CodCodingCode/medcialQA-reasoning-V2.1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Is Apraxia?	Apraxiais a neurological condition that makes it difficult or impossible to make certain movements. This happens even though your muscles are normal and you have the understanding and desire to make these movements.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Causes Apraxia?	Apraxia happens when certain parts of your brain aren’t working the way they should, particularly the parietal lobe. This can be caused by some diseases, but it usually results from brain damage to areas of the brain that contain memories of how to perform learned tasks. Apraxia can also be caused by damage to other brain areas. Conditions that can lead to apraxia include head trauma,stroke,dementia, and a brain tumor.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What’s the likely outcome for a person with apraxia?	With therapy, some people get considerably better. Others may not see much progress or even get worse. It all depends on the person, how serious their apraxia is, and what's causing it.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What’s the most common cause of apraxia of speech?	Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) may be caused by genetics or a brain injury from conditions such as childhood stroke,epilepsy, or infection. Unfortunately, the cause of CAS is unknown in most children. In adults, apraxia of speech is usually caused by brain damage. However, CAS can carry over into adulthood, as it is achronic condition.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Types of Apraxia?	There are multiple forms of apraxia, and each affects your body differently. Apraxia of speech With apraxia of speech, sometimes called verbal apraxia, it's hard or impossible to move your mouth andtongueto form words. This happens even though you have the desire to speak and your mouth andtongue musclesare physically able to form words. There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech: • Acquired apraxia of speech.Also known as verbal apraxia or oral apraxia, itcan affect people of all ages, though it's usually found in adults. It causes you to lose the speech-making abilities you once had. When it affects adults, it's sometimes called adult apraxia of speech. • Childhood apraxia of speech.This is a motor speech disorder that you're born with. It affects a child's ability to form sounds and words. Itisn’t a muscle issue; it happens because your child’s brain has a hard time planning for and directing the movements of their lips, jaw, and tongue.Children who have it are often far better at understanding speech than at expressing themselves with spoken words. Most children with childhood apraxia of speech can get much better, if not recover completely, with the right treatment.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Apraxia vs. Aphasia?	Apraxia is sometimes confused withaphasia, another communication disorder. That confusion can be complicated by the fact that the two conditions can occur together. People with apraxia and aphasia might both have trouble expressing themselves with words. But there are differences between the two conditions. Aphasia is a condition that affects your ability to understand or use words effectively. This may make it hard to speak, read, or write. But apraxia isn't a problem with understanding language. It's when you have a hard time starting and completing the movements needed to speak. This happens even though you don't have weakness in the muscles you use to speak.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Symptoms of Apraxia?	The main symptom of apraxia is being unable to make voluntary movements or gestures even though you have the physical ability and understanding to do so. The types of movement and the muscle groups that are affected depend on the part of your brain that’s involved. Depending on what type you have, symptoms may include issues with: • Facial movements such as coughing or winking • Precise movements using yourfinger, arm, or leg • Using specific tools for specific tasks • Moving your eyes • Carrying out complicated tasks such as brushing your teeth or tying your shoe • Mimicking movements with your head, arms, or legs • Taking small steps • Copying simple drawings Apraxia of speech can affect the way you speak in several different ways. Early signs of apraxia of speech in children may include: • Very little babbling (in infants) • Little variety in the sounds they make • Omitting sounds within words, especially at the beginning of a word • Being able to say a sound or word properly at certain times but not always • Losing the ability to say a word they already learned • Often using nonverbal forms of communication, such as nodding or pointing	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Apraxia Diagnosis?	Tests that may be used to diagnose apraxia include: • Evaluation by a doctor:Your doctor will ask you to do familiar tasks that you’ve learned, such as brushing your teeth or cutting out a shape. An evaluation will also include a physical exam to see if your symptoms are due to problems with your muscles or joints. Your doctor may talk to your family members as well to find out how well you're able to do your normal daily activities. • Brain function tests:Your doctor may use neuropsychologic tests to check how your brain is working in areas such as problem-solving, memory, language, attention, and processing. • Imaging tests:If your doctor believes your apraxia is caused by damage to your brain, you may have imaging tests such as a CT scan orMRIto find the extent and location of the damage.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Apraxia Treatments?	There's no particular treatment for apraxia, and it can’t be cured. But it can be managed with physical, speech, and/oroccupational therapy. These therapies can improve your symptoms and make apraxia easier to live with. If another condition is causing your apraxia, you'll get treatment for that condition. In some cases of acquired apraxia, the condition goes away on its own. But that's not the case with childhood apraxia of speech, which doesn't improve withoutspeech-language therapy. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from seeing a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week. Your child may also work with you to practice the skills they're developing. For the best results, the treatment should be designed to meet your child’s particular needs. Therapy for childhood apraxia of speech aims to improve speech coordination. Apraxia speech therapy activities may include: • Repeatedly practicing forming and pronouncing sounds and words • Practicing stringing together sounds to make speech • Working with rhythms or melodies • Using multisensory approaches, such as watching in a mirror while trying to form words or touching the face while talking If your child’s apraxia of speech is serious, they can also learn alternative ways to communicate, such as writing, drawing, or pointing. Another option is to use assistive electronic devices, including computers that can produce words and sentences.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Apraxia Takeaways?	When you have apraxia, you have a hard time making certain movements. It happens when damage to your brain keeps it from giving the right instructions to your body. Different types of apraxia affect you in different ways. There's no cure, but physical, speech, and occupational therapy can improve your symptoms and make the condition easier to live with.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Apraxia FAQs?	What’s the likely outcome for a person with apraxia? With therapy, some people get considerably better. Others may not see much progress or even get worse. It all depends on the person, how serious their apraxia is, and what's causing it.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnitis Symptoms of Arachnoiditis?	Symptoms of arachnoiditis can vary, but the most common is pain in the lower back or legs which is often described as burning or stinging pain. Others include: • Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the legs • Pins and needles sensation (paresthesia) • Joint pain • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) • Fatigue • Bladderproblems As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more severe or even permanent. Many people with arachnoiditis are unable to work and suffer significant disability because they are in constant pain.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnitis Causes of Arachnoiditis?	Inflammation of the arachnoid can be triggered by a number of different irritants, including: • Spinal cord injury:In most cases, it is related to complications from spinal surgery or procedures such as epidural injection and spinal tap. • Infection:Viruses or bacteria such as bacterialmeningitisofthe spinecan trigger the inflammation. • Spinal nerve compression:Chronic degenerative disc disease or advancedspinal stenosis(narrowing of the spinal column) can lead to compression of the spinal nerves, triggering inflammation of the arachnoid.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnitis Diagnosing Arachnoiditis?	Diagnosing arachnoiditis can be difficult, but tests such as the CAT scan (computerized axial tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have helped with diagnosis. A test called an electromyogram (EMG) can assess the severity of the ongoing damage to affected nerve roots by using electrical impulses to check nerve function. Note: Myelograms with the radiographic contrast currently in use, combined with CAT scanning, are not considered to be responsible for causing arachnoiditis or causing it to worsen.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnitis Treating Arachnoiditis?	There is no cure for arachnoiditis. Treatment options for arachnoiditis are similar to those for otherchronic painconditions. Most treatments focus on relieving pain and improving symptoms that impair daily activities. Often, healthcare professionals recommend a program of pain management, physiotherapy, exercise, andpsychotherapy. Surgery for arachnoiditis is controversial because outcomes can be poor and provide only short-term relief.Clinical trialsof steroid injections and electrical stimulation are needed to determine whether those treatments are effective.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: What Blood Pressure Is Considered Too High?	Ablood pressureof 130/80 or higher is considered high. This is called hypertension	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: How Is Blood Pressure Related to Weight?	As your body weight increases, yourbloodpressure can rise. In fact, beingoverweightcan make you more likely to develop high blood pressure than if you are at your desirable weight. About 70% of adults in the United States are overweight. You can reduce your risk of high blood pressure by losing weight. Even small amounts of weight loss can make a big difference in helping to prevent and treat highbloodpressure.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: How Can I Lose Weight?	To lose weight, you need to eat fewer calories than you burn. But don't go on a crash diet to see how quickly you can lose those pounds. The healthiest and longest-lasting weight loss happens when you do it slowly, losing 1/2 to 1 pound a week. By cutting back by 500 calories/day, by eating less and being more physically active, you can lose about one pound in a week.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: How Can I Reduce My Intake of Salt?	Americans eat more salt and other forms of sodium than they need. Often, when people with high blood pressure cut back on salt, their blood pressure falls. Cutting back on salt also prevents blood pressure from rising. Some people, like African-Americans and the elderly, may be more affected by sodium than others. Since there's really no practical way to predict exactly who will be affected by sodium, it makes sense for everyone to limit intake of salt to help prevent high blood pressure.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: How Much Alcohol Can I Drink if I Have High Blood Pressure?	Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure. It may also lead to the development of high blood pressure. So to help prevent high blood pressure, if you drink alcohol, limit how much you drink to no more than two drinks a day if you are male. The "Dietary Guidelines for Americans" recommend that for overall health, women and lighter weight persons should limit their alcohol to no more than one drink a day.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: Can Caffeine Affect my Blood Pressure?	Thecaffeinein drinks like coffee, tea, and sodas may cause blood pressure to go up, but only temporarily. In a short time your blood pressure will go back down. Unless you are sensitive tocaffeineand your blood pressure does not go down, you do not have to limitcaffeineto avoid developing high blood pressure.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: Can Stress Affect Blood Pressure?	Yes. Stress can make blood pressure go up for a while and over time may contribute to the cause of high blood pressure. There are many steps you can take to reduce your stress. The article on easing stress will get you started.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnodactyly: What About High Blood Pressure Drugs?	If you have high blood pressure, the lifestyle changes mentioned above may not be enough to lower your pressure. Your doctor may recommend addingmedication.