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Viruses manipulate host factors to enhance their replication and evade cellular restriction . We used multiplex tandem mass tag ( TMT ) -based whole cell proteomics to perform a comprehensive time course analysis of >6500 viral and cellular proteins during HIV infection . To enable specific functional predictions , we ...	About 100 years since it was first transmitted to humans , the Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) infects almost 40 million people worldwide and causes more than a million AIDS-related deaths every year . It is therefore critical to understand how HIV has been able to multiply and spread , and why infection with HIV ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Temporal proteomic analysis of HIV infection reveals remodelling of the host phosphoproteome by lentiviral Vif variants
Practice makes perfect . In human olfaction , such plasticity is generally assumed to occur at the level of cortical synthetic processing that shares information from both nostrils . Here we present findings that challenge this view . In two experiments , we trained human adults unirhinally for the discrimination betwe...	Although we may only become consciously aware of our sense of smell when we encounter something pungent , it can greatly influence our quality of life . Smells are processed by our olfactory system , a collection of receptors and nerve cells in the nose and brain . Odor molecules activate the olfactory system when they...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Nostril-specific and structure-based olfactory learning of chiral discrimination in human adults
IL-6 plays an important role in determining the fate of effector CD4 cells and the cytokines that these cells produce . Here we identify a novel molecular mechanism by which IL-6 regulates CD4 cell effector function . We show that IL-6-dependent signal facilitates the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain superc...	Inflammation is a normal part of the body's response to an infection or injury and it helps to start the healing process . However , if left unchecked , inflammation itself can damage tissues , and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are the result of uncontrolled inflammation . Certain immune cells release molecules...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Mitochondrial Ca2+ and membrane potential, an alternative pathway for Interleukin 6 to regulate CD4 cell effector function
What mechanisms support our ability to estimate durations on the order of minutes ? Behavioral studies in humans have shown that changes in contextual features lead to overestimation of past durations . Based on evidence that the medial temporal lobes and prefrontal cortex represent contextual features , we related the...	How do humans judge how much time has passed during daily life , such as when waiting for the bus ? Psychology studies have shown that people remember events to have lasted longer when more changes occurred during that time period . These changes can occur either in the environment ( such as changes in location ) or in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Neural pattern change during encoding of a narrative predicts retrospective duration estimates
The role of the primary cilium in key signaling pathways depends on dynamic regulation of ciliary membrane protein composition , yet we know little about the motors or membrane events that regulate ciliary membrane protein trafficking in existing organelles . Recently , we showed that cilium-generated signaling in Chla...	Nearly every cell in the human body has slender , hair-like structures known as cilia that project outwards from its surface . These structures can sense and respond to light , chemicals and touch , and they are required for normal development . Failure of cilia to form or function in the correct manner can lead to sev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Uni-directional ciliary membrane protein trafficking by a cytoplasmic retrograde IFT motor and ciliary ectosome shedding
A hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis is the formation of macrophage-rich granulomas . These may restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) growth , or progress to central necrosis and cavitation , facilitating pathogen growth . To determine factors leading to Mtb proliferation and host cell death , we used live cell i...	Every year , around two million people worldwide die from tuberculosis , a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) . The bacteria generally infect the lungs . In response , the immune system forms structures called granulomas that attempt to control and isolate the infecting pathogens . Granu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after macrophage cell death leads to serial killing of host cells
Animals use acoustic signals across a variety of social behaviors , particularly courtship . In Drosophila , song is detected by antennal mechanosensory neurons and further processed by second-order aPN1/aLN ( al ) neurons . However , little is known about the central pathways mediating courtship hearing . In this stud...	The seemingly simple fruit fly engages in an intricate courtship ritual before it mates . Male flies use their wings to ‘sing’ a complex song that makes females more willing to mate . The song also encourages nearby males to start courting , and these males may then intervene to compete for the female . Each species of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Central neural circuitry mediating courtship song perception in male Drosophila
In homeostatic scaling at central synapses , the depth and breadth of cellular mechanisms that detect the offset from the set-point , detect the duration of the offset and implement a cellular response are not well understood . To understand the time-dependent scaling dynamics we treated cultured rat hippocampal cells ...	The brain can store information by changing the strength of connections between neurons , also known as synapses . When two neurons at a synapse are active at the same time , the synapse becomes stronger . This enables the first neuron to activate the second more easily . But it also means that the two neurons will now...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Time- and polarity-dependent proteomic changes associated with homeostatic scaling at central synapses
Serotonin ( 5-HT ) modulates both neural and immune responses in vertebrates , but its role in insect immunity remains uncertain . We report that hemocytes in the caterpillar , Pieris rapae are able to synthesize 5-HT following activation by lipopolysaccharide . The inhibition of a serotonin-generating enzyme with eith...	Serotonin is a small molecule found in organisms across the animal kingdom . This molecule plays various roles in the human body and affects many systems including the gut and central nervous system . Over recent decades , serotonin has been found to play a role in the immune system too , and appears to help regulate h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Serotonin modulates insect hemocyte phagocytosis via two different serotonin receptors
Errors during transcription may play an important role in determining cellular phenotypes: the RNA polymerase error rate is >4 orders of magnitude higher than that of DNA polymerase and errors are amplified >1000-fold due to translation . However , current methods to measure RNA polymerase fidelity are low-throughout ,...	Genes encode instructions to make proteins and other molecules . To issue an instruction , a gene is first used as a template to make molecules of ribonucleic acid ( called mRNAs for short ) in a process called transcription . An enzyme called RNA polymerase – which comprises several protein subunits that all work toge...	[ "Abstract", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	RNA polymerase errors cause splicing defects and can be regulated by differential expression of RNA polymerase subunits
Understanding how virus capsids assemble around their nucleic acid ( NA ) genomes could promote efforts to block viral propagation or to reengineer capsids for gene therapy applications . We develop a coarse-grained model of capsid proteins and NAs with which we investigate assembly dynamics and thermodynamics . In con...	Viruses are infectious agents made up of proteins and a genome made of DNA or RNA . Upon infecting a host cell , viruses hijack the cell’s gene expression machinery and force it to produce copies of the viral genome and proteins , which then assemble into new viruses that can eventually infect other host cells . Becaus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Viral genome structures are optimal for capsid assembly
Skeletal myogenesis involves sequential activation , proliferation , self-renewal/differentiation and fusion of myogenic stem cells ( satellite cells ) . Notch signaling is known to be essential for the maintenance of satellite cells , but its function in late-stage myogenesis , i . e . post-differentiation myocytes an...	Muscles do much more than enable the body to move; they are also important organs involved in the metabolism . Conditions ranging from muscular dystrophy to insulin resistance result from problems that affect muscle tissue . Hence , understanding the signaling mechanisms that regulate how muscles develop and work will ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Stage-specific effects of Notch activation during skeletal myogenesis
IL17 cytokines are central mediators of mammalian immunity . In vertebrates , these factors derive from diverse cellular sources . Sea urchins share a molecular heritage with chordates that includes the IL17 system . Here , we characterize the role of epithelial expression of IL17 in the larval gut-associated immune re...	To protect themselves from the constant invasion of harmful microbes , animals have evolved complex immune systems . The gut is one of the most active sites of the immune system and plays a key role in regulating immune responses . In mammals , cells lining the gut wall can sense the presence of harmful bacteria and co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	IL17 factors are early regulators in the gut epithelium during inflammatory response to Vibrio in the sea urchin larva
