CodCodingCode/medcialQA-reasoning-V2.1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringclasses 8 values	input stringlengths 6 2.69k	output stringlengths 1 34.2k	source stringclasses 3 values
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Mallory hyaline changes seen in all except? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Wilson's disease B) Indian childhood cirrhosis C) Primary biliary cirrhosis D) Hepatitis E ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:	Q:A 78-year-old woman is brought to the emergency ward by her son for lethargy and generalized weakness. The patient speaks in short utterances and does not make eye contact with the provider or her son throughout the interview and examination. You elicit that the patient lives with her son and daughter-in-law, and she reports vague weakness for the last couple days. The emergency room provider notices 3-4 healing bruises on the patient's upper extremities; otherwise, examination is not revealing. Routine chemistries and blood counts are unremarkable; non-contrast head CT demonstrates normal age-related changes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Perform lumbar puncture', 'B': 'Question the patient regarding abuse or neglect', 'C': "Question the patient's son regarding the home situation", 'D': "Ask the patient's son to leave the room", 'E': "Call Adult Protective Services to report the patient's son"},	D: Ask the patient's son to leave the room	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> premutation is seen in: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Genomic imprinting B) Trinucleotide repeat mutation C) Mitochondrial mutation D) Gonadal mosaicism ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	The structure passing through the central tendon of diaphragm A) IVC B) Aoa C) Sympathetic chain D) Esophagus	A) IVC	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A 10-year-old unvaccinated girl presents to her pediatrician with a rash. Her mother reports that she has had a fever, “red eyes,” sore throat, and rash on her face for the last day. On physical examination, the girl appears sick but not toxic, and has nonpurulent conjunctivitis and an erythematous posterior pharynx without exudate or tonsillar hypertrophy. She has lymphadenopathy bilaterally. Her heart has a regular rate without murmurs, her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally, and her abdomen is soft without hepatosplenomegaly. She has red cheeks with circumoral pallor and no other skin findings. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice for this patient’s mother? ---- <<Choices:>> A) This infection could have been prevented with a vaccine. B) Her symptoms were caused by human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) or human herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7). C) She will likely develop a maculopapular truncal rash in a few days that will fade to become a lacy rash. D) She should be started on oral valacyclovir. ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Eosin-5-Maleamide flow cytometry is used for diagnosis of: A) G6PD B) Hereditary spherocytosis C) Sickle cell anemia D) Alpha thalassemia	B) Hereditary spherocytosis	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which one of the following is the example of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transpoer? A) F0-F1 pump B) SERCA in the skeletal muscle C) SUR (sulfonylurea receptor) in pancreas D) Band 3	C) SUR (sulfonylurea receptor) in pancreas	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> What is the investigation of choice in a patient with blunt abdominal trauma with hematuria ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ultrasonography of abdomen B) Contrast enhanced tomography C) Intravenous urogram D) Retrograde urogram ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Complement complex that attacks cell membrane is: A) C12345 B) C23456 C) C34567 D) C56789	D) C56789	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	The oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidiasis following long-term therapy with a broad spectrum antibiotic can be best treated with: A) Griseofulvin B) Amphotericin C) Fluconazole D) Sulfonates	C) Fluconazole	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which one of the following is best for localization of zollinger ellison syndrome? A) EUS (endoscopic ultrasound) B) Secretin injection test C) MRI D) Basal gastric acid output	A) EUS (endoscopic ultrasound)	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome seen in A) Pregnancy B) Depression C) Chronic renal failure D) All of the ablove	D) All of the ablove	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	In which of the following conditions uniform dilation of esophagus is seen - A) Scleroderma B) Achalasia cardia C) Dermatomysitis D) All	B) Achalasia cardia	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Receptors on blood cells accept cholesterol from A) HDL B) LDL C) VLDL D) Chylomicrons	B) LDL	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	A 65-year-old male is brought to the outpatient clinic with one year illness characterized by marked forgetfulness, visual hallucinations, suspiciousness, personality decline, poor self care and progressive deterioration in his condition. His Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score 21. His most likely diagnosis is: A) Dementia B) Schizophrenia C) Mania D) Depression	A) Dementia	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Alkalinisation of urine ameliorates the toxicity of which of the following drugs? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Arabinoside-cytosine B) Ifosfamide C) Cisplatin D) Methotrexate ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Golden color amniotic fluid is seen in - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Rh incompatibility B) Foetal death C) IUGR D) Foetal distress ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Which of the following is present in normal vagina? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Trichomonas buccalis B) Trichomonas hominis C) Trichomonas vaginalis D) Trichomonas bovis ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Most common cancer world wide A) Lung B) Prostate C) Liver D) Kidney	A) Lung	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	AST/ALT > 2 is seen in deficiency of A) G-6-phosphatase B) Branching enzyme C) Acid maltase D) Liver phosphorylase	C) Acid maltase	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Most common presentation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A) Epistaxis B) Hoarseness of voice C) Nasal stuffiness D) Cervical lymphadenopathy	D) Cervical lymphadenopathy	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A 22-year-old construction worker falls 30 ft and fractures several bones, including his femoral shafts. Six hours later, the patient develops shortness of breath and cyanosis. Which of the following hemodynamic disorders best explains the pathogenesis of shock in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute myocardial infarction B) Deep venous thrombosis C) Fat embolism D) Paradoxical embolism ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:	Q:A 27-year-old woman, primigravida, gave birth to a boy 3 months ago and now presents the newborn to your clinic for evaluation. She did not receive prenatal care. She reports that she was taking a medication for her mood swings, but cannot remember the medication’s name. The baby was born cyanotic, with a congenital malformation of the heart that is characterized by apical displacement of the septa and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets. A chest radiograph is shown in the image. Which of the following medications was the mother most likely taking?? {'A': 'Buspirone', 'B': 'Clozapine', 'C': 'Losartan', 'D': 'Lithium', 'E': 'Enalapril'},	D: Lithium	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:	Q:A 12-month-old child passed away after suffering from craniofacial abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Analysis of the child’s blood plasma shows an increase in very long chain fatty acids. The cellular analysis demonstrates dysfunction of an organelle responsible for the breakdown of these fatty