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: What Is Meningioma?	A meningioma is a tumor that forms on the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord just inside the skull. These membranes are called the meninges and consist of three layers. Specifically, the tumor can form on any of these three layers. These tumors are often slow-growing. Around 80% are benign (not cancerous).	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What is Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma meningioma cancer?	Meningioma is a type of tumor that grows on the membranes between the skull and the brain and spinal cord. Technically, they are not tumors in your brain, but their growth can press against nearby brain tissue, nerves, and blood vessels, causing symptoms. Meningioma is the most common head tumor. Around 80% of meningiomas are not cancerous.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: What size meningioma needs to be removed?	Because meningiomas are typically slow-growing, several factors decide whether one should be surgically removed. These factors include the tumor's size and rate of growth, the patient's age and health, and whether the tumor is causing neurological problems.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What is Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma the life expectancy after meningioma surgery?	Outcomes depend on whether the meningioma is malignant (cancerous) or benign and whether surgery succeeds in removing all of the tumor. The overall survival rate by age for meningioma is 84% for people aged 20-44, 79% for those aged 45-54, and 74% for those between the ages of 55 and 64.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: Can an MRI tell if a meningioma is benign?	Researchers have found that brain imaging tests such as MRI and CT scans can help detect the difference between a cancerous or benign meningioma. However, surgical biopsy will give the most definitive answer.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: Can you die from a benign meningioma?	People who have benign meningiomas are more likely to die from other health conditions such asheartand cardiovascular disease, stroke, anddementia. Fewer than 9% of people died from benign meningiomas in one population-based study.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Grades?	Meningiomas are classified by location and severity. Grade 1 meningiomas These are the most common type of meningioma. About 80% of grade 1 tumors are benign (not cancerous). They grow slowly and have defined borders.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Causes?	Researchers are unsure what exactly causes meningioma, but cancers generally result from changes in our genes. Researchers have found an abnormality on chromosome 22, which works to keep tumors from growing, in about 40%-80% of meningiomas. Radiation exposure, particularly as a child, may increase your risk of developing a meningioma. People with neurofibromatosis type 2, a genetic condition, are also at a higher risk for meningioma.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Risk Factors?	Potential risk factors for meningioma include: Gender.Meningiomas are more common in women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB), and middle-aged women are more than twice as likely as men to develop a meningioma. It's thought this risk factor may be due to female hormones. Most meningiomas occur between the ages of 30 and 70. They are very rare in children.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Symptoms?	Most meningiomas grow very slowly, so their symptoms often develop gradually, if they develop at all. Symptoms also depend on where in your brain the meningioma is located. The most common symptoms include: • Headaches • Seizures • Blurred vision • Weakness in arms or legs • Numbness • Speech problems	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Diagnosis?	Meningiomas are rarely diagnosed before they begin to cause symptoms. If symptoms indicate the possibility of a tumor, a doctor may order abrainscan: anMRIand/or a CT scan. These will allow the doctor to locate the meningioma and figure out its size. Abiopsymay sometimes be performed. A surgeon removes part or all of the tumor to check whether it is benign or malignant.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Treatment?	Meningioma treatment depends on multiple factors such as the tumor's size and growth rate as well as your health, age, and treatment preferences. Options include: Wait and watch If the tumor is not causing any symptoms, observation is often recommended. Regular brain scans will be performed to check if the tumor is growing. If your tumor's growth threatens to cause problems or if symptoms begin to develop, surgery may be necessary, particularly if: • You have symptoms such as seizures, blurred vision,tinnitusor loss of hearing, memory issues, severe headaches, or weakness in your limbs. • The meningioma is located in a vital area such as close to your spinal cord or major blood vessels. • Your tumor is cancerous.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Survival Rates?	Survival rates for cancers such as meningioma depend on multiple factors. The overall survival rates by age for meningioma are as follows: • 84% for people aged 2–44 • 79% for those aged 45-54 • 74% for those aged 55-64 An analysis of more than 60,000 patients found that survival rates worsen depending on where the meningioma is located, whether the meningioma is cancerous or larger in size, and if a patient is older or has other chronic health conditions. Also, uninsured people usually have worse outcomes. The lower the grade of your tumor, the more likely that surgery combined with radiation will improve your prognosis. Surgical removal of all of the tumor and affected areas is associated with a lower rate of recurrence as well. Recently, the 10-year survival rate for those with cancerous meningiomas has improved because of new treatment options.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Complications?	Meningiomas usually grow slowly, so you may not notice any symptoms at first. But as they begin to increase in size and impact the brain areas surrounding them, you may begin to feel symptoms that depend on where your meningioma is located. These symptoms may include: • Paralysis of your lower limbs • Loss of smell • Eye bulging	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Takeaways?	A meningioma is a tumor that grows on the membranes just inside your skull that cover the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. Meningiomas usually grow slowly, sometimes developing for years before you feel any symptoms. Around 80% of meningiomas are noncancerous (benign), but they can cause changes to your senses, memory, and neurological functions. See your doctor immediately if you have a sudden onset of symptoms such as seizures, vision changes, or memory loss.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma FAQs?	What is meningioma cancer? Meningioma is a type of tumor that grows on the membranes between the skull and the brain and spinal cord. Technically, they are not tumors in your brain, but their growth can press against nearby brain tissue, nerves, and blood vessels, causing symptoms. Meningioma is the most common head tumor. Around 80% of meningiomas are not cancerous. What size meningioma needs to be removed? Because meningiomas are typically slow-growing, several factors decide whether one should be surgically removed. These factors include the tumor's size and rate of growth, the patient's age and health, and whether the tumor is causing neurological problems. What is the life expectancy after meningioma surgery? Outcomes depend on whether the meningioma is malignant (cancerous) or benign and whether surgery succeeds in removing all of the tumor. The overall survival rate by age for meningioma is 84% for people aged 20-44, 79% for those aged 45-54, and 74% for those between the ages of 55 and 64.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Is Chikungunya?	Chikungunyais a virus that's spread bymosquitoes. You can't get it from another person, but mosquitoes do get it from biting a person who is infected. Most people don't die from it, but you could have some lasting pain. In fact, the name of the chikungunya virus in the African Makonde language means "bent over in pain."	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arbovirus A Chikungunya Type: How Do I Know if I Have It?	You may see signs of chikungunya around 3 to 7 days after you’re bitten. Chikungunya symptoms typically include fever andjoint pain.You also might have aheadache,nausea, red eyes, arash,and be very tired.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	How Is Chikungunya Diagnosed?	The doctor will take a sample of yourbloodto check for signs that your body is fighting off the virus. There is a test in the U.S. that can check for chikungunya, the Zika virus, and dengue. After you're tested, your doctor will advise you on how to treat your symptoms.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	How Do You Treat Chikungunya?	There’s no antiviral chikungunya treatment–or treatment that can kill the virus itself. There's no vaccine to prevent it, either. Doctors just treat symptoms.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What's the Prognosis for Chikungunya?	Most people don't die from the virus. In fact, you'll probably recover in a few weeks.Acute symptoms usually end after 7 to 10 days.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	ARDS: What Is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?	Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is a condition that causes fluid to build up in yourlungsso oxygen can’t get to your organs.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARDS Causes and Risk Factors?	ARDS is usually triggered by another health problem, so most people who have it are already in the hospital for something else. Causes of ARDS include: Sepsis.This is when you get an infection in your bloodstream and yourimmune systemgoes into overdrive, causinginflammation, smallblood clots, and bleeding.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARDS Symptoms?	ARDS puts a lot of strain on your lungs. Symptoms include: • Shortness of breath • Low blood pressure • Unusually fast breathing • Fast heartbeat • Cough • Fever • Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply • Confusion and exhaustion • Blue-tinted lips or nails from lack of oxygen in your blood • Dizziness	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARDS Diagnosis and Tests?	No single test can identify ARDS. It’s more of a puzzle that your doctor pieces together. They’ll want to rule out conditions that can have similar symptoms.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARDS Treatment?	Treatment aims to get the oxygen levels in your blood up to where they should be, so your organs get what they need. In some cases, your doctor might give you an air mask and later go to a breathing tube and ventilator (a machine that helps you breathe).	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARDS Complications?	The condition or its treatment can lead to other problems, including: • Collapse of part of your lung because it can’t inflate the way it should (atelectasis) or because of air between your lung and your chest wall (pneumothorax) • Organ damage or failure • Confusion • High blood pressurein thearterythat goes from yourheartto your lungs (pulmonary hypertension) • Scarred lung tissue (pulmonary fibrosis) • Blood clots • Infection	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARDS Outlook?	If you’ve recently had ARDS, improve your recovery by: • Notsmoking • Not drinking alcohol You might need to be on a ventilator for a while. ARDS can leave you weak, so you may go tophysical therapyto get stronger.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Aplastic (or Hypoplastic) Anemia?	Blood cells are made fromstem cellsin your bone marrow. When you haveaplastic anemia, stem cells in your bone marrow are damaged and can’t make enough new blood cells. You’re either born with aplastic anemia, meaning you inherited a gene from your parents that caused it, or you develop it (acquired). Acquired aplastic anemia is the more common of the two, and sometimes it’s only temporary.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Sideroblastic Anemia?	In this group ofblood disorders, your body can't use iron to make hemoglobin -- the protein that carries oxygen in your blood. The iron buildup causes the formation of abnormal red blood cells called sideroblasts. There are two main types of sideroblastic anemia: Acquired sideroblastic anemiacan be caused by exposure to certain chemicals ordrugs.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Aregenerative Anemia Myelodysplastic Syndromes?	Myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS) are diseases that are caused when your bone marrow is damaged and can't make enough healthy blood cells. MDS is a type ofcancer.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia happens when your body'simmune systemattacks and destroys red blood cells faster than it can make new ones. If you have an autoimmune disease likelupus, you’re also more likely to get this type of anemia. Medicines such asmethyldopa(Aldomet),penicillin, andquinine(Qualaquin) can also cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia (CDA)?	