The shuttling serine/arginine rich ( SR ) protein SRSF1 ( previously known as SF2/ASF ) is a splicing regulator that also activates translation in the cytoplasm . In order to dissect the gene network that is translationally regulated by SRSF1 , we performed a high-throughput deep sequencing analysis of polysomal fracti...	Genes contain the instructions to make proteins . These instructions are first transcribed to produce an intermediate molecule called a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which is then translated to produce the protein . However , gene sequences are often interrupted by ‘introns’ , sections of DNA that do not code for protein , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	The translational landscape of the splicing factor SRSF1 and its role in mitosis
The ability of the Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi to resist extended in vivo exposure to highly effective trypanocidal compounds prompted us to explore the potential for dormancy and its contribution to failed drug treatments in this infection . We document the development of non-proliferating intracellular ama...	Chagas disease is one of the most harmful tropical diseases in the Americas . It affects millions of people , predominantly in Latin America . It is usually spread by kissing bugs infected with Trypanosoma cruzi parasites . It is considered a neglected tropical disease because few effective treatments and preventive me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Spontaneous dormancy protects Trypanosoma cruzi during extended drug exposure
Caenorhabditis elegans produces ascaroside pheromones to control its development and behavior . Even minor structural differences in the ascarosides have dramatic consequences for their biological activities . Here , we identify a mechanism that enables C . elegans to dynamically tailor the fatty-acid side chains of th...	Small roundworms such as Caenorhabditis elegans release chemical signals called ascarosides in order to communicate with other worms of the same species . Using the ascarosides , the worm can tell its friends , for example , how crowded the neighborhood is and whether there is enough food . The ascarosides thus help th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Biosynthetic tailoring of existing ascaroside pheromones alters their biological function in C. elegans
Analysis of coupled variables is a core concept of cell biological inference , with co-localization of two molecules as a proxy for protein interaction being a ubiquitous example . However , external effectors may influence the observed co-localization independently from the local interaction of two proteins . Such glo...	Cell biologists often use microscopes to look closely at cells and see what is happening during an experiment . Cell biology experiments typically involve measuring more than one aspect of the cells , for example , the forces a cell is experiencing and the direction it is moving , or the locations of two different comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2017	Decoupling global biases and local interactions between cell biological variables
The sequential activation of neurons has been observed in various areas of the brain , but in no case is the underlying network structure well understood . Here we examined the circuit anatomy of zebra finch HVC , a cortical region that generates sequences underlying the temporal progression of the song . We combined s...	For us to interact with the world around us , our brains must plan and execute our movements and behaviors . For instance , although speaking is often quite effortless , it is also remarkably complex; all of the muscles in our vocal cords have to be activated at just the right moments to create words . It remains poorl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	EM connectomics reveals axonal target variation in a sequence-generating network
Plants as sessile organisms can adapt to environmental stress to mitigate its adverse effects . As part of such adaptation they maintain an active memory of heat stress for several days that promotes a more efficient response to recurring stress . We show that this heat stress memory requires the activity of the FORGET...	In nature , plant growth is often limited by unfavourable conditions or disease . Plants have thus evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to such stresses . In fact , brief exposure to stress can prime plants to be better prepared for a future stress following a period without stress . However , the molecular basis ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "plant", "biology" ]	2016	Arabidopsis FORGETTER1 mediates stress-induced chromatin memory through nucleosome remodeling
The Dpp morphogen gradient derived from the anterior stripe of cells is thought to control growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing disc . However , the spatial-temporal requirement of dpp for growth and patterning remained largely unknown . Recently , two studies re-addressed this question . By generating a condit...	From the wings of a butterfly to the fingers of a human hand , living tissues often have complex and intricate patterns . Developmental biologists have long been fascinated by the signals – called morphogens – that guide how these kinds of pattern develop . Morphogens are substances that are produced by groups of cells...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Dpp from the anterior stripe of cells is crucial for the growth of the Drosophila wing disc
26S proteasome abundance is tightly regulated at multiple levels , including the elimination of excess or inactive particles by autophagy . In yeast , this proteaphagy occurs upon nitrogen starvation but not carbon starvation , which instead stimulates the rapid sequestration of proteasomes into cytoplasmic puncta term...	Proteins perform many jobs within an organism , including providing structure and support , and protecting against infection . The levels of the many proteins in a cell need to be carefully controlled so that the correct amounts are present at the right place and time to perform these tasks . This control can be achiev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Proteasome storage granules protect proteasomes from autophagic degradation upon carbon starvation
It has been commonly assumed that Zika virus ( ZIKV ) infection confers long-term protection against reinfection , preventing ZIKV from re-emerging in previously affected areas for several years . However , the long-term immune response to ZIKV following an outbreak remains poorly documented . We compared results from ...	Since the Zika virus first emerged in the Pacific Islands in 2007 , it has caused many outbreaks in the Pacific and Latin America . Some scientists thought that after exposure to the virus people would develop long-term immunity to it , reducing the number of outbreaks in the future . Several studies supported this ide...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Zika seroprevalence declines and neutralizing antibodies wane in adults following outbreaks in French Polynesia and Fiji
The neural control of sugar consumption is critical for normal metabolism . In contrast to sugar-sensing taste neurons that promote consumption , we identify a taste neuron that limits sucrose consumption in Drosophila . Silencing of the neuron increases sucrose feeding; optogenetic activation decreases it . The feedin...	All animals – from the fruit fly to mammals like humans – must control their dietary intake of nutrients to survive and stay healthy . Taste receptors that sense high-calorie sugars are essential to this process . Typically , when food tastes sweet , it signals that the food contains nutrients and promotes consumption ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "neuroscience" ]	2017	A receptor and neuron that activate a circuit limiting sucrose consumption
The evolution of the eukaryotic cell marked a profound moment in Earth’s history , with most of the visible biota coming to rely on intracellular membrane-bound organelles . It has been suggested that this evolutionary transition was critically dependent on the movement of ATP synthesis from the cell surface to mitocho...	Over time , life on Earth has evolved into three large groups: archaea , bacteria , and eukaryotes . The most familiar forms of life – such as fungi , plants and animals – all belong to the eukaryotes . Bacteria and archaea are simpler , single-celled organisms and are collectively referred to as prokaryotes . The hall...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2017	Membranes, energetics, and evolution across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide
Many Mendelian traits are likely unrecognized owing to absence of traditional segregation patterns in families due to causation by de novo mutations , incomplete penetrance , and/or variable expressivity . Genome-level sequencing can overcome these complications . Extreme childhood phenotypes are promising candidates f...	The consequence of mutations to the large majority of human genes is unknown . Most mutations that are currently known were discovered by tracing their effects through families . This allows the locations of mutations to be pinpointed on chromosomes—the structures that genetic material is packaged into . Other mutation...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Recurrent gain of function mutation in calcium channel CACNA1H causes early-onset hypertension with primary aldosteronism
