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3,212,635,538,306 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\input introShort
\section{Test Set Up and Calibrations}
We exposed to a beam of $\approx 500$\,MeV electrons, of about (10$\times$5)\,mm$^2$ RMS
transverse size, produced at the Frascati
Beam Test Facility(BTF)\,\cite{BTF}, seven different assemblies of
scintillator tiles coupled to different s... |
3,212,635,538,307 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{0.5in}
\subsection{Summary of results}
A deep connection between quantum integrable systems and quantum geometry, in particular quantum cohomology and $K$-theory, was observed in the pioneering works of N. Nekrasov and S. Shatashvili \cite{ns1}, \cite{ns2}. It was noted, that the integ... |
3,212,635,538,308 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
It is known that, as a result of the electrohydrodynamic instability development,
the surface of a conducting liquid (liquid metal) takes the shape of a cone
in a rather strong external electric field
\cite{l.Zel,l.Taylor,l.Forbes,l.Odder,l.Zub01,l.Zub001,l.Zub04}.
An enhancement ... |
3,212,635,538,309 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, with the growth of the population, the crime rate is increasing day by day, and violent action is also occurring everyday. It can take place in your neighborhood, whereas reaching to school, at school, and at the office. There is no foolproof solution to control violent actions. Video s... |
3,212,635,538,310 | arxiv | \section{OBSERVATIONS \& REDUCTIONS}
Data was taken at the University of Arizona's 61-inch Kuiper telescope on Mt. Bigelow on April 14, 2007, May 12, 2008 and May 15, 2008 UT with the Mont4k CCD, binned to 0.43"/pix, in the R band. There were light clouds on May 12 ($<$ 1 magnitude extinction) but photometric conditio... |
3,212,635,538,311 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Large scale online services such as Gmail\footnote{https://mail.google.com},
Facebook\footnote{https://www.facebook.com} and Alipay\footnote{http://render.alipay.com/p/s/download}
have becoming popular targets for cyber attacks. By creating malicious accounts,
attackers can propa... |
3,212,635,538,312 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Baryogenesis via thermal leptogenesis~\cite{Fukugita:1986hr} provides
an elegant explanation of the cosmic baryon asymmetry~\cite{wmap}. The
conventional setup involves minimally extending the Standard Model
(SM) by adding three heavy right-handed (RH) Majorana neutrinos, which
... |
3,212,635,538,313 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
The recent availability of large datasets collected from various resources, such as digital transactions, location data and government census, is transforming the ways we study and understand social systems \cite{lazer2009computational}. Researchers and policy makers are abl... |
3,212,635,538,314 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The roundoff errors in computer simulations of continuous dynamical systems, which are caused by finiteness of machine arithmetic, can lead to dramatic discrepancies between phase portraits of the resulting spatially discrete systems and the original systems \cite{Blank,Kozyakin,Kuznetsov}.... |
3,212,635,538,315 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The atomic energy scales emerging in “strongly correlated” systems~\cite{Mott-book,Kotliar-Science,Adler_2018}
can induce a broad spectrum of spectacular effects, ranging from arresting the electronic motion~\cite{Mott-book} to causing high-temperature superconductivity~\cite{highTc-1},
unloc... |
3,212,635,538,316 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since 2011, significant and atypical arrival of two species of surface dwelling algae, \textit{Sargassum natans} and \textit{Sargassum Fluitans}, have been detected in the Mexican Caribbean Sea \cite{Munoz2019}. This Great Atlantic Sargasso Belt, named by \cite{Wang2019}, estimated maximum cover... |
3,212,635,538,317 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\label{sec1}
A problem in superstring perturbation theory which has remained relatively unexplored is scattering amplitudes involving Ramond states. For tree-level and one-loop orders, such amplitudes had been investigated early on in \cite{Friedan:1985ge} and \cite{Atic... |
3,212,635,538,318 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Clouds can have an important impact on the climate of terrestrial planets by either trapping the infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere (greenhouse effect) or by scattering incident stellar
radiation back to space (albedo effect). The position and extension of the habitable zone (HZ) around... |
3,212,635,538,319 | arxiv | \section{\label{intro}Introduction}
The atomic nucleus is a bound state composed of $A$ nucleons, having $Z$ protons and $A-Z$ neutrons, each one with three valence quarks with approximately the same mass. The interaction binding the nucleons together is a remnant of the fundamental strong interaction between the qu... |
3,212,635,538,320 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A perfect shuffle is a very natural way of permuting $2n$ cards of a deck. The deck is divided in two parts and then the cards are reordered by interleaving the two decks in one of the two possible ways: one leaving the original top card on top (classical model), one leaving the original top c... |
3,212,635,538,321 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
In quantum information processing, we often make use of coherent superpositions of quantum states to achieve an advantage over classical analogues. In order to preserve coherence, one may try to isolate the system from external influences, but this will come at the expense of lo... |
3,212,635,538,322 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Sunspots and active regions are generally thought to be the result
of magnetic fields emerging from deep at the bottom of the solar
convection zone \citep{Fan09}.
