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Please answer the question as a medical doctor.
What Is Autoimmune Thyroiditis?
Yourthyroidis a small gland in front of your neck that makes hormones that help control just about every organ. When your thyroid hormone levels are too high or too low, your body can't work right. That can affect your energy level, mood, and weight.
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What are Autoimmune Thyroiditis Causes?
Doctors don’t fully understand why yourimmune systemmisfires this way. It could be set off by a faulty gene, a virus, or something else. Or it could be a combination of causes.
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What are Autoimmune Thyroiditis Symptoms?
You may not have any in the beginning. As the disease goes on, your thyroid may become enlarged, a condition called a goiter. The front of your neck will look swollen, and it might make your throat feel full. The thyroid may or may not be tender to the touch. A damaged thyroid can’t do its job, which leads tohypothyroidism-- too little of the thyroid hormones. Symptoms can include: • Tiredness • Sensitivity tocold • Puffy face • Troublepooping • Enlarged tongue • Pale,dry skinand brittle nails • Hair loss • Weight gain • Muscle aches andjoint pain • Depression • Memory lapse • Heavy menstrual bleeding
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What are Autoimmune Thyroiditis Diagnosis?
Your doctor will orderbloodtests to check your thyroidhormonelevels. The tests also look for something called thyroperoxidase antibodies. You also might have an ultrasound so your doctor can look at your thyroid, especially if your blood test results aren’t clear. Your doctor might spot the problem through regular blood tests even if you don’t have any symptoms, especially if they’re aware that your family has a history of thyroid problems.
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What are Autoimmune Thyroiditis Treatment?
The usual therapy is a prescription medicine calledlevothyroxine(Levo-T,Levothroid,Levoxyl,Synthroid, Tirosint,Unithroid). It’s a man-made version of what a healthy thyroid makes. Your doctor will keep an eye on you and may have to adjust your dosage every once in a while. You’ll need to take medicine for the rest of your life. Some foods, like a high-fiber diet or soy products, can mess with levothyroxine. You should also let your doctor know if you take: • Iron supplements • Acholesterolmedicine calledcholestyramine(Locholest,Prevalite,Questran) • Antacids that have aluminum hydroxide • Anulcermedicine calledsucralfate(Carafate) • Calcium supplements
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What Is Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Autosomal dominantpolycystic kidney disease(ADPKD) causes a lot of fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, to grow in yourkidneys. The cysts keep your kidneys from working as they should. That can cause health problems likehigh blood pressure, infections, andkidney stones. It can also cause kidney failure, although that doesn't happen to everyone.
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease ADPKD Symptoms?
Not everyone with ADPKD will have symptoms. Those who do may not notice anything for many years. Most people with the disease havehigh blood pressure. Urinary tract infections andkidney stonesare also common. Other signs that you have ADPKD include: • Painin your back or sides, often because of a burst cyst, a kidney stone, or aurinary tract infection • Bloodin your pee • Swelling in your belly as the cysts grow Over time, cysts may grow big enough to damage your kidneys and, for some people, can cause them to fail. If that happens, you may have: • Fatigue • The need to pee often • Irregular periods • Nausea • Shortness of breath • Swollen ankles, hands, andfeet • Erectile dysfunction
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease ADPKD Causes?
ADPKD is caused by a problem with one of two genes in your DNA -- PKD1 or PKD2. These genes make proteins in kidney cells that let them know when to grow. A problem with either gene causes kidney cells to grow out of control and form cysts.
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease ADPKD Diagnosis?
If your doctor thinks there’s a problem with your kidneys, they may want you to see a nephrologist, a specialist who treats kidney diseases. They’ll ask you questions like: • What kind of symptoms are you having? When did they start? • How often do you feel that way? • Do you know your blood pressure? • Have you been having any pain? If so, where? • Have you ever hadkidney stones? How often do you get them? • Has anyone in your family been diagnosed withkidney disease? • Have you ever had a genetic test?
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Questions to Ask Your Doctor About ADPKD?
• How will this disease make me feel? • Do I need any more tests? • Do I need to see a specialist? • What are my treatment options? • Do the treatments have side effects? • What do you expect for my case? • What can I do to keep my kidneys working? • If I have children, will they get the disease? • Do my children need to get a genetic test?
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease ADPKD Treatment and Home Care?
There is no cure for ADPKD, but you can treat the health problems that the disease causes and possibly prevent kidney failure. You may need: • Medicine to prevent kidney failure. Tolvaptan (Jynarque) can slow the decline of kidney function for adults whose disease is at risk of quickly getting worse. • Medicines to lower your blood pressure • Antibioticsto treat urinary tract infections • Pain medicines If your kidneys fail, you’ll needdialysis, which uses a machine to filter your blood and remove waste, like salt, extra water, and certain chemicals. You can also get on a waiting list or receive a kidney from a living donor for a kidney transplant. Ask your doctor if that’s a good option for you. It's important to stay as healthy as possible to protect your kidneys and keep them working as long as you can. Follow your doctor's advice carefully. You can also keep up these habits to stay well: • Eat right.Stick to a healthy, well-balanced dietthat's low in calories. Try to limit salt, because it can raise your blood pressure. • Stay active.Exercisecan help control yourweightand blood pressure. Just avoid any contact sports where you might injure your kidneys. • Don't smoke.If you smoke, get help from your doctor to quit.Smokingdamages the blood vessels in the kidneys, and it may create more cysts. • Drink plenty ofwater.Dehydrationmay cause you to have more cysts.