Mitochondrial stress response is essential for cell survival , and damaged mitochondria are a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases . Thus , it is fundamental to understand how mitochondria relay information within the cell . Here , by investigating mitochondrial-endosomal contact sites we made the surprising observat...	The inside of a human cell is divided into compartments called organelles , which are surrounded by membranes . Each organelle plays a specific role in keeping the cell healthy and also has unique mix of molecular markers on its surface . These markers allow other molecules to identify the different organelles , meanin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Rab5 and Alsin regulate stress-activated cytoprotective signaling on mitochondria
The class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I ( PI3KC3-C1 ) that functions in early autophagy consists of the lipid kinase VPS34 , the scaffolding protein VPS15 , the tumor suppressor BECN1 , and the autophagy-specific subunit ATG14 . The structure of the ATG14-containing PI3KC3-C1 was determined by single-part...	To survive starvation and other hard times , cells have developed a unique recycling strategy: they can scavenge the resources they need from within the cell itself . To do this , the cell forms a double-layered envelope around particular sections of the cell to seal them off from the rest . Then , the contents of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Architecture and dynamics of the autophagic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex
We hardly notice our eye blinks , yet an externally generated retinal interruption of a similar duration is perceptually salient . We examined the neural correlates of this perceptual distinction using intracranially measured ECoG signals from the human visual cortex in 14 patients . In early visual areas ( V1 and V2 )...	The average person blinks once every few seconds , each time shutting off their view of the world for about a tenth of a second . Nevertheless , we rarely notice a blink . By contrast , we readily notice a single blank frame in a movie , even if the frame lasts far less than a blink . The fact that we do not usually no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Human intracranial recordings link suppressed transients rather than 'filling-in' to perceptual continuity across blinks
Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) in elderly adds substantially to socioeconomic burden necessitating early diagnosis . While recent studies in rodent models of AD have suggested diagnostic and therapeutic value for gamma rhythms in brain , the same has not been rigorously tested in humans . In this case-control study , we re...	Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common forms of dementia , characterised by declining memory and thinking skills , and behavioural changes that worsen over time . It affects millions of people worldwide , mostly in older age , and yet early indicators of the disease are lacking . Most cases are only diagnosed on...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Stimulus-induced gamma rhythms are weaker in human elderly with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Genetic programming and neural activity drive synaptic remodeling in developing neural circuits , but the molecular components that link these pathways are poorly understood . Here we show that the C . elegans Degenerin/Epithelial Sodium Channel ( DEG/ENaC ) protein , UNC-8 , is transcriptionally controlled to function...	The brain contains billions of nerve cells , or neurons , that communicate with one another through connections called synapses . As the brain develops , these circuits are extensively modified as new synapses are created and others are removed . Neurological disorders may emerge if these processes are not regulated co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	The DEG/ENaC cation channel protein UNC-8 drives activity-dependent synapse removal in remodeling GABAergic neurons
Mice have a large visual field that is constantly stabilized by vestibular ocular reflex ( VOR ) driven eye rotations that counter head-rotations . While maintaining their extensive visual coverage is advantageous for predator detection , mice also track and capture prey using vision . However , in the freely moving an...	Mice have a lot to keep an eye on . To survive , they need to dodge predators looming on land and from the skies , while also hunting down the small insects that are part of their diet . To do this , they are helped by their large panoramic field of vision , which stretches from behind and over their heads to below the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Visual pursuit behavior in mice maintains the pursued prey on the retinal region with least optic flow
Membrane protein biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is complex and failure-prone . The ER membrane protein complex ( EMC ) , comprising eight conserved subunits , has emerged as a central player in this process . Yet , we have limited understanding of how EMC enables insertion and integrity of diverse clien...	Cells are surrounded and contained by a plasma membrane consisting of a double layer of fats and proteins . These proteins monitor and facilitate the movement of food , oxygen and messages in and out of the cell , and help neighboring cells communicate . Membrane proteins are manufactured in a cell compartment called t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Structural and mechanistic basis of the EMC-dependent biogenesis of distinct transmembrane clients
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 ( TRPM3 ) is a Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channel activated by heat and chemical agonists such as pregnenolone sulfate and CIM0216 . TRPM3 mutations in humans were recently reported to be associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy; the functional effects of t...	Inherited brain disorders often cause severe problems for those affected by them . One example is a group of diseases , collectively termed “developmental and epileptic encephalopathies” , or DEE for short . People with these diseases usually have both epilepsy and intellectual disabilities , and in some patients these...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Disease-associated mutations in the human TRPM3 render the channel overactive via two distinct mechanisms
Artemisinin-based therapies are the only effective treatment for malaria , the most devastating disease in human history . To meet the growing demand for artemisinin and make it accessible to the poorest , an inexpensive and rapidly scalable production platform is urgently needed . Here we have developed a new syntheti...	Malaria is by far the most devastating tropical disease in the world . It affects hundreds of millions of people – mainly in Africa and Asia – with almost half a million deaths every year . The most effective therapies against malaria all include the drug artemisinin , which is naturally found in an Asian plant called ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	A new synthetic biology approach allows transfer of an entire metabolic pathway from a medicinal plant to a biomass crop
Using ultra-high field 7 Tesla ( 7T ) functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , we map the cortical and perceptual responses elicited by intraneural microstimulation ( INMS ) of single mechanoreceptive afferent units in the median nerve , in humans . Activations are compared to those produced by applying vibrota...	The skin contains multiple types of sensory nerves that inform the brain about events occurring on the surface of the body . One way to study how this process works is to insert a very fine needle through the skin to stimulate a single sensory nerve with a small electrical current . This technique – known as intraneura...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Mapping quantal touch using 7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging and single-unit intraneural microstimulation
Eurasian jays have been reported to protect their caches by responding to cues about either the visual perspective or current desire of an observing conspecific , similarly to other corvids . Here , we used established paradigms to test whether these birds can – like humans – integrate multiple cues about different men...	Eurasian jays , Garrulus glandarius , are members of the crow family . These large-brained birds hide food when it is abundant , and eat it later , when it is scarce . Previous studies have found that jays avoid theft by other jays by carefully deciding what food to hide , and where . In one study , they preferred to h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2021	Little evidence that Eurasian jays protect their caches by responding to cues about a conspecific’s desire and visual perspective
One of the key questions in biology is how the metabolism of a cell responds to changes in the environment . In budding yeast , starvation causes a drop in intracellular pH , but the functional role of this pH change is not well understood . Here , we show that the enzyme glutamine synthetase ( Gln1 ) forms filaments a...	Life is based on a series of chemical reactions that control how cells live , grow , and divide . Various metabolic enzymes allow cells to control the rate at which these reactions occur . Recently , researchers have noticed that metabolic enzymes can form filaments in cells , usually when the cells are deprived of ene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Filament formation by metabolic enzymes is a specific adaptation to an advanced state of cellular starvation