Alternatively, solar magnetic activity may be a shallow phenomenon \citep{B05}.
Several recent simulations with realistic physics of ... |
3,212,635,538,323 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
While most mathematicians are concerned in determining when two objects in their field are isomorphic, logicians tend to be concerned with the coarser notion of \emph{elementary equivalence}. Two (classical) structures $M$ and $N$ are said to be elementarily equivalent if and only if, for an... |
3,212,635,538,324 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Over the past decade increasing numbers of an enigmatic class of stellar system with
luminosities and sizes intermediate between globular clusters (GCs) and dwarf or
compact elliptical galaxies (dEs or cEs) have been discovered. Since their discovery
in the Fornax cluster \c... |
3,212,635,538,325 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
The envelopes covering bacterial cytoplasm possess remarkable elastic
properties. They are rigid enough to resist large pressures while being
flexible enough to adapt to growth under environmental constraints. Similarly, the virus shells play an important role
in their functions. However, the ef... |
3,212,635,538,326 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $G$ be a group and $S$ be a generating set for $G$. We denote the
word length in $G$ associated to $S$ with $\norm{\param}_S$. Recall that
the growth rate of $G$ (relative to $S$) is defined to be
\[
h_G = \lim_{R \to \infty} \frac{\log \, \# B_R(G)}{R},
\qquad\text{where}\... |
3,212,635,538,327 | arxiv | \section{}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\section{Introduction}
\def\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}{\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}}
\label{sec:intro}
The interactions between two nucleons are one of the best studied strong
interaction processes, which is due to the large data base of proton-proton
and neutron-proton scatt... |
3,212,635,538,328 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Tunneling phenomenon is one of the most remarkable and unique consequences
of the wave nature of particles in quantum mechanics,
where a particle can penetrate through classically forbidden regions.