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease ADPKD Outlook?
Cysts often grow very slowly. They can grow even slower when you control your blood pressure and make healthy lifestyle choices. But after many years, they can get large enough to damage your kidneys. As time goes on, some people have kidney failure and need dialysis or a kidney transplant. How quickly the disease gets worse may depend on which of your two PKD genes is broken. People with a defect in the PKD1 gene tend to get kidney failure before those with a problem in PKD2.
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease ADPKD Complications?
ADPKD can also raise your risk for other health problems, such as: • A bulge in a blood vessel of thebraincalled ananeurysm • Cysts on theliverandpancreas • Diverticulosis • Hernias • Heartvalve diseases such asmitral valve prolapseand aortic regurgitation • High blood pressure • Loss of kidney function • Ongoing pain • High blood pressure duringpregnancy(preeclampsia) • Colonproblems
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What are Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Getting Support?
For more information on ADPKD, visit the website of thePKD Foundation.
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What Is Avascular Necrosis?
Avascular necrosis(AVN) is the death of bone tissue due to a loss of blood supply.  You might also hear it called osteonecrosis, aseptic necrosis, or ischemic bone necrosis.
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Who Gets Avascular Necrosis?
As many as 20,000 people develop AVN each year. Most are between ages 20 and 50. For healthy people, the risk of AVN is small. Most cases are the result of an underlying health problem or injury.
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What are Symptoms of Avascular Necrosis?
In its earliest stages, AVN may have no symptoms, but as the disease progresses it typically becomes very painful.At first, it might only hurt when you put pressure on the affected bone. Then, pain may become constant. If the bone and surrounding joint collapse, you may have severe pain that makes you unable to use your joint. The time between the first symptoms and bone collapse can range from several months to more than a year.
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What are Causes and Risk Factors for Avascular Necrosis?
Things that can make avascular necrosis more likely include: • Alcohol.Several drinks a day can cause fat deposits to form in your blood, which lower the blood supply to your bones. • Bisphosphonates.These medications that boost bone density could lead to osteonecrosis of the jaw. This could be more likely if you’re taking them for multiple myeloma or metastatic breast cancer. • Medical treatments.Radiation therapy for cancer can weaken bones. Other conditions linked to AVN include organ transplants, like kidney transplants. • Steroid drugs.Long-term use of theseinflammation-fighting drugs, either by mouth or in a vein, leads to 35% of all cases of nontraumatic AVN. Doctors don’t know why, but longtime use of medications like prednisone can lead to AVN. They think the meds can raise fat levels in your blood, which lowers blood flow. • Trauma.Breaking or dislocating a hip can damage nearby blood vessels and cut the blood supply to your bones. AVN may affect 20% or more of people who dislocate a hip. • Blood clots,inflammation, and damage to yourarteries.All of these can block blood flow to your bones. Other conditions associated with nontraumatic AVN include: • Decompression sickness, which causes gas bubbles in your blood • Diabetes • Gaucher disease, in which a fatty substance collects in the organs • HIV • Long-term use of drugs called bisphosphonates to treat cancers like multiple myeloma or breast cancer, which can lead to AVN of the jaw. • Pancreatitis, inflammation of thepancreas • Radiation therapyorchemotherapy • Autoimmune diseasessuch as lupwww.webmd.com/lupus/arthritis-lupusus • Sickle cell disease
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What are Avascular Necrosis Diagnosis?
Your doctor will start with a physical exam. They’ll press on your joints to check for tender spots. They’ll move your joints through a series of positions to check your range of motion. You might get one of these imaging tests to look for what’s causing your pain: • Bone scan.The doctor injects radioactive material into your vein. It travels to spots where bones are injured or healing and shows up on the image. • MRI and CT scan.These give your doctor detailed images showing early changes in bone that might be a sign of AVN. • X-rays.They’ll be normal for early stages of AVN but can show bone changes that appear later on.
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What are Avascular Necrosis Treatment?