acids within the cell. Postmortem, the child is diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome. The family is informed about the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of the disease and their carrier status. Which of the following processes is deficient in the dysfunctional organelle in this disease?? {'A': 'Beta-oxidation', 'B': 'Transcription', 'C': 'Translation', 'D': 'Ubiquitination', 'E': 'Phosphorylation'},	A: Beta-oxidation	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Most common organism causing SBPE after E. coli is ---- <<Choices:>> A) Klebsiella B) Bacteroids C) Streptococcus D) Enterococcus ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which is true about post ftansfusion malaria A) Caused by plasmodium malaria B) Radical chemotherapy is required C) Transmitted by needles D) Caused by P. ovale	A) Caused by plasmodium malaria	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	A 75-year-old patient clutches his chest and falls down. A physician arrives on the scene and finds the patient unresponsive with no breathing effos. What is the first thing to be done by the physician? A) Call for help B) Clear patient airway C) Check peripheral pulse D) Chest Compressions	A) Call for help	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	BCG vaccination is given by which route ? A) Subcutaneous B) Intradermal C) Intramuscular D) Subdermal	B) Intradermal	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> The drug of choice for mushroom poisoning is - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Atropine B) Physostigmine C) Adrenaline D) Carbachol ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A 13-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because she is concerned about her son's behavior. She reports that he has been wearing her dresses at home and asks to be called Lilly. He also stopped going to swim class because he “doesn't feel comfortable in swim trunks.” Since starting puberty about a year ago, he has not had any friends and the teachers report he is consistently being bullied at school. His academic performance has been poor for the last year even though he had maintained an A average the year before. The mother further reports that her son has had mainly female friends since preschool. She also mentions that as a child her son never enjoyed playing with typical boy toys like cars and instead preferred dressing up dolls. The patient was raised by his single mother from the age of 8 because his father left the family due to financial issues. He appears shy. Physical examination shows normal male external genitalia. There is scarce coarse, dark axillary and pubic hair. Upon questioning, the patient reports that he would rather be a girl. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Gender nonconformity B) Body dysmorphic disorder C) Gender dysphoria D) Fetishistic disorder ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A patient 45 years of age, non diabetic, presents with chronic pelvic pain of 1 year duration. She also complains of frequency, urgency and a sense of incomplete evacuation since 1 year without any significant finding on her past ultrasounds, urine examination and urine and high vaginal swab cultures. On pelvic examination there is no significant vaginal discharge. Cystoscopy is normal. Most probable diagnosis is ---- <<Choices:>> A) Urethral syndrome B) Asymptomatic bacteriuria C) Vulvovaginitis D) Cystitis ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Anita 15-year-old, complains of heavy periods since 2 months. O/E: wt 40 kg and BP 120/80 mmHg. All of the following investigations are indicated, except : ---- <<Choices:>> A) TSH B) Platelet count C) Bleeding and clotting time D) Estradiol levels ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Maximum electrophoretic mobility and least lipid content - A) Chylomicrons B) HDL C) LDL D) VLDL	B) HDL	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Plasma thromboplastin antecedent is: A) Anti hemophilic — A factor B) Anti hemophilic — B factor C) Anti hemophilic —C factor D) Anti hemophilic — F factor	C) Anti hemophilic —C factor	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Crocodile skin is seen in: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Drowning B) High voltage Electric burns C) Neck ligature D) High temperature water burns ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Fracture ala signature is a type of ? A) Gutter fracture B) Depressed fracture of skull C) Ring fracture at foramen magnum D) Sutural separation	B) Depressed fracture of skull	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> All are true about Autoimmune disease except ? ---- <<Choices:>> A) T cells recognise self antigen B) Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an example C) Higher incidence among males D) Polyclonal B cell activation ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	All are true about 18 FDG Pet scanning except A) Half Life Of 18F is 110 days B) Brown adipose tissue shows normal symmetrical uptake C) Detects pairs of gamma rays produced D) Good functional detail but poor anatomical detail than CT	A) Half Life Of 18F is 110 days	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE There are various causes of halitosis, one of which is chronic renal failure. The objective of this study was to investigate halitosis levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients before and after peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy. ### METHODS 42 subjects with ESRD were included in this study. The presence of halitosis was assessed using an organoleptic measurement and compared with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and salivary flow rates. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) were calculated. All measurements were done before and after patients had received 3 months of PD therapy. ### RESULTS Mean serum BUN level was found to be lower (46.05 ± 13.30 vs 91.24 ± 31.28 mg/dL), salivary flow rate higher (0.34 ± 0.07 vs 0.26 ± 0.04 mL/minute), and halitosis level lower (2.39 ± 0.60 vs 3.90 ± 0.37) at the end of 3 months of PD therapy than at the beginning of PD therapy. There was no significant difference in CPI or DMFT index before and after PD therapy (p>0.05). There was statistically significant positive correlation between the presence of halitosis and BUN levels (r = 0.702, p = 0.001 before PD; r = 0.45, p = 0.002 after PD) and a negative correlation between the presence of halitosis and salivary flow rates (r = -0.69, p = 0.000 before PD; r = -0.37, p = 0.01 after PD). ---- <<Question:>> Does peritoneal dialysis affect halitosis in patients with end-stage renal disease? ---- <<Choices:>> A) yes B) no C) maybe ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> True about Rheumatic heart disease and Rheumatic fever is/are -a) Caused by group 'A' streptococcusb) Caused by group 'B' streptococcusc) Carrier have high risk of developing RFd) Carrier have low risk of developing RFe) M-5 protein cross reacts ---- <<Choices:>> A) ade B) bde C) abd D) ad ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A 46-year-old man who recently immigrated from Mexico comes to the physician for a pre-employment wellness examination. A tuberculin skin test is administered and he develops a raised, erythematous 12 mm lesion on his forearm within 48 hours. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. He is started on the recommended antibiotic treatment for latent tuberculosis. Four weeks later, he returns for a follow-up examination. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.3 g/dL, serum alanine aminotransferase activity of 86 U/L, and serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of 66 U/L. A photomicrograph of a Prussian blue-stained bone marrow smear is shown. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug responsible for this patient's findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase B) Binding to 50S ribosomal subunit C) Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis D) Inhibition of arabinosyltransferase ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which of the following is not the diagnostic feature of Apert syndrome: A) Bicoronal craniosynostosis B) Midface hypoplasia C) Mandibular hypoplasia D) Complex syndactyly	C) Mandibular hypoplasia	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Active GP consists of ---- <<Choices:>> A) GP with calcium hydroxide B) GP with ZOE C) GP with glass ionomer D) GP with zinc phosphate ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> True about confounding factor: ---- <<Choices:>> A) It is found equally between study and the control groups B) It is itself a risk factor for the disease C) Confounding can be eliminated by selecting a small group D) It is associated with either the exposure or the disease ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> X-rays are: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Electrons B) Protons C) Neutrons D) Electromagnetic waves ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	The following condition is associated with brown skin pigmentation, hypoplasia of kidney and spleen, absent or hypoplastic thumb or radius, microcephaly and mental and sexual retardation A) Aplastic Anemia B) Pernicious Anemia C) Sickle Cell Anemia D) Megaloblastic Anemia	A) Aplastic Anemia	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> True about generalized systemic sclerosis - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Raynaud's phenomenon seen years before skin changes in fingers B) Trunk involvement C) Anti-centromere antibody D) None ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Delusion is : ---- <<Choices:>> A) Comprehensible B) Reasonable C) Both D) None ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	The following statement is true for internal rotation of the head: A) Rotation occurs mostly in the cervix B) In majority rotation occurs in the pelvic floor C) Rotation occurs commonly after crowning of the head D) Rotation is earlier in primipara than multipara	B) In majority rotation occurs in the pelvic floor	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is attributed to the deficiency of? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin E C) Vitamin K D) Vitamin C ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A common finding in osteomalacia is ---- <<Choices:>> A) Low serum phosphate B) Normal level of 1, 25 di-hydroxy vit D3 C) Low serum calcium D) Increased hydroxy proline in urine ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> The tooth brushing method least likely to remove plaque in the gingival margin is the: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Sulcular method B) Scrub method C) Modified stillman D) Roll stroke ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	The liver removes LDLs in the blood by the LDLs binding to A) LDL receptors and then internalizing them B) HDL receptors and then internalizing them C) The albumin present on LDLs and then internalizing them D) The transferrin present on LDL and then internalizing them	A) LDL receptors and then internalizing them	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:	Q:A 35-year-old man presents with a mass on the central part of his neck. He reports it has been growing steadily for the past 2 weeks, and he has also been experiencing fatigue and recurrent fevers. No significant past medical history. The patient denies any smoking history, or alcohol or recreational drug use. He denies any recent travel in the previous 6 months. On physical examination, there are multiple enlarged submandibular and cervical lymph nodes that are firm, mobile, and non-tender. A biopsy of one of the lymph nodes is performed and shows predominantly lymphocytes and histiocytes present in a pattern ‘resembling popcorn’. A flow cytometry analysis demonstrates cells that are CD19 and CD20 positive and CD15 and CD30 negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Lymphocyte rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma', 'B': 'Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma', 'C': 'Nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma', 'D': 'Mixed cellularity classical Hodgkin lymphoma', 'E': 'Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin lymphoma'},	B: Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Following are true about Kerala except - A) Bih rate 29/100 B) Per capita annual income Rs. 2594 C) Life expectancy 66.6 years D) None	D) None	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Not true about apoptosis - A) Increase in lysosomal enzyme B) Increase in caspases C) Phosphatidyl serine has important role D) Intemucleosomal cleavage of nucleus	A) Increase in lysosomal enzyme	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Which of the following is not a component of SIRS? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral temperature >38degC B) Urine output < lml/kg/hour C) Respiratory rate >24/minute D) Systolic blood pressure ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	An asthmatic patient is taken into the OT for removal of a tumor from colon. Which of the following anaesthetic agent is preferred in this patient? A) Ether B) Ketamine C) TCE D) N20	B) Ketamine	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A person developed sudden stridor, hoarseness of voice, tongue swelling, and edematous neck after eating a peanut. What is the likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Foreign body aspiration B) Pharyngeal perforation C) Angioneurotic edema D) Para pharyngeal abscess ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Acute urinary retention in a male child may be due to ---- <<Choices:>> A) Prostatic radiotherapy B) Urethral stricute C) Hysteria D) Meatal ulcer with scabbing ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which worm causes myocarditis ? A) Trichuris B) Trichinella C) Enterobius D) Strogyloides	B) Trichinella	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Choose the appropriate lettered structure in this computed tomography scan of the male perineum and pelvis. Which structure secretes fluid containing fructose, which allows for forensic determination of rape? A) A B) B C) C D) D	B) B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> The commonest organism causing Empyema in a child under 2 years – ---- <<Choices:>> A) E.Coil B) Staphylocccus C) Pneumococcus D) Klebsiella ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A 50 year old male presented with blurring of vision. Urine examination showed proteinuria. Fundus examination showed dot and blot haemorrhages, microaneurysm and cotton wool spots. Histopathology pic of kidney given below. Your diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules B) Crescents C) Amyloid D) Segmental sclerosis ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Vitamin K dependent clotting factors are: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Factor III & XI B) Factor IX & X C) Factor V & VIII D) Factor XI & XIII ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Most common cause of infectious keratitis in a contact lens user A) Acanthamoeba B) Pneumococcus C) Pseudomonas D) Staph	C) Pseudomonas	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Which of the following are histopathological features of Extra hepatic Biliary Atresia - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bile lakes B) Hepatocyte ballooning degeneration C) Marked bile duct proliferation D) All ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A new test for diabetes was carried out of the 80 people who were tested positive (+ve), it was found that actually 40 had diabetes and out of 9920 people who were tested negative (-ve) only 9840 did not have the disease actually. The sensitivity of this new test is: ---- <<Choices:>> A) 33% B) 50% C) 65% D) 99% ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Radiation can causes - A) Non Hodgkin lymphoma B) Hodgkins lymphoma C) Acute leukemia D) Papillary carcinoma thyroid	C) Acute leukemia	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Sympathetic stimulation causes all of the following except : A) Increase in hea rate B) Increase in blood pressure C) Increase in total peripheral resistance D) Increase in venous capacitance	D) Increase in venous capacitance	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Nerve associated with pharyngeal cleft is derived from ---- <<Choices:>> A) Neural crest cells B) Mesoderm C) Neural plate ectoderm