GWAS have identified hundreds of height-associated loci . However , determining causal mechanisms is challenging , especially since height-relevant tissues ( e . g . growth plates ) are difficult to study . To uncover mechanisms by which height GWAS variants function , we performed epigenetic profiling of murine femora...	Humans vary considerably in height , a trait that is partly inherited from each individual's parents . Studies have identified hundreds of small changes in DNA that contribute to differences in human height . These small changes often swap out just one of the four letters that make up the DNA code . Some changes occur ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Epigenetic profiling of growth plate chondrocytes sheds insight into regulatory genetic variation influencing height
Transport of synaptic vesicles ( SVs ) in nerve terminals is thought to play essential roles in maintenance of neurotransmission . To identify factors modulating SV movements , we performed real-time imaging analysis of fluorescently labeled SVs in giant calyceal and conventional hippocampal terminals . Compared with s...	In the brains of mammals , communication between cells called neurons is vital for learning and memory . Pairs of neurons communicate at junctions called synapses . At a synapse , the first neuron releases chemical messengers into the gap between the cells , which then bind to and activate receptor proteins on the surf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Presynaptic morphology and vesicular composition determine vesicle dynamics in mouse central synapses
Transcriptional control ensures genes are expressed in the right amounts at the correct times and locations . Understanding quantitatively how regulatory systems convert input signals to appropriate outputs remains a challenge . For the first time , we successfully model even skipped ( eve ) stripes 2 and 3+7 across th...	The transcription of genes into messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules is one of the most important processes in biology , but our present understanding of this process is largely qualitative . Molecules such as transcription factors and regions of DNA other than the region that codes for the mRNA are known to interact with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	Cellular resolution models for even skipped regulation in the entire Drosophila embryo
Humans constantly learn in the absence of explicit rewards . However , the neurobiological mechanisms supporting this type of internally-guided learning ( without explicit feedback ) are still unclear . Here , participants who completed a task in which no external reward/feedback was provided , exhibited enhanced fMRI-...	Research shows that a reward such as money , or even simply the promise of such a reward , can boost the formation of long-term memories . However , in our everyday lives , we continually gain new knowledge and make new memories in the absence of any obvious immediate reward . Rewards activate a network of brain region...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Intrinsic monitoring of learning success facilitates memory encoding via the activation of the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop
Edema stemming from leaky blood vessels is common in eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy . Whereas therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A ( VEGFA ) can suppress leakage , side-effects include vascular rarefaction and geographic atrophy . By challenging mouse ...	The number of people with impaired vision and blindness is increasing in Western society due to the aging population and the increased prevalence of diabetes . This has led to eye diseases , such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy becoming more common . In both these eye diseases , new blood v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Vascular permeability in retinopathy is regulated by VEGFR2 Y949 signaling to VE-cadherin
Fluoride ion , ubiquitous in soil , water , and marine environments , is a chronic threat to microorganisms . Many prokaryotes , archea , unicellular eukaryotes , and plants use a recently discovered family of F− exporter proteins to lower cytoplasmic F− levels to counteract the anion’s toxicity . We show here that the...	Fluorine is the thirteenth-most abundant element in the Earth’s crust , and fluoride ions are found in both soil and water , where they accumulate through the weathering of rocks or from industrial pollution . However , high levels of fluoride ions can inhibit two processes essential to life: the production of energy b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	A family of fluoride-specific ion channels with dual-topology architecture
The organization and biophysical properties of the cytosol implicitly govern molecular interactions within cells . However , little is known about mechanisms by which cells regulate cytosolic properties and intracellular diffusion rates . Here , we demonstrate that the intracellular environment of budding yeast underta...	Most organisms live in unpredictable environments , which can often lead to nutrient shortages and other conditions that limit their ability to grow . To survive in these harsh conditions , many organisms adopt a dormant state in which their metabolism slows down to conserve vital energy . When the environmental condit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	A glucose-starvation response regulates the diffusion of macromolecules
Little is known on post-transcriptional regulation of adult and embryonic stem cell maintenance and differentiation . Here we characterize the role of Ddb1 , a component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex . Ddb1 is highly expressed in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors and its deletion leads to abrogation of ...	Stem cells can develop into other types of cells via a process called “differentiation” . When a stem cell divides in two , it typically produces another stem cell and a cell that goes on to differentiate . Hematopoietic stem cells ( or HSCs ) are found in the bone marrow and give rise to all blood cells throughout the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2015	The CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex controls adult and embryonic stem cell differentiation and homeostasis
Herpes simplex virus-2 ( HSV-2 ) is shed episodically , leading to occasional genital ulcers and efficient transmission . The biology explaining highly variable shedding patterns , in an infected person over time , is poorly understood . We sampled the genital tract for HSV DNA at several time intervals and concurrentl...	Viruses infect organisms as diverse as unicellular bacteria , plants , and animals . Two well-known human viral infections are herpes simplex virus 1 , which is responsible for most cold sores , and herpes simplex virus 2 ( HSV-2 ) , which causes most cases of genital herpes . The first signs of HSV-2 infection are gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2013	Rapid localized spread and immunologic containment define Herpes simplex virus-2 reactivation in the human genital tract
Significant differences exist in the availability of healthcare worker ( HCW ) SARS-CoV-2 testing between countries , and existing programmes focus on screening symptomatic rather than asymptomatic staff . Over a 3 week period ( April 2020 ) , 1032 asymptomatic HCWs were screened for SARS-CoV-2 in a large UK teaching h...	Patients admitted to NHS hospitals are now routinely screened for SARS-CoV-2 ( the virus that causes COVID-19 ) , and isolated from other patients if necessary . Yet healthcare workers , including frontline patient-facing staff such as doctors , nurses and physiotherapists , are only tested and excluded from work if th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2020	Screening of healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission
Empathy for pain engages both shared affective responses and self-other distinction . In this study , we addressed the highly debated question of whether neural responses previously linked to affect sharing could result from the perception of salient affective displays . Moreover , we investigated how the brain network...	Empathy enables us to share and understand the emotional states of other people , often based on their facial expressions . This empathic response involves being able to distinguish our own emotional state from someone else’s , and it is influenced by how we recognize that person’s emotion . In real life , knowing and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Neural dynamics between anterior insular cortex and right supramarginal gyrus dissociate genuine affect sharing from perceptual saliency of pretended pain
Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) increases risk for pulmonary tuberculosis ( TB ) and adverse treatment outcomes . Systemic hyper-inflammation is characteristic in people with TB and concurrent DM ( TBDM ) at baseline , but the impact of TB treatment on this pattern has not been determined . We measured 17 plasma cytokines and...	Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide . The bacteria that causes tuberculosis infect one in every four people on the planet , though most never develop the disease . People with diabetes are more likely to develop tuberculosis and they develop more severe symptoms , which may contribute to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Persistent inflammation during anti-tuberculosis treatment with diabetes comorbidity
There are multiple known associations between the ABO and RhD blood groups and disease . No systematic population-based studies elucidating associations between a large number of disease categories and blood group have been conducted . Using SCANDAT3-S , a comprehensive nationwide blood donation-transfusion database , ...	The blood types that many people are familiar with , such as O-negative or AB-positive , are determined by two systems of antigens or proteins on the surface of the red blood cells: the ABO system and the RhD system . The ABO system types people’s blood as A , B or AB if they have A and/or B antigens , or as type O if ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2021	An agnostic study of associations between ABO and RhD blood group and phenome-wide disease risk