Treatment goals for AVN are to improve the joint, stop the bone damage, and ease pain. The best treatment will depend on a number of things, like: • Your age • Stage of the disease • Location and amount of bone damage • Cause of AVN If you catch avascular necrosis early, treatment may involve taking medications to relieve pain or limiting the use of the affected area. If your hip,knee, or ankle is affected, you may need crutches to take weight off the damaged joint. Your doctor may also recommend range-of-motion exercises to help keep the joint mobile. • Medications.If the doctor knows what’s causing your avascular necrosis, treatment will include efforts to manage it. This can include:Blood thinners.You’ll get these if your AVN is caused by blood clots.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).These will help with pain.Cholesterol drugs.They cut the amount of cholesterol and fat in your blood, which can help prevent the blockages that lead to AVN. • Blood thinners.You’ll get these if your AVN is caused by blood clots. • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).These will help with pain. • Cholesterol drugs.They cut the amount of cholesterol and fat in your blood, which can help prevent the blockages that lead to AVN. • Surgery.While these nonsurgical treatments may slow down the avascular necrosis, most people with the condition eventually need surgery. Surgical options include:Bone grafts. Removing healthy bone from one part of the body and using it to replace the damaged boneOsteotomy. Cutting the bone and changing its alignment to relieve stress on the bone or jointTotal joint replacement. Removing the damaged joint and replacing it with a synthetic jointCore decompression. Removing part of the inside of the bone to relieve pressure and allow new blood vessels to formVascularized bone graft.Using your own tissue to rebuild diseased or damaged hip joints. The surgeon first removes the bone with the poor blood supply from the hip, then replaces it with the blood-vessel-rich bone from another site, such as the fibula, the smaller bone in your lower leg.Electrical stimulation.An electrical current could jump-start new bone growth. Your doctor might use it during surgery or give you a special gadget for it. • Bone grafts. Removing healthy bone from one part of the body and using it to replace the damaged bone • Osteotomy. Cutting the bone and changing its alignment to relieve stress on the bone or joint • Total joint replacement. Removing the damaged joint and replacing it with a synthetic joint • Core decompression. Removing part of the inside of the bone to relieve pressure and allow new blood vessels to form • Vascularized bone graft.Using your own tissue to rebuild diseased or damaged hip joints. The surgeon first removes the bone with the poor blood supply from the hip, then replaces it with the blood-vessel-rich bone from another site, such as the fibula, the smaller bone in your lower leg. • Electrical stimulation.An electrical current could jump-start new bone growth. Your doctor might use it during surgery or give you a special gadget for it.
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What are Caring for Avascular Necrosis at Home?
You can do these things to help: • Rest.Stay off the joint. This can help slow damage. You might need to hold back on physical activity or use crutches for several months. • Exercise.A physical therapist can show you the right moves to get range of motion back in your joint.
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What are Avascular Necrosis of Bone Prevention?
To lower your risk of AVN: • Cut back on alcohol.Heavy drinking is a leading risk factor for AVN. • Keep your cholesterol in check.Small bits of fat are the most common thing blocking blood supply to you bones. • Use steroids carefully.Your doctor should keep tabs on you while you’re taking these medications. Let them know if you’ve used them in the past. Taking them over and over again can worsen bone damage. • Don't smoke.It boosts your AVN risk.
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What are Prognosis for Avascular Necrosis?
More than half the people with this condition need surgery within 3 years of diagnosis. If a bone collapse in one of your joints, you’re more likely to have it happen in another.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): What Is Bird Flu?
Bird flu, also called avian influenza, is a viral infection that can cause flu in birds and sometimes spread to mammals, including humans. Migrating waterfowl (wild ducks, geese, and storks) are natural carriers of bird flu viruses. Scientists suspect that infection can spread from wildfowl to domestic poultry (chickens and turkeys) and some mammals.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Has bird flu been seen in the United States?
Various strains of bird flu pop up in U.S. poultry from time to time. When they do, farmers cull (remove and kill) all affected poultry flocks.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): How does bird flu spread to humans?
People catch bird flu by close contact with an animal’s fluids, such as saliva, respiratory droplets, or droppings (poop). You may breathe in small dust particles containing the virus in the animal’s habitat, or transmit it by touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after you touch an animal’s bodily fluids.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Is a bird flu pandemic possible?
While it’s possible for bird flu to cause a pandemic (a dangerous, worldwide outbreak of illness), it’s unlikely. It can only happen if the virus mutates, or changes so that it’s easier for people to give it to each other and not just get it from birds. That has not happened.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Can bird flu kill humans?
Yes, it is possible for someone with the infection to die from it, but it is rare for humans to get the virus in the first place, and the symptoms can range from almost none to severe.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): How deadly is bird flu?
Infections in humans are rare. Some people who get it have little to no symptoms, while for others, it can be severe and cause death.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): What happens if a human gets the bird flu?
Your doctor may prescribe antiviral medication if it’s early enough in your infection.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Can you recover from bird flu?
Yes. You may have symptoms for a week or two, but usually they get better over time.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Are there human bird flu cases right now?
As of December 2024, 65 people in the U.S. had been infected with bird flu.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): What states have had human bird flu cases?
As of December 2024, 36 people in California, 10 people in Colorado, and 11 people in Washington state had tested positive for bird flu. Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Oregon, Texas, and Wisconsin had one case of bird flu each, and Michigan had two cases.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): How contagious is bird flu?
Bird flu is highly contagious between birds. It is much harder for humans to catch it.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): How fatal is bird flu in humans?
The mortality rate is 50%, meaning half of all people in the world who get bird flu die from it. Very few people get bird flu.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Can you get bird flu from touching a wild bird?
Yes. You should always be cautious and wear protection if you have to handle a wild bird. It’s better to avoid it altogether. A wild bird may have bird flu even if it doesn’t appear sick.
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Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): How long does bird flu last?
Typically, mild symptoms last a week or two, but usually they get better over time. Rest and fluids can help you recover.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu Symptoms?
Symptoms of bird flu show up differently in birds and in humans. Sometimes birds with bird flu show no signs of the virus before dying suddenly. Humans tend to have upper respiratory or lung symptoms but can have symptoms in other parts of the body, too. Symptoms of bird flu in birds Birds with the virus may have symptoms such as: • Low energy • Low appetite • Purple discoloration or swelling of various body parts • Laying fewer eggs • Soft-shelled or misshapen eggs • Nasaldischarge, coughing, sneezing • Lack of coordination • Diarrhea In chickens, bird flu may involve: • Signs ofdepressionin egg-laying chickens • Ruffled feathers • Being quieter than normal • Purple or dry combs If you suspect a bird or other animal is infected with bird flu, don't touch the bird, theirpoop, or any water source that may have come into contact with their saliva, poop, or other body fluids. Notify aveterinarianor call the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) at 866-536-7593.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu Causes?