D) Notochord ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which of the following is not true regarding biotransformation A) Inactive metabolites are formed B) Active metabolites are formed C) More fat soluble metabolites are formed D) More water soluble metabolites are formed	C) More fat soluble metabolites are formed	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Abdominal Ultra-sonography in a 3 year old boy show a soild circumscribed hypoechnoic renal mass. Most likely diagnosis is- ---- <<Choices:>> A) Wilm's tumor B) Renal cell carcinoma C) Mesoblastic nephroma D) Onceocytoma ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Subcortical dementia is seen in all except - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Parkinsonism B) Alzheimer's disease C) Wilson's disease D) Huntingtons chorea ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Engagement of fetal head is : ---- <<Choices:>> A) When the occiput has gone below the pelvic in let B) When the widest diameter of the presenting pa has passed through the pelvic inlet C) When the presenting pa can be push into the pelvic cavity D) Synonymous with fixation of head ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	True regarding pertusis is all, except - A) Infectivity is highest in paroxysmal state B) Cross immunity is not seen with B. parapertusis C) Chronic carrier state is not seen D) Secondary attack rate is 90%	A) Infectivity is highest in paroxysmal state	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> The following is true about scalenus anterior muscle - ---- <<Choices:>> A) It is attached to the tubercle of second rib B) It is anterior to the transverse cervical artery C) It is pierced by the phrenic nerve D) It separates the subclavian vein from the subclavian artery ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Unilateral middle ear serous effusion in an adult, most common cause ? A) TB B) Foreign body C) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma D) CSOM	C) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	All are true in degloving injury except A) Can happen in rollover injury caused by a motor vehicle B) All the non bleeding skin should be excised C) Examination under anesthesia is required D) Injury is less extensive than it actually appear	D) Injury is less extensive than it actually appear	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Gene associated with autosomal dominant breast cancer? ---- <<Choices:>> A) PTEN and KAI B) BRCA 1 and 2 C) APC D) P53 ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	HIV affects: March 2005 and 2008, and September 2011 A) CD4 cells B) CD8 cells C) Natural killer cells D) Helper cells	A) CD4 cells	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> All are seen in carney's triad except - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Atrial myxoma B) GIST C) Chondroma D) Paraganglioma ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	A patient is kept on ceftriaxone and amikacin, ESBL Klebsiella infection is detected . What will you do next? A) Continue with same antibiotic but in higher dose B) Change ceftriaxone and add ceftazidime C) Sta imipenem in place of ceftriaxone D) Remove Amikacin	C) Sta imipenem in place of ceftriaxone	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Glycogen containing cells is feature of ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ewing's sarcoma B) Chondromyxoid tumor C) Chondroblastoma D) Osteosarcomas ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> In an endodontically treated tooth: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Resorption is more as compared to a normal tooth B) Resorption is less as compared to a normal tooth C) Resorption is same as compared to a normal tooth D) Resorption is more after 2 years. ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> What is true about Salter-Harris type IV epiphyseal injury: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Fracture occur through growth plate only B) Fracture occur through growth plate & metaphy- sis only C) Fracture occur through growth plate, metaphysic & epiphysis D) Fracture occur through epiphysis only ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Tip of nose reconstruction is done by ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bipedicled flap B) Bilobed flap C) Full thickness skin graft D) Split skin graft ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Which of the following is true about non specific interstitial pneumonia? A) Common in elderly age group B) Good prognosis C) Early honeycombing D) Males are affected more commonly then females	B) Good prognosis	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Overeatment with D-penicillamine results in: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Copper toxicity in the retina B) Sideroblastic anemia C) Hypercoagulable state D) Dyslipidemia ---- <<Answer:>>	B	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Investigation of choice for Zenker's diveiculum is: A) CECT B) Endoscopy C) Esophageal manometry D) Barium Swallow	D) Barium Swallow	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Which of the following is not ionizing: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Beta radiation B) Alpha radiation C) Gamma radiation D) UV radiation ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Alpha feto protein is increased in ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hepatoblastoma B) Neuroblastoma C) Seminoma D) Renal cell carcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	Sentinel surveillance is used to detect: March 2009, March 2013 (e) A) New cases B) Missed cases C) Old cases D) Reference cases	B) Missed cases	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct option:	a1 -antitrypsin deficiency chromosome is located at: A) 10 B) 14 C) 17 D) 11	B) 14	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Which of the following metal ions is associated with secondary Parkinsonisms ---- <<Choices:>> A) Mangnese B) Magnesium (Mg) C) Selenium (Se) D) Molybednum (Me) ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> A 58-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 3-week history of increasing pain in his legs and feet. Specifically, he says that he has been getting electric shock sensations that started in his feet, but have progressed up his leg. In addition, the pain is accompanied by numbness and tingling in his hands and feet bilaterally. His past medical history is significant for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given these symptoms, his physician prescribes a new drug to help him cope with these symptoms. Which of the following is the mechanism of action for the medication that was most likely prescribed in this case? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased duration of GABA channel opening B) Increased frequency of GABA channel opening C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor D) Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> ATT drug causing hypothyroidism: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Isoniazid B) Ethambutol C) PAS D) Rifampicin ---- <<Answer:>>	C	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Latest drug used for treatment of MDR TB patients is - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bedaquiline B) Amithiozone C) Capreomycin D) Linezolid ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Jefferson's is : ---- <<Choices:>> A) C1 B) C2 C) C2 C1 D) C2 C3 ---- <<Answer:>>	A	medical-qa-combined-split2
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:	<<Question:>> Following statement is true concerning Galactorrhea except:- ---- <<Choices:>> A) Serum prolactin (PRL) is usually above 25-30 ng/ml B) Prolactin is the most impoant hormone involved in pathophysiology of Amenorrhoea-Galactorrhea syndrome C) Associated with menstrual disturbances & infeility D) Amenorrhea with hyperprolactinemia always accompanies Galactorrhea ---- <<Answer:>>	D	medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Mallory hyaline changes seen in all except? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Wilson's disease B) Indian childhood cirrhosis C) Primary biliary cirrhosis D) Hepatitis E ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:

