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Developmental potentials of cells are tightly controlled at multiple levels . The embryonic Drosophila airway tree is roughly subdivided into two types of cells with distinct developmental potentials: a proximally located group of multipotent adult precursor cells ( P-fate ) and a distally located population of more di...	Many organs are composed of tubes of different sizes , shapes and patterns that transport vital substances from one site to another . In the fruit fly species Drosophila melanogaster , oxygen is transported by a tubular network , which divides into finer tubes that allow the oxygen to reach every part of the body . Dif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Multipotent versus differentiated cell fate selection in the developing Drosophila airways
The budding of tubular organs from flat epithelial sheets is a vital morphogenetic process . Cell behaviours that drive such processes are only starting to be unraveled . Using live-imaging and novel morphometric methods , we show that in addition to apical constriction , radially oriented directional intercalation of ...	Tubes form many of the organs in the animal body , from lungs to kidneys to intestines; but how are these structures created during development ? For example , the tube that composes the salivary gland of the fruit fly emerges from a flat patch of cells . First , a dimple develops in the cell layer and moves inwards to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Radially patterned cell behaviours during tube budding from an epithelium
Mitotic chromosomes were one of the first cell biological structures to be described , yet their molecular architecture remains poorly understood . We have devised a simple biophysical model of a 300 kb-long nucleosome chain , the size of a budding yeast chromosome , constrained by interactions between binding sites of...	The genetic material of living things is made up of long strands of DNA . Human cells contain about two meters of DNA split between 46 chromosomes . These chromosomes carry all the instructions to build a human body . To fit all of this information inside each human cell , the DNA is wrapped around hundreds of thousand...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	A simple biophysical model emulates budding yeast chromosome condensation
Mitotic chromosome assembly remains a big mystery in biology . Condensin complexes are pivotal for chromosome architecture yet how they shape mitotic chromatin remains unknown . Using acute inactivation approaches and live-cell imaging in Drosophila embryos , we dissect the role of condensin I in the maintenance of mit...	Living cells can contain huge amounts of genetic information encoded in long strands of DNA . In total several metres of DNA are packed into a small space inside each human cell and these strands can easily become entangled and knotted . When a cell divides to produce new cells the DNA is duplicated and the two copies ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Metaphase chromosome structure is dynamically maintained by condensin I-directed DNA (de)catenation
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate ( DMSP ) is an abundant and ubiquitous organosulfur molecule in marine environments with important roles in global sulfur and nutrient cycling . Diverse DMSP lyases in some algae , bacteria , and fungi cleave DMSP to yield gaseous dimethyl sulfide ( DMS ) , an infochemical with important role...	The global sulfur cycle is a collection of geological and biological processes that circulate sulfur-containing compounds through the oceans , rocks and atmosphere . Sulfur itself is essential for life and important for plant growth , hence its widespread use in fertilizers . Marine organisms such as bacteria , algae a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	A novel ATP dependent dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase in bacteria that releases dimethyl sulfide and acryloyl-CoA
The C-terminal Src kinase ( Csk ) , the primary negative regulator of Src-family kinases ( SFK ) , plays a crucial role in controlling basal and inducible receptor signaling . To investigate how Csk activity regulates T cell antigen receptor ( TCR ) signaling , we utilized a mouse expressing mutated Csk ( CskAS ) whose...	The immune system has ‘T’ cells that recognize when the body is infected with a virus or bacterium and mount an immune response that is targeted to that microbe . They can also find and eliminate cancer cells . The microbes and cancer cells produce molecules called antigens that are detected by proteins on the surface ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Small molecule inhibition of Csk alters affinity recognition by T cells
Brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) plays an essential role in metabolic homeostasis by dissipating energy via thermogenesis through uncoupling protein 1 ( UCP1 ) . Previously , we reported that the TATA-binding protein associated factor 7L ( TAF7L ) is an important regulator of white adipose tissue ( WAT ) differentiation . ...	Mammals produce two distinct types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue ( white fat ) is the more common type and is used to store energy; brown adipose tissue ( brown fat ) is mostly found in young animals and infants , and it plays an important role in dissipating energy as heat rather than storing it in fat for f...	[ "Abstract", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report" ]	2014	TAF7L modulates brown adipose tissue formation
Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and development of alcohol use disorders . The present study investigates neuroanatomical predictors for trajectories of future alcohol use based on a novel voxel-wise whole-brain structural equation modeling framework . In 1814 healthy adolescents of the IMAGE...	Puberty is a time of transformation . Physical changes in the body occur alongside changes in personality and behaviour . Compared to children , adolescents tend to be risk-takers and novelty-seekers . They crave new sensations and experiences , as well as social interaction with their peers . It is around puberty that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Predicting development of adolescent drinking behaviour from whole brain structure at 14 years of age
Cranial sutures separate the skull bones and house stem cells for bone growth and repair . In Saethre-Chotzen syndrome , mutations in TCF12 or TWIST1 ablate a specific suture , the coronal . This suture forms at a neural-crest/mesoderm interface in mammals and a mesoderm/mesoderm interface in zebrafish . Despite this d...	Some of the most common birth defects involve improper development of the head and face . One such birth defect is called craniosynostosis . Normally , an infant’s skull bones are not fully fused together . Instead , they are held together by soft tissue that allows the baby’s skull to more easily pass through the birt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2018	Altered bone growth dynamics prefigure craniosynostosis in a zebrafish model of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has experienced the most outbreaks of Ebola virus disease since the virus' discovery in 1976 . This article provides for the first time a description and a line list for all outbreaks in this country , comprising 996 cases . Compared to patients over 15 years old , the odds of dying...	Ebola virus disease commonly causes symptoms such as high fever , vomiting , and diarrhoea . It may also cause muscle pain , headaches , and bleeding , and often leads to death . There have been seven outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) since 1976 . The DRC is the country th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2015	Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1976-2014
Chemotactic responses in bacteria require large , highly ordered arrays of sensory proteins to mediate the signal transduction that ultimately controls cell motility . A mechanistic understanding of the molecular events underlying signaling , however , has been hampered by the lack of a high-resolution structural descr...	To survive , an organism must be able to collect and interpret information about its environment and behave accordingly . Bacteria are able to do this via a process called “chemotaxis” . Inside the bacteria are sensors that contain a two-dimensional network of proteins called a chemosensory array , which detect chemica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	CryoEM and computer simulations reveal a novel kinase conformational switch in bacterial chemotaxis signaling
Microtubules ( MTs ) and actin filaments ( F-actin ) function cooperatively to regulate plant cell morphogenesis . However , the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these two cytoskeletal systems , particularly in cell shape control , remain largely unknown . In this study , we show that introduction of the MyT...	Within a cell , a structure called the cytoskeleton provides a scaffold that supports the cell's shape . In both plant and animal cells , this scaffold is largely made of tube-like structures called microtubules and a web of filaments made of a protein called actin . In a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana , specialized...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Orchestration of microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton in trichome cell shape determination by a plant-unique kinesin