Bird flu is caused by influenza A viruses. How does bird flu spread to humans? People catch bird flu by close contact with an animal’s fluids, such as saliva, respiratory droplets, or droppings (poop). You may breathe in small dust particles containing the virus in the animal’s habitat, or transmit it by touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after you touch an animal’s bodily fluids.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Types of Bird Flu?
The bird flu virus is divided into two main categories: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) This type of bird flu causes more serious illness in chickens and is more likely to kill them. H5N1, the most common strain of bird flu, is an HPAI. Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) This type causes less serious illness in chickens and is less likely to cause death. Typically, LPAI causes either no signs or mild signs of disease in birds. Most cases of bird flu are LPAI.  In poultry, some low-pathogenic viruses can mutate, or change, into highly pathogenic (disease-causing) avian influenza viruses. Both versions can spread quickly through bird flocks and may cause serious illness in humans. This is important because birds infected with LPAI viruses may show little or no sign of disease before passing the disease to other animals or humans.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu Diagnosis?
Doctors can’t diagnose bird flu just by your symptoms. To find out if you have bird flu, your doctor can swab your throat or nose. Since bird flu isn’t common, you’ll need to tell the doctor if you’ve been exposed to the virus or suspect you could have it. They’ll send your sample to a special lab for testing. Your results are more likely to be accurate if your test happens in the first few days of your illness.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu Treatment?
If you see a doctor early in your infection, they may be able to prescribe antiviral drugs to help treat your symptoms. These include: • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) • Peramivir (Rapivab) • Zanamivir (Relenza) These are drugs you take by mouth. It’s best to take them within 48 hours of having symptoms.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu Complications?
It’s possible that bird flu may cause further problems once you get it. These include: • Acute respiratory failure, a life-threatening condition that happens when your body can't provide enough oxygen to your blood and organs • Organ failure • Pneumonia • Sepsis, when your body responds to infection abnormally and begins to attack healthy systems • Brain swelling
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu Prevention?
Your chances of getting bird flu are very low. But there are steps you can take to help protect yourself from exposure, such as: • Keep your distance from wild birds, especially birds that seem sick or are dead. • Stay away from animals you know have the H5N1 virus and any surface they’ve been on. • Avoid contact with cows infected with bird flu. • Don’t drink raw milk or eat products made with raw milk. Pasteurized milk is safest. If you own poultry, you can help prevent the virus with steps such as: • Keep your flock separate from wild birds. • Keep your poultry housing area clean. • Don’t share equipment (such as egg cartons) with others.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) How to Stay Updated on Bird Flu News?
The best way to learn more about ongoing outbreak information and statistics is from government agencies such as theCDCandFDA. Local news outlets also cover bird flu news. Current avian flu map The CDC publishes a summary of the H5N1 bird flu situation, including amap that shows current infections. The page is updated daily.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Takeaways?
Bird flu (avian influenza) is a flu virus that typically affects birds, but in rare cases can spread to other animals and humans. In 2024, the virus appeared in cows, and as of December 2024, there were 65 confirmed cases of bird flu in humans in the United States. Typically, bird flu causes mild respiratory symptoms, but it has caused more severe symptoms and even death.
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What are Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Bird Flu FAQs?
Is a bird flu pandemic possible? While it’s possible for bird flu to cause a pandemic (a dangerous, worldwide outbreak of illness), it’s unlikely. It can only happen if the virus mutates, or changes so that it’s easier for people to give it to each other and not just get it from birds. That has not happened. Can bird flu kill humans? Yes, it is possible for someone with the infection to die from it, but it is rare for humans to get the virus in the first place, and the symptoms can range from almost none to severe. How deadly is bird flu? Infections in humans are rare. Some people who get it have little to no symptoms, while for others, it can be severe and cause death. What happens if a human gets the bird flu? Your doctor may prescribe antiviral medication if it’s early enough in your infection. Can you recover from bird flu?
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What are mercury and methylmercury?
Mercuryoccurs naturally in the environment and can also be released into the air through industrial pollution. Mercury falls from the air and can accumulate in streams and oceans and is turned into methylmercury in the water. It is this type of mercury that can be harmful to your unborn baby and young child. Fish absorb the methylmercury as they feed in these waters. It builds up more in some types of fish and shellfish than others, depending on what the fish eat, which is why the levels vary.
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I'm not pregnant, so why should I be concerned about methylmercury?
If you regularly eat types of fish that are high in methylmercury, it can accumulate in your bloodstream over time. Methylmercury is removed from the body naturally, but it may take over a year for the levels to drop significantly. Thus, it may be present in a person even before they become pregnant. This is the reason why people who are trying to become pregnant should also avoid eating certain types of fish.
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Is there methylmercury in all fish and shellfish?
Nearly all fish and shellfish contain traces of methylmercury. However, larger fish that have lived longer have the highest levels of methylmercury because they've had more time to accumulate it. These large fish (swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tilefish) pose the greatest risk. Other types of fish and shellfish may be eaten in the amounts recommended by FDA and EPA.