Q:A 78-year-old woman is brought to the emergency ward by her son for lethargy and generalized weakness. The patient speaks in short utterances and does not make eye contact with the provider or her son throughout the interview and examination. You elicit that the patient lives with her son and daughter-in-law, and she reports vague weakness for the last couple days. The emergency room provider notices 3-4 healing bruises on the patient's upper extremities; otherwise, examination is not revealing. Routine chemistries and blood counts are unremarkable; non-contrast head CT demonstrates normal age-related changes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Perform lumbar puncture', 'B': 'Question the patient regarding abuse or neglect', 'C': "Question the patient's son regarding the home situation", 'D': "Ask the patient's son to leave the room", 'E': "Call Adult Protective Services to report the patient's son"},

D: Ask the patient's son to leave the room

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> premutation is seen in: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Genomic imprinting B) Trinucleotide repeat mutation C) Mitochondrial mutation D) Gonadal mosaicism ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

The structure passing through the central tendon of diaphragm A) IVC B) Aoa C) Sympathetic chain D) Esophagus

A) IVC

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A 10-year-old unvaccinated girl presents to her pediatrician with a rash. Her mother reports that she has had a fever, “red eyes,” sore throat, and rash on her face for the last day. On physical examination, the girl appears sick but not toxic, and has nonpurulent conjunctivitis and an erythematous posterior pharynx without exudate or tonsillar hypertrophy. She has lymphadenopathy bilaterally. Her heart has a regular rate without murmurs, her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally, and her abdomen is soft without hepatosplenomegaly. She has red cheeks with circumoral pallor and no other skin findings. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice for this patient’s mother? ---- <<Choices:>> A) This infection could have been prevented with a vaccine. B) Her symptoms were caused by human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) or human herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7). C) She will likely develop a maculopapular truncal rash in a few days that will fade to become a lacy rash. D) She should be started on oral valacyclovir. ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Eosin-5-Maleamide flow cytometry is used for diagnosis of: A) G6PD B) Hereditary spherocytosis C) Sickle cell anemia D) Alpha thalassemia

B) Hereditary spherocytosis

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which one of the following is the example of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transpoer? A) F0-F1 pump B) SERCA in the skeletal muscle C) SUR (sulfonylurea receptor) in pancreas D) Band 3

C) SUR (sulfonylurea receptor) in pancreas

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> What is the investigation of choice in a patient with blunt abdominal trauma with hematuria ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ultrasonography of abdomen B) Contrast enhanced tomography C) Intravenous urogram D) Retrograde urogram ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Complement complex that attacks cell membrane is: A) C12345 B) C23456 C) C34567 D) C56789

D) C56789

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

The oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidiasis following long-term therapy with a broad spectrum antibiotic can be best treated with: A) Griseofulvin B) Amphotericin C) Fluconazole D) Sulfonates

C) Fluconazole

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which one of the following is best for localization of zollinger ellison syndrome? A) EUS (endoscopic ultrasound) B) Secretin injection test C) MRI D) Basal gastric acid output

A) EUS (endoscopic ultrasound)

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome seen in A) Pregnancy B) Depression C) Chronic renal failure D) All of the ablove

D) All of the ablove

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

In which of the following conditions uniform dilation of esophagus is seen - A) Scleroderma B) Achalasia cardia C) Dermatomysitis D) All

B) Achalasia cardia

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Receptors on blood cells accept cholesterol from A) HDL B) LDL C) VLDL D) Chylomicrons

B) LDL

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

A 65-year-old male is brought to the outpatient clinic with one year illness characterized by marked forgetfulness, visual hallucinations, suspiciousness, personality decline, poor self care and progressive deterioration in his condition. His Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score 21. His most likely diagnosis is: A) Dementia B) Schizophrenia C) Mania D) Depression

A) Dementia

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Alkalinisation of urine ameliorates the toxicity of which of the following drugs? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Arabinoside-cytosine B) Ifosfamide C) Cisplatin D) Methotrexate ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Golden color amniotic fluid is seen in - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Rh incompatibility B) Foetal death C) IUGR D) Foetal distress ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Which of the following is present in normal vagina? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Trichomonas buccalis B) Trichomonas hominis C) Trichomonas vaginalis D) Trichomonas bovis ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Most common cancer world wide A) Lung B) Prostate C) Liver D) Kidney

A) Lung

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

AST/ALT > 2 is seen in deficiency of A) G-6-phosphatase B) Branching enzyme C) Acid maltase D) Liver phosphorylase

C) Acid maltase

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Most common presentation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A) Epistaxis B) Hoarseness of voice C) Nasal stuffiness D) Cervical lymphadenopathy

D) Cervical lymphadenopathy

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A 22-year-old construction worker falls 30 ft and fractures several bones, including his femoral shafts. Six hours later, the patient develops shortness of breath and cyanosis. Which of the following hemodynamic disorders best explains the pathogenesis of shock in this patient? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Acute myocardial infarction B) Deep venous thrombosis C) Fat embolism D) Paradoxical embolism ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:

Q:A 27-year-old woman, primigravida, gave birth to a boy 3 months ago and now presents the newborn to your clinic for evaluation. She did not receive prenatal care. She reports that she was taking a medication for her mood swings, but cannot remember the medication’s name. The baby was born cyanotic, with a congenital malformation of the heart that is characterized by apical displacement of the septa and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets. A chest radiograph is shown in the image. Which of the following medications was the mother most likely taking?? {'A': 'Buspirone', 'B': 'Clozapine', 'C': 'Losartan', 'D': 'Lithium', 'E': 'Enalapril'},

D: Lithium

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:

Q:A 12-month-old child passed away after suffering from craniofacial abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Analysis of the child’s blood plasma shows an increase in very long chain fatty acids. The cellular analysis demonstrates dysfunction of an organelle responsible for the breakdown of these fatty acids within the cell. Postmortem, the child is diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome. The family is informed about the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of the disease and their carrier status. Which of the following processes is deficient in the dysfunctional organelle in this disease?? {'A': 'Beta-oxidation', 'B': 'Transcription', 'C': 'Translation', 'D': 'Ubiquitination', 'E': 'Phosphorylation'},

