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<s>[INST] <word> diffusion [/INST] 전파 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> bronze engraver [/INST] 동사 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> wooden chamber tomb with main and accessory chamber [/INST] 주부곽식목곽묘 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Studies show such seemingly wasteful behaviors have a higher mean fitness value than 'non-wasteful' behaviors, especially in uncertain and unpredictable environments. The behavior is developed and embedded in behavioral practice as an evolutionarily stable strategy, as such signaling and wasteful behaviors can easily be converted to subsistence and reproductive activities. [/INST] 그런데 예측하기 힘든 환경에서 '낭비 행위'는 그렇지 않은 행위보다 더 적응도가 높다. 당장의 비생산적 영역에 투여하는 행위는 일견 낭비적일 수 있지만, 예측할 수 없이 좋지 않은 환경조건이 지속된다면 어렵지 않게 생산적 행위로 전환할 수 있기에 진화적으로도 안정된 전략(evolutionarily stable strategy)으로 자리 잡을 수 있는 것이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> horse fitting [/INST] 운주 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> signal fire [/INST] 봉화 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> tubular bead [/INST] 관옥 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The carbon isotope results from Nuk?do, Yean?ri, Imdang, and Songheon?dong sites indicate a largely C3 based diet, with certain amount of C4 crops(i.e. foxtail millet and common millet). [/INST] 본고에서는 신석기시대 전기부터 조선시대에 이르는 8개 유적(거제 대포 패총, 부산 동삼동 패총, 태안 고남리 패총, 사천 늑도 유적, 김해 예안리 고분군, 경산 임당 고분군, 창녕 송현동 15호분, 서천 옥남리 분묘군)에서 출토된 인골 136개체에 대한 안정동위원소 분석 결과를 토대로, 시대별로 각 개인이 영위한 식생활의 구체적인 면모를 복원하고 각 작물의 섭취량 변화 양상을 살펴보았다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Taking forty years since first excavation of the Jeongokri site in 1979 is like battling the “Mid-PleistoceneClaim(MPC)” that handaxe of the Imjin-Hantan River Area(IHRA) is dated as old as at least 0.35mya. [/INST] 1979년에 전곡리가 최초로 발굴된 이래 임진-한탄강 유역 주먹도끼가 약 30만년의 연대를 가진다는 주장인 소위 ‘중기홍적세설’이 지속되어 왔다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> It can be reconstructed that the hominin groups of the SHMRA have begun to occupy this area from as early as MIS 5 along the stream channels of the South Han and the Miho Rivers. They might have continued to occupy the area until they underwent a bottle-neck at the upstream zone of the South Han River where the Sobaek Mountains blocked their southward propagation. [/INST] 고인류는 MIS 5기부터 남한강 하류를 기점으로 꾸준히 이 지역을 점거해 나갔으며 소백산맥 부근의 남한강 상류역 및 충주호 일대에서 인구 확산의 병목 현상을 겪은 것으로 보인다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Buyeo [/INST] 부여 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> microblade core [/INST] 세석인석핵 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Rice was not a staple crop even for the high status individuals during the Three Kingdoms period. [/INST] 첫째, 부산 동삼동 패총 등 신석기시대 몇몇 유적에서 출토된 작물유존체의 양을 근거로 잡곡 농경의 비중이 상당한 정도에 달했던 것으로 보는 견해는 적절하지 않은 것으로 밝혀졌다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> multi-toothed tool [/INST] 다치구 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> zigzag pattern [/INST] 지자문 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> single burial [/INST] 단장묘 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This Mahan mounded tomb tradition in the Establishment Period Phase 1 most likely emerged in the Mangyeong River region, and can be dated to the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE. [/INST] 성립 1기의 마한 분구묘 전통은 만경강 일대에서 시작되었을 가능성이 높으며, 그 연대는 기원전 3~2세기경으로 이해된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> bronze botton [/INST] 동포 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> shetstone [/INST] 지석 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> A preliminary observation of the raw material distribution suggests that its availability, especially in the mid-Peninsula, may have been one of key factors in the later Paleolithic transition to blade and microblade industries. [/INST] 이 글은 석재에 대한 초보적인 분석과 아울러 분석 결과의 고고학적인 의미를 논의하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> conservation science [/INST] 보존과학 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> brick [/INST] 벽돌 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The palaeolithic