Replisome assembly requires the loading of replicative hexameric helicases onto origins by AAA+ ATPases . How loader activity is appropriately controlled remains unclear . Here , we use structural and biochemical analyses to establish how an antimicrobial phage protein interferes with the function of the Staphylococcus...	Cells must copy their DNA in order to grow and divide . DNA replication begins when a small region of the DNA double helix is unwound to expose single strands of DNA . A protein called a helicase is then shepherded onto the unwound DNA regions by other proteins known as loaders . Once loaded , the helicase can unwind l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Viral hijacking of a replicative helicase loader and its implications for helicase loading control and phage replication
Plants are at the trophic base of terrestrial ecosystems , and the diversity of plant species in an ecosystem is a principle determinant of community structure . This may arise from diverse functional traits among species . In fact , genetic diversity within species can have similarly large effects . However , studies ...	Plants are at the base of many food webs . This means that the different traits and characteristics of the plant species in an ecosystem can have a large impact on the animals and other organisms that live there . Individuals within the same plant species often differ in multiple genes . This ‘genetic diversity’ can af...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2015	Plant defense phenotypes determine the consequences of volatile emission for individuals and neighbors
Retinal structure and function have been studied in many vertebrate orders , but molecular characterization has been largely confined to mammals . We used single-cell RNA sequencing ( scRNA-seq ) to generate a cell atlas of the chick retina . We identified 136 cell types plus 14 positional or developmental intermediate...	The evolutionary relationships of organisms and of genes have long been studied in various ways , including genome sequencing . More recently , the evolutionary relationships among the different types of cells that perform distinct roles in an organism , have become a subject of inquiry . High throughput single-cell RN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	A cell atlas of the chick retina based on single-cell transcriptomics
Aging is a multifactorial process that includes the lifelong accumulation of molecular damage , leading to age-related frailty , disability and disease , and eventually death . In this study , we report evidence of a significant correlation between the number of genes encoding the immunomodulatory CD33-related sialic a...	As we get older , we are more likely to become frail , be less mobile and develop heart disease , diabetes , and other age-related diseases . This is partly due to damage to tissues and organs that accumulates over the course of our lifetime . How quickly we age is controlled both by our genetics and by the environment...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Siglec receptors impact mammalian lifespan by modulating oxidative stress
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that recycles damaged or unwanted cellular components , and has been linked to plant immunity . However , how autophagy contributes to plant immunity is unknown . Here we reported that the plant autophagic machinery targets the virulence factor βC1 of Cotton leaf curl Mu...	Plants use a variety of processes to protect themselves against viruses and other disease-causing microbes . Autophagy , for example , is a process that breaks down damaged or unwanted molecules found inside cells , which has also been linked to plant disease resistance . However , it is not precisely clear how autopha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2017	Autophagy functions as an antiviral mechanism against geminiviruses in plants
Quiescence is essential for the long-term maintenance of adult stem cells but how stem cells maintain quiescence is poorly understood . Here , we show that neural stem cells ( NSCs ) in the adult mouse hippocampus actively transcribe the pro-activation factor Ascl1 regardless of their activated or quiescent states . We...	Stem cells in embryos give rise to all the tissues in the body . Adults also have stem cells , but they are fewer in number and they are usually dedicated to repairing and regenerating specific tissues . A region of the brain called the hippocampus , which is involved in learning , memory and mood , has a pool of neura...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Id4 promotes the elimination of the pro-activation factor Ascl1 to maintain quiescence of adult hippocampal stem cells
Biophysical modeling of neuronal networks helps to integrate and interpret rapidly growing and disparate experimental datasets at multiple scales . The NetPyNE tool ( www . netpyne . org ) provides both programmatic and graphical interfaces to develop data-driven multiscale network models in NEURON . NetPyNE clearly se...	The approximately 100 billion neurons in our brain are responsible for everything we do and experience . Experiments aimed at discovering how these cells encode and process information generate vast amounts of data . These data span multiple scales , from interactions between individual molecules to coordinated waves o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2019	NetPyNE, a tool for data-driven multiscale modeling of brain circuits
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD+ ) participates in intracellular and extracellular signaling events unrelated to metabolism . In animals , purinergic receptors are required for extracellular NAD+ ( eNAD+ ) to evoke biological responses , indicating that eNAD+ may be sensed by cell-surface receptors . However , ...	Plants and animals are generally healthy , despite being surrounded by many different microbes that have the potential to infect them and cause disease . This is because plants and animals are able to sense infections and promptly activate immune responses against them . A molecule known as NAD is involved in many proc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2017	A lectin receptor kinase as a potential sensor for extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in Arabidopsis thaliana
Seasonal influenza virus A/H3N2 is a major cause of death globally . Vaccination remains the most effective preventative . Rapid mutation of hemagglutinin allows viruses to escape adaptive immunity . This antigenic drift necessitates regular vaccine updates . Effective vaccine strains need to represent H3N2 populations...	Vaccination is the best protection against seasonal flu . It teaches the immune system what the flu virus looks like , preparing it to fight off an infection . But the flu virus changes its molecular appearance every year , escaping the immune defences learnt the year before . So , every year , the vaccine needs updati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Integrating genotypes and phenotypes improves long-term forecasts of seasonal influenza A/H3N2 evolution
Shadow enhancers , groups of seemingly redundant enhancers , are found in a wide range of organisms and are critical for robust developmental patterning . However , their mechanism of action is unknown . We hypothesized that shadow enhancers drive consistent expression levels by buffering upstream noise through a separ...	In all higher organisms , life begins with a single cell . During the early stages of development , this single cell grows and divides multiple times to develop into the many different kinds of cells that make up an organism . This is a highly regulated process during which cells receive instructions telling them what ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	Shadow enhancers can suppress input transcription factor noise through distinct regulatory logic
Previous studies suggest that the toxic soluble-oligomeric form of different amyloid proteins share a common backbone conformation , but the amorphous nature of this oligomer prevents its structural characterization by experiment . Based on molecular dynamics simulations we proposed that toxic intermediates of differen...	The build up of very thin fibres called amyloid fibrils is known to lead to more than 40 different human diseases , including Parkinson’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis . These diseases involve soluble proteins or peptides joining other proteins or peptides to form the fibrils , which are not soluble . However , the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Designed α-sheet peptides inhibit amyloid formation by targeting toxic oligomers
Direct activation of the human phospholipase C-γ isozymes ( PLC-γ1 , -γ2 ) by tyrosine phosphorylation is fundamental to the control of diverse biological processes , including chemotaxis , platelet aggregation , and adaptive immunity . In turn , aberrant activation of PLC-γ1 and PLC-γ2 is implicated in inflammation , ...	Many enzymes are poised to receive signals from the surrounding environment and translate them into responses inside the cell . One such enzyme is phospholipase C-γ1 ( PLC-γ1 ) , which controls how cells grow , divide and migrate . When activating signals are absent , PLC-γ1 usually inhibits its own activity , a mechan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Structural basis for the activation of PLC-γ isozymes by phosphorylation and cancer-associated mutations