A: Beta-oxidation

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Most common organism causing SBPE after E. coli is ---- <<Choices:>> A) Klebsiella B) Bacteroids C) Streptococcus D) Enterococcus ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which is true about post ftansfusion malaria A) Caused by plasmodium malaria B) Radical chemotherapy is required C) Transmitted by needles D) Caused by P. ovale

A) Caused by plasmodium malaria

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

A 75-year-old patient clutches his chest and falls down. A physician arrives on the scene and finds the patient unresponsive with no breathing effos. What is the first thing to be done by the physician? A) Call for help B) Clear patient airway C) Check peripheral pulse D) Chest Compressions

A) Call for help

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

BCG vaccination is given by which route ? A) Subcutaneous B) Intradermal C) Intramuscular D) Subdermal

B) Intradermal

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> The drug of choice for mushroom poisoning is - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Atropine B) Physostigmine C) Adrenaline D) Carbachol ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A 13-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because she is concerned about her son's behavior. She reports that he has been wearing her dresses at home and asks to be called Lilly. He also stopped going to swim class because he “doesn't feel comfortable in swim trunks.” Since starting puberty about a year ago, he has not had any friends and the teachers report he is consistently being bullied at school. His academic performance has been poor for the last year even though he had maintained an A average the year before. The mother further reports that her son has had mainly female friends since preschool. She also mentions that as a child her son never enjoyed playing with typical boy toys like cars and instead preferred dressing up dolls. The patient was raised by his single mother from the age of 8 because his father left the family due to financial issues. He appears shy. Physical examination shows normal male external genitalia. There is scarce coarse, dark axillary and pubic hair. Upon questioning, the patient reports that he would rather be a girl. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Gender nonconformity B) Body dysmorphic disorder C) Gender dysphoria D) Fetishistic disorder ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A patient 45 years of age, non diabetic, presents with chronic pelvic pain of 1 year duration. She also complains of frequency, urgency and a sense of incomplete evacuation since 1 year without any significant finding on her past ultrasounds, urine examination and urine and high vaginal swab cultures. On pelvic examination there is no significant vaginal discharge. Cystoscopy is normal. Most probable diagnosis is ---- <<Choices:>> A) Urethral syndrome B) Asymptomatic bacteriuria C) Vulvovaginitis D) Cystitis ---- <<Answer:>>

A

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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Anita 15-year-old, complains of heavy periods since 2 months. O/E: wt 40 kg and BP 120/80 mmHg. All of the following investigations are indicated, except : ---- <<Choices:>> A) TSH B) Platelet count C) Bleeding and clotting time D) Estradiol levels ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Maximum electrophoretic mobility and least lipid content - A) Chylomicrons B) HDL C) LDL D) VLDL

B) HDL

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent is: A) Anti hemophilic — A factor B) Anti hemophilic — B factor C) Anti hemophilic —C factor D) Anti hemophilic — F factor

C) Anti hemophilic —C factor

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Crocodile skin is seen in: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Drowning B) High voltage Electric burns C) Neck ligature D) High temperature water burns ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Fracture ala signature is a type of ? A) Gutter fracture B) Depressed fracture of skull C) Ring fracture at foramen magnum D) Sutural separation

B) Depressed fracture of skull

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> All are true about Autoimmune disease except ? ---- <<Choices:>> A) T cells recognise self antigen B) Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an example C) Higher incidence among males D) Polyclonal B cell activation ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

All are true about 18 FDG Pet scanning except A) Half Life Of 18F is 110 days B) Brown adipose tissue shows normal symmetrical uptake C) Detects pairs of gamma rays produced D) Good functional detail but poor anatomical detail than CT

A) Half Life Of 18F is 110 days

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE There are various causes of halitosis, one of which is chronic renal failure. The objective of this study was to investigate halitosis levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients before and after peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy. ### METHODS 42 subjects with ESRD were included in this study. The presence of halitosis was assessed using an organoleptic measurement and compared with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and salivary flow rates. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) were calculated. All measurements were done before and after patients had received 3 months of PD therapy. ### RESULTS Mean serum BUN level was found to be lower (46.05 ± 13.30 vs 91.24 ± 31.28 mg/dL), salivary flow rate higher (0.34 ± 0.07 vs 0.26 ± 0.04 mL/minute), and halitosis level lower (2.39 ± 0.60 vs 3.90 ± 0.37) at the end of 3 months of PD therapy than at the beginning of PD therapy. There was no significant difference in CPI or DMFT index before and after PD therapy (p>0.05). There was statistically significant positive correlation between the presence of halitosis and BUN levels (r = 0.702, p = 0.001 before PD; r = 0.45, p = 0.002 after PD) and a negative correlation between the presence of halitosis and salivary flow rates (r = -0.69, p = 0.000 before PD; r = -0.37, p = 0.01 after PD). ---- <<Question:>> Does peritoneal dialysis affect halitosis in patients with end-stage renal disease? ---- <<Choices:>> A) yes B) no C) maybe ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> True about Rheumatic heart disease and Rheumatic fever is/are -a) Caused by group 'A' streptococcusb) Caused by group 'B' streptococcusc) Carrier have high risk of developing RFd) Carrier have low risk of developing RFe) M-5 protein cross reacts ---- <<Choices:>> A) ade B) bde C) abd D) ad ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A 46-year-old man who recently immigrated from Mexico comes to the physician for a pre-employment wellness examination. A tuberculin skin test is administered and he develops a raised, erythematous 12 mm lesion on his forearm within 48 hours. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. He is started on the recommended antibiotic treatment for latent tuberculosis. Four weeks later, he returns for a follow-up examination. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.3 g/dL, serum alanine aminotransferase activity of 86 U/L, and serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of 66 U/L. A photomicrograph of a Prussian blue-stained bone marrow smear is shown. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug responsible for this patient's findings? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase B) Binding to 50S ribosomal subunit C) Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis D) Inhibition of arabinosyltransferase ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which of the following is not the diagnostic feature of Apert syndrome: A) Bicoronal craniosynostosis B) Midface hypoplasia C) Mandibular hypoplasia D) Complex syndactyly