CDA is a group of inherited anemias that reduce the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. All CDAs are passed down through families. There are four types of CDA: types 1, 2, 3, and 4. Type 2 is the most common and type 4 is the rarest and most severe. Symptoms include chronic anemia, fatigue, yellow skin andeyes(jaundice), pale skin, and missing fingers and toes at birth. Some people never need treatment. But depending on the severity of the disease, your doctor might recommend a blood transfusion, a stem cell transplant, or medicines to lower iron levels or interferon alfa-2A, a drug typically used for treatingleukemiaandmelanoma.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Diamond-Blackfan Anemia?	If you have Diamond-Blackfan anemia, your bone marrow doesn't make enough red blood cells. Doctors think it is caused by changes to your genes. Symptoms of Diamond-Blackfan anemia include: • Fast heartbeat (tachycardia) • Fatigue • Heart murmur • Irritability • Pale skin • Short height • Sleepiness • Weak bones Treatments include everything from steroids that can help produce more red blood cells to red blood cell transfusions and bone marrow transplants.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Megaloblastic Anemia?	With this type of anemia, your bone marrow produces abnormally structured red blood cells that are too large and too young. Because they’re not mature or healthy, they can't carry oxygen throughout your body very well. Megaloblastic anemiais caused by too little vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or vitamin B9 (folate). Your body needs these vitamins to make red blood cells. Some people with megaloblastic anemia might not have symptoms for many years. But once symptoms do appear, they’re similar to other types of anemia, and include: • Dizziness and fatigue • Diarrhea,nausea • Fast orirregular heartbeat(tachycardia) • Muscle painor weakness • Pale skin • Trouble breathing Doctors treat megaloblastic anemia with vitamin B9 and vitamin B12supplementsto replace what your body is missing. You'll also need treatment for any disease -- such asCrohn's-- that causes your body to lack these vitamins.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Fanconi Anemia?	Fanconi anemia makes your blood marrow produce too few blood cells. It's hereditary, meaning it’s passed down from one of your parents through a gene mutation. Symptoms and physical traits of Fanconi anemia include: • Abnormal thumbs • Easy bruising and bleeding • Fatigue • Frequent infections • Heart,kidney, and bone problems • Skin color changes • Small body, head, andeyes If you have Fanconi anemia, you’re more likely to get a type of cancer calledacute myeloid leukemia, or AML. Your odds of getting cancers of the head, neck, skin, GI tract, or genitals also go up. Treatment depends on several factors, including what stage it’s in and the severity of physical complications. Treatments include hormone therapy and growth factors to boost blood cell growth. If symptoms become severe, your doctor might recommend a bone marrow stem cell transplant. Oftentimes a bone marrow transplant can cure the problems altogether.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	ARG Deficiency: What Are Urea Cycle Disorders?	Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are a group of diseases. They make it hard for your child’s body to remove waste products as they digest proteins. They are inherited diseases -- you pass them down to your child.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	ARG Deficiency: Who Gets Them?	UCDs affect about 1 in 35,000 newborns.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARG Deficiency Symptoms?	UCDs fall into two groups: Complete UCD:This means yourbabyhas a severe or total lack of the enzyme. You’ll notice symptoms in the first couple of days: • Fussy • Sleepy or sluggish • Can’t feed • Vomits • Low body temperature • Problems with posture • Seizures • Fastbreathingthat becomes slow • Coma	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARG Deficiency Diagnosis?	Most newborns in the U.S. are tested for ASS1 and ASL, but how well the tests work is different in each state. Many states test for arginase and citrin deficiencies. A handful also test for OTC and CPS1 deficiencies. If your baby starts to show symptoms after you get home, the doctor will do aphysical exam. They’ll ask about your family history and do tests. They’ll look for ammonia in your child’sbloodand amino acid in their blood and urine. The doctor can take a tiny piece of theirliverthrough a process calledbiopsy. They’ll test it for enzymes. Genetic tests will usually confirm the diagnosis.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARG Deficiency Treatment?	UCDs are life-threatening. Don’t wait to get treatment. A team of health professionals will care for your child. They will first do these three treatments at the same time: • Dialysisto remove ammonia from their blood • Feeding themsupplementsof sugars, fats, and amino acids • Medicines to remove extra nitrogen Long-term treatment can manage UCD symptoms. Your child will need frequent blood tests throughout their life to check ammonia levels. Stresses on their body -- like illness, injury, or surgery -- can cause their levels to rise. During those times, you’ll need to give them extra calories so their body has plenty of fuel. Long-term treatment will include: • A low protein, high-calorie diet • Medications to remove nitrogen • Supplements of amino acids • Drinking plenty ofwater Aliver transplantcan reverse the symptoms of a urea cycle disorder.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are ARG Deficiency Outlook?	There’s no cure for UCDs. Your child’s long-term health depends on which UCD they have, how severe it is, how early it was diagnosed, and how closely you follow the treatment plan. If your child doesn’t follow the special diet or they have frequentstress-induced symptoms, repeatedbrain swellingcan lead to irreversible brain damage. If they’re diagnosed early and follow their diet, they can live a normal life.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Is Chiari Malformation?	Chiari (pronounced kee-aa-ree) malformation is a group of conditions where the lower back part of your brain pushes against or into the hole where your spinal cord enters your skull, called the foramen magnum. The lower back part of your brain is called your hindbrain, and in severe cases, parts of the hindbrain are missing. Your hindbrain includes your cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What is the life expectancy of someone with Chiari malformation?	This depends on the type you have and your general health. If you have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, you're likely to have a normal life expectancy. If you have severe symptoms, ask your doctor what to expect. Unfortunately, people with type III or IV may have severe neurological defects and may not live past childhood.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Chiari Malformation Causes?	Chiari malformations are structural defects in yourbrainand spinal cord that happen mostly because of abnormal fetal development. Many people with a Chiari malformation have a smaller posterior fossa than other people. Your posterior fossa is the part of your skull where your cerebellum would normally fit. If your posterior fossa is too small, it may cause your brain to push against and down into your foramen magnum. But researchers don't know exactly why these differences happen during fetal development.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Chiari Malformation Symptoms?	These signs and symptoms vary by type and can be very different between individuals. Type I Chiari malformation may not cause any symptoms. You may only realize you have it when you're a teen or adult while getting imaging for another condition. If you do have symptoms, they may come and go. But if you have compression of your brainstem and spinal cord, you may have neurological symptoms, such as: • Headache in the lower back of your head (occipital headache) and neck pain. This is the most common symptom. The pain may get worse when you cough, sneeze, strain, or bend over. • Dizzinessand problems with balance • Muscleweakness • Loss of pain and temperature sensation in your upper body and arms • Numbness or tingling in your arms and legs • Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, and light sensitivity • Swallowing difficulties • Hearing loss and ringing in your ears (tinnitus) • Nausea and vomiting • Trouble sleeping (insomnia) • Depression • Sleep apnea	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Chiari Malformation Diagnosis?	Chiari malformations of types II, III, and IV are usually first identified using fetal sonography during the second-trimester anatomy check. Your obstetrician can then use fetal MRI to see more clearly what is going on. If you have type I that went unidentified as a fetus, your doctor will likely start by asking about your symptoms and will perform aphysical exam, including a neurological exam. During a neurological exam, your doctor tests for things such as your: • Sense of balance • Ability to touch and perceive sensations • Reflex strength and speed • Ability to perform motor skills • Ability to drink fluids or swallow thickened food • Ability to sleep If your doctor suspects Chiari malformation, they will likely order imaging tests, such as: • MRIis the most common test doctors use to diagnose Chiari malformation. This will show if you have a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in your brain or spinal column or loss of brain tissue. They may also ask for a cine MRI, which is a specialized test that will allow them to see how your cerebrospinal fluid moves in real time. • Myelography, if you can't have an MRI. • X-ray, which can show abnormalities in your skull and spine • CT scan, which may help your doctor further determine if you have bony abnormalities at the base of your skull	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Chiari Malformation Treatment?	You may not need treatment if the Chiari malformation doesn't cause symptoms or interfere with your daily life or activities. If you have symptoms, your doctor can prescribemedicationsand devices to help. For instance, your doctor may prescribe a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), muscle relaxers, or a cervical collar to help ease headaches and neck pain.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Chiari Malformation Complications?	In addition to spina bifida, other conditions sometimes associated with Chiari malformations include: Hydrocephalus.An excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in your brain. Syringomyelia.A disorder in which a cyst develops in your spinal cord's central canal. Tethered cord syndrome.A progressive disorder in which the spinal cord attaches itself to your bony spine. Spinal curvature.This includes conditions such as: • Scoliosis, which is a curve of your spine to the left or right • Kyphosis, which is a forward bend of the top of your spine	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Living With Chiari Malformation?	Your symptoms may come and go, so it's important to be kind and patient with yourself. Don't be afraid to ask family and friends for help on the days you need support. Consider joining an organization or support group for people with Chiari malformation. It can be helpful to interact with people who are experiencing the same symptoms and challenges. For people in the U.S., the American Syringomyelia & Chiari Alliance Project has online support groups, telephone support, and local support groups. You can help support yourself by practicing good lifestyle habits, such as: Eat healthy foods most of the time.Studies show that the Mediterranean diet has health benefits for most people. This diet includes lots of fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, and healthy oils (such as olive oil). Avoid eating processed foods as much as possible. And drink plenty of water. Doctors usually recommend about six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day for most people. Staying hydrated can help keep headaches and fatigue at bay when you're managing a health condition.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arnold-Chiari Malformation Takeaways?	Chiari malformations are structural defects in yourbrainand spinal cord that you're usually born with. In many cases, you will be diagnosed before you're born when your mom goes in for the second-trimester ultrasound. There are several different types. Your symptoms and treatment will depend on which type you have. Most people have type I, which may or may not have symptoms. If you do have symptoms with type I, your doctor may be able to treat you with medicine. In some cases, you may need surgery to correct the defect.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Chiari Malformation FAQs?	What is the life expectancy of someone with Chiari malformation? This depends on the type you have and your general health. If you have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, you're likely to have a normal life expectancy. If you have severe symptoms, ask your doctor what to expect. Unfortunately, people with type III or IV may have severe neurological defects and may not live past childhood.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Is Aromatherapy?	If you need improvement in health problems fromanxietyto poorsleep, you may want to consideraromatherapy. In this kind of treatment, you use extracts from plants called essential oils, by eitherbreathingthem through your nose or putting them on yourskin. Some people put the oils on their skin when they get amassageor take a bath.