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I don't see the fish I eat in the advisory. What should I do?
If you want more information about the levels in the various types of fish you eat, see the FDA food safety web site or the EPA Fish Advisory website.
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What about fish sticks and fast food sandwiches?
Fish sticks and "fast-food" sandwiches are commonly made from fish that are low in mercury.
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Avoiding Mercury in Fish: The advice about canned tuna is in the advisory, but what's the advice about tuna steaks?
Because tuna steak generally contains higher levels of mercury than canned lighttuna, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, you may eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of tuna steak per week.
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What if I eat more than the recommended amount of fish and shellfish in a week?
One week's consumption of fish does not change the level of methylmercury in the body much at all. If you eat a lot of fish one week, you can cutbackfor the next week or two. Just make sure you average the recommended amount per week.
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Where do I get information about the safety of fish caught recreationally by family or friends?
Before you go fishing, check your Fishing Regulations Booklet for information about recreationally caught fish. You can also contact your local health department for information about local advisories. You need to check local advisories because some kinds of fish and shellfish caught in your local waters may have higher or much lower than average levels of mercury. This depends on the levels of mercury in the water in which the fish are caught. Those fish with much lower levels may be eaten more frequently and in larger amounts.
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What are Frequently Asked Questions about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish?
What are mercury and methylmercury? Mercuryoccurs naturally in the environment and can also be released into the air through industrial pollution. Mercury falls from the air and can accumulate in streams and oceans and is turned into methylmercury in the water. It is this type of mercury that can be harmful to your unborn baby and young child. Fish absorb the methylmercury as they feed in these waters. It builds up more in some types of fish and shellfish than others, depending on what the fish eat, which is why the levels vary.
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What are Mercury Poisoning Symptoms?
Exposure to methylmercury in food could cause neurological and behavioral issues, such as the following: • Anxiety • Mood swings • Memory issues • Tremors • Depression • Numbness or feeling of pins and needles • Loss of motor skills • Trouble breathing • Vision and speech impairment • Muscle weakness • Trouble with walking If exposed to high amounts of mercury from food or other sources, you could then develop severe or even fatal effects in yourkidney,lungs, digestive tract, or cardiovascular system.
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What are Fish High in Mercury?
Swordfishhas an average mercury load measuring 0.995 ppm and highest loads measuring 3.22 ppm. 1. Shark has an average mercury measurement of 0.979 ppm, with higher measurements reaching 4.54 ppm. 2. Tilefish from the Gulf of Mexico are very high in mercury, with average load measuring 1.123 ppm and a highest reading of 3.73 ppm. The Atlantic coast tilefish has lower averages of 0.144 ppm, but it can reach 0.533 ppm. 3. King mackerel averages 0.73 ppm of mercury. This species can reach 1.67 ppm in some cases. 4. Bigeye tuna can hold an average mercury load of 0.689 ppm and a high load of 1.816 ppm. 5. Marlin has an average mercury reading of 0.485 ppm and higher readings of 0.92 ppm. 6. Orange roughy has average loads measuring 0.571 ppm and highest measurements of 1.12 ppm. 7. Chilean sea bass has average mercury loads of 0.354, but it can reach up to 2.18 ppm of mercury.
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What are Fish Low in Mercury?
1. Shrimp have an average mercury load of just 0.009 ppm, with higher measurements of 0.05 ppm. 2. Cannedsalmonhas an average mercury load of 0.014 ppm and can reach measurements up to 0.086 ppm. For fresh/frozen salmon, the average mercury load is 0.022 ppm with max concentrations of 0.19 ppm. 3. Oysters have an average amount of just 0.012 ppm, with the highest measurement of 0.25 ppm. 4. Scallops are one of the species with the lowest amount of mercury, with average amounts of 0.003 ppm and higher amounts at 0.033 ppm.
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What are Avoiding Mercury in Fish Further Information?
For further information about the risks of mercury in fish and shellfish, call the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's food information line toll-free at 888-SAFEFOOD or visit FDA's Food Safety website. For further information about the safety of locally caught fish and shellfish, visit the Environmental Protection Agency's Fish Advisory website or contact your state or local health department. For information on EPA's actions to control mercury, visit EPA's mercury website.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: What Is Multifocal Motor Neuropathy?
Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN)is a rare disease that causes slowly worsening muscle weakness, mainly in your hands, arms, and legs. It affects your body's motor nerves, which control your muscles. MMN makes it hard for your motor nerves to send electrical signals that move your body.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: What Causes Multifocal Motor Neuropathy ?
Experts don't know exactly what causes MMN, but they know you're not born with it. It's anautoimmune disease, meaning your immune system mistakenly attacks your nerve cells as if they were invaders. Researchers are working to find out why it happens.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: What Are the Symptoms of Multifocal Motor Neuropathy?
You may first notice symptoms in your hands and lower arms. They may feel weak, cramp up, or twitch in ways you can't control. Those symptoms may start in specific parts of your arm or hand, such as your wrist or finger. They're often more severe on one side of your body. MMN may eventually affect your legs.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: How Is Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Treated?
If your symptoms are very mild, you may not need any treatment. But if you do, your doctor may prescribe amedicationcalled intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). It's given directly into one of your veins through an IV. You'll usually have this done in your doctor's office, but you can learn to do it at home.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: What's the difference between MMN and MND?
