chromosome alignment . Expression of H3 T118E or H3 T118I ( a SIN mutatio...	In every one of our cells , our DNA is wrapped together with histone proteins to make a structure called chromatin . When a cell divides , each newly formed daughter cell must receive an identical set of chromatin . As part of this process , the chromatin is copied and then compacted , which causes a characteristic “X”...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Aurora-A mediated histone H3 phosphorylation of threonine 118 controls condensin I and cohesin occupancy in mitosis
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis provides the dentate gyrus with heterogeneous populations of granule cells ( GC ) originated at different times . The contribution of these cells to information encoding is under current investigation . Here , we show that incoming spike trains activate different populations of GC determi...	A number of cell types in the body are capable of dividing to produce two new cells . These are used either to replace damaged or worn out tissue , or to satisfy a need for additional cells . By contrast , the vast majority of the billions of neurons in the brain are produced before birth , and only a handful of brain ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Differential inhibition onto developing and mature granule cells generates high-frequency filters with variable gain
Conventional approaches for antiparasitic drug discovery center upon discovering selective agents that adversely impact parasites with minimal host side effects . Here , we show that agents with a broad polypharmacology , often considered ‘dirtier’ drugs , can have unique efficacy if they combine deleterious effects on...	More than 200 million people worldwide are infected with parasitic worms that cause the disease schistosomiasis . Most cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa . Long-term infections can damage organs , and children who are affected may suffer delayed growth and learning difficulties . Despite its significant health and econo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Coalescing beneficial host and deleterious antiparasitic actions as an antischistosomal strategy
Antibiotic-induced perturbation of the human gut flora is expected to play an important role in mediating the relationship between antibiotic use and the population prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria , but little is known about how antibiotics affect within-host resistance dynamics . Here we develop a data...	Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are a growing global health crisis . One type of antibiotic resistance arises when certain bacteria that can produce enzymes called extended-spectrum beta-lactamases ( or ESBLs for short ) become more common in the gut . These enzymes stop important antibiotics , like penicill...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Quantifying antibiotic impact on within-patient dynamics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance
Cyclic nucleotide-modulated channels have important roles in visual signal transduction and pacemaking . Binding of cyclic nucleotides ( cAMP/cGMP ) elicits diverse functional responses in different channels within the family despite their high sequence and structure homology . The molecular mechanisms responsible for ...	Ion channels are essential for transmitting signals in the nervous system and brain . One large group of ion channels includes members that are activated by cyclic nucleotides , small molecules used to transmit signals within cells . These cyclic nucleotide-gated channels play an important role in regulating our abilit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Ligand discrimination and gating in cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels from apo and partial agonist-bound cryo-EM structures
Embryonic stem cells co-express Oct4 and Oct1 , a related protein with similar DNA-binding specificity . To study the role of Oct1 in ESC pluripotency and transcriptional control , we constructed germline and inducible-conditional Oct1-deficient ESC lines . ESCs lacking Oct1 show normal appearance , self-renewal and gr...	Humans and most other animals are composed of hundreds of different types of cell , including nerve cells , muscle cells and blood cells . Despite performing many different roles , these cells all develop from a single fertilized egg , which divides to make a particular group of cells that when studied in the laborator...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Enforcement of developmental lineage specificity by transcription factor Oct1
Microbial communities routinely have several possible species compositions or community states observed for the same environmental parameters . Changes in these parameters can trigger abrupt and persistent transitions ( regime shifts ) between such community states . Yet little is known about the main determinants and ...	In nature , different species of bacteria and fungi often live together in stable microbial communities . Exactly which species are present in the group and in which proportion may vary between communities . Changes in the environment , and in particular in the availability of nutrients , can trigger abrupt , extensive...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2019	Multistability and regime shifts in microbial communities explained by competition for essential nutrients
Epithelial cells and their underlying basement membranes ( BMs ) slide along each other to renew epithelia , shape organs , and enlarge BM openings . How BM sliding is controlled , however , is poorly understood . Using genetic and live cell imaging approaches during uterine-vulval attachment in C . elegans , we have d...	All tissues in the human body are encased with a thin , dense , web of proteins called the basement membrane . These membranes separate and help shape tissues , while protecting them from mechanical damage such as stretching . However , despite serving as important barriers , basement membranes must be rapidly removed ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Boundary cells restrict dystroglycan trafficking to control basement membrane sliding during tissue remodeling
Studies of neuronal network emergence during sensory processing and motor control are greatly facilitated by technologies that allow us to simultaneously record the membrane potential dynamics of a large population of neurons in single cell resolution . To achieve whole-brain recording with the ability to detect both s...	In every animal , networks of nerve cells work together to interpret signals from the environment and to coordinate responses . Being able to record the activity of all the neurons in a brain at once would greatly advance our understanding of how the brain works . Yet it is not possible to do this for a human brain , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2017	A double-sided microscope to realize whole-ganglion imaging of membrane potential in the medicinal leech