settlement around the mHRA can be divided into three groups. [/INST] 한강 본류역의 구석기 유적은 크게 세 가지 군으로 나눌 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> In detail, we classify mumun pottery into necked pottery, comprised of jars and Songgugni-type pottery, and non-necked pottery, which include urns, deep bowls, bowls, and shallow bowls. Red-burnished pottery is classified into Songgugni-type vessels and non-Songgugni-type vessels. Some of these categories are further subdivided into sub-types in order to enhance the applicability of the equations. [/INST] 구체적으로, 無文土器는 ① 목이 형성되지 않은 옹형/심발형/발형/완(혹은 천발)형 토기와 ② 목이 형성된(necked) 송국리형 토기와 호형토기로, 丹塗磨硏土器는 송국리형토기와 비송국리형토기로 대별하되, 수식의 효용을 높이기 위해 각 부류를 특정 속성에 주목하여 세분하기도 한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Problems include (1) a static understanding of settlements and communities, (2) teleological, essentialistic typological notions of hierarchy and simplistic application to archaeological data, and (3) chronology. [/INST] 현재 한국 청동기시대 취락연구는 취락을 고정적인 실체로 바라보고 있다는 점, 목적론적, 정수주의적 형식분류 및 위계상정과 그에 따른 고고학 자료의 성격규정, 편년의 미해결 등의 문제를 가지고 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> net sinker [/INST] 어망추 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> dagger pommel ornament [/INST] 검파두식 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> paleomagnetism [/INST] 고고지자기 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> However, this society was something unique, the society tried to devote not to general archaeology or antiquarian aspects, but exclusively to the field of the Old Stone Age and flint implements. [/INST] 기존의 전통적인 학회들이 대부분이 1800년대 중·후반에 이루어진 것에 비해서 1908년 처음 결성된 선사학회는 초기에는 소수의 구석기관련 지역 아마추어 학자들로 시작이 되었으나, 현재는 약 40개국에 걸쳐서 수천 명의 회원을 가진 국제적인 선사관련 학회가 되었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The mounded tomb tradition in the Mangyeong River region gradually declined, and the Yeongsan River region emerged as a new center by the Establishment Period Phase 2, dating to around the turn of the millennium. [/INST] 기원 전후에 시작되는 성립 2기에 이르면 만경강 일대의 분구묘 전통이 점차 쇠퇴하고 영산강 일대가 새로운 중심지로 부상하게 된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> At Youngmoon-ri, Bronze Age settlement site in Yongin city, utilization of a wider range of resources was witnessed. [/INST] 용인 영문리 유적에서는 수렵과 농경이 혼재된 생계방식의 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> fireplace [/INST] 아궁이 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The material remains, however, are full of variations, and types used by archaeologists are conceptual tools used to establish orders and extract meanings from the myriad of variations. [/INST] 특히 많은 고고학자는 관행적으로 유형론(본질론)의 시각을 받아들여 전형을 찾고 편년 분기를 설정한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> finger ring [/INST] 반지 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Hoseo and western Honam areas have very few settlements dating between the appearance of the 'slender daggers' and the tanalmun pottery. [/INST] 세형동검의 등장으로부터 타날문토기의 등장에 이르기까지 호서와 서부호남은 생활유적이 거의 발견되지 않아 최소한 300여년의 시간적 공백이 발생한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Nevertheless, we cannot find apparent evidence that the archaeologists participated in the discussion of local/regional history since about 2000. [/INST] 그럼에도 불구하고, 2000년 무렵부터 활발하게 진행된 지방/지역사 담론에 고고학계가 적극적으로 참여했다는 흔적을 찾기는 어렵다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> It seems, in general, not necessary to exaggerate the importance of the role of dwelling data in archaeological research. [/INST] 고고학연구에서 住居資料의 중요성은 달리 강조할 필요가 없을 것이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> 2) Hominid's different technological choices contributed to the variability in the patterns of blank exploitation and of tool modification. [/INST] 또한 원석으로 활용되는 박편과 소형도구간의 크기 및 세장도 차이를 관찰함으로서, 고인류의 다양한 기술적 선택이 차별적으로 각 석기군에 반영되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This paper considers the possibility that the pottery of Jeju Island, which is distinctive in its geological composition, was distributed throughout the southern coastal region of the Korean Peninsula in the Neolithic period. [/INST] 본고에서는 남해안지역과는 구별되는 제주도 특유의 지질학적 환경을 감안하여, 제주도 신석기시대 토기의 남해안지역 유통 가능성을 타진하고자 자연과학적 분석을 