The hormone estrogen ( E2 ) binds the estrogen receptor to promote transcription of E2-responsive genes in the breast and other tissues . E2 also has links to genomic instability , and elevated E2 levels are tied to breast cancer . Here , we show that E2 stimulation causes a rapid , global increase in the formation of ...	The hormone estrogen controls the development of breast tissue . However too much estrogen can damage the DNA in human cells and may be linked to an increased risk of breast cancer . In breast cells , estrogen activates many genes via a process called transcription . The transcription process results in the production ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2016	Co-transcriptional R-loops are the main cause of estrogen-induced DNA damage
The extensive feedback from the auditory cortex ( AC ) to the inferior colliculus ( IC ) supports critical aspects of auditory behavior but has not been extensively characterized . Previous studies demonstrated that activity in IC is altered by focal electrical stimulation and pharmacological inactivation of AC , but t...	How do we hear the world around us ? Hearing begins when hair cells in the inner ear translate incoming sound waves into electrical signals . These signals travel via the auditory nerve and the brainstem to the midbrain , where an area called the inferior colliculus processes them . The inferior colliculus then passes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Auditory cortex shapes sound responses in the inferior colliculus
Cholesterol is necessary for the function of many G-protein coupled receptors ( GPCRs ) . We find that cholesterol is not just necessary but also sufficient to activate signaling by the Hedgehog ( Hh ) pathway , a prominent cell-cell communication system in development . Cholesterol influences Hh signaling by directly ...	Cells must communicate with each other to coordinate the development of most tissues and organs . Damage to these communication systems is often seen in degenerative disorders and in cancer . The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of a handful of these critical systems . Reduced Hedgehog signals can lead to birth defect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Cholesterol activates the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened to promote Hedgehog signaling
In the last mitotic division of the epidermal lineage in the ascidian embryo , the cells divide stereotypically along the anterior-posterior axis . During interphase , we found that a unique membrane structure invaginates from the posterior to the centre of the cell , in a microtubule-dependent manner . The invaginatio...	An animal develops from a single fertilized egg cell . Several rounds of cell division then occur to create new cells and form an embryo . Often , the direction of cell division is oriented , rather than random . In other words , the positioning of the two new daughter cells is highly organized during cell division . T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Physical association between a novel plasma-membrane structure and centrosome orients cell division
Adipocyte differentiation is a strictly controlled process regulated by a series of transcriptional activators . Adipogenic signals activate early adipogenic activators and facilitate the transient formation of early enhanceosomes at target genes . These enhancer regions are subsequently inherited by late enhanceosomes...	The world is facing a global epidemic of obesity , which also increases the risk for diabetes and heart disease . Obesity is caused when excess fat is stored in fat cells , and overweight individuals have larger fat cells compared to healthy weight people . Therefore understanding how fat cells are created in the body ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM23 regulates adipocyte differentiation via stabilization of the adipogenic activator PPARγ
Studies of highly diverged species have revealed two mechanisms by which meiotic recombination is directed to the genome—through PRDM9 binding or by targeting promoter-like features—that lead to dramatically different evolutionary dynamics of hotspots . Here , we identify PRDM9 orthologs from genome and transcriptome d...	The genetic information of Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants and fungi ) is encoded on strands of DNA called chromosomes . In animals that sexually reproduce , most cells carry two copies of each chromosome , with one inherited from each of their parents . Sex cells such as sperm and egg cells are the exception ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	Repeated losses of PRDM9-directed recombination despite the conservation of PRDM9 across vertebrates
The effects of genetic variation on gene regulation in the developing mammalian embryo remain largely unexplored . To globally quantify these effects , we crossed two divergent mouse strains and asked how genotype of the mother or of the embryo drives gene expression phenotype genomewide . Embryonic expression of 331 g...	The way that the embryo of a mammal , such as a mouse or a human , develops from a fertilized egg is a complicated process that relies on controlling: which genes are active; when these genes activate; and for how long they are active . In broad terms , there are four ways that this control can be achieved: First , ins...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Constraint and divergence of global gene expression in the mammalian embryo
Pervasive expression of circular RNA is a recently discovered feature of eukaryotic gene expression programs , yet its function remains largely unknown . The presumed biogenesis of these RNAs involves a non-canonical ‘backsplicing’ event . Recent studies in mammalian cell culture posit that backsplicing is facilitated ...	DNA contains the instructions to make proteins . These instructions are first copied into a molecule of RNA , which often has sections that code for protein ( called exons ) interrupted by non-coding sections ( called introns ) . A process called splicing removes the introns and joins the exons to form a mature RNA mol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2015	Circular RNA biogenesis can proceed through an exon-containing lariat precursor
Protocadherins ( Pcdhs ) are cell adhesion and signaling proteins used by neurons to develop and maintain neuronal networks , relying on trans homophilic interactions between their extracellular cadherin ( EC ) repeat domains . We present the structure of the antiparallel EC1-4 homodimer of human PcdhγB3 , a member of ...	As the brain develops , nerve cells or neurons connect with one another to form complex networks . These connections form between branch-like structures , called dendrites , that project from the cell body of each neuron . To prevent unneeded connections from forming , dendrites that belong to the same neuron need a wa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Antiparallel protocadherin homodimers use distinct affinity- and specificity-mediating regions in cadherin repeats 1-4
We report the crystal structure of nuclear import receptor Importin-9 bound to its cargo , the histones H2A-H2B . Importin-9 wraps around the core , globular region of H2A-H2B to form an extensive interface . The nature of this interface coupled with quantitative analysis of deletion mutants of H2A-H2B suggests that th...	Cells contain two meters of DNA which , if left to its own devices , would soon end up in a knot . To keep things organized , the genetic code is wrapped around protein ‘spools’ called histones , meaning it can all fit within a part of the cell known as the nucleus . The cell makes a copy of its DNA every time it divid...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2019	Importin-9 wraps around the H2A-H2B core to act as nuclear importer and histone chaperone
Mechanosensory hair cells of the zebrafish lateral line regenerate rapidly following damage . These renewed hair cells arise from the proliferation of surrounding support cells , which undergo symmetric division to produce two hair cell daughters . Given the continued regenerative capacity of the lateral line , support...	Deep inside our ears , tiny specialized cells called hair cells constantly detect and relay sound and spatial information to our brain . Without them , we lose our sense of hearing and balance . Unfortunately , the number of hair cells drops with age or after exposure to loud noises , and there is no way for our body t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Distinct progenitor populations mediate regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line
The control of self-renewal and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells is a crucial issue in stem cell and cancer biology . Drosophila type II neuroblast lineages are prone to developing impaired neuroblast homeostasis if the limited self-renewing potential of intermediate neural progenitors ( INPs ) is un...	Stem cells show great promise for repairing damaged tissue , and maybe even generating new organs , but stem cell therapies will only be successful if researchers can understand and control the behaviour of stem cells in the lab . Neural stem cells or ‘neuroblasts’ from the brains of larval fruit flies have become a po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	The Brm-HDAC3-Erm repressor complex suppresses dedifferentiation in Drosophila type II neuroblast lineages
Evolution persistently undermines vector control programs through insecticide resistance . Here we propose a novel strategy which instead exploits evolution to generate and sustain new control tools . Effective spatial repellents are needed to keep vectors out of houses . Our approach generates such new repellents by c...	Many of the mosquito species that transmit malaria have evolved to bite humans indoors at night , and therefore health programs target them using insecticides sprayed on surfaces inside people’s homes . This strategy , however , stops working when mosquito populations evolve to resist the insecticide used , either beca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2016	Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents
Muscles organise pseudo-crystalline arrays of actin , myosin and titin filaments to build force-producing sarcomeres . To study sarcomerogenesis , we have generated a transcriptomics resource of developing Drosophila flight muscles and identified 40 distinct expression profile clusters . Strikingly , most sarcomeric co...	Animals may have different types of muscles but they all have one thing in common: molecular machines called sarcomeres that produce a pulling force . Conserved from fruit flies to humans , these structures line up end-to-end inside muscle cells , forming long cables called myofibrils . Some of the myofibrils in a huma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	A transcriptomics resource reveals a transcriptional transition during ordered sarcomere morphogenesis in flight muscle
Neutrophil responses against pathogens must be balanced between protection and immunopathology . Factors that determine these outcomes are not well-understood . In a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus-2 ( HSV-2 ) infection , which results in severe genital inflammation , antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion ...	Herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) is a human pathogen that causes genital herpes , an incurable disease that results in recurrent sores and inflammation . Infection with HSV induces a strong antiviral immune response , which results in large numbers of immune cells arriving at these lesions . But while some of these cells h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	A sustained type I IFN-neutrophil-IL-18 axis drives pathology during mucosal viral infection
Genomic rearrangements associated with speciation often result in variation in chromosome number among closely related species . Malassezia species show variable karyotypes ranging between six and nine chromosomes . Here , we experimentally identified all eight centromeres in M . sympodialis as 3–5-kb long kinetochore-...	Millions of yeast , bacteria and other microbes live in or on the human body . A type of yeast known as Malassezia is one of the most abundantmicrobes living on our skin . Generally , Malassezia do not cause symptoms in humans but are associated with dandruff , dermatitis and other skin conditions in susceptible indivi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Loss of centromere function drives karyotype evolution in closely related Malassezia species
Non-coding mutations may drive cancer development . Statistical detection of non-coding driver regions is challenged by a varying mutation rate and uncertainty of functional impact . Here , we develop a statistically founded non-coding driver-detection method , ncdDetect , which includes sample-specific mutational sign...	Cancers are diseases caused by changes in DNA sequences . Some changes occur in the protein-coding part of the DNA sequence , in other words , in the stretches of DNA that include the instructions to make a given protein . Other changes occur in the remaining parts of the DNA that do not code for proteins , which accou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Non-coding cancer driver candidates identified with a sample- and position-specific model of the somatic mutation rate
Heterotypic cooperation—two populations exchanging distinct benefits that are costly to produce—is widespread . Cheaters , exploiting benefits while evading contribution , can undermine cooperation . Two mechanisms can stabilize heterotypic cooperation . In ‘partner choice’ , cooperators recognize and choose cooperatin...	Cooperation between individuals of the same species , and also between different species , is known to be important in evolution . Large fish , for example , rely on small cleaner fish to remove parasites , while the small fish benefit from the nutrients in these parasites . However , cooperation can be undermined by o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2013	Spatial self-organization favors heterotypic cooperation over cheating
Upon endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress , the transmembrane endoribonuclease Ire1α performs mRNA cleavage reactions to increase the ER folding capacity . It is unclear how the low abundant Ire1α efficiently finds and cleaves the majority of mRNAs at the ER membrane . Here , we reveal that Ire1α forms a complex with th...	Proteins are made up of long chains of smaller building blocks called amino acids . To build this chain , a molecule called mRNA is ‘translated’ into the sequence of amino acids by a molecular machine called a ribosome . In order to work , the protein chain must then be folded into a complex shape . For many proteins ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	A functional link between the co-translational protein translocation pathway and the UPR
Aneuploidy in human eggs is the leading cause of pregnancy loss and Down’s syndrome . Aneuploid eggs result from chromosome segregation errors when an egg develops from a progenitor cell , called an oocyte . The mechanisms that lead to an increase in aneuploidy with advanced maternal age are largely unclear . Here , we...	Older women are more likely to experience a miscarriage or give birth to a child who has a developmental disorder . This occurs because age increases the chances that a woman’s egg cells will have the wrong number of chromosomes . If a sperm fertilizes an egg with too many or too few copies of a chromosome , the result...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Sister kinetochore splitting and precocious disintegration of bivalents could explain the maternal age effect
Stable surface adhesion of cells is one of the early pivotal steps in bacterial biofilm formation , a prevalent adaptation strategy in response to changing environments . In Pseudomonas fluorescens , this process is regulated by the Lap system and the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP . High cytoplasmic levels of cyclic-d...	While bacteria often live as unicellular microorganisms , many bacteria are capable of sticking together on a surface and forming a multicellular structure called a biofilm . Bacterial biofilms occur frequently in nature; for example , on the roots of plants and submerged rocks . While these biofilms are generally inno...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	Mechanistic insight into the conserved allosteric regulation of periplasmic proteolysis by the signaling molecule cyclic-di-GMP
The brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients show a decrease in brain mass and a preponderance of extracellular Amyloid-β plaques . These plaques are formed by aggregation of polypeptides that are derived from the Amyloid Precursor Protein ( APP ) . Amyloid-β plaques are thought to play either a direct or an indirect rol...	Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition that damages the brain over time . The cause is not clear , but a toxic molecule called Amyloid-β peptide seems to play a part . It builds up in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease , forming hard clumps called plaques . Yet , though the plaques are a hallmark of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Application of optogenetic Amyloid-β distinguishes between metabolic and physical damages in neurodegeneration
Posterior parietal cortex ( PPC ) has been implicated in navigation , in the control of movement , and in visually-guided decisions . To relate these views , we measured activity in PPC while mice performed a virtual navigation task driven by visual decisions . PPC neurons were selective for specific combinations of th...	When we step out of our homes in the morning , we scan our surroundings to decide which path we should take . It is still unclear whether we use different brain areas to examine the environment , decide on a route , and then set our trajectory , or if a single region can play a role in all three processes . An area in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Decision and navigation in mouse parietal cortex
Pregnancy complications are poorly represented in the archeological record , despite their importance in contemporary and ancient societies . While excavating a Byzantine cemetery in Troy , we discovered calcified abscesses among a woman’s remains . Scanning electron microscopy of the tissue revealed ‘ghost cells’ , re...	Why and how have some bacteria evolved to cause illness in humans ? One way to study bacterial evolution is to search for ancient samples of bacteria and use DNA sequencing technology to investigate how modern bacteria have changed from their ancestors . Understanding the evolution process may help researchers to under...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	A molecular portrait of maternal sepsis from Byzantine Troy
Enabled/Vasodilator ( Ena/VASP ) proteins promote actin filament assembly at multiple locations , including: leading edge membranes , focal adhesions , and the surface of intracellular pathogens . One important Ena/VASP regulator is the mig-10/Lamellipodin/RIAM family of adaptors that promote lamellipod formation in fi...	Actin—the most abundant protein in most eukaryotic cells—assembles into a network of filaments that spans the length and breadth of the cell . Like the skeleton of an animal , this ‘actin cytoskeleton’ gives the cell its shape and strength , and enables the cell to actively move through its environment . To start movin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Lamellipodin promotes actin assembly by clustering Ena/VASP proteins and tethering them to actin filaments