Unresolved ER stress followed by cell death is recognized as the main cause of a multitude of pathologies including neonatal diabetes . A systematic analysis of the mechanisms of β-cell loss and dysfunction in Akita mice , in which a mutation in the proinsulin gene causes a severe form of permanent neonatal diabetes , ...	Insulin is a hormone that is crucial for maintaining normal blood sugar levels and is produced by so called β-cells in the pancreas . If the body stops making insulin , or cells stop responding to it , blood sugar levels rise , leading to diabetes . A form of diabetes known as type 1 diabetes , where the body stops mak...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Inhibition of mTORC1 by ER stress impairs neonatal β-cell expansion and predisposes to diabetes in the Akita mouse
The unconventional secretory pathway exports proteins that bypass the endoplasmic reticulum . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , conditions that trigger Acb1 secretion via this pathway generate a Grh1 containing compartment composed of vesicles and tubules surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane and collectively called CUPS . H...	Cells produce thousands of different proteins with a variety of different roles in the body . Some proteins , for example the hormone insulin , perform roles outside of the cell and are released from cells in a process that has several stages . In the first step , newly-made insulin and many other “secretory” proteins ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	ESCRT-III drives the final stages of CUPS maturation for unconventional protein secretion
The rat parahippocampal region ( PHR ) and retrosplenial cortex ( RSC ) are cortical areas important for spatial cognition . In PHR , head-direction cells are present before eye-opening , earliest detected in postnatal day ( P ) 11 animals . Border cells have been recorded around eye-opening ( P16 ) , while grid cells ...	Our ability to navigate critically depends on part of the brain called the parahippocampal region . Within this region , there are several different types of brain cells ( or neurons ) whose activity “codes” different aspects of navigation , such as position , direction and speed . To understand how parahippocampal neu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Postnatal development of retrosplenial projections to the parahippocampal region of the rat
Cavin-3 is a tumor suppressor protein of unknown function . Using both in vivo and in vitro approaches , we show that cavin-3 dictates the balance between ERK and Akt signaling . Loss of cavin-3 increases Akt signaling at the expense of ERK , while gain of cavin-3 increases ERK signaling at the expense Akt . Cavin-3 fa...	The plasma membrane separates cells from their environment , and surface receptors in this membrane allow cells to respond to changes in their environment by converting external cues into intracellular signals . This process , which is known as signal transduction , plays a central role in the biology of cells , and ab...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Cavin-3 dictates the balance between ERK and Akt signaling
Humans usually assess things not according to their absolute value , but relative to reference points – a main tenant of Prospect Theory . For example , people rate a new salary relative to previous salaries and salaries of their peers , rather than absolute income . We demonstrate a similar effect in an insect: ants e...	We make many decisions every day , often by comparing options and choosing the one with the greatest profit . But how much we value something often does not depend solely on our needs . Instead , this value may depend on our expectations or other arbitrary reference points . For example , how satisfied you are with you...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Experiment", "1", "–", "Defining", "a", "relative", "value", "perception", "curve", "Experiment", "2", "–", "ruling", "out", "alternative", "explanations", "using", "scent", "training", "Experiment", "3", ...	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Positive and negative incentive contrasts lead to relative value perception in ants
Understanding the extent to which enzyme evolution is reversible can shed light on the fundamental relationship between protein sequence , structure , and function . Here , we perform an experimental test of evolutionary reversibility using directed evolution from a phosphotriesterase to an arylesterase , and back , an...	Enzymes in bacteria and other organisms are built following instructions contained within each cell's DNA . Changes in the DNA , that is to say , mutations , can alter the shape and activity of the enzymes that are produced , which can ultimately affect the ability of the organism to survive and reproduce . Mutations t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Reverse evolution leads to genotypic incompatibility despite functional and active site convergence
In studies of voluntary movement , a most elemental quantity is the reaction time ( RT ) between the onset of a visual stimulus and a saccade toward it . However , this RT demonstrates extremely high variability which , in spite of extensive research , remains unexplained . It is well established that , when a visual t...	As we examine the space around us our eyes move in short steps , looking toward a new location about four times a second . Neurons in a region of the brain called the frontal eye field help initiate these eye movements , which are known as saccades . Each neuron contributes to a saccade with a specific direction and si...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Motor selection dynamics in FEF explain the reaction time variance of saccades to single targets
The control of cellular growth is central to multicellular patterning . In plants , the encapsulating cell wall literally binds neighbouring cells to each other and limits cellular sliding/migration . In contrast to its developmental importance , growth regulation is poorly understood in plants . Here , we reveal that ...	In plants and animals , the way that cells grow is carefully controlled to enable tissues and organs to form and be maintained . This is especially important in plants because the cells are attached to each other by their cell walls . This means that , unlike some animal cells , plant cells are not able to move around ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Auxin regulates SNARE-dependent vacuolar morphology restricting cell size
The replisome is a multiprotein machine that carries out DNA replication . In Escherichia coli , a single pair of replisomes is responsible for duplicating the entire 4 . 6 Mbp circular chromosome . In vitro studies of reconstituted E . coli replisomes have attributed this remarkable processivity to the high stability ...	New cells are created when an existing cell divides to produce two new ones . During this process the original cell must copy its DNA so each new cell inherits a full set of genetic material . DNA is made up of two strands that twist together to form a double helix . These strands need to be separated so they can be us...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Frequent exchange of the DNA polymerase during bacterial chromosome replication

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