실시하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> First, although both peach and plum were mentioned in historical texts, archaeological data consist almost exclusively of peach stones. [/INST] 첫째, 삼국사기 같은 고문헌에는 복숭아를 의미하는 도(桃)와 자두를 의미하는 리(李)가 비슷한 빈도로 언급되지만 실물자료상으로는 복숭아의 출현사례가 압도적으로 많다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Finally, the complicated picture of the inter-regional trade in this region, in which commercial trade co-existed with palace sponsored trade, is discussed. [/INST] 본 논문에서는 우선 후기 청동기시대의 동지중해 지역 난파선 자료의 현황을 개괄한 다음, 난파선에서 출토된 금속, 유리, 및 토기 자료들을 중심으로 그것들의 유통 경로에 대한 최근의 연구현황을 살펴보았다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> arabesque design [/INST] 당초문 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> pin wheel-shaped bronze implement [/INST] 파형동기 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> willow-leaf-shaped stone arrowhead [/INST] 유엽형석촉 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> chief [/INST] 군장 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> There is, hidden behind the veil of hope, apprehension about the crisis of management of cultural heritage in the North Korean region. [/INST] 그러한 일반의 기대감 이면에는 문화유산의 조사와 관리를 우려하는 목소리도 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Because of lack of appropriate data, both quantitatively and qualitatively, Korean palaeolithic research has been courting for diverse scientific approaches and accounts. [/INST] 한반도의 구석기연구는 양적 질적으로 충분하지 않은 자료의 한계를 극복하기 위해 다양한 자연과학적 방법의 도움을 받아왔다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This practice can be seen as an active effort for peach cultivation. [/INST] 이런 행위는 복숭아 재배를 위한 적극적인 노력의 일환으로 볼 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> It has been suggested that rice-agricultural intensification caused the emergence of complex sociopolitical organization. [/INST] 이 지역의 청동기시대 수도 생산, 즉 집약적 미곡생산은 복합적인 사회조직의 등장과 인과적인 관계가 있는 것으로 설명되어왔다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> head rest [/INST] 두침 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This article aims at argue that a basic methodology adopted by Chinese archaeology, so called 區系類型論 is very similar to that of cultural historical approach which emerged with the beginning of modern archaeology, and that these two approaches share the limits and the weakness. [/INST] 이 글에서는 중국 학계의 기본적인 연구방법론인 구계유형론이 근대 고고학의 시작과 함께 등장한 문화사 고고학과 이론과 방법론적 측면에서 매우 유사하며 문제점과 한계 또한 공유하고 있음을 살펴보았다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Eastern Ye [/INST] 동예 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Consequently, it has been argued that the diffusion and adoption process of war chariot cannot be limited to discussions of migration and diffusion of proto Indo-European (ethnic or linguistic) group or the emergence of ruling elite and its association with war chariot or its utilitarian function. Instead, it has been emphasised that diffusion of war chariot need to be dealt with as an intriguing and thus important archaeological example to demonstrate a diffusion process of material culture and its contribution of categorizing process and of formation of individual identity in many ways. [/INST] 결론적으로 전차의 전파와 확산의 과정은 단순히 원 인도 유럽어족의 이주와 확산, 새로운 전투기술 및 전략의 등장, 지배 엘리트 계층의 등장과 전차, 그리고 전차의 실제적 기능과 용도에 대한 관심과 관련하여 제한적으로 논의되기 보다는 물질문화의 전파와 확산, 그리고 그것의 범주화와 정체성의 형성 등과 관련한 매우 중요한 이론적 논의와 함께 그 실제 사례를 보여주는 중요한 고고학적 현상으로 다루어져야 한다는 점을 강조하고자 하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> bow [/INST] 활 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> honeysuckle design [/INST] 인동문 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Most settlements and burials in the central Korean Proto-Three Kingdoms Period are dated between the late second and early third centuries AD, while earlier sites are seldom found. This situation appears to result from the current chronological scheme which considers the lattice pattern pottery from most features to have appeared in central Korea around the late second century AD. [/INST] 중부지역 원삼국시대 생활유적과 분묘유적의 대다수는 2세기 후반 이후에서 3세기 중반 이전의 연대를 가지고 있으며 그 이전의 유적은 잘 확인되지 않는데, 이는 이 지역 유구의 대부분에서 출토되는 격자문타날토기가 2세기 후반 이후 발생한다는 현재의 편년안을 고수할 경우, 불가피하게 나타날 수밖에없는 현상이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Furthermore, East