MMN and motor neuron disease (MND) can have similar symptoms. But the main difference is that MND affects groups of spinal nerves, while MNM affects single nerves.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: What's the difference between ALS and MMN?
Both have similar symptoms, but ALS isn't treatable, while MMN is.
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant the first symptoms of MMN?
Weakness in your hands and arms is a common first symptom.
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant the criteria for MMN diagnosis?
Your doctor will rule out other possible conditions. They'll look at your medical history and give you a physical exam. They'll also do blood and nerve tests, using the results to help make a MMN diagnosis.
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Axonal Neuropathy, Giant: What's the blood test for MMN?
It's a test that looks at GM1 antibodies in your blood. The amount you have many indicate you have MMN, but it may not.
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant Diagnosing Multifocal Motor Neuropathy?
Doctors often mistake MMN foramyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. These conditions have similar symptoms. But unlike ALS, MMN is treatable. You may need to see a neurologist, a medical doctor who specializes in problems with your brain andnervous system. They'll give you aphysical examand ask questions about your symptoms. They may ask: • Which muscles are giving you trouble? • Is it worse on one side of your body? • How long have you been feeling this way? • Do you have numbness or tingling? • Does anything make your symptoms better? What makes them worse?
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant Questions for Your Doctor?
Here are some questions you might want to ask your doctor: • How will MMN affect me? • Do I need treatment? • What kinds are available? • How will they make me feel? • Will I be able to work? • What happens if the treatment doesn't help? • Are there anyclinical trialsI can join? • Are there any activities I won't be able to do?
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant What to Expect With Multifocal Motor Neuropathy?
Early diagnosis and care are key to staying active and able to do routine tasks. MMN rarely shortens your lifespan. Many people with this condition are able to continue most or at least some of their normal activities. Your journey with MMN depends on factors such as when you were diagnosed, which muscles are affected, whether you stick with treatments, and whether you follow a healthy lifestyle. Possible issues include trouble eating, typing, writing, dressing, and doing other daily tasks. If your leg muscles are affected, you could have trouble walking. Some people with severe MMN have trouble in all these areas.
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant Getting Support?
To learn more about multifocal motor neuropathy, visit the web sites of theNeuropathy Action Foundation, theNeuropathy Association, or theGBS-CIDP (Guillain-Barré syndrome-chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) Foundation International.
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What are Axonal Neuropathy, Giant Takeaways?
MMN is a rare, chronic disease that causes slowly worsening muscle weakness, mainly in your hands, arms, and legs. It's not curable, but it's treatable. It probably won't shorten your life. Experts don't know what causes it, but they know it's an autoimmune disease you're not born with. It affects more men than women, usually between the ages of 40 and 50. Early diagnosis and treatment, and following a healthy lifestyle, are keys to staying active and independent.
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Ayurveda: Does It Really Work?
Ayurveda (a Sanskrit word that means "science of life" or "knowledge of life") is one of the world's oldest whole-body healing systems. It was developed more than 5,000 years ago in India.
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What is Ayurveda an example of ayurvedic medicine?
What are the five elements of ayurveda?Space, air, earth, fire, and water.
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What are The Three Doshas in Ayurveda?
Vata dosha Those who practice ayurveda believe this is the most powerful of all three doshas. It controls very basic body functions, like how cells divide. It also controls your mind, breathing, blood flow,heartfunction,and ability to get rid of waste through your intestines. Things that can disrupt it include eating again too soon after a meal, fear, grief, and staying up too late. If vata is your dominant dosha, you may be smart, creative, vibrant, and your moods change quickly. Physically, you may be thin and lose weight easily, and are usually cold.
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What are Ayurveda Ayurvedic Treatment?
An ayurvedic practitioner will create a treatment plan specifically designed for you. They’ll take into account your unique physical and emotional makeup, and your primary and secondary doshas. They will use that information to work toward the goal of treatment, which is to bring your mind and body into balance. There are several tools used in ayurvedic medicine to help you create harmony, avoid disease, and treat conditions you may have. These include: • Herbal medicine.A key component of ayurveda, it's used in different combinations, depending on your dosha, and includes licorice, red clover, ginger, and turmeric. • Yoga • Meditation • Purification programs.Also known as panchakarma, these are used to cleanse your body of undigested food through practices like blood purification, massage, medical oils, herbs, enemas, and laxatives. • Counseling.Your practitioner will help you understand your dosha, how it impacts your life, and how you can change your lifestyle to create more balance and harmony. Other treatments used in ayurveda include oil massage,breathing exercises(known as pranayama), and repeating mantras, or phrases.
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What are Benefits of Ayurveda?
As with many alternative therapies, not as much clinical research has been done on ayurveda as on Western medicine. But many practices of ayurveda have been shown to improve health and well-being. • If you have conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, ayurveda treatments may improve symptoms. • Ayurveda has also been shown to lower blood pressure and cholesterol. • An ayurvedic diet focuses on an increase in eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and decreasing meat intake, particularly red meat. This could reduce the risk of heart disease. • Practicing yoga can reduce chronic pain and anxiety and improve circulation and digestion. • Fenugreekhas been shown to lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and increase good cholesterol (HDL). • Meditation may reduce anxiety, increase focus, help you better manage stress, and improve the quality of your sleep. It may also help you manage symptoms of conditions like chronic pain, cancer, depression, and irritable bowel syndrome. It is important to note that the FDA doesn’t review or approve ayurvedic products. In fact, it has banned certain ones from entering the country since 2007. What’s more, the FDA has warned that 1 in 5 ayurvedic medicines contain toxic metals, like lead, mercury, and arsenic. These heavy metals can cause life-threatening illnesses, especially in children. Always talk to your doctor before you try ayurveda or any other alternative medical treatment.