Diverse cellular signaling events , including B cell receptor ( BCR ) activation , are hypothesized to be facilitated by domains enriched in specific plasma membrane lipids and proteins that resemble liquid-ordered phase-separated domains in model membranes . This concept remains controversial and lacks direct experime...	Membranes made of molecules called lipids surround every living cell to protect the cell's contents . Cells also communicate with the outside environment via their membranes . Proteins in the membrane receive information from the environment and trigger signaling pathways inside the cell to relay this information to th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Protein sorting by lipid phase-like domains supports emergent signaling function in B lymphocyte plasma membranes
The Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin-1 and the SNARE complex cooperate to trigger neurotransmitter release . Structural studies elucidated three distinct synaptotagmin-1-SNARE complex binding modes involving ‘polybasic’ , ‘primary’ and ‘tripartite’ interfaces of synaptotagmin-1 . We investigated these interactions using NMR a...	Inside the brain , cells called neurons relay messages from one place to another in the form of electrical signals . When an electrical signal reaches a junction between two neurons ( known as a synapse ) it triggers small particles called calcium ions to enter one of the cells . This influx of calcium causes vesicles ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Ca2+-dependent release of synaptotagmin-1 from the SNARE complex on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-containing membranes
Bacterially-produced small molecules exert profound influences on animal health , morphogenesis , and evolution through poorly understood mechanisms . In one of the closest living relatives of animals , the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta , we find that rosette colony development is induced by the prey bacterium A...	All animals , including humans , evolved in a world filled with bacteria . Although bacteria are most familiar as pathogens , some bacteria produce small molecules that are essential for the biology of animals and other eukaryotes , although the details of the ways in which these bacterial molecules are beneficial are ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2012	A bacterial sulfonolipid triggers multicellular development in the closest living relatives of animals
Ascidians present a striking dichotomy between conserved phenotypes and divergent genomes: embryonic cell lineages and gene expression patterns are conserved between distantly related species . Much research has focused on Ciona or Halocynthia spp . but development in other ascidians remains poorly characterized . In t...	When two species have features that look similar , this may be because the features arise by the same processes during development . Other features may look similar yet develop by different mechanisms . ‘Developmental system drift’ refers to the process where a physical feature remains unaltered during evolution , but ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Divergent mechanisms regulate conserved cardiopharyngeal development and gene expression in distantly related ascidians
Two-thirds of gene promoters in mammals are associated with regions of non-methylated DNA , called CpG islands ( CGIs ) , which counteract the repressive effects of DNA methylation on chromatin . In cold-blooded vertebrates , computational CGI predictions often reside away from gene promoters , suggesting a major diver...	DNA methylation—the addition of a methyl group to cytosine , one of the four bases found in DNA—is a central process in genetics . By preventing genes from being expressed as proteins , DNA methylation is one of a number of epigenetic mechanisms that can determine which proteins are made in different cell types without...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Epigenetic conservation at gene regulatory elements revealed by non-methylated DNA profiling in seven vertebrates
Mutations in the human N-glycanase 1 ( NGLY1 ) cause a rare , multisystem congenital disorder with global developmental delay . However , the mechanisms by which NGLY1 and its homologs regulate embryonic development are not known . Here we show that Drosophila Pngl encodes an N-glycanase and exhibits a high degree of f...	DNA carries the information needed to build and maintain an organism , and units of DNA known as genes contain coded instructions to build other molecules , including enzymes . Sometimes , genes can become faulty and develop mutations that can affect how an embryo develops and lead to diseases . For example , people wi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Tissue-specific regulation of BMP signaling by Drosophila N-glycanase 1
The signal regulated transcription factors ( SRTFs ) control the ultimate transcriptional output of signaling pathways . Here , we examined a family of FGF-induced SRTFs – Etv1 , Etv 4 , and Etv 5 – in murine lens development . Contrary to FGF receptor mutants that displayed loss of ERK signaling and defective cell dif...	Many cells contain proteins known as signal-induced transcription factors , which are poised to receive messages from the environment and then react by activating genes required for the cell to respond appropriately . It is commonly thought that these transcription factors faithfully follow the instructions they receiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Etv transcription factors functionally diverge from their upstream FGF signaling in lens development
The synaptonemal complex ( SC ) is a polymer that spans ~100 nm between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis . Its striated , periodic appearance in electron micrographs led to the idea that transverse filaments within this structure ‘crosslink’ the axes of homologous chromosomes , stabilizing their pairing . S...	The genetic information in cells is encoded within long molecules of DNA called chromosomes . In most human cells , the two copies of each chromosome – the one inherited from our mother and the one from our father – are physically separated and behave independently . However , in the reproductive cells that give rise t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	The synaptonemal complex has liquid crystalline properties and spatially regulates meiotic recombination factors
The asexual freshwater planarian is a constitutive adult , whose central nervous system ( CNS ) is in a state of constant homeostatic neurogenesis . However , very little is known about the extrinsic signals that act on planarian stem cells to modulate rates of neurogenesis . We have identified two planarian homeobox t...	Most animals can continue to generate and add new neurons in their nervous system into adulthood , though the process is often tightly regulated . In adult humans , only a small number of neurons are made or lost , such that the fewer than 2% of the neurons in the nervous will change over , or “turnover” , the course o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	Neuronal sources of hedgehog modulate neurogenesis in the adult planarian brain
Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke is the major cause of sterile inflammation and pulmonary emphysema . The effect of carbon black ( CB ) , a universal constituent of smoke derived from the incomplete combustion of organic material , in smokers and non-smokers is less known . In this study , we show that insoluble n...	Smoking for many years damages the lungs and leads to a disease called emphysema that makes it difficult to breathe and is often deadly . There are thousands of chemicals in cigarette smoke and many of them have been linked to the development of lung cancer , although it has been difficult to pinpoint those that are re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Nanoparticulate carbon black in cigarette smoke induces DNA cleavage and Th17-mediated emphysema
Neural populations from various sensory regions demonstrate dynamic range adaptation in response to changes in the statistical distribution of their input stimuli . These adaptations help optimize the transmission of information about sensory inputs . Here , we show a similar effect in the firing rates of primary motor...	Most cameras are equipped with an auto-contrast feature that enables them to take high quality pictures in a wide range of lighting conditions . Auto-contrast works by increasing the sensitivity of the camera to light in dimly lit surroundings , but reducing it in bright conditions to ensure that images do not become s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Dynamic range adaptation in primary motor cortical populations
Anatomically plausible networks of functionally inter-connected regions have been reliably demonstrated at rest , although the neurochemical basis of these ‘resting state networks’ is not well understood . In this study , we combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( MRS ) and resting state fMRI and demonstrated an inv...	Even when your body is at rest , your brain remains active . Subjects lying in brain scanners without any specific task to perform show coordinated and reproducible patterns of brain activity . Areas of the brain with similar functions , such as those involved in vision or in movement , tend to increase or decrease the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Local GABA concentration is related to network-level resting functional connectivity
The serine–threonine kinase AKT regulates proliferation and survival by phosphorylating a network of protein substrates . In this study , we describe a kinase-independent function of AKT . In cancer cells harboring gain-of-function alterations in MET , HER2 , or Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3-Kinase ( PI3K ) , catalytically i...	To maintain a healthy body , the ability of our cells to survive and divide is normally strictly controlled . If any cells manage to escape these restrictions , they may rapidly divide and form tumors , which can lead to cancer . A protein called AKT can encourage cells to survive and divide , and in healthy cells it i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2014	A kinase-independent function of AKT promotes cancer cell survival
