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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES There is controversy surrounding the optimal management of the testicular remnant associated with the vanishing testes syndrome. Some urologists advocate the need for surgical exploration, whereas others believe this is unnecessary. These differing opinions are based on the variable reports... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHOD This study represents a subset of a complete data set, considering only those children aged admitted to the Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Nephrology Clinics during the period January 2011 to July 2012. ### RESULT In this study, we have determined that the QT interval changes significantly dep... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The authors sought to determine whether the manic/mixed episode distinction in patients with bipolar disorder runs true over time. ### METHOD Over an 11-year period, the observed distribution of manic and mixed episodes (N=1,224) for patients with three or more entries in the management info... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the first urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and how it relates to other prognostic factors. ### MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study from December 2009 ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Concussions are commonly diagnosed in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate compliance with ED discharge instructions for concussion management. ### METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Communication with terminally ill patients is a main responsibility of physicians. However, many physicians feel insufficiently prepared for this task. Models of courses resulting in improvements of communicative skills of participants have been published mainly in the Anglo-Ame... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between primary systemic vasculitis (PSV) and environmental risk factors. ### METHODS Seventy-five PSV cases and 273 controls (220 nonvasculitis, 19 secondary vasculitis, and 34 asthma controls) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Factors investi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE We investigated the efficacy of ultrasound in determining megarectum and fecal load and the response to treatment in constipation and tried to specify objective criteria in this study. ### METHODS A total of 66 cases were queried and divided into 2 groups as constipated (n = 35; mean age, 6.8 ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of an antismoking advertisement on young people's perceptions of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke.SUBJECTS/ ### SETTING 3091 cinema patrons aged 12-24 years in three Australian states; 18.6% of the sample (n = 575) were current smokers.DESIGN/ ### INTERVE... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess whether populations with access to general practitioner hospitals (GP hospitals) utilise general hospitals less than populations without such access. ### DESIGN Observational study comparing the total rates of admissions and of occupied bed days in general hospitals between p... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Several studies have shown associations between hyperglycemia and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, yet glucose-lowering treatment does little to mitigate this risk. We examined whether associations between hyperglycemia and CVD risk were explained by underlying insulin re... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION The ultra high risk (UHR) for psychosis criteria have been validated in a number of studies. However, it is not known whether particular UHR criteria (Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms (APS), Brief Limited Intermittent Psychotic Symptoms (BLIPS) or Trait vulnerability criteria), or combinatio... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) may act as a tumor suppressor as it is down-regulated in various types of cancer. This study assessed the DKK3 protein expression in gastric cancer and its potential value as a prognostic marker. ### METHODS DKK3 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 158 gast... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) depends on the level of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) block. Air-encephalography is regarded as the gold standard for differentiating communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus. Since air-encephalo... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Patients transported by helicopter often require advanced airway management. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the in-flight environment of air medical transport in a BO-105 helicopter impairs the ability of flight nurses to perform oral endotracheal intubation. ##... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sternal instability with mediastinitis is a very serious complication after median sternotomy. Biomechanical studies have suggested superiority of rigid plate fixation over wire cerclage for sternal fixation. This study tests the hypothesis that sternal closure stability can be improved by ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to report the rates of recurrent and residual cholesteatoma following primary CAT surgery and to report the rate of conversion to a modified radical mastoidectomy. ### METHODS This was a retrospective review of a single surgeon series between 2006 and 2012. ### RE... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The present studywas designed to investigate the possible role of T cells in spatial learning ability in mouse after toluene exposure. ### METHOD Eight-week-old male wild-type (WT) and nude mice of BALB/c strain were exposed to toluene (0, 9 and 90 ppm) in a nose-only exposure chamber for 30... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Preventive home visits are offered to community dwelling older people in Denmark aimed at maintaining their functional ability for as long as possible, but only two thirds of older people accept the offer from the municipalities. The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) whether socioe... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Neutrophil infiltration of the lung is characteristic of early posttraumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study examines the ability of neutrophils isolated (over the first 24 hrs) from the peripheral blood of patients admitted after major trauma to migrate in response to... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND There are three main service delivery channels: clinical services, outreach, and family and community. To determine which delivery channels are associated with the greatest reductions in under-5 mortality rates (U5MR), we used data from sequential population-based surveys to examine the cor... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND We observed an endoscopic abnormally in a group of children with histological esophagitis. We termed this finding "vertical lines in esophageal mucosa" (VLEM). We examined the relationship between the presence of VLEM and significant histologic changes in esophageal mucosal biopsies. ### ME... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine whether the OraQuick® HIV-1/2 Assay (OraSure Technologies, Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA) in sputum is a valid tool for HIV surveillance among TB patients. ### METHODS A cross sectional study was carried out on sputa of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. Sputa were tested for anti... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND More than 50,000 new HIV infections occur annually in the United States. Injection drug users represent twelve percent of incident HIV infections each year. Pharmacy sales of over-the-counter (OTC) syringes have helped prevent HIV transmission among injection drug users in many states throu... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The incidence of colorectal cancer in young patients is increasing. It remains unclear if the disease has unique features in this age group. ### METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study which included patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer at age ≤40 years in 1997-201... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Evidence-based practice (EBP) is widely promoted, but does EBP produce better patient outcomes? We report a natural experiment when part of the internal medicine service in a hospital was reorganized in 2003 to form an EBP unit, the rest of the service remaining unchange... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To identify the features of PMR that may predict the duration of steroid therapy, the occurrence of relapses and the late development of GCA. ### METHODS Prospective cohort study of 176 patients with PMR, followed up for 5 years. Baseline factors associated with the duration of steroids ther... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of prior benign prostate biopsies on the surgical and clinical outcomes of patients treated with radical perineal prostatectomy for prostate cancer. ### METHODS A total of 1369 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent radical prostatectomy by a si... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It is unclear whether traveling long distances to high-volume centers would compensate for travel burden among patients undergoing rectal cancer resection. ### OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether operative volume outweighs the advantages of being treated locally by ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Recently, there has been increasing interest in the role of "treatment as prevention" (TasP). Some of the questions regarding TasP strategies arise from the perceived difficulties in achieving and maintaining viral load (VL) suppression over time and the risk of emergence of viral resista... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Phacodonesis can occur in pseudoexfoliation syndrome because of impaired zonular support. This study investigates whether the increased mobility of the lens influences anterior chamber depth in patients with pseudoexfoliation while assuming a prone position. ### METHODS Central anterior chambe... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Precursor events are undesirable events that can lead to a subsequent adverse event and have been associated with postoperative mortality. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether precursor events are associated with a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiac events (MAC... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS DNA was collected for genotyping from 73 term newborns suffering from TTN and 55 healthy controls from a Caucasian cohort. ### RESULTS TTN infants were more likely to be male (70% vs. 49%; p<0.05), had a lower mean birthweight (3120 +/- 450 vs. 3396 +/- 504 g; p<0.001) and gestational age (GA)... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sporadic data present in literature report how preterm birth and low birth weight are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in later life. High levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a strong inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, are associated with the future de... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether a written information sheet is acceptable to patients and improves recall of the consent interview. ### DESIGN Prospective randomised controlled study using questionnaires, comparing a group of patients given information in a written sheet with appropriate explanation to... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To evaluate surgical outcome and survival benefit after quaternary cytoreduction (QC) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) relapse. ### METHODS We systematically evaluated all consecutive patients undergoing QC in our institution over a 12-year period (October 2000-January 2012). All relevant... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This clinical study investigated whether the vascular-guided multilayer preauricular approach (VMPA) to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) could improve access and decrease complications. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective evaluation consisted of a consecutive series of patients who un... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To evaluate retrospectively whether technical factors of hepatic arterial embolization affect the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Inclusion criteria of this study were the following: (1) patients received embolization as the initial treatmen... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Identifying eating behaviors which contribute to excess weight gain will inform obesity prevention strategies. A tendency to clear one's plate when eating may be a risk factor for obesity in an environment where food is plentiful. Whether plate clearing is associated with increased body wei... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Trauma centers are designated to provide systematized multidisciplinary care to injured patients. Effective trauma systems reduce patient mortality by facilitating the treatment of injured patients at appropriately resourced hospitals. Several U.S. studies report reduced mortality among pat... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have suggested that hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance are related to the development of colon cancer. Nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), which play a central role in lipid and glucose metabolism, had been hypothesized as being involve... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS An association has been described between elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and an increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia (SH). To ascertain whether this reported association could be replicated in a different country, it was re-examined in 300 individuals with Type 1 diabetes. #... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine whether anginal episodes might be related to extremes of hypotension in patients with ischaemic heart disease taking drugs to treat angina and heart failure. ### DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study of patients with ischaemic heart disease attending an urban tertiary referral ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE We compare 30-day and 180-day postadmission hospital mortality rates for all Medicare patients and those in three categories of cardiac care: coronary artery bypass graft surgery, acute myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. DATA SOURCES/ ### COLLECTION Health Care Financing Ad... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of the urologist's experience on the surgical results and complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). ### PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-seven patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate without the use of a video camera were randomly ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Apparent life-threatening events in infants are a difficult and frequent problem in pediatric practice. The prognosis is uncertain because of risk of sudden infant death syndrome. ### CASE REPORTS Eight infants aged 2 to 15 months were admitted during a period of 6 years; they suffered from... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To assess gender differences among residents regarding their plans to have children during residency and determine the most influential reasons for these differences. ### METHOD Using the Health Belief Model as a framework, the authors created an instrument to survey 424 residents from 11 resi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To compare the primary stability of miniscrews inserted into bone blocks of different bone mineral densities (BMDs) with and without cortical bone, and investigate whether some trabecular properties could influence primary stability. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-two bone blocks were extra... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to delineate early respiratory predictors of mortality in children with hemato-oncology malignancy who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ### MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of children with malignant and ARDS who... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Longer duration of neoadjuvant (NA) imatinib (IM) used for locally advanced (LA) gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) is not based on biology of the tumour reflected by kit mutation analysis. ### MATERIAL AND METHODS LA or locally recurrent (LR) GIST treated with NA IM from May 2008 to... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To investigate the effect of obesity at the start of adolescence on the prevalence, incidence and maintenance of chest wheezing among individuals aged 11-15 years in a birth cohort in a developing country. ### METHODS The seventh follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort occurred in 2004 (ind... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE ESC (Electronic Stability Control) is a crash avoidance technology that reduces the likelihood of collisions involving loss of control. Although past and emerging research indicates that ESC is effective in reducing collision rates and saving lives, and its inclusion in all vehicle platforms... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND This study was performed to describe the treatment plan modifications after a geriatric oncology clinic. Assessment of health and functional status and cancer assessment was performed in older cancer patients referred to a cancer center. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS Between June 2004 and May 20... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study was designed to determine whether preclerkship performance examinations could accurately identify medical students at risk for failing a senior clinical performance examination (CPE). ### METHOD This study used a retrospective case-control, multiyear design, with contingency table a... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Adults with a mild intellectual disability (ID) often show poor decoding and reading comprehension skills. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of teaching text comprehension strategies to these adults. Specific research goals were to determine (1) the effects of two instru... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The effect of preoperative education on anxiety and postoperative outcomes of cardiac surgery patients remains unclear.AIM: The aim of the study was to estimate the effectiveness of a nurse-led preoperative education on anxiety and postoperative outcomes. ### METHODS A randomised controlled... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Pigmentary dilution is observed in patients with homocystinuria. Therefore, it is possible that an increase of local homocysteine (Hcy) interferes with normal melanogenesis and plays a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Vitamin B12 and folic acid, levels of which are decreased in vitilig... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### UNLABELLED Uterus-specific synthetic Prostaglandin analogues (gemeprost, sulproston etc.) have been widely employed for termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. Since paracervical anaesthesia may be useful during this procedure, we investigated in this prospective randomised study its impact ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Tuberculosis has increased in parallel with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic and the use of immunosuppressive therapy, and the growing incidence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, especially with intestinal involvement, reflects this trend. However, the duration of anti-tubercu... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Clinical pathologists (CPs) report RBC morphologic (RBC-M) changes to assist clinicians in prioritizing differential diagnoses. However, reporting is subjective, semiquantitative, and potentially biased. Reporting decisions vary among CPs, and reports may not be interpreted by clinicians as... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It is uncertain whether the inverse equity hypothesis-the idea that new health interventions are initially primarily accessed by the rich, but that inequalities narrow with diffusion to the poor-holds true for cancer screening in low and middle income countries (LMICs).This study examines t... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### CONTEXT Irregular bleeding affects many users of combined menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and commonly leads to invasive and expensive investigations to exclude underlying malignancy. In most cases no abnormality is found. ### OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to explore the role of uteri... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Polyps identified at colonoscopy are predominantly diminutive (<5 mm) with a small risk (>1%) of high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma; however, the cost of histological assessment is substantial.AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether prediction of colonoscopy surveillance interval... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Some studies suggest that open access articles are more often cited than non-open access articles. However, the relationship between open access and citations count in a discipline such as intensive care medicine has not been studied to date. The present article analyzes the effect of open a... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND In recent years, biofeedback has become increasingly popular for its proven success in peak performance training - the psychophysiological preparation of athletes for high-stakes sport competitions, such as the Olympic games. The aim of this research was to test whether an 8-week period of ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Community-based medical education is growing to meet the increased demand for quality clinical education in expanded settings, and its sustainability relies on patient participation. This study investigated patients' views on being used as an educational resource for teaching medical student... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIMS The hypothesis was tested that pectin content and methylation degree participate in regulation of cell wall mechanical properties and in this way may affect tissue growth and freezing resistance over the course of plant cold acclimation and de-acclimation. ### METHODS Experiments w... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION The principal causes of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy in Mexico, are preeclampsia/eclampsia, obstetric hemorrhage and puerperium complications; this is, 62% of maternal deaths in last years. HELLP syndrome was observed between 5 to 25% of the mortality in pregnancies of 36 week... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies examining predictors of survival among the oldest-old have primarily focused on objective measures, such as physical function and health status. Only a few studies have examined the effect of personality traits on survival, such as optimism. The aim of this study was to exa... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH), hyperbaric oxygen and combined therapy on normal and ischemic colonic anastomoses in rats. ### METHODS Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n = 10). In the first four groups, non-ischemic colonic anastomosis wa... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Specialty pharmaceuticals have evolved beyond their status as niche drugs designed to treat rare conditions and are now poised to become the standard of care in a wide variety of common chronic illnesses. Due in part to the cost of these therapies, payers are increasingly demanding evidence... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND This study provides the first large-volume (1000 implant) comparison of the deflation rates of Poly Implant Prosthesis prefilled textured saline breast implants versus a control group of Mentor Siltex textured saline implants. ### METHODS A consecutive series of 500 Poly Implant Prosthesis ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### RATIONALE Associations between several psychopathological alterations and lowered beta-endorphin(beta E) plasma levels have already been stated in former studies. However, whereas single measures during static conditions generally failed in linking beta E levels with psychopathology, dynamic changes o... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS We retrospectively identified 84 consecutive patients aged ≥80 years, who underwent a cardiac reoperation at the department for Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Heart&Vessel Center Bad Bevensen between January 2007 and 2013. Demographic profiles as well as operative data were analyzed, and the pa... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To determine whether patients with high-risk metastatic breast cancer draw benefit from combination chemotherapy as first-line treatment. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 260 women with measurable metastatic breast cancer fulfilling high-risk criteria, previously untreated with chemother... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Clinical supervision is widely recognised as a mechanism for providing professional support, professional development and clinical governance for healthcare workers. There have been limited studies about the effectiveness of clinical supervision for allied health and minimal studies conducte... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To test the predictive value of distal ureteral diameter (UD) on reflux resolution after endoscopic injection in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). ### MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with primary VUR between 2009 and 2012 who were ... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS Postoperative CSF fistulas were described in 16 of 198 patients (8%) who underwent spine surgery between 2009 and 2010. The choice of the therapeutic strategy was based on the clinical condition of the patients, taking into account the possibility to maintain the prone position continuously an... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Reconstructing the natural joint line in knee revision surgery improves clinical and functional outcome but may be challenging when both cartilage and bone were removed during previous operations. Assessing joint lines (JLs) by means of bony landmarks is inadvisable because of large variations... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether myometrial electrical activity can differentiate false from true preterm labor. ### STUDY DESIGN Electrical uterine myography (EUM) was measured prospectively on 87 women, gestational age less than 35 weeks. The period between contractions,... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Our previous work demonstrated that the Transmissible Liability Index (TLI), an instrument designed as an index of liability for substance use disorder (SUD), is associated with risk of substance use disorder. This longitudinal study assessed whether TLI measured in 10-12-year-olds (late chi... | A |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Older adults typically perform worse on measures of working memory (WM) than do young adults; however, age-related differences in WM performance might be reduced if older adults use effective encoding strategies. ### OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current experiment was to evaluate WM perform... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Women have been reported to show more frequent recanalization and better recovery after intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment for acute stroke compared with men. To investigate this we studied a series of stroke patients receiving IV rt-PA and undergoin... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To analyse associations between indicators for adoption of new drugs and to test the hypothesis that physicians' early adoption of new drugs is a personal trait independent of drug groups. ### METHODS In a population-based cohort study using register data, we analysed the prescribing of new ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction techniques, we evaluated the presence of HPV infection in human breast milk collected from 21 HPV-positive and 11 HPV-negative mothers. ### RESULTS Of the 32 studied human milk specimens, no 'high-risk' HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 or 58 DNA wa... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Although its excellent results, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) presents major complications ranging from 0% to 29%. Among them, the staple line leak presents an incidence varying from 0% to 7%. Many trials debated about different solutions in order to reduce leaks' incidence. No au... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Hip fracture in geriatric patients has a substantial economic impact and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. At our institution, a regional anesthesia program was instituted for patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture. This retrospective cohort rev... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness, clinical impact, and feasibility of double reading barium enemas. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Independent double readings of 1,003 consecutive barium enemas (822 double- and 181 single-contrast examinations) were prospectively perfor... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The "July effect" refers to the phenomenon of adverse impacts on patient care arising from the changeover in medical staff that takes place during this month at academic medical centres in North America. There has been some evidence supporting the presence of the July effect, including data... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To characterize the gender dimorphism after injury with specific reference to the reproductive age of the women (young,<48 yrs of age, vs. old,>52 yrs of age) in a cohort of severely injured trauma patients for which significant variation in postinjury care is minimized. ### DESIGN Secondary... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The role of early revascularization among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock remains controversial. Angioplasty registries, while suggesting a benefit, are subject to selection bias, and clinical trials have been underpowered to detect early benefits.... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The objectives were to identify prognostic factors for the survival of children with cerebellar astrocytoma, and to evaluate the reproducibility and prognostic value of histological sub-classification and grading. ### METHODS Children aged 0-14 years treated in Denmark for a cerebellar astr... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Research on stroke survivors' driving safety has typically used either self-reports or government records, but the extent to which the 2 may differ is not known. We compared government records and self-reports of motor vehicle collisions and driving convictions in a sample of stroke survivor... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS The study was carried on 2096 school children (1043 male, 1053 female) in Ankara. Their mean age was 9.03 years. Demographic properties of the study group and their families were determined and the serum lipid levels of the subjects were obtained. The relation between these demographic propert... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Polio eradication is now feasible after removal of Nigeria from the list of endemic countries and global reduction of cases of wild polio virus in 2015 by more than 80%. However, all countries must remain focused to achieve eradication. In August 2015, the Catholic bishops in Kenya called... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of early discharge on newborn metabolic screening. ### STUDY DESIGN Metabolic screening results were obtained from the Alabama State Lab for all infants born at our hospital between 8/1/97, and 1/31/99, and were matched with an existing database of early discharge infan... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Alexithymia is presumed to play an important predisposing role in the pathogenesis of medically unexplained physical symptoms. However, no research on alexithymia has been done among general medical outpatients who present with medically unexplained physical symptoms as their main problem an... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence base of sports medicine research and assess how relevant and applicable it is to everyday practice. ### METHODS Original research articles, short reports, and case reports published in four major sport and exercise medicine journals were studied and classified accordi... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES We compared left ventricular regional wall motion, the global left ventricular ejection fraction, and the New York Heart Association functional class pre- and postoperatively. ### INTRODUCTION Endomyocardial fibrosis is characterized by fibrous tissue deposition in the endomyocardium of the... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND After 34 weeks gestation, summary measures of location for birthweight (e.g means and centiles) increase more slowly for Australian Aborigines than for whites. A similar pattern has been observed for blacks in the US. This study tests whether the reported pattern is due to differential misc... | B |
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