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What are Finding an Ayurveda Practitioner?
There is no exact data on the number of people who use ayurvedic medicine, but an estimated 80% of people in India are thought to use at least some ayurvedic treatments. In India, ayurveda is considered a traditional medical system, and some practitioners can perform surgery. In the U.S., it’s considered a form ofcomplementary and alternative medicine. If you’d like to try ayurvedic medicine, talk with an integrative medicine specialist or functional medicine doctor to make sure any herbal medicines you want to take have been tested for contaminants and approved by an independent laboratory. These doctors can also help integrate Western medicine and ayurveda. There are a few state-approved ayurvedic schools in the U.S. But there’s no national standard training or certification program for those who practice ayurveda. You can find a practitioner near you at the National Ayurvedic Medical Association.
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What are Ayurveda Ayurvedic Lifestyle?
If you have only used Western medicine, ayurveda may sound exotic. If you’re not ready to visit an ayurvedic practitioner for a consultation, there are many simple ayurvedic practices you can do at home to help balance your mental, physical, and spiritual health.
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What are Ayurveda Takeaways?
Ayurveda is a complex system that takes into account nearly all parts of your physical, spiritual, and mental health. But there are easy practices you can do at home as well. If you want to find out which dosha is your dominant one, The Ayurvedic Institute has a dosha quiz. Using this can help you understand your dominant energy, or constitution, and follow simple treatments to reach the goal of ayurveda – to bring balance to your life.
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What are Ayurveda Ayurvedic FAQs?
What is an example of ayurvedic medicine?If you are a pitta person, whose constitution is made of fire, you should exercise during the coolest times of day, eat cooling foods, like salad, and avoid caffeine and alcohol, which increase your digestive fire. What are the five elements of ayurveda?Space, air, earth, fire, and water. What are the benefits of ayurvedic treatment? Ayurveda can: • Improve your sleep • Reduce anxiety • Improve circulation • Help manage symptoms of chronic diseases likearthritisand chronic pain • Increase focus
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How Do Doctors Diagnose Breast Cancer?
If your breast cancer screening turns up a mass or other signs of breast cancer, you’ll need additional tests to find out if you actually have cancer and what it may mean for your health.
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Do men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB) need breast cancer screening?
Anyone can get breast cancer, but men are at much lower risk than women. Doctors don’t generally suggest men get screened. Men and people AMAB — including those who are nonbinary or transgender — may be at somewhat higher risk if they take estrogen. Some doctors’ groups recommend breast cancer screening in that situation. In any case, if you are at high risk because of a strong family history or gene mutations, talk to your doctor about watching for earlysigns of breast cancer. Anyone who finds a breast lump or other breast changes should get it checked out.
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At what age should breast cancer screening be discontinued?
This is still an open question and a good topic to bring up with your doctor. The American Cancer Society and American College of Radiology say women should keep getting screened for as long as they are healthy, though the cancer society adds that it makes sense to stop if you expect to live less than 10 years. The USPSTF says there isn’t enough evidence on the benefits and harms in women aged 75 or older.
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Breast Cancer Screening: What’s the difference between a mammogram and a 3D mammogram?
Both use X-rays to take pictures of your breast. The biggest difference is that a traditional mammogram takes pictures from two angles, while a 3D mammogram uses a machine that takes many images and uses a computer to combine them into a series of thin slices. That gives your doctor more detailed images of your breast tissue. The American Cancer Society recommends both kinds of mammograms but says a 3D mammogram lowers the need for more testing and may be especially useful for people with dense breasts. But insurers don’t always cover it.
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What are Breast Cancer Screening Benefits?
The soonerbreast cancergets diagnosed, the better your odds of getting successful treatment. So, it’s important to get mammograms as recommended, know how your breasts usually look, and report any changes to your doctor ASAP. Breast cancer risk is up now. The lifetime risk of a woman getting breast cancer in the U.S. was around 5%, or 1 in 20, in 1940. Now it’s 13%, or more than 1 in 8. But thanks partly to early detection, breast cancer deaths are declining. Screening “saves a lot of lives,” says Ethan Cohen, MD, a radiologist who is an associate professor at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. Women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) who have regular breast cancer screeningmammogramsare not just less likely to die from the disease, but also less likely to need aggressive treatment. This depends on: • The quality of the test • Getting screened as often as you need to • Following your treatment plan if you get diagnosed
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What are Types of Breast Cancer Screening?
Self-exams It’s a good idea to know how your breasts normally look and feel so you can notice any changes. You can do this by regularly looking at your breasts from all angles in a mirror and using your fingers or hands to feel them. Some people use soapy hands in the shower. Most medical organizations no longer recommend self-exams as a formal breast cancer screening tool. The American Cancer Society, for example, says research has not shown a clear benefit of doing regular breast self-exams. Talk with your doctor to better understand what’s right for you. Learn more abouthow to do a breast self-exam. Clinical breast exams A clinical breast exam is done by your doctor, to feel for lumps or other changes. It might be done as part of your regular checkup. But not all doctors’ groups recommend it for people at average risk of breast cancer. Your doctor might be more likely to offer it if you’re at higher risk.