During illumination , the light-sensitive plasma membrane ( rhabdomere ) of Drosophila photoreceptors undergoes turnover with consequent changes in size and composition . However , the mechanism by which illumination is coupled to rhabdomere turnover remains unclear . We find that photoreceptors contain a light-depende...	Certain cells in the eye contain a receptor protein known as rhodopsin that enables them to detect light . Rhodopsin is found in distinct patches on the membrane surrounding each of these “photoreceptor” cells and the number of rhodopsin molecules present controls how sensitive the cell is to light . In humans , vitami...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Phospholipase D activity couples plasma membrane endocytosis with retromer dependent recycling
Cellular differentiation requires both activation of target cell transcriptional programs and repression of non-target cell programs . The Myt1 family of zinc finger transcription factors contributes to fibroblast to neuron reprogramming in vitro . Here , we show that ztf-11 ( Zinc-finger Transcription Factor-11 ) , th...	The human body contains many cell types that each have different job and can look very different from each other . However , each of the cells in an individual’s body contains almost exactly the same genes , because all of them share the same DNA inherited from the individual’s parents . Cells therefore become differen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	A Myt1 family transcription factor defines neuronal fate by repressing non-neuronal genes
The emergence of new and increasingly sophisticated behaviors after birth is accompanied by dramatic increase of newly established synaptic connections in the nervous system . Little is known , however , of how nascent connections are organized to support such new behaviors alongside existing ones . To understand this ...	Newborn babies have limited abilities . Indeed , most of our actions shortly after birth are the result of reflexes that serve our most basic need: to stay alive . As we get older , however , our behaviour gradually becomes more sophisticated . During this time , the billions of cells in our brain form new connections ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2019	Chronology-based architecture of descending circuits that underlie the development of locomotor repertoire after birth
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases , but elucidation of underlying mechanisms is limited experimentally by the inability to damage specific mitochondria in defined neuronal groups . We developed a precision chemoptogenetic approach to target neuronal mitochondr...	Most life processes require the energy produced by small cellular compartments called mitochondria . Many internal and external factors can harm these miniature powerhouses , potentially leading to cell death . For instance , in patients with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease , dying neurons often show mitochondrial d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Chemoptogenetic ablation of neuronal mitochondria in vivo with spatiotemporal precision and controllable severity
Propagation of non-linear waves is key to the functioning of diverse biological systems . Such waves can organize into spirals , rotating around a core , whose properties determine the overall wave dynamics . Theoretically , manipulation of a spiral wave core should lead to full spatiotemporal control over its dynamics...	From a spinning galaxy to a swarm of honeybees , rotating spirals are widespread in nature . Even within the muscles of the heart , waves of electrical activity sometimes rotate spirally , leading to irregular heart rhythms or arrhythmia – a condition that can be fatal . Irrespective of where they occur , spiral waves ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Optogenetics enables real-time spatiotemporal control over spiral wave dynamics in an excitable cardiac system
TNFα signaling in the vascular endothelium elicits multiple inflammatory responses that drive vascular destabilization and leakage . Bioactive lipids are main drivers of these processes . In vitro mechanistic studies of bioactive lipids have been largely based on two-dimensional endothelial cell cultures that , due to ...	In a range of conditions called autoimmune diseases , the immune system attacks the body rather than foreign elements . This can cause inflammation that is harmful for many organs . In particular , immune cells can produce excessive amounts of a chemical messenger called tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNFα for short ) ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2020	Metabolic response of blood vessels to TNFα
Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal lung disease characterized by fibrotic foci and inflammatory infiltrates . Short telomeres can impair tissue regeneration and are found both in hereditary and sporadic cases . We show here that telomerase expression using AAV9 vectors shows therapeutic effects in a mouse model of pulmonary...	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ( or IPF for short ) is a rare disease that scars the lungs . The condition gets worse over time , making it harder and harder to breathe , and eventually leading to death . Patients typically only survive for a few years after being diagnosed with IPF . This is because , as yet , there is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2018	Therapeutic effects of telomerase in mice with pulmonary fibrosis induced by damage to the lungs and short telomeres
The activation induced cytidine deaminase ( AID ) protein is known to initiate somatic hypermutation , gene conversion or switch recombination by cytidine deamination within the immunoglobulin loci . Using chromosomally integrated fluorescence reporter transgenes , we demonstrate a new recombinogenic activity of AID le...	Mutation can be harmful because changes to genes can disrupt vital processes or even cause diseases such as cancer . However , some genetic mutations can also be beneficial . Cells of the immune system , for example , need to create antibodies that attack a huge diversity of invading microbes . To do this , immune cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Induction of homologous recombination between sequence repeats by the activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) protein
Regulators of G-protein Signaling are a conserved family of proteins required in various biological processes including cell differentiation . We previously demonstrated that Rgs12 is essential for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion in vivo protected mice against pathological bone loss . To characterize its me...	Human bodies change with age , and the skeleton is among the parts of the body most visibly affected . This is because bone tissue tends to decrease as the skeleton gets older . For example , people often get shorter as they get older , mostly because they lose bone mass in areas of the skeleton that support posture . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Regulator of G protein signaling 12 enhances osteoclastogenesis by suppressing Nrf2-dependent antioxidant proteins to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species
In pyramidal neurons such as hippocampal area CA1 and basolateral amygdala , a slow afterhyperpolarization ( sAHP ) follows a burst of action potentials , which is a powerful regulator of neuronal excitability . The sAHP amplitude increases with aging and may underlie age related memory decline . The sAHP is due to a C...	Neurons carry signals in the form of electrical impulses called action potentials . These nerve impulses result from ions flowing through proteins called ion channels in the neuron’s membrane , and they determine how the neuron communicates with neighboring neurons . The number of action potentials a neuron can produce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	IK1 channels do not contribute to the slow afterhyperpolarization in pyramidal neurons
U1 snRNP binds to the 5′ exon-intron junction of pre-mRNA and thus plays a crucial role at an early stage of pre-mRNA splicing . We present two crystal structures of engineered U1 sub-structures , which together reveal at atomic resolution an almost complete network of protein–protein and RNA-protein interactions withi...	Genes are made up of long stretches of DNA . The regions of a gene that code for proteins ( known as exons ) are interrupted by stretches of non-coding DNA called introns . To produce proteins from a gene , the DNA is ‘transcribed’ to form pre-mRNA molecules , from which the introns must be removed in a process called ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Crystal structure of human U1 snRNP, a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle, reveals the mechanism of 5′ splice site recognition
Ribonucleotide reductases ( RNRs ) convert ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides , a reaction essential for DNA replication and repair . Human RNR requires two subunits for activity , the α subunit contains the active site , and the β subunit houses the radical cofactor . Here , we present a 3 . 3-Å resolution stru...	Cells often need to make more DNA , for example when they are about to divide or need to repair their genetic information . The building blocks of DNA – also called deoxyribonucleotides – are created through a series of biochemical reactions . Among the enzymes that accomplish these reactions , ribonucleotide reductase...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	3.3-Å resolution cryo-EM structure of human ribonucleotide reductase with substrate and allosteric regulators bound
Meiotic drive is the preferential transmission of a particular allele during sexual reproduction . The phenomenon is observed as spore killing in multiple fungi . In natural populations of Podospora anserina , seven spore killer types ( Psks ) have been identified through classical genetic analyses . Here we show that ...	In many organisms , most cells carry two versions of a given gene , one coming from the mother and the other from the father . An exception is sexual cells such as eggs , sperm , pollen or spores , which should only contain one variant of a gene . During their formation , these cells usually have an equal chance of inh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Combinations of Spok genes create multiple meiotic drivers in Podospora