The TRPV1 channel is a detector of noxious stimuli , including heat , acidosis , vanilloid compounds and lipids . The gating mechanisms of the related TRPV2 channel are poorly understood because selective high affinity ligands are not available , and the threshold for heat activation is extremely high ( >50°C ) . Cryo-...	Ion channels form pores in cell membranes and can open and close to allow specific ions to flow from one side of the membrane to the other . Humans and other mammals rely on an ion channel protein called TRPV1 to sense heat , and this protein is activated by the active ingredient in hot chili peppers , a chemical calle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Engineering vanilloid-sensitivity into the rat TRPV2 channel
Tightly controlled recruitment of telomerase , a low-abundance enzyme , to telomeres is essential for regulated telomere synthesis . Recent studies in human cells revealed that a patch of amino acids in the shelterin component TPP1 , called the TEL-patch , is essential for recruiting telomerase to telomeres . However ,...	The genetic blueprints for animals , plants and fungi are mostly contained within long strands of DNA and packaged into more compact thread-like structures called chromosomes . As such , most cells need to duplicate their chromosomes before they divide so that the two new cells each get a complete set of genetic instru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Multi-step coordination of telomerase recruitment in fission yeast through two coupled telomere-telomerase interfaces
Approximately 70% of KRAS-positive colorectal cancers ( CRCs ) have a CpG island methylator phenotype ( CIMP ) characterized by aberrant DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of many genes . The factors involved in , and the mechanistic basis of , CIMP is not understood . Among the CIMP genes are the tumor...	Colorectal cancer , which affects the large intestine , is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide , ranking fourth after cancers of the lung , stomach , and liver . Like these other cancers , this disease is caused by mutations to genes that allow cells to multiply in an out of control manner . Mutations that chang...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	A KRAS-directed transcriptional silencing pathway that mediates the CpG island methylator phenotype
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 drives the generation of terminally differentiated KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells . Using a Toxoplasma vaccination model , we delineate the sequence of events that naïve CD8+ T cells undergo to become terminal effectors and the differentiation steps controlled by IL-12 . We demonstrate ...	The immune system helps to protect us from cancer , infection by microbes and other diseases . There are several different types of immune cells that each have particular roles . For example , cytotoxic T cells can kill other cells in the body that are damaged or infected . These cells are found in various locations ar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	An extrafollicular pathway for the generation of effector CD8+ T cells driven by the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-12
Myelination speeds conduction of the nerve impulse , enhancing cognitive power . Changes of white matter structure contribute to learning , and are often assumed to reflect an altered number of myelin wraps . We now show that , in rat optic nerve and cerebral cortical axons , the node of Ranvier length varies over a 4 ...	Information is transmitted around the nervous system as electrical signals passing along nerve cells . A fatty substance called myelin , which is wrapped around the nerve cells , increases the speed with which the signals travel along the nerve cells . This allows us to think and move faster than we would otherwise be ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Node of Ranvier length as a potential regulator of myelinated axon conduction speed
The second messenger signaling molecule cyclic diguanylate monophosphate ( c-di-GMP ) drives the transition between planktonic and biofilm growth in many bacterial species . Pseudomonas aeruginosa has two surface sensing systems that produce c-di-GMP in response to surface adherence . Current thinking in the field is t...	Bacteria can adopt different lifestyles , depending on the environment in which they grow . They can exist as single cells that are free to explore their environment or group together to form ‘biofilms’ . The bacteria in biofilms stick to a surface , and produce a slimy ‘matrix’ that covers and thereby protects them . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Heterogeneity in surface sensing suggests a division of labor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations
Tumor suppressor p53 prevents cell transformation by inducing apoptosis and other responses . Homozygous TP53 deletion occurs in various types of human cancers for which no therapeutic strategies have yet been reported . TCGA database analysis shows that the TP53 homozygous deletion locus mostly exhibits co-deletion of...	Healthy human cells employ many tricks to avoid becoming cancerous . For example , they produce proteins known as tumor suppressors , which sense if a cell shows early signs of cancer and instruct the cell to die . A gene known as TP53 produces one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins , and this gene is inac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	FXR1 regulates transcription and is required for growth of human cancer cells with TP53/FXR2 homozygous deletion
A challenge of group-living is to maintain cohesion while navigating through heterogeneous landscapes . Larger groups benefit from information pooling , translating to greater ‘collective intelligence’ , but face increased coordination challenges . If these facets interact , we should observe a non-linear relationship ...	Many social animals live in stable groups that stay together for years , or even lifetimes . Being in a group offers a range of benefits , such as safety from predators , information on where to find food or water , and more accurate navigation . But these benefits come at a cost . The larger the group , the harder it ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2020	Group size and composition influence collective movement in a highly social terrestrial bird
We identified a locus on mouse chromosome 10 that accounts for 60% of the genetic variance in methamphetamine intake in mice selectively bred for high versus low methamphetamine consumption . We nominated the trace amine-associated receptor 1 gene , Taar1 , as the strongest candidate and identified regulation of the mu...	People who misuse drugs often do so partly in response to the environment they find themselves in , and partly because of their genetics . The genetic component of someone’s risk is influenced by many different genes , and most research has found that each gene has a small individual effect . A method called quantitati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Taar1 gene variants have a causal role in methamphetamine intake and response and interact with Oprm1
Most models of infectious diseases , including tuberculosis ( TB ) , do not provide results customized to local conditions . We created a dynamic transmission model to project TB incidence , TB mortality , multidrug-resistant ( MDR ) TB prevalence , and incremental costs over 5 years after scale-up of nine alternative ...	Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused predominantly by the microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Although the number of deaths from tuberculosis has been falling in recent years , the disease still kills more than 1 million people every year , mainly in developing countries . Tuberculosis can be t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2014	A user-friendly, open-source tool to project impact and cost of diagnostic tests for tuberculosis
The spatiotemporal proteome of the intervertebral disc ( IVD ) underpins its integrity and function . We present DIPPER , a deep and comprehensive IVD proteomic resource comprising 94 genome-wide profiles from 17 individuals . To begin with , protein modules defining key directional trends spanning the lateral and ante...	The backbone of vertebrate animals consists of a series of bones called vertebrae that are joined together by disc-like structures that allow the back to move and distribute forces to protect it during daily activities . It is common for these intervertebral discs to degenerate with age , resulting in back pain and sev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	DIPPER, a spatiotemporal proteomics atlas of human intervertebral discs for exploring ageing and degeneration dynamics
The decline of aging C . elegans male’s mating behavior is correlated with the increased excitability of the cholinergic circuitry that executes copulation . In this study , we show that the mating circuits’ functional durability depends on the metabolic regulator SIR-2 . 1 , a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase . Agin...	Although the signs of aging are clear to us all , precisely why we age is less well understood . One possibility is that as cells use oxygen to fuel the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones to release energy , they also generate by-products called reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA . As we get older ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	SIR-2.1 integrates metabolic homeostasis with the reproductive neuromuscular excitability in early aging male Caenorhabditis elegans