German archaeology produced significant archaeological achievements acknowledged by West German and European archaeologists. [/INST] 분열 이후에도 고고학자들의 교류가 어느 정도 지속되고 있었고 구 동독의 고고학이 구 서독의 고고학, 그리고 유럽 고고학 전체에서도 인정받을 수 있는 의미 있는 나름의 연구 성과를 내고 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> For this reason, it would be possible to develop an unique archaeological theory and methodology in the course of critical review on other disciplines' works as well as within archaeology itself. [/INST] 그 이유로는 고고학 자체의 고유한 이론과 방법론의 수립이 고고학의 안에서뿐만 아니라 다른 인접학문의 연구 성과를 비판적으로 검토하는 과정에서 가능할 수 있기 때문이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This paper examines examples of experimental work on iron smelting that have been carried out by European archaeologists in order to obtain useful insights for Korean archaeology. [/INST] 이에 본고에서는 유럽의 제철사를 제련로를 중심으로 살펴보고 유럽고고학에서 철 제련실험의 사례들을 학사적으로 검토한 후 제련 실험과 관련된 주요 고려사항들을 논의하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The age of these subterranean pits and Daecheon-ri type dwellings was around the Middle Neolithic Age. [/INST] 이러한 유구들의 연대는 신석기시대 중기 전후로 편년된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Archaeological studies on ancient ‘chon(村)’ are closely related to the traditional settlement archaeology in which macro-perspective and top-town approaches are emphasized and household archeology based on micro-perspective and bottom-up approaches. [/INST] 고대 촌락에 대한 고고학적 연구는 거시적 관점과 하향식 접근을 위주로 하는 취락고고학과 미시적 관점과 상향식 접근을 위주로 하는 가구고고학 분야와 밀접한 관련이 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> pit [/INST] 수혈 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> It is argued that SPD may generate misleading patterns when population size did not change over time, that summed probability and population fluctuation are not directly proportional, that the so-called “edge effect” makes it difficult to specify the times of population inflow and extinction, and that anomalous ups and downs in probability graphs are vulnerable to over-interpretation. [/INST] 합산확률분포가 인구의 정체현상을 반영하지 못하는 점, 확률변화와 인구변화 폭이 비례하지 않는 점, 소위 “가장자리 효과”가 인구유입과 소멸시점 확인을 난해하게하는 점, 보정곡선에 의해 생겨난 확률상의 무의미한 증감이 자료의 확대해석을 유도하는 점 등이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> stone outer coffin tomb [/INST] 석곽묘 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The results of the analysis are discussed in relation to agricultural intensification and cereal productivity during the Proto-Three-Kingdoms period. [/INST] 대구 칠곡 3택지 유적의 밀이 다른 유적의 것에 비해 대형인 것은 이 유적이 통일신라시대의 유적임을 고려할 때, 반복적 인 우량종의 선별과 재배 환경의 개선에 따른 시간적인 변화를 반영하는 것으로 보는 데 무리가 없다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> It can be inferred with the results of analyses that the transition of EBA to MBA witnessed decreasing household size, transformation of familial relations, changes in unit of task group, delaying the diminishing familial ties with formation of household clusters after the break-up, and changes in mode of agricultural production. [/INST] 중서부지역, 특히 湖西地域에서 조사된 주거지자료를 분석·재구성해보면 청동기시대 전?중기 전환기를 거치면서 가구규모의 축소, 확대가족에서 핵가족으로의 가구구성 원리 및 작업단위의 전환, 군집 형성을 통해 분리된 가구 간 결속력 약화 지연, 작물생산방식 변화 등을 추정할 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> ornamental shoes [/INST] 식리 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> ridge-end tile [/INST] 치미 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> posthole [/INST] 주혈 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Three Kingdoms Period [/INST] 삼국시대 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> bronze mirror with dragon design [/INST] 훼룡문경 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The results drawn from these attempts also seem to be very arbitrary and subjective. Therefore, even if those attempts would be needed at the first stage of research, the results drawn should be recognised as tentative one. [/INST] 그 결과 또한 매우 임의적이며 주관적일 수 있고 따라서 연구의 시작 단계에서 이러한 시도의 필요성이 인정된다고 하더라도 그 결과는 최종적인 것이 아닌 잠정적인 것으로 받아들일 필요가 있다고 할 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> TLV mirror [/INST] 방격규구경 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> shoulder [/INST] 견부 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Also, it is highly likely that