Mapping polyclonal serum responses is critical to rational vaccine design . However , most high-resolution mapping approaches involve isolating and characterizing individual antibodies , which incompletely defines the polyclonal response . Here we use two complementary approaches to directly map the specificities of th...	Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce proteins called antibodies . These antibodies bind to the virus targeted by the vaccine and block the virus from infecting cells . It has been difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV because frequent mutations allow it to evade antibodies . Understanding exactly ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	High-resolution mapping of the neutralizing and binding specificities of polyclonal sera post-HIV Env trimer vaccination
The FDA approved drug rapamycin increases lifespan in rodents and delays age-related dysfunction in rodents and humans . Nevertheless , important questions remain regarding the optimal dose , duration , and mechanisms of action in the context of healthy aging . Here we show that 3 months of rapamycin treatment is suffi...	Old age is the single greatest risk factor for many diseases including heart disease , arthritis , cancer and dementia . By delaying the biological aging process , it may be possible to reduce the impact of age-related diseases , which could have great benefits for society and the quality of life of individuals . A dru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice
Amyloid-β ( Aβ ) -containing extracellular plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau-loaded intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) . Although Aβ exerts neuropathogenic activity through tau , the mechanistic link between Aβ and tau pathology remains unknown . Here ,...	In Alzheimer’s disease , damage to neurons in the brain gradually causes memory loss and difficulties with thinking . The main hallmarks of this damage are seen in the accumulation of proteins in and around neurons . First , a protein called amyloid beta forms aggregates outside the cell . This appears to lead to the b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2016	FcγRIIb-SHIP2 axis links Aβ to tau pathology by disrupting phosphoinositide metabolism in Alzheimer's disease model
The NG2+ glia , also known as polydendrocytes or oligodendrocyte precursor cells , represent a new entity among glial cell populations in the central nervous system . However , the complete repertoire of their roles is not yet identified . The embryonic NG2+ glia originate from the Nkx2 . 1+ progenitors of the ventral ...	In the brain , nerve cells and blood vessels form complex networks that are interconnected . The networks of blood vessels form as the main regions of the brain develop in the embryo . During this time , glial cells provide physical support to the developing nerve cells and produce signals that guide them to the correc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	NG2 glia are required for vessel network formation during embryonic development
To prepare timely motor actions , we constantly predict future events . Regularly repeating events are often perceived as a rhythm to which we can readily synchronize our movements , just as in dancing to music . However , the neuronal mechanisms underlying the capacity to encode and maintain rhythms are not understood...	A catchy tune on the radio , and suddenly we are tapping our foot and moving our bodies to the rhythm of the music . We can follow a beat because our motor neurons , the nerve cells that control movements , work together in circuits . During actions that require precise timing – such as dancing to a rhythm – the motor ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Entrainment and maintenance of an internal metronome in supplementary motor area
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation , but how they do so is unclear . The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM , a regulator of membrane trafficking , positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell , polar transpor...	Plants , animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example , oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs . To achieve these transformations , the cells in those living things must grow , divide and change their shape and other features . Plants and animals specify ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling
Humans form social coalitions in every society , yet we know little about how we learn and represent social group boundaries . Here we derive predictions from a computational model of latent structure learning to move beyond explicit category labels and interpersonal , or dyadic , similarity as the sole inputs to socia...	In every society , people form social coalitions — we draw boundaries between 'us' and 'them' . But how do we decide who is one of 'us' and who is one of 'them' ? One way is to use arbitrary categories . For example , we say that those living 49 degrees north of the Earth’s equator are Canadian , whereas those living s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Social structure learning in human anterior insula
While complex dynamic biological networks control gene expression in all living organisms , the forward engineering of comparable synthetic networks remains challenging . The current paradigm of characterizing synthetic networks in cells results in lengthy design-build-test cycles , minimal data collection , and poor q...	Engineers often use simplified models to test their ideas . For example , engineers test small-scale models of new airplane designs in wind tunnels to see how easily air flows by them . This saves the engineers the time and expense of building a full-sized aircraft only to learn it has serious design flaws . The intera...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Rapid cell-free forward engineering of novel genetic ring oscillators
Desensitization in pentameric ligand-gated ion channels plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability . Here , we show that docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , a key ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in synaptic membranes , enhances the agonist-induced transition to the desensitized state in the prokaryotic chann...	The nerve cells ( or neurons ) in the brain communicate with each other by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters that bind to ion channels on neighboring neurons . This ultimately causes ions to flow in or out of the receiving neuron through these ion channels; this ion flow determines how the neuron responds . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Crystal structure and dynamics of a lipid-induced potential desensitized-state of a pentameric ligand-gated channel
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling ( MAVS ) protein is required for innate immune responses against RNA viruses . In virus-infected cells MAVS forms prion-like aggregates to activate antiviral signaling cascades , but the underlying structural mechanism is unknown . Here we report cryo-electron microscopic structures of...	When infected by a virus , the body will generally launch an immune response to eliminate the infectious agent . Activation of the innate immune system–the first line of defense against infection—requires the host cells to recognize the presence of a pathogen and to sound the alarm once the invader is detected . Viruse...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Structural basis for the prion-like MAVS filaments in antiviral innate immunity
Two mammalian genes , Kcnt1 and Kcnt2 , encode pore-forming subunits of Na+-dependent K+ ( KNa ) channels . Progress in understanding KNa channels has been hampered by the absence of specific tools and methods for rigorous KNa identification in native cells . Here , we report the genetic disruption of both Kcnt1 and Kc...	The billions of neurons in the brain send information along their lengths in the form of electrical signals called action potentials . These signals are produced by charged ions , such as sodium and potassium ions , moving into and out of the neuron . To ‘fire’ an action potential , sodium ions rapidly enter the neuron...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Knockout of Slo2.2 enhances itch, abolishes KNa current, and increases action potential firing frequency in DRG neurons
Restriction factors and pattern recognition receptors are important components of intrinsic cellular defenses against viral infection . Mammalian TRIM5α proteins are restriction factors and receptors that target the capsid cores of retroviruses and activate ubiquitin-dependent antiviral responses upon capsid recognitio...	After infecting a cell , a virus reprograms the cell to produce new copies of the virus , which then spread to other cells . However , cells have evolved ways to fight back against this infection . For example , many mammalian cells contain proteins called restriction factors that prevent the virus from multiplying . T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Mechanism of B-box 2 domain-mediated higher-order assembly of the retroviral restriction factor TRIM5α
CRISPR/Cas9 efficiently induces targeted mutations via non-homologous-end-joining but for genome editing , precise , homology-directed repair ( HDR ) of endogenous DNA stretches is a prerequisite . To favor HDR , many approaches interfere with the repair machinery or manipulate Cas9 itself . Using Medaka we show that t...	CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized the ability of researchers to edit the DNA of any organism whose genome has already been sequenced . In the editing process , a section of RNA acts as a guide to match up to the location of the target DNA . The enzyme Cas9 then makes a cut in both strands of the DNA at this spe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2018	Efficient single-copy HDR by 5’ modified long dsDNA donors