When the nucleolus disassembles during open mitosis , many nucleolar proteins and RNAs associate with chromosomes , establishing a perichromosomal compartment coating the chromosome periphery . At present nothing is known about the function of this poorly characterised compartment . In this study , we report that the n...	The genetic information of an organism is found in the nucleus of each cell in the form of DNA organised into chromosomes . The exact structure of those chromosomes changes as the cell moves through the different stages of the cell division cycle . During the stage called mitosis , where the DNA of a cell ( which has p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Ki-67 is a PP1-interacting protein that organises the mitotic chromosome periphery
The roles played by cortical inhibitory neurons in experience-dependent plasticity are not well understood . Here we evaluate the participation of parvalbumin-expressing ( PV+ ) GABAergic neurons in two forms of experience-dependent modification of primary visual cortex ( V1 ) in adult mice: ocular dominance ( OD ) pla...	What we see or fail to see through our eyes leaves a lasting impression by changing the strength of connections between neurons in a part of the brain called the visual cortex . These changes are referred to as synaptic plasticity . One example of synaptic plasticity results in the visual cortex becoming more responsiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Contrasting roles for parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons in two forms of adult visual cortical plasticity
The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay ( NMD ) pathway functions to degrade both abnormal and wild-type mRNAs . NMD is essential for viability in most organisms , but the molecular basis for this requirement is unknown . Here we show that a single , conserved NMD target , the mRNA coding for the stress response factor growth...	Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules act as the templates from which proteins are made , and so control the amount of protein in a cell . Having too much of certain proteins can harm cells . Additionally , some mRNAs contain errors , and so can create faulty proteins that may also harm the cell . Cells have therefore devel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Degradation of Gadd45 mRNA by nonsense-mediated decay is essential for viability
Mutations in Frataxin ( FXN ) cause Friedreich’s ataxia ( FRDA ) , a recessive neurodegenerative disorder . Previous studies have proposed that loss of FXN causes mitochondrial dysfunction , which triggers elevated reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and leads to the demise of neurons . Here we describe a ROS independent m...	Friedreich’s ataxia is a disorder in which nerve cells in the spinal cord , cerebellum and dorsal root ganglia progressively die as a person ages . People with this disorder often have difficulties with walking and can eventually develop other problems such as heart disease and diabetes . Mutations in a gene called Fra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Loss of Frataxin induces iron toxicity, sphingolipid synthesis, and Pdk1/Mef2 activation, leading to neurodegeneration
Excitability differs among muscle fibers and undergoes continuous changes during development and growth , yet the neuromuscular synapse maintains a remarkable fidelity of execution . Here we show in two evolutionarily distant vertebrates ( Xenopus laevis cell culture and mouse nerve-muscle ex-vivo ) that the skeletal m...	Nerve cells communicate with each other , and with targets such as muscle cells , at junctions called synapses . The nerve cell before the synapses releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter , which binds to receptors on the cell after the synapses . However , the first cell cannot determine by itself whether it is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	A novel synaptic plasticity rule explains homeostasis of neuromuscular transmission
Electrical synaptic transmission relies on neuronal gap junctions containing channels constructed by Connexins . While at chemical synapses neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are critically supported by scaffolding proteins , it is unknown if channels at electrical synapses require similar scaffold support . Here , we...	Neurons ‘talk’ with each another at junctions called synapses , which can either be chemical or electrical . Communication across a chemical synapse involves a ‘sending’ neuron releasing chemicals that diffuse between the cells and subsequently bind to specialized receptors on the receiving neuron . These complex junct...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Electrical synaptic transmission requires a postsynaptic scaffolding protein
Specific recognition of N6-methyladenosine ( m6A ) in mRNA by RNA-binding proteins containing a YT521-B homology ( YTH ) domain is important in eukaryotic gene regulation . The Arabidopsis YTH domain protein ECT2 is thought to bind to mRNA at URU ( m6A ) Y sites , yet RR ( m6A ) CH is the canonical m6A consensus site i...	Genes are strings of genetic code that contain instructions for producing a cell’s proteins . Active genes are copied from DNA into molecules called mRNAs , and mRNA molecules are subsequently translated to create new proteins . However , the number of proteins produced by a cell is not only limited by the number of mR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	Principles of mRNA targeting via the Arabidopsis m6A-binding protein ECT2
A universal and unquestioned characteristic of eukaryotic cells is that the genome is divided into multiple chromosomes and encapsulated in a single nucleus . However , the underlying mechanism to ensure such a configuration is unknown . Here , we provide evidence that pericentromeric satellite DNA , which is often reg...	On Earth , life is divided into three domains . The smallest of these domains includes all the creatures , from sunflowers to yeasts to humans , that have the genetic information within their cells encased in a structure known as the nucleus . The genomes of these organisms are formed of long pieces of DNA , called chr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	A conserved function for pericentromeric satellite DNA
Mg2+ regulates many physiological processes and signalling pathways . However , little is known about the mechanisms underlying the organismal balance of Mg2+ . Capitalizing on a set of newly generated mouse models , we provide an integrated mechanistic model of the regulation of organismal Mg2+ balance during prenatal...	A balanced diet contains a variety of minerals such as magnesium ions , which are required for many chemical reactions in our body . A shortage of magnesium ions is linked to many diseases and is thought to be especially harmful to babies in the womb and shortly after birth . Magnesium ion deficiency is widespread in h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Epithelial magnesium transport by TRPM6 is essential for prenatal development and adult survival
We provide behavioral evidence using monkey smooth pursuit eye movements for four principles of cerebellar learning . Using a circuit-level model of the cerebellum , we link behavioral data to learning’s neural implementation . The four principles are: ( 1 ) early , fast , acquisition driven by climbing fiber inputs to...	The human brain can do many things , from reading and remembering the words written on a page to adapting and improving movements . When a movement misses its goal , the strength of the connections between cells in a part of the brain known as the cerebellum changes . The cerebellum is important for coordinating moveme...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Principles of operation of a cerebellar learning circuit
K146N is a dominant mutation in human β-cardiac myosin heavy chain , which causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . We examined how Drosophila muscle responds to this mutation and integratively analyzed the biochemical , physiological and mechanical foundations of the disease . ATPase assays , actin motility , and indirect...	Myosin is a motor protein that drives the contraction of muscles . Filaments made from myosin molecules slide between filaments of another protein called actin , tugging the edges of the muscle cell inwards . To achieve this , part of each motor protein – called the 'head' – grabs hold of actin and uses energy to pull ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Prolonged cross-bridge binding triggers muscle dysfunction in a Drosophila model of myosin-based hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Tenofovir gel is being evaluated for vaginal and rectal pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV transmission . Because this is a new prevention strategy , we broadly assessed its effects on the mucosa . In MTN-007 , a phase-1 , randomized , double-blinded rectal microbicide trial , we used systems genomics/proteomics to d...	Tenofovir is a drug that can stop some viruses—including HIV—from multiplying . It is commonly used in multidrug therapies to control HIV infection . Clinical trials are underway to find out whether using the drug in the form of a gel applied to the vagina or rectum could be an effective way to prevent HIV transmission...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Mucosal effects of tenofovir 1% gel
Many retroviral Gag proteins contain PPXY late assembly domain motifs that recruit proteins of the NEDD4 E3 ubiquitin ligase family to facilitate virus release . Overexpression of NEDD4L can also stimulate HIV-1 release but in this case the Gag protein lacks a PPXY motif , suggesting that NEDD4L may function through an...	To multiply and spread infections , viruses must enter and exit cells . Once inside a cell , many viruses conscript the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles and release them into the surroundings . Some viruses—like HIV-1—exit the cell in a way that leads to them being wrapped ( or ‘enveloped’ ) in membrane ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Angiomotin functions in HIV-1 assembly and budding

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