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Are Essential Oils?	Essential oilsare made from flower, herb, and tree parts, like bark, roots, peels, and petals. The cells that give a plant its fragrant smell are its "essence." When an essence is extracted from a plant, it becomes an essential oil.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Aromatherapy (Essential Oils Therapy): Is It Safe?	Aromatherapy is generally safe. Essential oils can cause side effects, though. Some can irritate youreyes, skin, ormucous membranesin your nose. They can also cause mild allergic reactions.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are How Aromatherapy Works?	Experts think aromatherapy activates areas in your nose called smell receptors, which send messages through your nervous system to yourbrain. The oils may activate certain areas of yourbrain, like your limbic system, which plays a role in your emotions and memories. Aromas stimulate activity in your hypothalamus, which signals the brain to release feel-goodbrainchemicals like serotonin. Some experts think that when you put essential oils on your skin, they cause a response in your skin and other parts of your body, like your joints.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Is an Arrhythmia?	An arrhythmia (pronounced as “uh-RITH-me-uh”)is an irregular heartbeat. This means your heart is out of its usual rhythm. About 1.5%-5% of people have arrhythmias.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What is Arrhythmia a normal heart rate?	There is a range of resting heart rates that is considered normal and healthy. For most adults, 60-100 beats per minute is normal, though some athletes can have rates as low as the 40s. On the other end, a normal maximum heart rate—or how fast your heart beats when it's working hardest—is typically 220 minus your age in years.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Is arrhythmia life-threatening?	Irregular heart rhythms may be harmless, but there are types—such asventricular tachycardiaand ventricular fibrillation—that can be life-threatening.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are the bad symptoms of arrhythmia?	While signs of arrhythmia can vary and can result from stress, caffeine, or other reasons, there are a few serious symptoms to watch out for in particular.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Symptoms?	An arrhythmia can be silent, meaning you don't notice any symptoms. Your doctor may spot an uneven heartbeat during aphysical exam. If you have symptoms, they may include: • Palpitations (a feeling of skipped heartbeats, fluttering, or “flip-flops”) • Pounding in your chest • Dizziness or feeling lightheaded • Fainting • Shortness of breath • Chest pain or tightness • Weakness or fatigue (feeling very tired) • Anxiety • Blurry vision • Sweating • Rapid heartbeat • Slow heartbeat	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Causes?	You could have an arrhythmia even if your heart is healthy. The following could beirregular heartbeat causes: • Heart disease • The wrong balance of electrolytes (such as sodium or potassium) in your blood • Heart injury or changes such as reduced blood flow or stiff heart tissue • The healing process after heart surgery • Infection or fever • Certain medications, including antidepressants, decongestants, andhigh blood pressure medications • Problems with electrical signals in your heart • Strong emotions, stress, or surprise • Things in your daily life such as alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, or exercise • Diabetes • High blood pressure • COVID-19 infection • Sleep apnea • Problems with your thyroid gland • Anxiety • Cardiomyopathy • Changes in hormone levels	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Types of Arrhythmias?	Arrhythmias are classified based on where they happen. If they start in the ventricles, the lower chambers of your heart, they’re called ventricular. When they begin in the atria, the upper chambers, they’re called supraventricular. Doctors also group them by how they affect your resting heart rate. Bradycardia is a slow heartbeat of fewer than 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia is a fast heartbeat of more than 100 beats per minute. Supraventricular arrhythmias Supraventricular arrhythmias include: • Premature atrial contractions.These are early extra beats. They’re harmless and generally don't need treatment. • Atrial fibrillation (AFib).The upper chambers of your heart contract in an unusual way. Your heart might beat more than 400 times a minute. • Atrial flutter.This arrhythmia is usually more organized and regular thanAFib. It happens most often in people who have heart disease and in the first week after heart surgery. It often changes to AFib. • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT).This is a rapid heart rate, usually with a regular rhythm. It begins and ends suddenly. • Accessory pathway tachycardias.You can have a rapid heart rate because of an extra pathway between your heart's upper and lower chambers. Think of it as an extra road on your way home, in addition to your usual route. When that happens in your heart, it can cause a fast rhythm. • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT).This is caused by an extra pathway through a part of your heart called the AV node. It can cause heart palpitations, fainting, or heart failure.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Risk Factors?	Things that may make you more likely to have an arrhythmia include your: • Age.The chances go up as you get older. • Genes.Your odds might be higher if a close relative has had an arrhythmia. Some types ofheart diseasecan also run in families. • Lifestyle.Alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs can raise your risk. • Medical conditions.High blood pressure, diabetes, low blood sugar, obesity, sleep apnea, anxiety, thyroid disorders, lung disease, and autoimmune disorders are among the conditions that may cause heart rhythm problems. • Environment.Things in the world around you, like air pollution, can make an arrhythmia more likely. • Heart disease.If you were born with a heart disease or have had other heart problems in the past, you're more at risk for arrhythmias. • Previous treatments for heart disease.You're more likely to have arrhythmia if you've had surgeries or other treatments for heart disease in the past.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Diagnosis?	If you are experiencing irregular heartbeats, your doctor will start to examine the problem by performing a physical exam. They will take your pulse and listen to your heart.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Treatment?	Treatment will depend on what type of arrhythmia you have. Your doctor may recommend one or more of these. Medications Medicines that treat uneven heart rhythms include: • Adenosine (Adenocard) • Atropine (Atropen) • Beta-blockers • Calcium channel blockers • Digoxin (Digitek, Digox, Lanoxin) • Potassium channel blockers • Sodium channel blockers Vagal maneuvers These techniques trigger your body to relax by affecting your vagus nerve, which helps control your heart rate. Your doctor might tell you to: • Cough or gag • Hold your breath and bear down (Valsalva maneuver) • Lie down • Put a cold, wet towel over your face Electrical cardioversion If drugs can't control an uneven heart rhythm (such as atrial fibrillation), you might needcardioversion. For this, you will be given a sedative to keep you asleep during the procedure. Then, your doctor will send an electrical shock to your chest wall to trigger your heart’s regular rhythm. Pacemaker This device sends small electrical impulses to your heart muscle to keep a safe heart rate. It includes a pulse generator (which houses the battery and a tiny computer) and wires that send impulses to the heart muscle.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Complications of Arrhythmias?	Without treatment, an uneven heart rhythm could cause dangerous problems, such as: • Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.These cognitive disorders may happen because your brain doesn’t get enough blood over time. • Heart failure.Your heart might not pump as well as it should after repeated arrhythmias. • Stroke.Blood that lingers in your atria can clot. If a clot travels to your brain, it may cause astroke. • Cardiac arrest.V-fib could cause your heart to stop.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Safe Driving Concerns?	If you have an arrhythmia, you could faint behind the wheel. This could put you, other motorists, pedestrians, and property at great risk. To figure out whether you can drive safely, your doctor will consider: • What type of arrhythmia you have • How serious your condition is • The treatment you receive for it (if any) • How often you have symptoms and how serious they are If you have no symptoms and you haven't had any serious heart rhythm problems, you should be able to drive as you always have. If meds keep your arrhythmia under control, your doctor may give you the green light to drive, too.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Prevention?	You can’t always prevent arrhythmias. Regular checkups with your doctor can help keep you from having more heart rhythm problems. Be sure they know all of the medications you’re taking. Some cold and cough medicines can trigger an arrhythmia, so talk to your doctor before using them. They may also recommend some lifestyle changes: • Eat a healthy diet. Get plenty of fruits and vegetables, fish, and plant-based proteins. Avoid saturated and trans fats. • Keep cholesterol and blood pressure under control. • Don’t smoke. • Keep a healthy weight. • Exercise regularly. • Manage stress. • Limit alcohol and caffeine.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia Takeaways?	If you notice irregular heartbeats or other arrhythmia symptoms, see your doctor right away. Some arrhythmias are more serious than others, and the condition can have many different causes. Be open and honest with your doctor about your lifestyle and other health conditions so that you can find the treatment that's right for you.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arrhythmia FAQs?	What are four symptoms of arrhythmia? At times, heart arrhythmias may be “silent” and not cause any symptoms at all. When they do, though, four common signs to look for include: • Chest pain or discomfort • Shortness of breath or trouble breathing • Anxiety • Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting Is arrhythmia life-threatening? Irregular heart rhythms may be harmless, but there are types—such asventricular tachycardiaand ventricular fibrillation—that can be life-threatening. Arrhythmias can also damage your brain, weaken your heart, or hurt your other organs if they keep your heart from pumping enough blood to your body. This could lead to life-threatening conditions such as stroke, heart failure, or a heart attack.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arteriovenous Malformation: What Is PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum (PROS)?	Vascular malformations caused by PROS are present at birth, but they may not show up until later in life. (Photo credit: Dermnet NZ)	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Arteriovenous Malformation: What’s Ahead for My Child?	PROS is a lifelong condition. The overgrowth of tissues may affect your child’s daily life in a number of ways. Since PROS is so variable and can affect different parts of the body, the outlook and symptoms can vary a lot from one person to the next. For example, when the brain is affected, it can lead to developmental delays and learning differences.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arteriovenous Malformation Understanding PIK3CA and PROS?	Changes in the PIK3CA gene cause PROS because of the gene’s regular job in your body. Like many genes, it has instructions for making a certain protein. The PIK3CA protein controls other proteins that act as important signals in your body. Those signals help to make sure that cells grow, divide, move, and die when they should.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What are Arteriovenous Malformation Treatment?	There’s no cure for PROS, but there are ways to manage the condition and its symptoms. Your child’s doctor may recommend surgery to remove overgrowths, especially if they’re causing trouble with movement or other activities. Surgery might also relieve pressure on the brain, correct scoliosis, or manage other problems. Medications can help with seizures or other symptoms.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	What Is Takayasu's Arteritis?	Arteritis is a general term that refers to the inflammation ofarteries—bloodvessels that carrybloodaway from theheartand to the rest of the body. A closely related condition called vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels in general — including veins and arteries.	local_scraped
Please answer the question as a medical doctor.	Who Gets Takayasu Arteritis?	Takayasu's arteritis most often affects people in Asia, but it can also affect children and adults of all ages and ethnic backgrounds around the world. It affects more women than men (eight women for every one man), and three-quarters of people who have the condition start showing symptoms in their teen years. That said, the actual diagnosis is often much later, around age 29.	local_scraped