Next-generation and Sanger sequencing were combined to identify disease-causing USH2A mutations in an adult patient with autosomal recessive RP . Induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) , generated from the patient’s keratinocytes , were differentiated into multi-layer eyecup-like structures with features of human ret...	Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited disorder in which the gradual degeneration of light-sensitive cells in the outer retina , known as photoreceptors , causes a progressive loss of sight . Retinitis pigmentosa can also occur as part of a wider syndrome: patients with Usher syndrome , for example , suffer from early-on...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "developmental", "biology" ]	2013	Patient-specific iPSC-derived photoreceptor precursor cells as a means to investigate retinitis pigmentosa
The adaptive potential of the language network to compensate for lesions remains elusive . We show that perturbation of a semantic region in the healthy brain induced suppression of activity in a large semantic network and upregulation of neighbouring phonological areas . After perturbation , the disrupted area increas...	Taking part in a conversation requires us to extract meaning from a complex series of sounds by recognising words and phrases . We then need to decide on a response , and plan and execute the lip and tongue movements necessary to generate that response . Each of these processes – from analysing the meaning of words to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Rapid short-term reorganization in the language network
Despite the rising prevalence of methadone treatment in pregnant women with opioid use disorder , the effects of methadone on neurobehavioral development remain unclear . We developed a translational mouse model of prenatal methadone exposure ( PME ) that resembles the typical pattern of opioid use by pregnant women wh...	The far-reaching opioid crisis extends to babies born to mothers who take prescription or illicit opioids during pregnancy . Opioids such as oxycodone and methadone can freely cross the placenta from mother to baby . With the rising misuse of and addiction to opioids , the number of babies born physically dependent on ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Prenatal methadone exposure disrupts behavioral development and alters motor neuron intrinsic properties and local circuitry
Mutant KRAS colorectal cancer ( CRC ) cells release protein-laden exosomes that can alter the tumor microenvironment . To test whether exosomal RNAs also contribute to changes in gene expression in recipient cells , and whether mutant KRAS might regulate the composition of secreted microRNAs ( miRNAs ) , we compared sm...	Cells use several different methods to control which genes are expressed to produce the proteins and RNA molecules that they need to work efficiently . The first step of gene expression is to transcribe a gene to form an RNA molecule . Protein-coding mRNA molecules can then be translated to make proteins . However , ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes
While the heart regenerates poorly in mammals , efficient heart regeneration occurs in zebrafish . Studies in zebrafish have resulted in a model in which preexisting cardiomyocytes dedifferentiate and reinitiate proliferation to replace the lost myocardium . To identify which processes occur in proliferating cardiomyoc...	Heart attacks are a common cause of death in the Western world . During a heart attack , oxygen levels in the affected part of the heart decrease , which causes heart muscle cells to die . In humans the dead cells are replaced by a permanent scar that stabilizes the injury but does not completely heal it . As a result ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Single-cell analysis uncovers that metabolic reprogramming by ErbB2 signaling is essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the regenerating heart
Chemotaxis proteins organize into large , highly ordered , chemotactic signaling arrays , which in Vibrio species are found at the cell pole . Proper localization of signaling arrays is mediated by ParP , which tethers arrays to a cell pole anchor , ParC . Here we show that ParP’s C-terminus integrates into the core-un...	Many bacteria live in a liquid environment and explore their surroundings by swimming . When in search of food , bacteria are able to swim toward the highest concentration of food molecules in the environment by a process called chemotaxis . Proteins important for chemotaxis group together in large networks called chem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Coupling chemosensory array formation and localization
Diffusible small molecule microbial hormones drastically alter the expression profiles of antibiotics and other drugs in actinobacteria . For example , avenolide ( a butenolide ) regulates the production of avermectin , derivatives of which are used in the treatment of river blindness and other parasitic diseases . But...	Bacteria that dwell in soil known as actinobacteria are the source of many drugs that are used to treat cancer and infectious diseases in humans . In their natural environments actinobacteria produce these drugs , or at least similar compounds , to compete with neighboring microbes for food or to kill their enemies . H...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2020	Biochemical basis for the regulation of biosynthesis of antiparasitics by bacterial hormones
We investigated the role of full-length Drosophila Bicaudal D ( BicD ) binding partners in dynein-dynactin activation for mRNA transport on microtubules . Full-length BicD robustly activated dynein-dynactin motility only when both the mRNA binding protein Egalitarian ( Egl ) and K10 mRNA cargo were present , and electr...	Cytoplasmic dynein is a motor-like protein that uses energy to transport cargo where it is needed within cells . It moves along protein filaments called microtubules , which act like miniature tracks . Once dynein engages with microtubules , it then picks up cargo using adaptor proteins . In fruit flies , this cargo in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2018	Recruitment of two dyneins to an mRNA-dependent Bicaudal D transport complex
Sphingolipids are abundant membrane components and important signaling molecules in eukaryotic cells . Their levels and localization are tightly regulated . However , the mechanisms underlying this regulation remain largely unknown . In this study , we identify the Golgi-associated retrograde protein ( GARP ) complex ,...	Every cell is enveloped by a membrane that forms a barrier between the cell and its environment . This membrane contains fat molecules called ‘sphingolipids’ , which help to maintain the structure of the membrane and enable it to work correctly . These molecules are also used as signals to send information around the i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	The GARP complex is required for cellular sphingolipid homeostasis
Signaling filopodia , termed cytonemes , are dynamic actin-based membrane structures that regulate the exchange of signaling molecules and their receptors within tissues . However , how cytoneme formation is regulated remains unclear . Here , we show that Wnt/planar cell polarity ( PCP ) autocrine signaling controls th...	Communication helps the cells that make up tissues and organs to work together as a team . One way that cells share information with each other as tissues grow and develop is by exchanging signaling proteins . These interact with receptors on the surface of other cells; this causes the cell to change how it behaves . T...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Wnt/PCP controls spreading of Wnt/β-catenin signals by cytonemes in vertebrates
Eutherians are often mistakenly termed ‘placental mammals’ , but marsupials also have a placenta to mediate early embryonic development . Lactation is necessary for both infant and fetal development in eutherians and marsupials , although marsupials have a far more complex milk repertoire that facilitates morphogenesis...	Before birth , mammals in their mother’s womb are provided with nutrients and oxygen via an organ called the placenta . After birth , the mother produces milk to feed her young , which supports their continuing development . The majority of living mammals , from mice to humans , belong to a group known as “eutheria” an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Molecular conservation of marsupial and eutherian placentation and lactation
Variation in DNA methylation enables plants to inherit traits independently of changes to DNA sequence . Here , we have screened an Arabidopsis population of epigenetic recombinant inbred lines ( epiRILs ) for resistance against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ( Hpa ) . These lines share the same genetic background , bu...	In plants , animals and microbes genetic information is encoded by DNA , which are made up of sequences of building blocks , called nucleotide bases . These sequences can be separated into sections known as genes that each encode specific traits . It was previously thought that only changes to the sequence of bases in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2019	Identification and characterisation of hypomethylated DNA loci controlling quantitative resistance in Arabidopsis