C) Mandibular hypoplasia

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Active GP consists of ---- <<Choices:>> A) GP with calcium hydroxide B) GP with ZOE C) GP with glass ionomer D) GP with zinc phosphate ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> True about confounding factor: ---- <<Choices:>> A) It is found equally between study and the control groups B) It is itself a risk factor for the disease C) Confounding can be eliminated by selecting a small group D) It is associated with either the exposure or the disease ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> X-rays are: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Electrons B) Protons C) Neutrons D) Electromagnetic waves ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

The following condition is associated with brown skin pigmentation, hypoplasia of kidney and spleen, absent or hypoplastic thumb or radius, microcephaly and mental and sexual retardation A) Aplastic Anemia B) Pernicious Anemia C) Sickle Cell Anemia D) Megaloblastic Anemia

A) Aplastic Anemia

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> True about generalized systemic sclerosis - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Raynaud's phenomenon seen years before skin changes in fingers B) Trunk involvement C) Anti-centromere antibody D) None ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Delusion is : ---- <<Choices:>> A) Comprehensible B) Reasonable C) Both D) None ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

The following statement is true for internal rotation of the head: A) Rotation occurs mostly in the cervix B) In majority rotation occurs in the pelvic floor C) Rotation occurs commonly after crowning of the head D) Rotation is earlier in primipara than multipara

B) In majority rotation occurs in the pelvic floor

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is attributed to the deficiency of? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin E C) Vitamin K D) Vitamin C ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A common finding in osteomalacia is ---- <<Choices:>> A) Low serum phosphate B) Normal level of 1, 25 di-hydroxy vit D3 C) Low serum calcium D) Increased hydroxy proline in urine ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> The tooth brushing method least likely to remove plaque in the gingival margin is the: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Sulcular method B) Scrub method C) Modified stillman D) Roll stroke ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

The liver removes LDLs in the blood by the LDLs binding to A) LDL receptors and then internalizing them B) HDL receptors and then internalizing them C) The albumin present on LDLs and then internalizing them D) The transferrin present on LDL and then internalizing them

A) LDL receptors and then internalizing them

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:

Q:A 35-year-old man presents with a mass on the central part of his neck. He reports it has been growing steadily for the past 2 weeks, and he has also been experiencing fatigue and recurrent fevers. No significant past medical history. The patient denies any smoking history, or alcohol or recreational drug use. He denies any recent travel in the previous 6 months. On physical examination, there are multiple enlarged submandibular and cervical lymph nodes that are firm, mobile, and non-tender. A biopsy of one of the lymph nodes is performed and shows predominantly lymphocytes and histiocytes present in a pattern ‘resembling popcorn’. A flow cytometry analysis demonstrates cells that are CD19 and CD20 positive and CD15 and CD30 negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Lymphocyte rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma', 'B': 'Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma', 'C': 'Nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma', 'D': 'Mixed cellularity classical Hodgkin lymphoma', 'E': 'Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin lymphoma'},

B: Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Following are true about Kerala except - A) Bih rate 29/100 B) Per capita annual income Rs. 2594 C) Life expectancy 66.6 years D) None

D) None

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Not true about apoptosis - A) Increase in lysosomal enzyme B) Increase in caspases C) Phosphatidyl serine has important role D) Intemucleosomal cleavage of nucleus

A) Increase in lysosomal enzyme

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Which of the following is not a component of SIRS? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Oral temperature >38degC B) Urine output < lml/kg/hour C) Respiratory rate >24/minute D) Systolic blood pressure ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

An asthmatic patient is taken into the OT for removal of a tumor from colon. Which of the following anaesthetic agent is preferred in this patient? A) Ether B) Ketamine C) TCE D) N20

B) Ketamine

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A person developed sudden stridor, hoarseness of voice, tongue swelling, and edematous neck after eating a peanut. What is the likely diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Foreign body aspiration B) Pharyngeal perforation C) Angioneurotic edema D) Para pharyngeal abscess ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Acute urinary retention in a male child may be due to ---- <<Choices:>> A) Prostatic radiotherapy B) Urethral stricute C) Hysteria D) Meatal ulcer with scabbing ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which worm causes myocarditis ? A) Trichuris B) Trichinella C) Enterobius D) Strogyloides

B) Trichinella

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Choose the appropriate lettered structure in this computed tomography scan of the male perineum and pelvis. Which structure secretes fluid containing fructose, which allows for forensic determination of rape? A) A B) B C) C D) D

B) B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> The commonest organism causing Empyema in a child under 2 years – ---- <<Choices:>> A) E.Coil B) Staphylocccus C) Pneumococcus D) Klebsiella ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A 50 year old male presented with blurring of vision. Urine examination showed proteinuria. Fundus examination showed dot and blot haemorrhages, microaneurysm and cotton wool spots. Histopathology pic of kidney given below. Your diagnosis? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules B) Crescents C) Amyloid D) Segmental sclerosis ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Vitamin K dependent clotting factors are: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Factor III & XI B) Factor IX & X C) Factor V & VIII D) Factor XI & XIII ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Most common cause of infectious keratitis in a contact lens user A) Acanthamoeba B) Pneumococcus C) Pseudomonas D) Staph

C) Pseudomonas

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Which of the following are histopathological features of Extra hepatic Biliary Atresia - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bile lakes B) Hepatocyte ballooning degeneration C) Marked bile duct proliferation D) All ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A new test for diabetes was carried out of the 80 people who were tested positive (+ve), it was found that actually 40 had diabetes and out of 9920 people who were tested negative (-ve) only 9840 did not have the disease actually. The sensitivity of this new test is: ---- <<Choices:>> A) 33% B) 50% C) 65% D) 99% ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Radiation can causes - A) Non Hodgkin lymphoma B) Hodgkins lymphoma C) Acute leukemia D) Papillary carcinoma thyroid

C) Acute leukemia

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Sympathetic stimulation causes all of the following except : A) Increase in hea rate B) Increase in blood pressure C) Increase in total peripheral resistance D) Increase in venous capacitance

