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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Question:>> A 37-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of unsteady gait that started after waking up that morning. He has no fever, chills, headache, or myalgia. He works as a logger in Washington. His younger sister has multiple sclerosis. The patient appears pale. He is alert and responsive. His te... | D |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Question:>> A 43-year-old man presents requesting a sleep aid for long-standing insomnia. He says he has been having trouble falling asleep for as long as he can remember, but it has become increasingly worse after he and his wife moved to their new house. He claims that his new neighbors are jealous of his huge swim... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Question:>> A 22-year-old man presents to the emergency room after an altercation with the police. The police were called because the man was acting erratically in public. On physical examination, the patient is disoriented, does not respond to questioning, and appears to be reacting to internal stimuli. Laboratory t... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Question:>> A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife with chills and a temperature of 38.5°C (101.3°F) for the past 2 days. The patient’s wife mentions that he recently injured his leg 5 days ago, after which she noticed that his calf was swollen, red, and painful. She says there was no pu... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Question:>> A 63-year-old man presents to the emergency department with the sudden onset of excruciating chest pain, which he describes as a tearing sensation. He was diagnosed with essential hypertension 20 years ago, but he is not compliant with his medications. On physical examination, the temperature is 37.1°C (9... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS Dyschesia can be provoked by inappropriate defecation movements. The aim of this prospective study was to demonstrate dysfunction of the anal sphincter and/or the musculus (m.) puborectalis in patients with dyschesia using anorectal endosonography. ### METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with a m... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sublingual varices have earlier been related to ageing, smoking and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sublingual varices are related to presence of hypertension. ### METHODS In an observational clinical study among 431 dental patients tongue status and... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation. Because of its substantial toxic effects, narrow therapeutic index, and interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, therapeutic drug monitoring of whole-blood tacrolimus concentrations has been recommended. We inv... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS To determine the impact of a physician's specialty on the frequency and depth of medication history documented in patient medical records. ### METHODS A cross-sectional assessment of the frequency and depth of medication history information documented by 123 physicians for 900 randomly selected p... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nd:YAG laser-induced thermo therapy (LITT) of rat brains is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability changes. We address the question of whether LITT-induced locoregional disruption of the BBB could possibly allow a locoregional passage of chemotherapeutic agent... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND A case of spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) because of a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm is described. Such a case has never been reported. ### CASE DESCRIPTION A 52-year-old woman underwent a craniotomy for a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm. A co... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION For women, the correlation between circulating androgens and sexual desire is inconclusive. Substitution with androgens at physiological levels improves sexual function in women who experience decreased sexual desire and androgen deficiency from surgical menopause, pituitary disease, and ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of fatality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zeolite mineral (QuikClot - Advanced Clotting Sponge [QC-ACS]) on blood loss and physiological variables in a swine extremity arterial injury model. ### METHODS Sixteen swine were u... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The most common primary brain tumors in children and adults are of astrocytic origin. Classic histologic grading schemes for astrocytomas have included evaluating the presence or absence of nuclear abnormalities, mitoses, vascular endothelial proliferation, and tumor necrosis. ### MATERIALS... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### MATERIALS AND METHODS 79 adjacent proximal surfaces without restorations in permanent teeth were examined. Patients suspected to have carious lesions after a visual clinical and a bitewing examination participated in a CBCT examination (Kodak 9000 3D, 5 × 3.7 cm field of view, voxel size 0.07 mm). Eth... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE As part of the staging procedure in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, we assessed the role of ultrasound examination, in particular its role in assessing the extent and the invasion into the corpora. ### METHODS From 1988 until 1992, all patients referred for primary treatment underwent ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of early sonogram to predict the presentation of twin A at birth. ### METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted on all twin pregnancies evaluated at our Fetal Evaluation Unit from 2007 to 2009. Sonogram records were reviewed for the presentation of twin A at... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To analyze the reliability of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess bone density and the microstructure of the maxillary bones at the alveolar process in human clinics by direct comparison with conventional stereologic-based histomorphometry. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis of o... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The National Infarct Angioplasty Project assessed the feasibility of establishing a comprehensive primary angioplasty service. We aimed to compare satisfaction at intervention hospitals offering angioplasty-based care and control hospitals offering thrombolysis-based care. ### DESIGN Mixed m... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Endometrial polyp is a common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, but the etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is angiogenic, related to thick walled vessels and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is related to fibrotic tissue, which are ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Our hypothesis is that the adoption of Department of Health (DH) guidance has led to an improvement in outcome in gynaecological cancer survival. ### SETTING In 1999 the DH in England introduced the Improving Outcomes in Gynaecological Cancer guidance, advising case management by multidiscip... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether knowledge of ultrasound-obtained estimated fetal weight (US-EFW) is a risk factor for cesarean delivery (CD). ### STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort from a single center in 2009-2010 of singleton, term live births. CD rates were compared fo... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS To investigate the cost-effectiveness of up to £400 worth of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy as an adjunct to routine health care. ### DESIGN Cost-effectiveness analysis based on a Phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a cost-utility analysis using a life-time Mar... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Despite the advantages from using aromatase inhibitors (AIs) compared with tamoxifen for early breast cancer, an unexpectedly greater number of grade 3 and 4 cardiovascular events (CVAE) (as defined by National Cancer Institute of Canada-Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0] was demonstrat... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sources of reports about laparoscopic and percutaneous treatment of liver hydatid cysts are limited to just a few countries. To address the reason behind this, we carried out a survey of 30 surgeons in northern Jordan. ### METHODS A questionnaire was distributed to collect data regarding th... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### HYPOTHESES The APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score used as an intensive care unit (ICU) admission score in emergency surgical patients is not independent of the effects of treatment and might lead to considerable bias in the comparability of defined groups of patients a... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study aims to study femoral tunnel lengths drilled with a flexible reamer and the distance to important lateral structures obtained by flexing the knee at various angles and by drilling the guide pins arthroscopically to resemble clinical practice. The purpose of this cadaveric study was ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated death of cells within an organism. The lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) produces perforations in its leaves through PCD. The leaves of the plant consist of a latticework of longitudinal and transverse veins enclosing areoles. PCD occurs i... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE We investigated the actual role of MRI versus arthroscopy in the detection and characterization of occult bone and/or cartilage injuries in patients with previous musculoskeletal trauma of the knee, pain and severe functional impairment. Occult post-traumatic osteochondral injuries of the knee... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Patients usually complain about numbness in the nasal tip after microfat injections. The present study evaluated the severity of the numbness in the nasal tip after the procedure. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS To address the research question, a prospective study of young women was designed and per... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND This article examines the hypothesis that the six U.S. states with the highest rates of road traffic deaths (group 1 states) also had above-average rates of other forms of injury such as falling, poisoning, drowning, fire, suffocation, homicide, and suicide, and also for the retail trade an... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the functional renal failure associated with advanced cirrhosis and has also been described in fulminant hepatic failure. Without liver transplantation its prognosis is dismal. Our study included patients with type 1 HRS associated with cirrhosis, who were not ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Recent suicide bombings pose the novel problem for Trauma Centers of the massive simultaneous arrival of many gravely wounded patients. ### METHODS We report the experience of the French-German Military Trauma Group, a Level 2 Trauma Center, in Afghanistan during the wave of suicide bombi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate the construct validity of the Turkish version of the EQ-5D in patients with acute coronary syndrome. ### METHODS The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at the Trakya University Hospital between February and May 2008. All patients completed the Turkish version of the E... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ultrasonography to confirm Schanz pin placement in a cadaveric model, and the interobserver repeatability of the ultrasound methodology. ### DESIGN This investigation is a repeated measures cadaveric study with multiple examiners. ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes among grandmultiparous women to those of multiparous women 30 years or older. ### METHODS A database of the vast majority of maternal and newborn hospital discharge records linked to birth/death certificates was queried to obtain information on all m... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Studies have linked ethnic differences in depression rates with neighbourhood ethnic density although results have not been conclusive. We looked at this using a novel approach analysing whole population data covering just over one million GP patients in four London boroughs. ### METHOD Usi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Little is known about how information needs change over time in the early postpartum period or about how these needs might differ given socioeconomic circumstances. This study's aim was to examine women's concerns at the time of hospital discharge and unmet learning needs as self-identified... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIM Figures from the British Defence Dental Services reveal that serving personnel in the British Army have a persistently lower level of dental fitness than those in the Royal Navy or the Royal Air Force. No research had been undertaken to ascertain if this reflects the oral health of ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It is postulated that some aspects of methotrexate toxicity may be related to its action as an anti-folate. Folic acid (FA) is often given as an adjunct to methotrexate therapy, but there is no conclusive proof that it decreases the toxicity of methotrexate and there is a theoretical risk t... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a patient-safety curriculum administered during a paediatric clerkship on medical students' attitudes towards patient safety. ### METHODS Medical students viewed an online video introducing them to systems-based analyses of medical err... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS To detemine the relationship between delay in transfer to rehabilitation wards and outcome for patients aged over 75 years with fracture of the proximal femur. ### METHODS An observational study in a district general hospital of all patients admitted to hospital aged over 75 years with fracture o... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To identify gender differences in delay time and the reasons why African Americans delay in seeking medical care for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). ### DESIGN Cross-sectional. ### SETTING Five hospitals in the San Francisco and East Bay areas. ### PATIENTS Sixty-one African ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The validity of quality of care measurement has important implications for practicing clinicians, their patients, and all involved with health care delivery. We used empirical data from managed care patients enrolled in west coast physician organizations to test the hypothesis that observed ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION The endogenous estradiol metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cell growth and a strong anti-angiogenic substance. We investigated for the first time whether in vitro combinations of 2ME with various chemotherapeutic compounds may res... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the role of a discharge coordinator whose sole responsibility was to plan and coordinate the discharge of patients from medical wards. ### DESIGN An intervention study in which the quality of discharge planning was assessed before and after the introduction o... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The "health workforce" crisis has led to an increased interest in health professional education, including MPH programs. Recently, it was questioned whether training of mid- to higher level cadres in public health prepared graduates with competencies to strengthen health systems in low- and... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Rapid prescreening (RPS) is one of the quality assurance (QA) methods used in gynecologic cytology. The efficacy of RPS has been previously studied but mostly with respect to squamous lesions; in fact, there has been no study so far specifically looking at the sensitivity of RPS for detecti... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Disorders of consciousness (DOC) diagnosis relies on the presence or absence of purposeful motor responsiveness, which characterizes the minimally conscious state (MCS) and the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), respectively. Functional neuroimaging studies have raised the question of po... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Heterotopic ossification is a common complication after total hip arthroplasty. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to prevent heterotopic ossifications effectively, however gastrointestinal complaints are reported frequently. In this study, we investigated whether etorico... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Longitudinally following patients requires a full-time employee (FTE)-dependent data inflow infrastructure. There are efforts to capture patient-reported outcomes (PROs) by the use of non-FTE-dependent methodologies. In this study, we set out to assess the reliability of PRO data captured v... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To validate a clinical diagnostic tool, used by emergency physicians (EPs), to diagnose the central cause of patients presenting with vertigo, and to determine interrater reliability of this tool. ### METHODS A convenience sample of adult patients presenting to a single academic ED with isol... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fenofibrate on sleep apnoea indices. ### METHODS Proof-of-concept study comprising a placebo run-in period (1 week, 5 weeks if fibrate washout was required) and a 4-week randomized, double-blind treatment period. Thirty-four subjects (mean age 55 years, body mass... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Implant-related infections represent one of the most severe complications in orthopaedics. A fast-resorbable, antibacterial-loaded hydrogel may reduce or prevent bacterial colonization and biofilm formation of implanted biomaterials.QUESTIONS/ ### PURPOSES We asked: (1) Is a fast-resorbable... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate the outcome of a new modification of percutaneous needle suspension, using a bone anchor system for fixing the suture at the public bone, and to compare the results with those published previously. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS From March 1996, 37 patients with stress urinary incontin... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Hyperleptinemia and oxidative stress play a major role in the development of cardiovascular diseases in obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between plasma levels of leptin and phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activit... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate longitudinal predictors of fear of recurrence in survivors of head and neck cancer (HNC) using Leventhal's Common Sense Model (CSM) as a framework. The research questions were as follows: (a) to what extent do HNC patients report fear of canc... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS Specific markers for differentiation of nonalcoholic (NASH) from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are lacking. We investigated the role of routine laboratory parameters in distinguishing NASH from ASH. ### METHODS Liver biopsies performed at our hospital over a 10-year period were reviewed, 95 pat... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Traumatic aortic injury (TAI) is a rare but life-threatening type of injury. We investigate whether the anatomy of the aortic arch influences the severity of aortic injury. ### METHODS This is a retrospective study of twenty-two cases treated with TEVAR for TAI in our department from 2009 to 2... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Misty mesentery appearance is commonly reported in daily practice, usually as a secondary finding of various pathological entities, but sometimes it is encountered as an isolated finding that cannot be attributed to any other disease entity. We aimed to assess the prevalence of cases with inci... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Lifestyle changes over the last 30 years are the most likely explanation for the increase in allergic disease over this period.AIM: This study tests the hypothesis that the consumption of fast food is related to the prevalence of asthma and allergy. ### METHODS As part of the International ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Little is known about the validity and reliability of expert assessments of the quality of antimicrobial prescribing, despite their importance in antimicrobial stewardship. We investigated how infectious disease doctors' assessments compared with a reference standard (modal expert opinion) ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to evaluate right ventricular (RV) volume and function after pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) and to address the issue of optimal surgical timing in these patients. ### BACKGROUND Chronic pulmonary regurgitation (PR) following repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND All currently available atypical antipsychotics have, at clinically relevant doses: i) high serotonin (5-HT)2 occupancy; ii) greater 5-HT2 than dopamine (D)2 occupancy; and iii) a higher incidence of extrapyramidal side effects when their D2 occupancy exceeds 80%. A review of pharmacologic ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIMS Refusal of patients to participate in intervention programs is an important problem in clinical trials but, in general, researchers devote relatively little attention to it. In this article, a comparison is made between patients who, after having been invited, agreed to participate... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To clarify whether horizontal canal ocular reflex is influenced by otolith organs input. ### METHODS The subjects were seven healthy humans. The right ear was stimulated using ice-water. Each subject was kept in a left-ear-down position for 20 s and then repositioned to a prone position, a r... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Despite surgical refinements, perioperative use of tracheobronchoscopy (TBS) as part of surgical approach to esophageal atresia (EA) is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of preoperative TBS in newborns with EA in preventing complications and improving... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Kidneys from elderly donors tend to be implanted in recipients who are also elderly. We present the results obtained after 10 years of evolution on transplanting elderly kidneys into young recipients. ### METHODS Ninety-one consecutive transplants are studied, carried out in our center with... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between leg muscle power and sprinting speed with changes of direction. ### EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN the study was designed to describe relationships between physical qualities and a component of sports performance. ### SETTING testing ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate mutations in genes encoding the slow component of the cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current (I(Ks)) channel in familial atrial fibrillation (AF). ### BACKGROUND Although AF can have a genetic etiology, links between inherited gene defects and acquired factors su... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate safe depth for suture anchor insertion during acetabular labral repair and to determine the neighbouring structures at risk during drilling and anchor insertion. ### METHODS Ten human cadaveric hips (six males and four females) were obtained. Acetabula... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) aims to control nerve-sparing total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer in order to improve patients' functional outcome. This study was designed to compare the urogenital and anorectal functional outcome of TME with and without IONM of innervation to... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND We sought to develop a more reliable structured implicit chart review instrument for use in assessing the quality of care for chronic disease and to examine if ratings are more reliable for conditions in which the evidence base for practice is more developed. ### METHODS We conducted a reli... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND A multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to breast cancer management is the gold standard. The aim is to evaluate MDT decision making in a modern breast unit. ### METHODS All referrals to the breast MDT where breast cancer was diagnosed from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011 were included. Multidi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Prior literature identified the use of Performance Measurement Systems (PMS) as crucial in addressing improved processes of care. Moreover, a strategic use of PMS has been found to enhance quality, compared to non-strategic use, although a clear understanding of this linkage is still to be ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to explore patients' views on the acceptability and feasibility of using colour to describe osteoarthritis (OA) pain, and whether colour could be used to communicate pain to healthcare professionals. ### METHODS Six group interviews were conducted with 17 pat... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Mossy fibers are the sole excitatory projection from dentate gyrus granule cells to the hippocampus, forming part of the trisynaptic hippocampal circuit. They undergo significant plasticity during epileptogenesis and have been implicated in seizure generation. Mossy fibers are a highly unusual... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine the association between fetal biometry in the first or early second trimester and severe macrosomia at delivery. ### METHODS This case-control study included 30 term severely macrosomic neonates; 90 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) neonates served as controls. All pregnanci... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Measurement of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) needs to be accurate and sensitive to change for risk monitoring. The purpose of this study is to determine the CT slice location where VAT area can best reflect changes in VAT volume and body weight. ### METHODS 60 plain abdominal CT images from ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND An effective advance care planning programme involves an organizational wide commitment and preparedness for health service reform to embed advance care planning into routine practice. Internationally, such programmes have been implemented predominantly in aged and acute care with more rece... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE We analyzed cytokines levels in patients with epilepsy and new onset seizure and correlated it with various parameters. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS After obtaining consent, serum samples from 100 patients with epilepsy or new onset seizure were prospectively collected in the immediate post-ict... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Current guidelines include a recommendation that a pathologist with expertise in breast disease review all ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) specimens due to the presence of significant variability in pathologic reporting of DCIS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the completeness a... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Earlier studies have demonstrated low peak oxygen uptake ((.)Vo(2)peak) in children with spina bifida. Low peak heart rate and low peak respiratory exchange ratio in these studies raised questions regarding the true maximal character of (.)Vo(2)peak values obtained with treadmill testing. #... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A side-to-side difference in systolic brachial arterial blood pressure is a common finding in subclavian artery stenosis and is frequently used as a screening tool for subclavian steal syndrome (SSS). It was the goal of this retrospective study to investigate the relationship be... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Enlargement of the ascending aorta is often combined with valvular, coronary, or other cardiac diseases. Reduction aortoplasty can be an optional therapy; however, indications regarding the diameter of aorta, the history of dilatation (poststenosis, bicuspid aortic valve), or the intraoperat... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Digoxin is a commonly used medication for heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias that has recently been suggested as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer (PCa) have shown anti-tumor activity with digoxin. We explore the relationship between use of digoxin and P... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently recommended new criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study was undertaken to determine whether adopting the IADPSG criteria would be cost-effective, compared with the curre... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Bystander resuscitation plays an important role in lifesaving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A significant reduction in the "no-flow-time", quantitatively better chest compressions and an improved quality of ventilation can be demonstrated during CPR using supraglottic airway devices ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### HYPOTHESIS Laparoscopic techniques can be used to treat patients whose antireflux surgery has failed. ### DESIGN Case series. ### SETTING Two academic medical centers. ### PATIENTS Forty-six consecutive patients, of whom 21 were male and 25 were female (mean age, 55.6 years; range, 15-80 years). Previ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Low intakes or blood levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA + DHA) are independently associated with increased risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD). In randomized secondary prevention trials, fish or fish oil have been demonstrated to reduce total and CHD morta... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS Cytokine concentration in pancreatic juice of patients with pancreatic disease is unknown. Secretin stimulation allows endoscopic collection of pancreatic juice secreted into the duodenum. We aimed to evaluate the cytokine concentrations in pancreatic juice of patients with abdominal pain to disc... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with lung metastasis alone has been reported as a relatively favorable prognostic group, and combined modality treatment might be indicated for selected cases. However, the prognostic factors determining survival of this group and the indication of combined th... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Traditional resectional techniques and chordal transfer are difficult to apply in video-assisted mitral valve repair. Using artificial chords appears easier in this setting. The purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness and reproducibility of neochordal repair as a routine appro... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To compare analgesic management of daily pain for dying nursing home residents enrolled and not enrolled in Medicare hospice. ### DESIGN Retrospective, comparative cohort study. ### SETTING Over 800 nursing homes in Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, New York, and South Dakota. ### PARTICIPANTS A ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To provide equality of cancer care to rural patients, Townsville Cancer Centre administers intensive chemotherapy regimens to rural patients with node-positive breast and metastatic colorectal cancers at the same doses as urban patients. Side-effects were usually managed by rural general pr... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION The solitary kidney (SK) is currently debated in the literature, as living kidney donation is extensively used and the diagnosis of congenital SK is frequent. Tubulointerstitial lesions associated with adaptive phenomena may occur early within the SK. ### AIMS Analysis of the significance... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The use of open access endoscopy is increasing. Its effect on the adequacy of patient informed consent, procedure acceptance and the impact on subsequent communication/transfer of procedure results to the patient have not been evaluated. The aim of our study was to compare the extent of pre... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of viral infection in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). ### METHODS In this retrospective study, 483 patients with BPPV were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 461 healthy subjects. In both groups, serologic analysis of viral agent... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Spasticity and loss of function in an affected arm are common after stroke. Although botulinum toxin is used to reduce spasticity, its functional benefits are less easily demonstrated. This paper reports an exploratory meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between reduced arm spasti... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study evaluated the outcomes and complications of the surgical treatment of condylar fractures by the retromandibular transparotid approach. The authors hypothesized that such an approach would be safe and reliable for the treatment of most condylar fractures. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS A ... | A |
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