Domains in macromolecular complexes are often considered structurally and functionally conserved while energetically coupled to each other . In the modular voltage-gated ion channels the central ion-conducting pore is surrounded by four voltage sensing domains ( VSDs ) . Here , the energetic coupling is mediated by int...	Cells in the heart and other muscles rely on electrical signals to coordinate their activity . They generate these electrical signals by controlling the movement of ions across the membrane that surrounds each cell . Proteins called ion channels in this membrane form pores that allow particular types of ions to pass th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	The isolated voltage sensing domain of the Shaker potassium channel forms a voltage-gated cation channel
Resolving patterns of synaptic connectivity in neural circuits currently requires serial section electron microscopy . However , complete circuit reconstruction is prohibitively slow and may not be necessary for many purposes such as comparing neuronal structure and connectivity among multiple animals . Here , we prese...	Neurons connect with each other to form complex circuits that underlie mental activities . Mapping these connections to obtain a so-called wiring diagram is an essential step in learning how the brain works . The only way to do this precisely enough is by using electron microscopy . However , this technique is so time-...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Reconstruction of genetically identified neurons imaged by serial-section electron microscopy
In Caenorhabditis elegans , ablation of germline stem cells ( GSCs ) extends lifespan , but also increases fat accumulation and alters lipid metabolism , raising the intriguing question of how these effects might be related . Here , we show that a lack of GSCs results in a broad transcriptional reprogramming in which t...	Understanding how animals age may help us to prevent age-related or chronic diseases , such as type 2 diabetes and cancer . The tiny nematode worm known as C . elegans is widely used as a model to study aging and has enabled researchers to identify factors that can slow down the aging process . Like other animals , the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Lipid-mediated regulation of SKN-1/Nrf in response to germ cell absence
During prolonged nutrient restriction , developing animals redistribute vital nutrients to favor brain growth at the expense of other organs . In Drosophila , such brain sparing relies on a glia-derived growth factor to sustain proliferation of neural stem cells . However , whether other aspects of neural development a...	The organs of a young animal develop in a carefully controlled way to reach the right size relative to each other . However , if the animal’s diet does not contain the right amount of nutrients — a condition known as malnutrition – the body prioritizes the needs of the brain and other vital organs . This means that cer...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Low FoxO expression in Drosophila somatosensory neurons protects dendrite growth under nutrient restriction
Human dengue viruses emerged from primate reservoirs , yet paradoxically dengue does not reach high titers in primate models . This presents a unique opportunity to examine the genetics of spillover versus reservoir hosts . The dengue virus 2 ( DENV2 ) - encoded protease cleaves human STING , reducing type I interferon...	Dengue viruses are found in over 100 countries and cause the tropical disease known as dengue fever . Dengue viruses affect around 100 million people per year and can – in severe cases – lead to death . Unlike many other deadly diseases , there is currently no vaccine that completely prevents dengue fever . It is thoug...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Dengue viruses cleave STING in humans but not in nonhuman primates, their presumed natural reservoir
The mitochondrial contact site and cristae junction ( CJ ) organizing system ( MICOS ) dynamically regulate mitochondrial membrane architecture . Through systematic proteomic analysis of human MICOS , we identified QIL1 ( C19orf70 ) as a novel conserved MICOS subunit . QIL1 depletion disrupted CJ structure in cultured ...	Mitochondria are the cell's power plants , and churn out molecules that provide a portable energy source throughout the cell . To do this efficiently , the mitochondria have a double membrane . The inner membrane is ruffled , which provides a large surface area for energy-producing reactions to occur on . Structures ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	QIL1 is a novel mitochondrial protein required for MICOS complex stability and cristae morphology
Transmitter release at synapses is regulated by preceding neuronal activity , which can give rise to short-term enhancement of release like post-tetanic potentiation ( PTP ) . Diacylglycerol ( DAG ) and Protein-kinase C ( PKC ) signaling in the nerve terminal have been widely implicated in the short-term modulation of ...	Brain function depends on the rapid transfer of information from one brain cell to the next at junctions known as synapses . Small packages called vesicles play an important role in this process . The arrival of an electrical action potential at the nerve terminal of the first cell causes some vesicles in the cell to f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Munc18-1 is a dynamically regulated PKC target during short-term enhancement of transmitter release
The maintenance of a constant ATP level ( ‘set-point’ ) is a vital homeostatic function shared by eukaryotic cells . In particular , mammalian myocardium exquisitely safeguards its ATP set-point despite 10-fold fluctuations in cardiac workload . However , the exact mechanisms underlying this regulation of ATP homeostas...	A small molecule called ATP is often referred to as the primary “energy currency” of living cells . It is required to power tasks as diverse as the general housekeeping processes that keep all cells alive to the programmed cell death response that dismantles any cells that are no longer needed . It is also crucial that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Mitochondrial flashes regulate ATP homeostasis in the heart
The presumed totipotency of plant cells leads to questions about how specific stem cell lineages and terminal fates could be established . In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage , a transient self-renewing phase creates precursors that differentiate into one of two epidermal cell types , guard cells or pavement cells . We...	Stem cells in animals and plants help to make and replenish the tissues of the body by dividing and becoming specialized types of cells . Once specialized for a certain function , it is important that a cell keeps that function . In plant leaves , one type of stem cell makes two different types of specialized cells: pa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2014	Irreversible fate commitment in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage requires a FAMA and RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED module
Many proteins of the mitochondrial IMS contain conserved cysteines that are oxidized to disulfide bonds during their import . The conserved IMS protein Mia40 is essential for the oxidation and import of these proteins . Mia40 consists of two functional elements: an N-terminal cysteine-proline-cysteine motif conferring ...	Human , yeast and other eukaryotic cells contain compartments called mitochondria that perform several vital tasks , including supplying the cell with energy . Each mitochondrion is surrounded by an inner and an outer membrane , which are separated by an intermembrane space that contains a host of molecules , including...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Mia40 is a trans-site receptor that drives protein import into the mitochondrial intermembrane space by hydrophobic substrate binding
Many multicellular organisms rely on symbiotic associations for support of metabolic activity , protection , or energy . Understanding the mechanisms involved in controlling such interactions remains a major challenge . In an unbiased approach we identified key players that control the symbiosis between Hydra viridissi...	All animals host microorganisms; some of which form ‘symbiotic’ relationships with their host that are mutually beneficial . For instance , the human gut shelters tens of thousands of species of bacteria that break down our food for us , and corals , jellyfish or sea anemones can extract energy directly from sunlight t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Metabolic co-dependence drives the evolutionarily ancient Hydra–Chlorella symbiosis
During metaphase , chromosome position at the spindle equator is regulated by the forces exerted by kinetochore microtubules and polar ejection forces . However , the role of forces arising from mechanical coupling of sister kinetochore fibers with bridging fibers in chromosome alignment is unknown . Here , we develop ...	Before cells divide to create copies of themselves , they need to duplicate their genetic material . To help split their DNA evenly , they build a machine called the mitotic spindle . The mitotic spindle is made of fine , tube-like structures called microtubules , which catch the chromosomes containing the genetic info...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Optogenetic control of PRC1 reveals its role in chromosome alignment on the spindle by overlap length-dependent forces
The canonical mechanism for multispanning membrane protein topogenesis suggests that protein topology is established during cotranslational membrane integration . However , this mechanism is inconsistent with the behavior of EmrE , a dual-topology protein for which the mutation of positively charged loop residues , eve...	Proteins are long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids , and are built inside cells by a molecular machine called the ribosome . Many important proteins must be inserted into the membrane that surrounds each cell in order to carry out their role . As these proteins are being built by the ribosome , they threa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Regulation of multispanning membrane protein topology via post-translational annealing