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What Is Apraxia?

Apraxiais a neurological condition that makes it difficult or impossible to make certain movements. This happens even though your muscles are normal and you have the understanding and desire to make these movements.

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What Causes Apraxia?

Apraxia happens when certain parts of your brain aren’t working the way they should, particularly the parietal lobe. This can be caused by some diseases, but it usually results from brain damage to areas of the brain that contain memories of how to perform learned tasks. Apraxia can also be caused by damage to other brain areas. Conditions that can lead to apraxia include head trauma,stroke,dementia, and a brain tumor.

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What’s the likely outcome for a person with apraxia?

With therapy, some people get considerably better. Others may not see much progress or even get worse. It all depends on the person, how serious their apraxia is, and what's causing it.

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What’s the most common cause of apraxia of speech?

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) may be caused by genetics or a brain injury from conditions such as childhood stroke,epilepsy, or infection. Unfortunately, the cause of CAS is unknown in most children. In adults, apraxia of speech is usually caused by brain damage. However, CAS can carry over into adulthood, as it is achronic condition.

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What are Types of Apraxia?

There are multiple forms of apraxia, and each affects your body differently. Apraxia of speech With apraxia of speech, sometimes called verbal apraxia, it's hard or impossible to move your mouth andtongueto form words. This happens even though you have the desire to speak and your mouth andtongue musclesare physically able to form words. There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech: • Acquired apraxia of speech.Also known as verbal apraxia or oral apraxia, itcan affect people of all ages, though it's usually found in adults. It causes you to lose the speech-making abilities you once had. When it affects adults, it's sometimes called adult apraxia of speech. • Childhood apraxia of speech.This is a motor speech disorder that you're born with. It affects a child's ability to form sounds and words. Itisn’t a muscle issue; it happens because your child’s brain has a hard time planning for and directing the movements of their lips, jaw, and tongue.Children who have it are often far better at understanding speech than at expressing themselves with spoken words. Most children with childhood apraxia of speech can get much better, if not recover completely, with the right treatment.

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What are Apraxia vs. Aphasia?

Apraxia is sometimes confused withaphasia, another communication disorder. That confusion can be complicated by the fact that the two conditions can occur together. People with apraxia and aphasia might both have trouble expressing themselves with words. But there are differences between the two conditions. Aphasia is a condition that affects your ability to understand or use words effectively. This may make it hard to speak, read, or write. But apraxia isn't a problem with understanding language. It's when you have a hard time starting and completing the movements needed to speak. This happens even though you don't have weakness in the muscles you use to speak.

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What are Symptoms of Apraxia?

The main symptom of apraxia is being unable to make voluntary movements or gestures even though you have the physical ability and understanding to do so. The types of movement and the muscle groups that are affected depend on the part of your brain that’s involved. Depending on what type you have, symptoms may include issues with: • Facial movements such as coughing or winking • Precise movements using yourfinger, arm, or leg • Using specific tools for specific tasks • Moving your eyes • Carrying out complicated tasks such as brushing your teeth or tying your shoe • Mimicking movements with your head, arms, or legs • Taking small steps • Copying simple drawings Apraxia of speech can affect the way you speak in several different ways. Early signs of apraxia of speech in children may include: • Very little babbling (in infants) • Little variety in the sounds they make • Omitting sounds within words, especially at the beginning of a word • Being able to say a sound or word properly at certain times but not always • Losing the ability to say a word they already learned • Often using nonverbal forms of communication, such as nodding or pointing

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What are Apraxia Diagnosis?

Tests that may be used to diagnose apraxia include: • Evaluation by a doctor:Your doctor will ask you to do familiar tasks that you’ve learned, such as brushing your teeth or cutting out a shape. An evaluation will also include a physical exam to see if your symptoms are due to problems with your muscles or joints. Your doctor may talk to your family members as well to find out how well you're able to do your normal daily activities. • Brain function tests:Your doctor may use neuropsychologic tests to check how your brain is working in areas such as problem-solving, memory, language, attention, and processing. • Imaging tests:If your doctor believes your apraxia is caused by damage to your brain, you may have imaging tests such as a CT scan orMRIto find the extent and location of the damage.

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What are Apraxia Treatments?

There's no particular treatment for apraxia, and it can’t be cured. But it can be managed with physical, speech, and/oroccupational therapy. These therapies can improve your symptoms and make apraxia easier to live with. If another condition is causing your apraxia, you'll get treatment for that condition. In some cases of acquired apraxia, the condition goes away on its own. But that's not the case with childhood apraxia of speech, which doesn't improve withoutspeech-language therapy. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from seeing a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week. Your child may also work with you to practice the skills they're developing. For the best results, the treatment should be designed to meet your child’s particular needs. Therapy for childhood apraxia of speech aims to improve speech coordination. Apraxia speech therapy activities may include: • Repeatedly practicing forming and pronouncing sounds and words • Practicing stringing together sounds to make speech • Working with rhythms or melodies • Using multisensory approaches, such as watching in a mirror while trying to form words or touching the face while talking If your child’s apraxia of speech is serious, they can also learn alternative ways to communicate, such as writing, drawing, or pointing. Another option is to use assistive electronic devices, including computers that can produce words and sentences.

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What are Apraxia Takeaways?

When you have apraxia, you have a hard time making certain movements. It happens when damage to your brain keeps it from giving the right instructions to your body. Different types of apraxia affect you in different ways. There's no cure, but physical, speech, and occupational therapy can improve your symptoms and make the condition easier to live with.

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What are Apraxia FAQs?

What’s the likely outcome for a person with apraxia? With therapy, some people get considerably better. Others may not see much progress or even get worse. It all depends on the person, how serious their apraxia is, and what's causing it.

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What are Arachnitis Symptoms of Arachnoiditis?

Symptoms of arachnoiditis can vary, but the most common is pain in the lower back or legs which is often described as burning or stinging pain. Others include: • Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the legs • Pins and needles sensation (paresthesia) • Joint pain • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) • Fatigue • Bladderproblems As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more severe or even permanent. Many people with arachnoiditis are unable to work and suffer significant disability because they are in constant pain.

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What are Arachnitis Causes of Arachnoiditis?

Inflammation of the arachnoid can be triggered by a number of different irritants, including: • Spinal cord injury:In most cases, it is related to complications from spinal surgery or procedures such as epidural injection and spinal tap. • Infection:Viruses or bacteria such as bacterialmeningitisofthe spinecan trigger the inflammation. • Spinal nerve compression:Chronic degenerative disc disease or advancedspinal stenosis(narrowing of the spinal column) can lead to compression of the spinal nerves, triggering inflammation of the arachnoid.

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What are Arachnitis Diagnosing Arachnoiditis?

Diagnosing arachnoiditis can be difficult, but tests such as the CAT scan (computerized axial tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have helped with diagnosis. A test called an electromyogram (EMG) can assess the severity of the ongoing damage to affected nerve roots by using electrical impulses to check nerve function. Note: Myelograms with the radiographic contrast currently in use, combined with CAT scanning, are not considered to be responsible for causing arachnoiditis or causing it to worsen.

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What are Arachnitis Treating Arachnoiditis?

There is no cure for arachnoiditis. Treatment options for arachnoiditis are similar to those for otherchronic painconditions. Most treatments focus on relieving pain and improving symptoms that impair daily activities. Often, healthcare professionals recommend a program of pain management, physiotherapy, exercise, andpsychotherapy. Surgery for arachnoiditis is controversial because outcomes can be poor and provide only short-term relief.Clinical trialsof steroid injections and electrical stimulation are needed to determine whether those treatments are effective.

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Arachnodactyly: What Blood Pressure Is Considered Too High?

Ablood pressureof 130/80 or higher is considered high. This is called hypertension

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Arachnodactyly: How Is Blood Pressure Related to Weight?

As your body weight increases, yourbloodpressure can rise. In fact, beingoverweightcan make you more likely to develop high blood pressure than if you are at your desirable weight. About 70% of adults in the United States are overweight. You can reduce your risk of high blood pressure by losing weight. Even small amounts of weight loss can make a big difference in helping to prevent and treat highbloodpressure.

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Arachnodactyly: How Can I Lose Weight?

To lose weight, you need to eat fewer calories than you burn. But don't go on a crash diet to see how quickly you can lose those pounds. The healthiest and longest-lasting weight loss happens when you do it slowly, losing 1/2 to 1 pound a week. By cutting back by 500 calories/day, by eating less and being more physically active, you can lose about one pound in a week.

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Arachnodactyly: How Can I Reduce My Intake of Salt?

Americans eat more salt and other forms of sodium than they need. Often, when people with high blood pressure cut back on salt, their blood pressure falls. Cutting back on salt also prevents blood pressure from rising. Some people, like African-Americans and the elderly, may be more affected by sodium than others. Since there's really no practical way to predict exactly who will be affected by sodium, it makes sense for everyone to limit intake of salt to help prevent high blood pressure.

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Arachnodactyly: How Much Alcohol Can I Drink if I Have High Blood Pressure?

Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure. It may also lead to the development of high blood pressure. So to help prevent high blood pressure, if you drink alcohol, limit how much you drink to no more than two drinks a day if you are male. The "Dietary Guidelines for Americans" recommend that for overall health, women and lighter weight persons should limit their alcohol to no more than one drink a day.

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Arachnodactyly: Can Caffeine Affect my Blood Pressure?

Thecaffeinein drinks like coffee, tea, and sodas may cause blood pressure to go up, but only temporarily. In a short time your blood pressure will go back down. Unless you are sensitive tocaffeineand your blood pressure does not go down, you do not have to limitcaffeineto avoid developing high blood pressure.

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Arachnodactyly: Can Stress Affect Blood Pressure?

Yes. Stress can make blood pressure go up for a while and over time may contribute to the cause of high blood pressure. There are many steps you can take to reduce your stress. The article on easing stress will get you started.

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Arachnodactyly: What About High Blood Pressure Drugs?

If you have high blood pressure, the lifestyle changes mentioned above may not be enough to lower your pressure. Your doctor may recommend addingmedication.

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Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: What Is Meningioma?

A meningioma is a tumor that forms on the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord just inside the skull. These membranes are called the meninges and consist of three layers. Specifically, the tumor can form on any of these three layers. These tumors are often slow-growing. Around 80% are benign (not cancerous).

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What is Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma meningioma cancer?

Meningioma is a type of tumor that grows on the membranes between the skull and the brain and spinal cord. Technically, they are not tumors in your brain, but their growth can press against nearby brain tissue, nerves, and blood vessels, causing symptoms. Meningioma is the most common head tumor. Around 80% of meningiomas are not cancerous.

