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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sudden death in athletes can occur during sport activities and is presumably related to ventricular arrhythmias. ### OBJECTIVES To investigate the long-term follow-up ofathletes with ventricular arrhythmias during an exercise test. ### METHODS From a database of 56,462 athletes we identifie... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Coronary atherosclerotic burden is excessive in diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent predictor for both death and myocardial infarction. It is not known whether the prevalence of complex coronary lesions, such as bifurcation and ostial lesions, is different in diabeti... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Canine-assisted therapy has been receiving growing attention as a means of aiding children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, only limited studies have been done and a great deal of literature related to this intervention is anecdotal. The present study aims at providi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND As part of a prospective study on quality of life in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients an investigation was carried out to examine whether there were differences among patients' quality of life scores and their socioeconomic status. ### METHODS Quality of life was measured at two points ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Although the retroperitoneal approach has been the preferred choice for open urological procedures, retroperitoneoscopy is not the preferred approach for laparoscopy. This study aims to develop a training model for retroperitoneoscopy and to establish an experimental learning curve. ### M... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Rates of relapse and predictive relapse factors were studied over more than 4 years in a sample of Spanish outpatients with DSM-III-R criteria for unipolar major depressive episode. ### METHODS A final sample of 139 outpatient was followed monthly in a naturalistic study. The Structured Cli... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Social and cultural factors combined with little information may prevent the diffusion of epidural analgesia for pain relief during childbirth. The present study was launched contemporarily to the implementation of analgesia for labor in our Department in order to perform a 2 years audit on... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To consider whether the Barthel Index alone provides sufficient information about the long term outcome of stroke. ### DESIGN Cross sectional follow up study with a structured interview questionnaire and measures of impairment, disability, handicap, and general health. The scales used were ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that the treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) would be improved under the care of laparoscopic specialists. ### METHODS The records of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for AC from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. Of... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To examine whether a history of cancer increased the likelihood of a fall in community-dwelling older adults, and if cancer type, stage, or time since diagnosis increased falls. ### DESIGN A longitudinal, retrospective, cohort study. ### SETTING A home- and community-based waiver program in... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Skin diseases are the most frequently recognized occupational diseases in Denmark. The prognosis for occupational contact dermatitis is often poor. ### OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognosis, assessed by eczema, job status and skin-related quality of life, among patients allergic to rubber... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To analyze, retrospectively, the patterns and behavior of metastatic lesions in prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy and to investigate whether patients with<or =5 lesions had an improved outcome relative to patients with>5 lesions. ### METHODS AND MATERIALS The t... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To determine whether the risk of secondary breast cancer after radiotherapy (RT) for Hodgkin's disease is greater among women who underwent RT around time of pregnancy. ### METHODS AND MATERIALS The records of 382 women treated with RT for Hodgkin's disease were reviewed and divided into those... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The alterations of echocardiography and electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients received left atrial appendage LAA occlusion therapy are still unclear. The present study was to evaluate the influence of LAA occlusion device on echocardiography and ECG changes in patients with atrial fibrillatio... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIM Esophageal varices are present in 30% to 40% of patients in compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A) and in 60% to 85% of patients in decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes B and C). It is important to identify patients with compensated cirrhosis at risk for esophageal varix ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS Annual data on children aged under 16 y treated for asthma, including consumption of regular medication for asthma, numbers of hospital periods, lengths of hospitalizations and annual proportions of readmissions, were collected using patient-specific medical records from 1995 to 1999. In the K... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is tightly linked to increased cardiovascular disease. Surgery is an important method to treat OSA, but its effect on serum lipid levels in OSA patients is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the effect of upper airway surgery on lipid profiles. ### MATERIAL AND METH... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The incidence of large-scale urban attacks on civilian populations has significantly increased across the globe over the past decade. These incidents often result in Hospital Multiple Casualty Incidents (HMCI), which are very challenging to hospital teams. 15 years ago the Emergency and Dis... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To investigate whether problems in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) can add to conventionally used clinical measurements in helping to predict a diagnosis of dementia at 1- and 2-year follow-up. ### DESIGN Multicenter prospective cohort study. ### SETTING Memory clinics in Eur... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the significance of pelvic pain and its association with defecatory symptoms in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). ### STUDY DESIGN This is a cross sectional study of 248 women with stage II POP or greater. Women were stratified into "pain" and "no-pain" groups based on t... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the relevance of the Symptom Checklist 90-R Obsessive-Compulsive subscale to cognition in individuals with brain tumor. ### DESIGN A prospective study of patients assessed with a neuropsychological test battery. ### SETTING A university medical center. ### PATIENTS Nineteen ad... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It has recently been shown that non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) may be a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Based on known ethic differences in lipid parameters and cardiovascular risk prediction, we sought to study... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors discussed the feasibility and value of diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging in the detection of uterine endometrial cancer in addition to conventional nonenhanced MR images. ### METHODS AND MATERIALS DW images of endometrial cancer in 23 patients were examined by usi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between the experience of pediatric housestaff and tests ordered on infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). ### DESIGN Prospective, cohort study over one full academic year. ### SETTING One academic Level III neonatal intensive care nursery. ### PATIENTS... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Accurate and updated information on airborne pollen in specific areas can help allergic patients. Current monitoring systems are based on a morphologic identification approach, a time-consuming method that may represent a limiting factor for sampling network enhancement. ### OBJECTIVE To ve... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS The clinical and prognostic value of the previous node classification of TNM staging in early gastric cancer (EGC) has been less definitive. The aim was to assess the suitability of the revised node staging for prediction of clinical behavior of EGC. ### METHODOLOGY Between 2005 and 2008, 1,845 p... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes may be present for several years before diagnosis, by which time many patients have already developed diabetic complications. Earlier detection and treatment may reduce this burden, but evidence to support this approach is lacking. ### RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glycemic con... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Myocardial damage that is associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) partially affects the results of the procedure, and is related to medium-term cardiovascular death. Remote postischemic conditioning might reduce the myocardial lesions that are associated with PCI, but perhap... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Tinnitus can be related to many different aetiologies such as hearing loss or a noise trauma, but it can also be related to the somatosensory system of the cervical spine, called cervicogenic somatic tinnitus (CST). Case studies suggest a positive effect of cervical spine treatment on tinni... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To assess the extent to which the title and font of participant information sheets (PISs) can influence pregnant women's and trainee midwives' perceptions of an antenatal intervention. ### METHODS Pregnant women (n=35) and trainee midwives (n=36) were randomly presented with one of four PISs... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To ascertain the perspectives of Trainee Ophthalmologist Diplomats (TOD) on the Ophthalmic Diploma Training (ODT) in West Africa with a view to improving the programme. ### METHODS A survey of set 2005 TOD on ODT was carried out in Ghana, 2006. ### RESULTS The trainees included 10 (83.35%) m... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS In this single-centre prospective study, triage nurses estimated the probability of admission using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), and GAPS was generated automatically from triage data. We compared calibration using rank sum tests, discrimination using area under receiver operating char... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Weight scales as height squared, which is an observation that forms the basis of body mass index (weight/height(2)). If, and how, circumferences, including waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC), scale to height remains unclear, but this is an important consideration when devel... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It was the aim of the present study to elaborate criteria for the assessment of rapid hemodynamic progression of valvar aortic stenosis. These criteria are of special importance when cardiac surgery is indicated for other reasons but the established criteria for aortic valve replacement are... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a valid, reproducible scale that measures neurological deficit. Of 42 possible points, 7 points are directly related to measurement of language compared with only 2 points related to neglect. ### METHODS We examined the p... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND In recent clinical trials (RCT) of bowel preparation, Golytely was more efficacious than MiraLAX. We hypothesised that there is a difference in adenoma detection between Golytely and MiraLAX. ### AIMS To compare the adenoma detection rate (ADR) between these bowel preparations, and to ident... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### UNLABELLED Diabetes mellitus (DM) is undiagnosed in approximately half of the patients actually suffering from the disease. In addition, the prevalence of DM is more than twice as high as in patients with periodontitis when compared to periodontally healthy subjects. Thus, a high number of patients wi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adoption and implementation of evidence-based measures for catheter care leads to reductions in central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates in the NICU. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether this rate reduction is sustainable for at least 1 year and... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The protraction of external beam radiotherapy (RT) time is detrimental in several disease sites. In prostate cancer, the overall treatment time can be considerable, as can the potential for treatment breaks. We evaluated the effect of elapsed treatment time on outcome after RT for prostate can... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### CONTEXT Breathlessness is one of the most distressing symptoms experienced by patients with advanced cancer and noncancer diagnoses alike. Often, severity of breathlessness increases quickly, calling for rapid symptom control. Oral, buccal, and parenteral routes of provider-controlled drug administrat... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of pain and risk factors for pain in psychiatric patients in a psychiatric hospital. ### METHODS Using a questionnaire we investigated in a cross-sectional study the prevalence of pain, duration of pain, impairment and unfitness for work due to pain in 106 patients pr... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study was designed to compare clinical effectiveness of operative with nonoperative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures (DMCF). ### METHODS We systematically searched electronic databases (MEDILINE, EMBASE, CLINICAL, OVID, BIOSIS and Cochrane registry of controlled clini... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS Each patient received a smartphone with an insulin dose advisor (IDA) and with (G3 group) or without (G2 group) the telemonitoring/teleconsultation function. Patients were classified as "high users" if the proportion of "informed" meals using the IDA exceeded 67% (median) and as "low users" if... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Individuals with type 1 diabetes have a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, and it has been reported that they consume a high atherogenic diet. We examined how nutrient intake and adherence to current European nutritional recommendations evolved in a large cohort of European in... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Platelet count is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers; however, its role in esophageal cancer is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of preoperative platelet count in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). ### METHODS From January... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Serum pancreatic lipase may improve the diagnosis of pancreatitis compared to serum amylase. Both enzymes have been measured simultaneously at our hospital allowing for a comparison of their diagnostic accuracy. ### METHODS Seventeen thousand five hundred and thirty-one measurements of eith... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To explore whether electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays can help improve prediction of time to type 1 diabetes in the TrialNet autoantibody-positive population. ### RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TrialNet subjects who were positive for one or more autoantibodies (microinsulin autoantibody, GAD... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND SYNTAX score (SxS) has been demonstrated to predict long-term outcomes in stable patients with coronary artery disease. But its prognostic value for patients with acute coronary syndrome remains unknown.AIM: To evaluate whether SxS could predict in-hospital outcomes for patients admitted wi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Longitudinal cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed to understand cardiovascular disease development. We, therefore, explored health behaviours and conventional risk factors of African individuals with optimal blood pressure (BP) (≤ 120/80 mm Hg), and their 5-year predicti... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE There are a number of factors responsible for the longevity of unicompartmental knee replacements (UKR). These include the magnitude of postoperative alignment and the type of material used. The effect of component design and material on postoperative alignment, however, has not been explored.... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### CONTEXT The robust relationship between socioeconomic factors and health suggests that social and economic policies might substantially affect health, while other evidence suggests that medical care, the main focus of current health policy, may not be the primary determinant of population health. Inco... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations as prognostic or predictive marker in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been used widely. However, it may be difficult to get tumor tissue for analyzing the status of EGFR mutation status in large proportion of patients w... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Recently, increasing number of literature has identified the posterior tibial slope (PTS) as one of the risk factors of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, few studies concerning the association between failure of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and PTS have been published. ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To compare the dose intensity and toxicity profiles for patients undergoing chemotherapy at the Townsville Cancer Centre (TCC), a tertiary cancer centre in northern Queensland, with those for patients treated in Mount Isa, supervised by the same medical oncologists via teleoncology. ### DES... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To our knowledge there are no evidence-based medicine data to date to critically judge the vulnerability of a solitary kidney to warm ischemia compared to paired kidneys. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten dogs were exposed to open right nephrectomy to create a solitary kidney model (group 1). Ten ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHOD Patient data were retrospectively collected from a database for gynaecological cancer procedures carried out between January 2013 and July 2015. All patients who underwent a colorectal resection during cytoreduction were included in the study. The primary outcome was anastomotic leakage in the ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The United States Food and Drug Administration implemented federal regulations governing mammography under the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) of 1992. During 1995, its first year in implementation, we examined the impact of the MQSA on the quality of mammography in North Carolina. ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION A genetic component is well established in the etiology of breast cancer. It is not well known, however, whether genetic traits also influence prognostic features of the malignant phenotype. ### METHODS We carried out a population-based cohort study in Sweden based on the nationwide Multi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate the expression and functional impact of the proto-oncogene c-kit in uveal melanoma. ### METHODS Based on immunohistochemical (IHC) study of paraffin-embedded specimens from 134 uveal melanomas and Western blot analysis on eight fresh-frozen samples the e... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECT A retrospective analysis of a contemporary series of patients with pituitary apoplexy was performed to ascertain whether the histopathological features influence the clinical presentation or the outcome. ### METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in 59 patients treated for pituitary apo... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently, orthostatic myoclonus (OM) has been suggested as a cause of gait impairment and unsteadiness in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of orthostatic myoclonus, its clinical characteristics and the underlying associated neuro... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Serum chloride level is routinely assayed in clinical laboratories in the management of patients with kidney disorders and with metabolic diseases. It is a biological parameter that is easily, precisely and relatively cheaply measured. The epidemiological features of serum chloride levels h... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Ageing is a growing issue for people from UK black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups. The health experiences of these groups are recognised as a 'tracer' to measure success in end of life patient-preferred outcomes that includes place of death (PoD).AIM: To examine patterns in PoD am... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The brain-dead donor supply has become one of the criteria limiting the performance of heart transplantation. Conventional screening criteria are too limiting and exclude suitable heart donors. Echocardiography is now widely available and is a reliable tool to assess left ventricular dysfun... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We searched for factors present preoperatively which could be used to predict the intensity of postoperative pain. ### MATERIAL AND METHODS We undertook a prospective study among all patients aged over 18 years who underwent shoulder surgery from January to September 2004 in our u... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To examine age-related differences in the relationship between personality and coping strategies in an Australian population of psychiatric inpatients. ### METHOD Consenting eligible adults (N=238) from 18-100 years of age consecutively admitted to inpatient psychiatry units were assessed us... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND CONTEXT Current evidence suggests that neck pain is negatively associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, these studies are cross-sectional and do not inform the association between neck pain and future HRQoL. ### PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate th... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To study the correlation and agreement between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) in ventilated extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in the first week of life. ### METHODS Retrospective chart review of all ELBW (<1,000 g) infants admitted to a level I... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND More than 1000 candidates applied for orthopaedic residency positions in 2014, and the competition is intense; approximately one-third of the candidates failed to secure a position in the match. However, the criteria used in the selection process often are subjective and studies have differ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Surgical excision of ovarian endometriomas in patients desiring pregnancy has recently been criticized because of the risk of damage to healthy ovarian tissue and consequent reduction of ovarian reserve. A correct diagnosis in cases not scheduled for surgery is therefore mandatory in order ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that breast-feeding protects children against a variety of diseases, but these studies were generally conducted on "high-risk" or hospitalized children. This paper describes the results of our study on the effects of breast-feeding on rate of illness in normal chil... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the ischemic and bleeding outcomes of patients fulfilling high bleeding risk (HBR) criteria who were randomized to zotarolimus-eluting Endeavor Sprint stent (E-ZES) or bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation followed by an abbreviated dual antiplatelet therapy (... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Men appear to benefit more from being married than women with respect to mortality in middle age. However, there is some uncertainty about gender differences in mortality risks in older individuals, widowed, divorced and single individuals and about the impact of living arrangements. ### ME... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To determine whether prior exposure of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increases perioperative blood loss associated with major orthopaedic surgery. ### METHODS Fifty patients scheduled for total hip replacement were allocated to two groups (double blind, randomized mann... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To correlate magnetic resonance (MR) image findings with pain response by provocation discography in patients with discogenic low back pain, with an emphasis on the combination analysis of a high intensity zone (HIZ) and disc contour abnormalities. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-two patient... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Reimbursement based on the total care of a patient during an acute episode of illness is believed to stimulate management and clinicians to reduce quality problems like waiting times and poor coordination of care delivery. Although many studies already show that this kind of case-mix based ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis continues to be a public health problem in emerging countries with a recent evidence of increased incidence of extrapulmonary localization in developed countries probably linked to HIV. To our knowledge the occurrence of cerebro-mediastinal tuberculosis in an immuno-competent... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The ImmunoCAP ISAC 112 is a fluoro-immunoassay that allows detection of specific IgE to 112 molecular components from 51 allergenic sources. We studied the reliability of this technique intra- and inter- assay, as well as inter-batch- and inter-laboratory-assay. ### METHODS Twenty samples w... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Schizophrenia patients are typically found to have low IQ both pre- and post-onset, in comparison to the general population. However, a subgroup of patients displays above average IQ pre-onset. The nature of these patients' illness and its relationship to typical schizophrenia is not well u... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Halofantrine is a newly developed antimalarial drug used for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The introduction of this drug has been delayed because of its possible side effects, and due to insufficient studies on adverse reactions in humans. There have been no studies inve... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND This paper investigates the impact of geographic scale (census tract, zip code, and county) on the detection of disparities in breast cancer mortality among three ethnic groups in Texas (period 1995-2005). Racial disparities were quantified using both relative (RR) and absolute (RD) statist... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It has been shown in vitro that pretreatment of skin with fractional lasers enhances transdermal delivery of drugs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate in vivo firstly that laser enhances transdermal drug absorption and secondly that this can be manipulated by altering las... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation, which occurs in 12% of all major foregut surgeries, can prolong hospital stay and increase morbidity. Minimally invasive techniques in foregut surgery have been suggested to cause less tissue trauma. We examined the factors associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Despite advances in therapies for breast cancer, improvement in survival for patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer has been difficult to establish. The objective of the current study was to determine whether the survival of women with recurrent breast cancer has improved from ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The optimum protocol for expander volume adjustment with respect to the timing and application of radiotherapy remains controversial. ### METHODS Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups. Metallic port integrated anatomic breast expanders of 250 cc were implanted on the b... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether risk of recurrent preterm birth differs based on the clinical presentation of a prior spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB): advanced cervical dilatation (ACD), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), or preterm labor (PTL). ### STUDY DE... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To characterize the use and delivery of cough and cold medicines in children younger than 6 presenting to an inner-city pediatric emergency department (PED) following 2007 FDA warnings. ### METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was performed using a convenience sampling of PED patien... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of occupational exposure in a nuclear power plant in Griefswald, Germany on male and female fecundity. ### METHODS The frequency of men and women exposed to ionizing radiation through work in a nuclear power plant among 270 infertile couples was retrospectively compa... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Patients presenting with transient ischemic attack or stroke may have symptom-related lesions on acute computed tomography angiography (CTA) such as free-floating intraluminal thrombus (FFT). It is difficult to distinguish FFT from carotid plaque, but the distinction is critic... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the most effective content of pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) and whether educational attainment moderates these effects. ### METHODS Field experiments were conducted with 529 adult smokers and 530 young adults (258 nonsmokers; 271 smokers)... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Bias against operating on patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) who have multiple prostheses may preclude the use of life-saving valve replacement. We investigated the accuracy of the preoperative diagnosis of PVE in patients with both mitral and aortic prosthesis and the safety ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To examine the ability of various postoperative nomograms to predict prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and to validate that they could predict aggressive biochemical recurrence (BCR). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), grade, and stage are the classic triad used to predict BCR after ra... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND "America's Best Hospitals," an influential list published annually by U.S. News and World Report, assesses the quality of hospitals. It is not known whether patients admitted to hospitals ranked at the top in cardiology have lower short-term mortality from acute myocardial infarction than t... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of death associated with work based and non-work based measures of socioeconomic status before and after retirement age. ### DESIGN Follow up study of mortality in relation to employment grade and car ownership over 25 years. ### SETTING The first Whitehall study. ### SUBJ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIMS The prevalence of retinal haemorrhages after convulsions is not well established. As these haemorrhages are considered characteristic of child abuse, we investigated their occurrence after convulsive episodes to see whether the finding of haemorrhage should prompt further investiga... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The present study aims to compare strength, healing, and operation time of experimental intestinal anastomoses performed by polyglactin 910 (Vicryl; Ethicon, Edinburgh, United Kingdom) sutures with ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue (Pattex; Henkel, Dusseldorf, Germany). ### MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninet... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To provide insight into the factors by which obesity in itself may directly lead to early arterial damage, we aimed to determine early sonographic markers of obesity-related vascular dysfunction in young obese males. ### METHODS Thirty-five young obese males and 23 age-matched healthy male vol... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To determine whether post-operative administration of topical ropivacaine hydrochloride decreases morbidity following adenotonsillectomy. ### STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. ### SETTING University referral center; ENT Department. ### PARTICIPANTS Fourty on... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether robotically assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) is less invasive than radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), as experimental studies suggest that the acute phase reaction is proportional to surgery-induced tissue damage. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS Between May and N... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Implementation of the complex treatment strategies that have been shown to improve survival of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) may require certain expertise. We wanted to examine the association between pattern of outpatient care and survival of patients with CHF. ### METHODS I... | A |
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