Tardigrades , also known as water bears , are animals that can survive extreme conditions . The tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus contains a unique nuclear protein termed Dsup , for damage suppressor , which can increase the resistance of human cells to DNA damage under conditions , such as ionizing radiation or hyd...	Tardigrades , also known as water bears and moss piglets , are small animals found in many different environments on land and sea . These animals have the remarkable ability to survive extremes including very low temperatures , high levels of radiation and exposure to chemicals that are harmful to other forms of life ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2019	The tardigrade damage suppressor protein binds to nucleosomes and protects DNA from hydroxyl radicals
Complex motor skills take considerable time and practice to learn . Without continued practice the level of skill performance quickly degrades , posing a problem for the timely utilization of skilled motor behaviors . Here we quantified the recurring development of vocal motor skills and the accompanying changes in syn...	Developing a complex skill , for example learning how to play the violin , takes considerable time and effort . If you then abandon the violin for months or years , your ability to play will deteriorate over time . However , when you do pick up the violin again you will be able to recover your proficiency much faster t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Accelerated redevelopment of vocal skills is preceded by lasting reorganization of the song motor circuitry
Most bones in mammals display a limited capacity for natural large-scale repair . The ribs are a notable exception , yet the source of their remarkable regenerative ability remains unknown . Here , we identify a Sox9-expressing periosteal subpopulation that orchestrates large-scale regeneration of murine rib bones . De...	Fractures to major bones often heal slowly or incompletely , especially in older people , and large bone injuries do not repair naturally . By comparison , rib bones show an unusual capacity to regrow and repair themselves even when a large portion is damaged . Previous research suggests that the connective tissue arou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "research", "communication" ]	2019	Sox9+ messenger cells orchestrate large-scale skeletal regeneration in the mammalian rib
Most life forms on Earth are supported by solar energy harnessed by oxygenic photosynthesis . In eukaryotes , photosynthesis is achieved by large membrane-embedded super-complexes , containing reaction centers and connected antennae . Here , we report the structure of the higher plant PSI-LHCI super-complex determined ...	Most plants , green algae and some bacteria use a process called photosynthesis to convert energy from sunlight into the chemical energy they need to survive and grow . With this energy , these organisms use carbon dioxide and water to create organic matter and release oxygen into the atmosphere . Therefore , photosynt...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	The structure of plant photosystem I super-complex at 2.8 Å resolution
Skeletal muscle degeneration is a complication arising from a variety of chronic diseases including advanced cancer . Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α plays a pivotal role in mediating cancer-related skeletal muscle degeneration . Here , we show a novel function for retinoblastoma protein ( Rb ) , where Rb causes sarcom...	Skeletal muscles , such as the biceps and calves , are one of three main muscle groups in the body , and a range of chronic diseases—including cancer , heart disease and AIDS—can cause wasting and a loss of strength in these muscles . Many different cellular processes are known to be involved in the degeneration of ske...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Cytoplasmic translocation of the retinoblastoma protein disrupts sarcomeric organization
Animals consolidate some , but not all , learning experiences into long-term memory . Across the animal kingdom , sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on the consolidation of recently formed memories into long-term storage . However , the underlying mechanisms of sleep dependent memory consolidation are poo...	Why do some memories fade after only a few seconds , whereas others last a lifetime ? Studies suggest that part of the explanation has to do with sleep . Experiments in rodents show that neural circuits that are active during learning become active again when an animal sleeps . This process of reactivation , which may ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Neuronal reactivation during post-learning sleep consolidates long-term memory in Drosophila
Despite their simplicity , longitudinal studies of invertebrate models are rare . We thus sought to characterize behavioral trends of Caenorhabditis elegans , from the mid fourth larval stage through the mid young adult stage . We found that , outside of lethargus , animals exhibited abrupt switching between two distin...	The roundworm C . elegans is a key model organism in neuroscience . It has a simple nervous system , made up of just 302 neurons , and was the first multicellular organism to have its genome fully sequenced . The lifecycle of C . elegans begins with an embryonic stage , followed by four larval stages and then adulthood...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	A longitudinal study of Caenorhabditis elegans larvae reveals a novel locomotion switch, regulated by Gαs signaling
Maintenance of skeletal muscle is beneficial in obesity and Type 2 diabetes . Mechanical stimulation can regulate skeletal muscle differentiation , growth and metabolism; however , the molecular mechanosensor remains unknown . Here , we show that SWELL1 ( Lrrc8a ) functionally encodes a swell-activated anion channel th...	Skeletal muscles – the force-generating tissue attached to bones – must maintain their mass and health for the body to work properly . It is therefore necessary to understand how an organism can regulate the way skeletal muscles form , grow and heal . A multitude of factors can control how muscles form , including mech...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2020	SWELL1 regulates skeletal muscle cell size, intracellular signaling, adiposity and glucose metabolism
Under conditions of stress , such as limited growth factor signaling , translation is inhibited by the action of 4E-BP and PDCD4 . These proteins , through inhibition of eIF4E and eIF4A , respectively , impair cap-dependent translation . Under stress conditions FOXO transcription factors activate 4E-BP expression ampli...	Protein synthesis in eukaryotes occurs in two stages: transcription of DNA into messenger RNA ( mRNA ) in the nucleus , and then translation of that mRNA into a protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm . These processes are regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways that enables cells to tailor protein synthesis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2013	The insulin receptor cellular IRES confers resistance to eIF4A inhibition
The regulation of protein degradation is essential for maintaining the appropriate environment to coordinate complex cell signaling events and to promote cellular remodeling . The Autophagy linked FYVE protein ( Alfy ) , previously identified as a molecular scaffold between the ubiquitinated cargo and the autophagic ma...	Unlike many other cells in the body , neurons typically survive throughout the life of a mammal . This long life suggests that they may be more vulnerable to damage from cellular debris . Previous research has found that a protein called Alfy , which is abundant in the brain , is involved in cleaning up debris , such a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Autophagy linked FYVE (Alfy/WDFY3) is required for establishing neuronal connectivity in the mammalian brain
Malignant mesothelioma ( MM ) is poorly responsive to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy and invariably fatal . Here we describe a screen of 94 drugs in 15 exome-sequenced MM lines and the discovery of a subset defined by loss of function of the nuclear deubiquitinase BRCA associated protein-1 ( BAP1 ) that demonstrate he...	Two patients with the same disease who receive the same treatment may respond in different ways . This variation often arises from differences in each patient’s genetic code . Genes encode proteins , and proteins are the targets of most medical drugs and thus determine the patient’s response to treatment . A major adva...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Loss of functional BAP1 augments sensitivity to TRAIL in cancer cells
The numerous neurons and glia that form the brain originate from tightly controlled growth and division of neural stem cells , regulated systemically by important known stem cell-extrinsic signals . However , the cell-intrinsic mechanisms that control the distinctive proliferation rates of individual neural stem cells ...	The brain is a highly complex organ made up of huge numbers of different cell types that connect up to form a precise network . All these different cell types are generated from the repeated division of a relatively small pool of cells called neural stem cells . The division of these cells needs to be carefully regulat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Imp/IGF2BP levels modulate individual neural stem cell growth and division through myc mRNA stability

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