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Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: What size meningioma needs to be removed?

Because meningiomas are typically slow-growing, several factors decide whether one should be surgically removed. These factors include the tumor's size and rate of growth, the patient's age and health, and whether the tumor is causing neurological problems.

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What is Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma the life expectancy after meningioma surgery?

Outcomes depend on whether the meningioma is malignant (cancerous) or benign and whether surgery succeeds in removing all of the tumor. The overall survival rate by age for meningioma is 84% for people aged 20-44, 79% for those aged 45-54, and 74% for those between the ages of 55 and 64.

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Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: Can an MRI tell if a meningioma is benign?

Researchers have found that brain imaging tests such as MRI and CT scans can help detect the difference between a cancerous or benign meningioma. However, surgical biopsy will give the most definitive answer.

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Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma: Can you die from a benign meningioma?

People who have benign meningiomas are more likely to die from other health conditions such asheartand cardiovascular disease, stroke, anddementia. Fewer than 9% of people died from benign meningiomas in one population-based study.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Grades?

Meningiomas are classified by location and severity. Grade 1 meningiomas These are the most common type of meningioma. About 80% of grade 1 tumors are benign (not cancerous). They grow slowly and have defined borders.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Causes?

Researchers are unsure what exactly causes meningioma, but cancers generally result from changes in our genes. Researchers have found an abnormality on chromosome 22, which works to keep tumors from growing, in about 40%-80% of meningiomas. Radiation exposure, particularly as a child, may increase your risk of developing a meningioma. People with neurofibromatosis type 2, a genetic condition, are also at a higher risk for meningioma.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Risk Factors?

Potential risk factors for meningioma include: Gender.Meningiomas are more common in women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB), and middle-aged women are more than twice as likely as men to develop a meningioma. It's thought this risk factor may be due to female hormones. Most meningiomas occur between the ages of 30 and 70. They are very rare in children.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Symptoms?

Most meningiomas grow very slowly, so their symptoms often develop gradually, if they develop at all. Symptoms also depend on where in your brain the meningioma is located. The most common symptoms include: • Headaches • Seizures • Blurred vision • Weakness in arms or legs • Numbness • Speech problems

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Diagnosis?

Meningiomas are rarely diagnosed before they begin to cause symptoms. If symptoms indicate the possibility of a tumor, a doctor may order abrainscan: anMRIand/or a CT scan. These will allow the doctor to locate the meningioma and figure out its size. Abiopsymay sometimes be performed. A surgeon removes part or all of the tumor to check whether it is benign or malignant.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Treatment?

Meningioma treatment depends on multiple factors such as the tumor's size and growth rate as well as your health, age, and treatment preferences. Options include: Wait and watch If the tumor is not causing any symptoms, observation is often recommended. Regular brain scans will be performed to check if the tumor is growing. If your tumor's growth threatens to cause problems or if symptoms begin to develop, surgery may be necessary, particularly if: • You have symptoms such as seizures, blurred vision,tinnitusor loss of hearing, memory issues, severe headaches, or weakness in your limbs. • The meningioma is located in a vital area such as close to your spinal cord or major blood vessels. • Your tumor is cancerous.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Survival Rates?

Survival rates for cancers such as meningioma depend on multiple factors. The overall survival rates by age for meningioma are as follows: • 84% for people aged 2–44 • 79% for those aged 45-54 • 74% for those aged 55-64 An analysis of more than 60,000 patients found that survival rates worsen depending on where the meningioma is located, whether the meningioma is cancerous or larger in size, and if a patient is older or has other chronic health conditions. Also, uninsured people usually have worse outcomes. The lower the grade of your tumor, the more likely that surgery combined with radiation will improve your prognosis. Surgical removal of all of the tumor and affected areas is associated with a lower rate of recurrence as well. Recently, the 10-year survival rate for those with cancerous meningiomas has improved because of new treatment options.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma Complications?

Meningiomas usually grow slowly, so you may not notice any symptoms at first. But as they begin to increase in size and impact the brain areas surrounding them, you may begin to feel symptoms that depend on where your meningioma is located. These symptoms may include: • Paralysis of your lower limbs • Loss of smell • Eye bulging

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Takeaways?

A meningioma is a tumor that grows on the membranes just inside your skull that cover the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. Meningiomas usually grow slowly, sometimes developing for years before you feel any symptoms. Around 80% of meningiomas are noncancerous (benign), but they can cause changes to your senses, memory, and neurological functions. See your doctor immediately if you have a sudden onset of symptoms such as seizures, vision changes, or memory loss.

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What are Arachnoidal Fibroblastoma Meningioma FAQs?

What is meningioma cancer? Meningioma is a type of tumor that grows on the membranes between the skull and the brain and spinal cord. Technically, they are not tumors in your brain, but their growth can press against nearby brain tissue, nerves, and blood vessels, causing symptoms. Meningioma is the most common head tumor. Around 80% of meningiomas are not cancerous. What size meningioma needs to be removed? Because meningiomas are typically slow-growing, several factors decide whether one should be surgically removed. These factors include the tumor's size and rate of growth, the patient's age and health, and whether the tumor is causing neurological problems. What is the life expectancy after meningioma surgery? Outcomes depend on whether the meningioma is malignant (cancerous) or benign and whether surgery succeeds in removing all of the tumor. The overall survival rate by age for meningioma is 84% for people aged 20-44, 79% for those aged 45-54, and 74% for those between the ages of 55 and 64.

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What Is Chikungunya?

Chikungunyais a virus that's spread bymosquitoes. You can't get it from another person, but mosquitoes do get it from biting a person who is infected. Most people don't die from it, but you could have some lasting pain. In fact, the name of the chikungunya virus in the African Makonde language means "bent over in pain."

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Arbovirus A Chikungunya Type: How Do I Know if I Have It?

You may see signs of chikungunya around 3 to 7 days after you’re bitten. Chikungunya symptoms typically include fever andjoint pain.You also might have aheadache,nausea, red eyes, arash,and be very tired.

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How Is Chikungunya Diagnosed?

The doctor will take a sample of yourbloodto check for signs that your body is fighting off the virus. There is a test in the U.S. that can check for chikungunya, the Zika virus, and dengue. After you're tested, your doctor will advise you on how to treat your symptoms.

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How Do You Treat Chikungunya?

There’s no antiviral chikungunya treatment–or treatment that can kill the virus itself. There's no vaccine to prevent it, either. Doctors just treat symptoms.

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What's the Prognosis for Chikungunya?

Most people don't die from the virus. In fact, you'll probably recover in a few weeks.Acute symptoms usually end after 7 to 10 days.

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ARDS: What Is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is a condition that causes fluid to build up in yourlungsso oxygen can’t get to your organs.

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What are ARDS Causes and Risk Factors?

ARDS is usually triggered by another health problem, so most people who have it are already in the hospital for something else. Causes of ARDS include: Sepsis.This is when you get an infection in your bloodstream and yourimmune systemgoes into overdrive, causinginflammation, smallblood clots, and bleeding.

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What are ARDS Symptoms?

ARDS puts a lot of strain on your lungs. Symptoms include: • Shortness of breath • Low blood pressure • Unusually fast breathing • Fast heartbeat • Cough • Fever • Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply • Confusion and exhaustion • Blue-tinted lips or nails from lack of oxygen in your blood • Dizziness

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What are ARDS Diagnosis and Tests?

No single test can identify ARDS. It’s more of a puzzle that your doctor pieces together. They’ll want to rule out conditions that can have similar symptoms.

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What are ARDS Treatment?

Treatment aims to get the oxygen levels in your blood up to where they should be, so your organs get what they need. In some cases, your doctor might give you an air mask and later go to a breathing tube and ventilator (a machine that helps you breathe).

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What are ARDS Complications?

The condition or its treatment can lead to other problems, including: • Collapse of part of your lung because it can’t inflate the way it should (atelectasis) or because of air between your lung and your chest wall (pneumothorax) • Organ damage or failure • Confusion • High blood pressurein thearterythat goes from yourheartto your lungs (pulmonary hypertension) • Scarred lung tissue (pulmonary fibrosis) • Blood clots • Infection

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What are ARDS Outlook?

If you’ve recently had ARDS, improve your recovery by: • Notsmoking • Not drinking alcohol You might need to be on a ventilator for a while. ARDS can leave you weak, so you may go tophysical therapyto get stronger.

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What are Aplastic (or Hypoplastic) Anemia?

Blood cells are made fromstem cellsin your bone marrow. When you haveaplastic anemia, stem cells in your bone marrow are damaged and can’t make enough new blood cells. You’re either born with aplastic anemia, meaning you inherited a gene from your parents that caused it, or you develop it (acquired). Acquired aplastic anemia is the more common of the two, and sometimes it’s only temporary.

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What are Sideroblastic Anemia?

In this group ofblood disorders, your body can't use iron to make hemoglobin -- the protein that carries oxygen in your blood. The iron buildup causes the formation of abnormal red blood cells called sideroblasts. There are two main types of sideroblastic anemia: Acquired sideroblastic anemiacan be caused by exposure to certain chemicals ordrugs.

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What are Aregenerative Anemia Myelodysplastic Syndromes?

Myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS) are diseases that are caused when your bone marrow is damaged and can't make enough healthy blood cells. MDS is a type ofcancer.

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What are Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia happens when your body'simmune systemattacks and destroys red blood cells faster than it can make new ones. If you have an autoimmune disease likelupus, you’re also more likely to get this type of anemia. Medicines such asmethyldopa(Aldomet),penicillin, andquinine(Qualaquin) can also cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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What are Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia (CDA)?

CDA is a group of inherited anemias that reduce the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. All CDAs are passed down through families. There are four types of CDA: types 1, 2, 3, and 4. Type 2 is the most common and type 4 is the rarest and most severe. Symptoms include chronic anemia, fatigue, yellow skin andeyes(jaundice), pale skin, and missing fingers and toes at birth. Some people never need treatment. But depending on the severity of the disease, your doctor might recommend a blood transfusion, a stem cell transplant, or medicines to lower iron levels or interferon alfa-2A, a drug typically used for treatingleukemiaandmelanoma.

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What are Diamond-Blackfan Anemia?