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What are Risks of Breast Cancer Screening?
As with any medical screening test, mammograms and other tests to detect breast cancer early carry some risks. These can include: False positive results.Most abnormalities found on screening mammograms turn out not to be cancer. But you’ll need extra tests to find out. Waiting for final results can cause a lot of anxiety. False negative results.The tests might miss a cancer and create false reassurance. For example, if you find a lump soon after receiving a normal mammogram result, you might not call your doctor — though you should. Unneeded treatment.Some breast cancers found by screening would never advance enough to cause health problems or shorten your life. So getting treatments such as surgery, radiation, orchemotherapywould expose you to unneeded risks and side effects. Pain or discomfort.Some people find mammograms painful because during the test, the breast is squeezed firmly between two plates. Taking over-the-counter painkillers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may help. Radiation exposure.Because a mammogram is an X-ray, it uses radiation. While high doses of radiation increase cancer risk, the levels used in mammography are “very, very, very minimal,” Cohen says.
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What are Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines?
Expert groups who’ve weighed all the potential benefits, as well as the risks, offer varying advice about when and how often you should get a screening mammogram and any additional tests. But they generally recommend starting sometime between ages 40 and 45 for women at average risk. Specifically, for women at average risk, the American Cancer Society recommends that women aged: • 40-44:May decide to start yearly mammograms • 45-54: Should get yearly mammograms • 55 or older: Can switch to getting a mammogram every other year or continue getting yearly mammograms The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening mammograms every other year for women of ages 40-74. The American College of Radiology and some other doctors’ groups recommend mammograms every year starting at the age of 40. That saves the most lives, outweighing any added risks or costs, in the view of those groups, Cohen says. The radiology group also says every woman or a person AFAB should talk to their doctor about their personal risk for breast cancer, starting at age 25, to see whether earlier screening makes sense. It’s especially important for Black and Ashkenazi Jewish women, who may have higher genetic risks. Black women are also more likely than White women to get advanced breast cancer and die from it before age 50. Other screening tests, such as MRIs, may be recommended if you have dense breasts or other risk factors.
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What are If It’s Cancer?
If you’re diagnosed with breast cancer, you and your doctor will need to know what type it is and how advanced it is. A check of yourlymph nodescan tell whether the disease has spread. Other tests give an idea of which treatments may work best for you, and still others predict how likely it is that your cancer will come back after treatment. Your doctor can help you understand all of these tests, and together you’ll decide on the best treatment plan for you. Get more information onwhat to do after a breast cancer diagnosis.
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What are Breast Cancer Screening Takeaways?
Breast cancer screening can help you find breast cancer early, when it’s most treatable and potentially curable, lowering the risk of death from breast cancer. While screening recommendations might seem complex, the overall message is simple: Talk to your doctor about your breast cancer risks, then decide on a screening schedule, and stick to it.
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What are Breast Cancer Screening FAQs?
Do men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB) need breast cancer screening? Anyone can get breast cancer, but men are at much lower risk than women. Doctors don’t generally suggest men get screened. Men and people AMAB — including those who are nonbinary or transgender — may be at somewhat higher risk if they take estrogen. Some doctors’ groups recommend breast cancer screening in that situation. In any case, if you are at high risk because of a strong family history or gene mutations, talk to your doctor about watching for earlysigns of breast cancer. Anyone who finds a breast lump or other breast changes should get it checked out.
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CBD Oil: Is Cannabis Right for You?
The best way to answer this is to ask your doctor. They can tell you about possible side effects and drug interactions, legal considerations, and which form and at which dose may help you the most.
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What are CBD Oil Benefits for RA?
TheCannabis sativaplant has more than 100 chemicals that can affect your body and mind. The two that scientists know the most about are THC and CBD. THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is what gets you high when you smoke, vape, or eat marijuana. CBD doesn’t affect yourbrainthat way. For that reason, some people prefer CBD for medical uses. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that can make your joints stiff, tender, and painful. RA also can affect your lungs, eyes, skin, and other body parts. The federal ban on marijuana and CBD means studies on humans have been few. So researchers don’t know for sure that cannabis eases RA symptoms. But the results from several very small studies suggest that in people withrheumatic diseases, including RA andosteoarthritis, it may help: • Curb morning pain (but not the overall level of pain) • Improve sleep • Lower inflammation in joints (but not joint stiffness)
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What are CBD Oil Unproven Therapy?
Some lab testing suggests that cannabinoids may help tamp down the body’s immune response. But the studies have been limited to animals, not humans. Doctors will need more proof before they can recommend cannabis products to treat rheumatic diseases. For example, we know very little about the effects on RA from smoking marijuana or other uses of herbal marijuana.
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What are CBD Oil Where to Get It?
Depending on your state, you may need to buy medical marijuana and CBD at specific dispensaries or pharmacies from approved vendors. Your doctor may need to certify that you have a condition that may benefit from marijuana. Marijuana is available in many forms, like pills, prepared foods, teas, nasal sprays, and as something you smoke or vape. In some states, CBD is sold at many all-natural food stores and online. It can be taken by mouth as oil or extracts, or applied to your skin.
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