the Early Bronze Age culture in the Mangyeong river basin was affected by the order of Misa-ri, Garak-dong, and Yeoksam-dong. [/INST] 전기 문화는 미사리 → 가락동 → 역삼동형의 순으로 영향을 받았을 가능성이 높아 보인다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Adopting the concept of culture as the ideas and norms shared by members of a society, culture historians traditionally focused on defining archaeological culture based on repeated sets of artifacts, searching for the origins of particular cultural traits and constructing lineages. [/INST] 문화사고고학 패러다임에서 문화란 한 사회 구성원이 공유하는 사고와 행위의 규범이었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> I assume that Mahan people purchased the carnelian beads at the port city of the Hepu Commendary, southern China. [/INST] 잠정적으로, 필자는 중국 남부 합포군의 항구나 도시에서 남아시아의 카넬리안 구슬을 구입하였을 가능성이 크다고 판단한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> flag post [/INST] 당간지주 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> urn burial [/INST] 옹관묘 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> blade tool [/INST] 돌날석기 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The result is: 1) Four lithic assemblages were formed by different formation processes. [/INST] 분석 결과, 장산리, 전곡리, 가월리, 장흥리의 석기군은 전체 석기의 크기 분포에 따라 각기 다른 유적 형성 과정을 겪었다는 것을 알 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> notched lip pottery [/INST] 구순각목문토기 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> combustion chamber [/INST] 연소실 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Analysis also demonstrates that horse-shaped bronze buckles were used only in late phases. [/INST] 또한 청동제 마형대구는 이 지역 원삼국시대에서 비교적 늦은 시기에 유행하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Thus, it is hypothesized that accultuation is the best model to explain this spatial pattern. [/INST] 이를 가장 잘 설명할 수 있는 안은 문화접변이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The study is aimed at estimating the distant trading networks of the carnelian bead, one of the prestige goods for Mahan elites, and examining its background and socio-political meaning. [/INST] 이 연구는 마한 엘리트들의 위세품인 카넬리안(마노) 구슬의 원거리 교역 네트워크를 추정하고 운영 배경과 사회정치적 의미를 살피는 데 그 목적이 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> bottle [/INST] 병 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Bronze Age [/INST] 청동기시대 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> coffin ring handle [/INST] 관고리 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> pressed pattern [/INST] 압날문 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Next, an attempt was made to classify settlement types, analyze their internal structure and changes, and explore the social relationships and landscape among the settlements. [/INST] 다음으로 취락의 유형 분류를 시도하고, 취락 내의 구조와 변화를 살펴보며, 아울러 취락 간의 사회적 관계와 경관을 조망해 보았다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> buried person [/INST] 피장자 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> rampart [/INST] 성곽 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> long-neck jar with four handles [/INST] 사이장경호 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> jar with upright rim [/INST] 직구호 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> hammer stone [/INST] 망치돌 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> drainage [/INST] 배수구 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> furnace [/INST] 용해로 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Based on the distribution and density of settlements, the number of Mahan small states in the Jeonnam region (including Gochang) is estimated to be between 13 and 15, depending on whether the Sampo River and Yeongam Stream areas are included. [/INST] 취락의 분포와 밀도를 통해 본 전남지역 마한 소국의 수(고창 포함)는 삼포강권과 영암천권을 포함하느냐의 여부에 따라 13개에서 15개로 비정된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The soil samples of the later phase of the Early Jomon period are characterized by an abundance of herbaceous and weedy plants that thrive in human-disturbed habitats; these types of plants are only sparsely present in samples of the earlier phase, providing a stark contrast. [/INST] 늦은 시기의 토양시료는 일년생 및 다년생 잡초성 식물의 종자를 많이 함유하고 있으며 이런 식물의 종자가 드물게 발견되는 이른 시기의 시료와 극명한 대조를 보인다. </s>

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