If you have Diamond-Blackfan anemia, your bone marrow doesn't make enough red blood cells. Doctors think it is caused by changes to your genes. Symptoms of Diamond-Blackfan anemia include: • Fast heartbeat (tachycardia) • Fatigue • Heart murmur • Irritability • Pale skin • Short height • Sleepiness • Weak bones Treatments include everything from steroids that can help produce more red blood cells to red blood cell transfusions and bone marrow transplants.

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What are Megaloblastic Anemia?

With this type of anemia, your bone marrow produces abnormally structured red blood cells that are too large and too young. Because they’re not mature or healthy, they can't carry oxygen throughout your body very well. Megaloblastic anemiais caused by too little vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or vitamin B9 (folate). Your body needs these vitamins to make red blood cells. Some people with megaloblastic anemia might not have symptoms for many years. But once symptoms do appear, they’re similar to other types of anemia, and include: • Dizziness and fatigue • Diarrhea,nausea • Fast orirregular heartbeat(tachycardia) • Muscle painor weakness • Pale skin • Trouble breathing Doctors treat megaloblastic anemia with vitamin B9 and vitamin B12supplementsto replace what your body is missing. You'll also need treatment for any disease -- such asCrohn's-- that causes your body to lack these vitamins.

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What are Fanconi Anemia?

Fanconi anemia makes your blood marrow produce too few blood cells. It's hereditary, meaning it’s passed down from one of your parents through a gene mutation. Symptoms and physical traits of Fanconi anemia include: • Abnormal thumbs • Easy bruising and bleeding • Fatigue • Frequent infections • Heart,kidney, and bone problems • Skin color changes • Small body, head, andeyes If you have Fanconi anemia, you’re more likely to get a type of cancer calledacute myeloid leukemia, or AML. Your odds of getting cancers of the head, neck, skin, GI tract, or genitals also go up. Treatment depends on several factors, including what stage it’s in and the severity of physical complications. Treatments include hormone therapy and growth factors to boost blood cell growth. If symptoms become severe, your doctor might recommend a bone marrow stem cell transplant. Oftentimes a bone marrow transplant can cure the problems altogether.

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ARG Deficiency: What Are Urea Cycle Disorders?

Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are a group of diseases. They make it hard for your child’s body to remove waste products as they digest proteins. They are inherited diseases -- you pass them down to your child.

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ARG Deficiency: Who Gets Them?

UCDs affect about 1 in 35,000 newborns.

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What are ARG Deficiency Symptoms?

UCDs fall into two groups: Complete UCD:This means yourbabyhas a severe or total lack of the enzyme. You’ll notice symptoms in the first couple of days: • Fussy • Sleepy or sluggish • Can’t feed • Vomits • Low body temperature • Problems with posture • Seizures • Fastbreathingthat becomes slow • Coma

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What are ARG Deficiency Diagnosis?

Most newborns in the U.S. are tested for ASS1 and ASL, but how well the tests work is different in each state. Many states test for arginase and citrin deficiencies. A handful also test for OTC and CPS1 deficiencies. If your baby starts to show symptoms after you get home, the doctor will do aphysical exam. They’ll ask about your family history and do tests. They’ll look for ammonia in your child’sbloodand amino acid in their blood and urine. The doctor can take a tiny piece of theirliverthrough a process calledbiopsy. They’ll test it for enzymes. Genetic tests will usually confirm the diagnosis.

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What are ARG Deficiency Treatment?

UCDs are life-threatening. Don’t wait to get treatment. A team of health professionals will care for your child. They will first do these three treatments at the same time: • Dialysisto remove ammonia from their blood • Feeding themsupplementsof sugars, fats, and amino acids • Medicines to remove extra nitrogen Long-term treatment can manage UCD symptoms. Your child will need frequent blood tests throughout their life to check ammonia levels. Stresses on their body -- like illness, injury, or surgery -- can cause their levels to rise. During those times, you’ll need to give them extra calories so their body has plenty of fuel. Long-term treatment will include: • A low protein, high-calorie diet • Medications to remove nitrogen • Supplements of amino acids • Drinking plenty ofwater Aliver transplantcan reverse the symptoms of a urea cycle disorder.

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What are ARG Deficiency Outlook?

There’s no cure for UCDs. Your child’s long-term health depends on which UCD they have, how severe it is, how early it was diagnosed, and how closely you follow the treatment plan. If your child doesn’t follow the special diet or they have frequentstress-induced symptoms, repeatedbrain swellingcan lead to irreversible brain damage. If they’re diagnosed early and follow their diet, they can live a normal life.

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What Is Chiari Malformation?

Chiari (pronounced kee-aa-ree) malformation is a group of conditions where the lower back part of your brain pushes against or into the hole where your spinal cord enters your skull, called the foramen magnum. The lower back part of your brain is called your hindbrain, and in severe cases, parts of the hindbrain are missing. Your hindbrain includes your cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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What is the life expectancy of someone with Chiari malformation?

This depends on the type you have and your general health. If you have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, you're likely to have a normal life expectancy. If you have severe symptoms, ask your doctor what to expect. Unfortunately, people with type III or IV may have severe neurological defects and may not live past childhood.

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What are Chiari Malformation Causes?

Chiari malformations are structural defects in yourbrainand spinal cord that happen mostly because of abnormal fetal development. Many people with a Chiari malformation have a smaller posterior fossa than other people. Your posterior fossa is the part of your skull where your cerebellum would normally fit. If your posterior fossa is too small, it may cause your brain to push against and down into your foramen magnum. But researchers don't know exactly why these differences happen during fetal development.

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What are Chiari Malformation Symptoms?

These signs and symptoms vary by type and can be very different between individuals. Type I Chiari malformation may not cause any symptoms. You may only realize you have it when you're a teen or adult while getting imaging for another condition. If you do have symptoms, they may come and go. But if you have compression of your brainstem and spinal cord, you may have neurological symptoms, such as: • Headache in the lower back of your head (occipital headache) and neck pain. This is the most common symptom. The pain may get worse when you cough, sneeze, strain, or bend over. • Dizzinessand problems with balance • Muscleweakness • Loss of pain and temperature sensation in your upper body and arms • Numbness or tingling in your arms and legs • Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, and light sensitivity • Swallowing difficulties • Hearing loss and ringing in your ears (tinnitus) • Nausea and vomiting • Trouble sleeping (insomnia) • Depression • Sleep apnea

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What are Chiari Malformation Diagnosis?

Chiari malformations of types II, III, and IV are usually first identified using fetal sonography during the second-trimester anatomy check. Your obstetrician can then use fetal MRI to see more clearly what is going on. If you have type I that went unidentified as a fetus, your doctor will likely start by asking about your symptoms and will perform aphysical exam, including a neurological exam. During a neurological exam, your doctor tests for things such as your: • Sense of balance • Ability to touch and perceive sensations • Reflex strength and speed • Ability to perform motor skills • Ability to drink fluids or swallow thickened food • Ability to sleep If your doctor suspects Chiari malformation, they will likely order imaging tests, such as: • MRIis the most common test doctors use to diagnose Chiari malformation. This will show if you have a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in your brain or spinal column or loss of brain tissue. They may also ask for a cine MRI, which is a specialized test that will allow them to see how your cerebrospinal fluid moves in real time. • Myelography, if you can't have an MRI. • X-ray, which can show abnormalities in your skull and spine • CT scan, which may help your doctor further determine if you have bony abnormalities at the base of your skull

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What are Chiari Malformation Treatment?

You may not need treatment if the Chiari malformation doesn't cause symptoms or interfere with your daily life or activities. If you have symptoms, your doctor can prescribemedicationsand devices to help. For instance, your doctor may prescribe a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), muscle relaxers, or a cervical collar to help ease headaches and neck pain.

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What are Chiari Malformation Complications?

In addition to spina bifida, other conditions sometimes associated with Chiari malformations include: Hydrocephalus.An excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in your brain. Syringomyelia.A disorder in which a cyst develops in your spinal cord's central canal. Tethered cord syndrome.A progressive disorder in which the spinal cord attaches itself to your bony spine. Spinal curvature.This includes conditions such as: • Scoliosis, which is a curve of your spine to the left or right • Kyphosis, which is a forward bend of the top of your spine

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What are Living With Chiari Malformation?

Your symptoms may come and go, so it's important to be kind and patient with yourself. Don't be afraid to ask family and friends for help on the days you need support. Consider joining an organization or support group for people with Chiari malformation. It can be helpful to interact with people who are experiencing the same symptoms and challenges. For people in the U.S., the American Syringomyelia & Chiari Alliance Project has online support groups, telephone support, and local support groups. You can help support yourself by practicing good lifestyle habits, such as: Eat healthy foods most of the time.Studies show that the Mediterranean diet has health benefits for most people. This diet includes lots of fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, and healthy oils (such as olive oil). Avoid eating processed foods as much as possible. And drink plenty of water. Doctors usually recommend about six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day for most people. Staying hydrated can help keep headaches and fatigue at bay when you're managing a health condition.

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What are Arnold-Chiari Malformation Takeaways?

Chiari malformations are structural defects in yourbrainand spinal cord that you're usually born with. In many cases, you will be diagnosed before you're born when your mom goes in for the second-trimester ultrasound. There are several different types. Your symptoms and treatment will depend on which type you have. Most people have type I, which may or may not have symptoms. If you do have symptoms with type I, your doctor may be able to treat you with medicine. In some cases, you may need surgery to correct the defect.

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What are Chiari Malformation FAQs?

What is the life expectancy of someone with Chiari malformation? This depends on the type you have and your general health. If you have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, you're likely to have a normal life expectancy. If you have severe symptoms, ask your doctor what to expect. Unfortunately, people with type III or IV may have severe neurological defects and may not live past childhood.

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What Is Aromatherapy?

If you need improvement in health problems fromanxietyto poorsleep, you may want to consideraromatherapy. In this kind of treatment, you use extracts from plants called essential oils, by eitherbreathingthem through your nose or putting them on yourskin. Some people put the oils on their skin when they get amassageor take a bath.

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What Are Essential Oils?

Essential oilsare made from flower, herb, and tree parts, like bark, roots, peels, and petals. The cells that give a plant its fragrant smell are its "essence." When an essence is extracted from a plant, it becomes an essential oil.

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Aromatherapy (Essential Oils Therapy): Is It Safe?