D) Increase in venous capacitance

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Nerve associated with pharyngeal cleft is derived from ---- <<Choices:>> A) Neural crest cells B) Mesoderm C) Neural plate ectoderm D) Notochord ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which of the following is not true regarding biotransformation A) Inactive metabolites are formed B) Active metabolites are formed C) More fat soluble metabolites are formed D) More water soluble metabolites are formed

C) More fat soluble metabolites are formed

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Abdominal Ultra-sonography in a 3 year old boy show a soild circumscribed hypoechnoic renal mass. Most likely diagnosis is- ---- <<Choices:>> A) Wilm's tumor B) Renal cell carcinoma C) Mesoblastic nephroma D) Onceocytoma ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Subcortical dementia is seen in all except - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Parkinsonism B) Alzheimer's disease C) Wilson's disease D) Huntingtons chorea ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Engagement of fetal head is : ---- <<Choices:>> A) When the occiput has gone below the pelvic in let B) When the widest diameter of the presenting pa has passed through the pelvic inlet C) When the presenting pa can be push into the pelvic cavity D) Synonymous with fixation of head ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

True regarding pertusis is all, except - A) Infectivity is highest in paroxysmal state B) Cross immunity is not seen with B. parapertusis C) Chronic carrier state is not seen D) Secondary attack rate is 90%

A) Infectivity is highest in paroxysmal state

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> The following is true about scalenus anterior muscle - ---- <<Choices:>> A) It is attached to the tubercle of second rib B) It is anterior to the transverse cervical artery C) It is pierced by the phrenic nerve D) It separates the subclavian vein from the subclavian artery ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Unilateral middle ear serous effusion in an adult, most common cause ? A) TB B) Foreign body C) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma D) CSOM

C) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

All are true in degloving injury except A) Can happen in rollover injury caused by a motor vehicle B) All the non bleeding skin should be excised C) Examination under anesthesia is required D) Injury is less extensive than it actually appear

D) Injury is less extensive than it actually appear

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Gene associated with autosomal dominant breast cancer? ---- <<Choices:>> A) PTEN and KAI B) BRCA 1 and 2 C) APC D) P53 ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

HIV affects: March 2005 and 2008, and September 2011 A) CD4 cells B) CD8 cells C) Natural killer cells D) Helper cells

A) CD4 cells

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> All are seen in carney's triad except - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Atrial myxoma B) GIST C) Chondroma D) Paraganglioma ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

A patient is kept on ceftriaxone and amikacin, ESBL Klebsiella infection is detected . What will you do next? A) Continue with same antibiotic but in higher dose B) Change ceftriaxone and add ceftazidime C) Sta imipenem in place of ceftriaxone D) Remove Amikacin

C) Sta imipenem in place of ceftriaxone

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Glycogen containing cells is feature of ---- <<Choices:>> A) Ewing's sarcoma B) Chondromyxoid tumor C) Chondroblastoma D) Osteosarcomas ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> In an endodontically treated tooth: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Resorption is more as compared to a normal tooth B) Resorption is less as compared to a normal tooth C) Resorption is same as compared to a normal tooth D) Resorption is more after 2 years. ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> What is true about Salter-Harris type IV epiphyseal injury: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Fracture occur through growth plate only B) Fracture occur through growth plate & metaphy- sis only C) Fracture occur through growth plate, metaphysic & epiphysis D) Fracture occur through epiphysis only ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Tip of nose reconstruction is done by ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bipedicled flap B) Bilobed flap C) Full thickness skin graft D) Split skin graft ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Which of the following is true about non specific interstitial pneumonia? A) Common in elderly age group B) Good prognosis C) Early honeycombing D) Males are affected more commonly then females

B) Good prognosis

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Overeatment with D-penicillamine results in: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Copper toxicity in the retina B) Sideroblastic anemia C) Hypercoagulable state D) Dyslipidemia ---- <<Answer:>>

B

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Investigation of choice for Zenker's diveiculum is: A) CECT B) Endoscopy C) Esophageal manometry D) Barium Swallow

D) Barium Swallow

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Which of the following is not ionizing: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Beta radiation B) Alpha radiation C) Gamma radiation D) UV radiation ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Alpha feto protein is increased in ---- <<Choices:>> A) Hepatoblastoma B) Neuroblastoma C) Seminoma D) Renal cell carcinoma ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

Sentinel surveillance is used to detect: March 2009, March 2013 (e) A) New cases B) Missed cases C) Old cases D) Reference cases

B) Missed cases

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct option:

a1 -antitrypsin deficiency chromosome is located at: A) 10 B) 14 C) 17 D) 11

B) 14

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Which of the following metal ions is associated with secondary Parkinsonisms ---- <<Choices:>> A) Mangnese B) Magnesium (Mg) C) Selenium (Se) D) Molybednum (Me) ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> A 58-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 3-week history of increasing pain in his legs and feet. Specifically, he says that he has been getting electric shock sensations that started in his feet, but have progressed up his leg. In addition, the pain is accompanied by numbness and tingling in his hands and feet bilaterally. His past medical history is significant for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given these symptoms, his physician prescribes a new drug to help him cope with these symptoms. Which of the following is the mechanism of action for the medication that was most likely prescribed in this case? ---- <<Choices:>> A) Increased duration of GABA channel opening B) Increased frequency of GABA channel opening C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor D) Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> ATT drug causing hypothyroidism: ---- <<Choices:>> A) Isoniazid B) Ethambutol C) PAS D) Rifampicin ---- <<Answer:>>

C

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Latest drug used for treatment of MDR TB patients is - ---- <<Choices:>> A) Bedaquiline B) Amithiozone C) Capreomycin D) Linezolid ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Jefferson's is : ---- <<Choices:>> A) C1 B) C2 C) C2 C1 D) C2 C3 ---- <<Answer:>>

A

medical-qa-combined-split2

Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice:

<<Question:>> Following statement is true concerning Galactorrhea except:- ---- <<Choices:>> A) Serum prolactin (PRL) is usually above 25-30 ng/ml B) Prolactin is the most impoant hormone involved in pathophysiology of Amenorrhoea-Galactorrhea syndrome C) Associated with menstrual disturbances & infeility D) Amenorrhea with hyperprolactinemia always accompanies Galactorrhea ---- <<Answer:>>

D

medical-qa-combined-split2