Aromatherapy is generally safe. Essential oils can cause side effects, though. Some can irritate youreyes, skin, ormucous membranesin your nose. They can also cause mild allergic reactions.

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What are How Aromatherapy Works?

Experts think aromatherapy activates areas in your nose called smell receptors, which send messages through your nervous system to yourbrain. The oils may activate certain areas of yourbrain, like your limbic system, which plays a role in your emotions and memories. Aromas stimulate activity in your hypothalamus, which signals the brain to release feel-goodbrainchemicals like serotonin. Some experts think that when you put essential oils on your skin, they cause a response in your skin and other parts of your body, like your joints.

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What Is an Arrhythmia?

An arrhythmia (pronounced as “uh-RITH-me-uh”)is an irregular heartbeat. This means your heart is out of its usual rhythm. About 1.5%-5% of people have arrhythmias.

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What is Arrhythmia a normal heart rate?

There is a range of resting heart rates that is considered normal and healthy. For most adults, 60-100 beats per minute is normal, though some athletes can have rates as low as the 40s. On the other end, a normal maximum heart rate—or how fast your heart beats when it's working hardest—is typically 220 minus your age in years.

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Is arrhythmia life-threatening?

Irregular heart rhythms may be harmless, but there are types—such asventricular tachycardiaand ventricular fibrillation—that can be life-threatening.

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What are the bad symptoms of arrhythmia?

While signs of arrhythmia can vary and can result from stress, caffeine, or other reasons, there are a few serious symptoms to watch out for in particular.

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What are Arrhythmia Symptoms?

An arrhythmia can be silent, meaning you don't notice any symptoms. Your doctor may spot an uneven heartbeat during aphysical exam. If you have symptoms, they may include: • Palpitations (a feeling of skipped heartbeats, fluttering, or “flip-flops”) • Pounding in your chest • Dizziness or feeling lightheaded • Fainting • Shortness of breath • Chest pain or tightness • Weakness or fatigue (feeling very tired) • Anxiety • Blurry vision • Sweating • Rapid heartbeat • Slow heartbeat

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What are Arrhythmia Causes?

You could have an arrhythmia even if your heart is healthy. The following could beirregular heartbeat causes: • Heart disease • The wrong balance of electrolytes (such as sodium or potassium) in your blood • Heart injury or changes such as reduced blood flow or stiff heart tissue • The healing process after heart surgery • Infection or fever • Certain medications, including antidepressants, decongestants, andhigh blood pressure medications • Problems with electrical signals in your heart • Strong emotions, stress, or surprise • Things in your daily life such as alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, or exercise • Diabetes • High blood pressure • COVID-19 infection • Sleep apnea • Problems with your thyroid gland • Anxiety • Cardiomyopathy • Changes in hormone levels

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What are Types of Arrhythmias?

Arrhythmias are classified based on where they happen. If they start in the ventricles, the lower chambers of your heart, they’re called ventricular. When they begin in the atria, the upper chambers, they’re called supraventricular. Doctors also group them by how they affect your resting heart rate. Bradycardia is a slow heartbeat of fewer than 60 beats per minute. Tachycardia is a fast heartbeat of more than 100 beats per minute. Supraventricular arrhythmias Supraventricular arrhythmias include: • Premature atrial contractions.These are early extra beats. They’re harmless and generally don't need treatment. • Atrial fibrillation (AFib).The upper chambers of your heart contract in an unusual way. Your heart might beat more than 400 times a minute. • Atrial flutter.This arrhythmia is usually more organized and regular thanAFib. It happens most often in people who have heart disease and in the first week after heart surgery. It often changes to AFib. • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT).This is a rapid heart rate, usually with a regular rhythm. It begins and ends suddenly. • Accessory pathway tachycardias.You can have a rapid heart rate because of an extra pathway between your heart's upper and lower chambers. Think of it as an extra road on your way home, in addition to your usual route. When that happens in your heart, it can cause a fast rhythm. • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT).This is caused by an extra pathway through a part of your heart called the AV node. It can cause heart palpitations, fainting, or heart failure.

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What are Arrhythmia Risk Factors?

Things that may make you more likely to have an arrhythmia include your: • Age.The chances go up as you get older. • Genes.Your odds might be higher if a close relative has had an arrhythmia. Some types ofheart diseasecan also run in families. • Lifestyle.Alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs can raise your risk. • Medical conditions.High blood pressure, diabetes, low blood sugar, obesity, sleep apnea, anxiety, thyroid disorders, lung disease, and autoimmune disorders are among the conditions that may cause heart rhythm problems. • Environment.Things in the world around you, like air pollution, can make an arrhythmia more likely. • Heart disease.If you were born with a heart disease or have had other heart problems in the past, you're more at risk for arrhythmias. • Previous treatments for heart disease.You're more likely to have arrhythmia if you've had surgeries or other treatments for heart disease in the past.

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What are Arrhythmia Diagnosis?

If you are experiencing irregular heartbeats, your doctor will start to examine the problem by performing a physical exam. They will take your pulse and listen to your heart.

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What are Arrhythmia Treatment?

Treatment will depend on what type of arrhythmia you have. Your doctor may recommend one or more of these. Medications Medicines that treat uneven heart rhythms include: • Adenosine (Adenocard) • Atropine (Atropen) • Beta-blockers • Calcium channel blockers • Digoxin (Digitek, Digox, Lanoxin) • Potassium channel blockers • Sodium channel blockers Vagal maneuvers These techniques trigger your body to relax by affecting your vagus nerve, which helps control your heart rate. Your doctor might tell you to: • Cough or gag • Hold your breath and bear down (Valsalva maneuver) • Lie down • Put a cold, wet towel over your face Electrical cardioversion If drugs can't control an uneven heart rhythm (such as atrial fibrillation), you might needcardioversion. For this, you will be given a sedative to keep you asleep during the procedure. Then, your doctor will send an electrical shock to your chest wall to trigger your heart’s regular rhythm. Pacemaker This device sends small electrical impulses to your heart muscle to keep a safe heart rate. It includes a pulse generator (which houses the battery and a tiny computer) and wires that send impulses to the heart muscle.

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What are Complications of Arrhythmias?

Without treatment, an uneven heart rhythm could cause dangerous problems, such as: • Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.These cognitive disorders may happen because your brain doesn’t get enough blood over time. • Heart failure.Your heart might not pump as well as it should after repeated arrhythmias. • Stroke.Blood that lingers in your atria can clot. If a clot travels to your brain, it may cause astroke. • Cardiac arrest.V-fib could cause your heart to stop.

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What are Arrhythmia Safe Driving Concerns?

If you have an arrhythmia, you could faint behind the wheel. This could put you, other motorists, pedestrians, and property at great risk. To figure out whether you can drive safely, your doctor will consider: • What type of arrhythmia you have • How serious your condition is • The treatment you receive for it (if any) • How often you have symptoms and how serious they are If you have no symptoms and you haven't had any serious heart rhythm problems, you should be able to drive as you always have. If meds keep your arrhythmia under control, your doctor may give you the green light to drive, too.

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What are Arrhythmia Prevention?

You can’t always prevent arrhythmias. Regular checkups with your doctor can help keep you from having more heart rhythm problems. Be sure they know all of the medications you’re taking. Some cold and cough medicines can trigger an arrhythmia, so talk to your doctor before using them. They may also recommend some lifestyle changes: • Eat a healthy diet. Get plenty of fruits and vegetables, fish, and plant-based proteins. Avoid saturated and trans fats. • Keep cholesterol and blood pressure under control. • Don’t smoke. • Keep a healthy weight. • Exercise regularly. • Manage stress. • Limit alcohol and caffeine.

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What are Arrhythmia Takeaways?

If you notice irregular heartbeats or other arrhythmia symptoms, see your doctor right away. Some arrhythmias are more serious than others, and the condition can have many different causes. Be open and honest with your doctor about your lifestyle and other health conditions so that you can find the treatment that's right for you.

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What are Arrhythmia FAQs?

What are four symptoms of arrhythmia? At times, heart arrhythmias may be “silent” and not cause any symptoms at all. When they do, though, four common signs to look for include: • Chest pain or discomfort • Shortness of breath or trouble breathing • Anxiety • Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting Is arrhythmia life-threatening? Irregular heart rhythms may be harmless, but there are types—such asventricular tachycardiaand ventricular fibrillation—that can be life-threatening. Arrhythmias can also damage your brain, weaken your heart, or hurt your other organs if they keep your heart from pumping enough blood to your body. This could lead to life-threatening conditions such as stroke, heart failure, or a heart attack.

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Arteriovenous Malformation: What Is PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum (PROS)?

Vascular malformations caused by PROS are present at birth, but they may not show up until later in life. (Photo credit: Dermnet NZ)

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Arteriovenous Malformation: What’s Ahead for My Child?

PROS is a lifelong condition. The overgrowth of tissues may affect your child’s daily life in a number of ways. Since PROS is so variable and can affect different parts of the body, the outlook and symptoms can vary a lot from one person to the next. For example, when the brain is affected, it can lead to developmental delays and learning differences.

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What are Arteriovenous Malformation Understanding PIK3CA and PROS?

Changes in the PIK3CA gene cause PROS because of the gene’s regular job in your body. Like many genes, it has instructions for making a certain protein. The PIK3CA protein controls other proteins that act as important signals in your body. Those signals help to make sure that cells grow, divide, move, and die when they should.

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What are Arteriovenous Malformation Treatment?

There’s no cure for PROS, but there are ways to manage the condition and its symptoms. Your child’s doctor may recommend surgery to remove overgrowths, especially if they’re causing trouble with movement or other activities. Surgery might also relieve pressure on the brain, correct scoliosis, or manage other problems. Medications can help with seizures or other symptoms.

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What Is Takayasu's Arteritis?

Arteritis is a general term that refers to the inflammation ofarteries—bloodvessels that carrybloodaway from theheartand to the rest of the body. A closely related condition called vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels in general — including veins and arteries.

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Who Gets Takayasu Arteritis?

Takayasu's arteritis most often affects people in Asia, but it can also affect children and adults of all ages and ethnic backgrounds around the world. It affects more women than men (eight women for every one man), and three-quarters of people who have the condition start showing symptoms in their teen years. That said, the actual diagnosis is often much later, around age 29.

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