In solids, the quantum mechanical wavefunctions of electrons form
the band structure separated... |
3,212,635,538,329 | arxiv | \chapter{First Chapter}
\section{Introduction}
The Marquise du Châtelet, like other thinkers of the Enlightenment, aspired to understand the exact sciences and gained a reputation for contributing to expound the scientific principles derived from philosophical thought. She studied the nascent science of mechanics thr... |
3,212,635,538,330 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When dealing with the three-body variational problem with Hylleraas basis,
it is usually necessary to make extensive use of integrals of the general form
\cite{CP62}
\begin{equation}
I(l,m,n;\, \alpha,\beta,\gamma) = \frac{1}{16 \pi^2}\int \text{d} {\bf r}_1
\text{d} {\bf r}_2 \,
r_1^{l-1} r_2^{m... |
3,212,635,538,331 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Several problems in computer vision and image processing, such as object detection/classification, image denoising, inpainting etc., require solving multiple learning tasks at the same time. In such settings a natural question is to ask whether it could be beneficial to solve all the tasks join... |
3,212,635,538,332 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Interest in observations of the Galactic fossil evidence contained in
the spatial distribution and metallicities of stars was for a long time
driven by phenomenological models of the formation of the
Galaxy. The first model \cite{ELS62} proposed a monolithic and rapid
collapse forming the halo ... |
3,212,635,538,333 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Many natural behaviours comprise intrinsically of multiple different objectives. For instance, bipedal running can be decomposed to a) keeping a robot torso stable in the vertical plane, b) locomotion in the horizontal plane, c) keeping the velocity close to a desired velocity. The standard rein... |
3,212,635,538,334 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
A stellar wind bow shock nebula is formed by the interaction of a stellar wind with the ambient interstellar medium (ISM) when the relative velocity between the two is supersonic \citep[e.g.,][]{Wilkin_1996}. Because the characteristics of these nebulae depend strongly on the p... |
3,212,635,538,335 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
A real sequence $(a_j)_{j=0}^{k-1}$ is called an arithmetic progression of length $k$ if there exists $\Delta>0$ such that
\[
a_j=a_0+ \Delta j
\]
for all $j=0,1,\ldots, k-1$. We say $\Delta$ is the gap difference of $(a_j)_{j=0}^{k-1}$. It is a big problem to show the existence or non-existence ... |
3,212,635,538,336 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Radio telescope observing systems continue to be used to record high-time resolution data sets. In such data sets the total intensity of the received radio signal is sampled typically every $\sim 100$\,$\mu$s and with moderate (e.g., $\sim$\,MHz) channel bandwidths. For most historical data se... |
3,212,635,538,337 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The problem of computing the nonlinear current response to a bias
dropped across a nanoscale structure can be treated within the framework
of the Nonequilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism\citep{matsubara-PTP-1955,Martin-Schwinger-PR-1959,konstantinov-perel-JETP-1961,KB1962,Keldysh1964,Lan... |
3,212,635,538,338 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Good software development practices, such as code reuse~\cite{Krueger1992},
continuous deployment, and automatic updates contribute
to the emergence of software monocultures~\cite{birman2009monoculture}.
While such monocultures facilitate software distributio... |
3,212,635,538,339 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Any mass configuration that creates a time-dependent quadrupole of the
stress-energy tensor will radiate away energy in gravitational
waves. One of the best examples of this is the binary pulsar system
J1915+1606, whose measured orbital decay of $76 \, {\rm \mu s/yr} $ is
extremely well-describe... |
3,212,635,538,340 | arxiv | \setcounter{equation}{0}\ssection*{Figure Captions\markboth
{FIGURECAPTIONS}{FIGURECAPTIONS}}\list
{Figure \arabic{enumi}:\hfill}{\settowidth\labelwidth{Figure
999:}
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep\usecounter{enumi}}}
\let\endfigcap\endlist \relax
\def\tablecap{\setco... |
3,212,635,538,341 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Theoretical models have long been used to understand developmental patterning processes. Recent advances in imaging and computing allow us to develop increasingly realistic models of developmental pattern formation that can be validated with experimental data \cite{Iber:2012hm}. Such models open... |
3,212,635,538,342 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the past years, observations and theory have been progressing
significantly in understanding how the first large disk galaxies could
form. Near-infrared (rest-frame optical) imaging from the HST reveals
that, while $\sim$40\% of z$\sim$1-3 most massive (i.e., $M_{stellar}
\geq 5\times10^{10}... |
3,212,635,538,343 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and summary}
\begin{comment}
Calabi--Yau manifolds have been important in both the mathematics and physics communities for many decades. Mathematically, these spaces are interesting due to their rich structure that is accessible using methods of algebraic and Kähler geometry.
\end{comment}
Calab... |
3,212,635,538,344 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Surveys of high-redshift quasars provide essential insight into the
growth of supermassive black holes at high redshift and the buildup of
the metagalactic ionizing background. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
provided the first large sample of $z\ga5$ quasars \citep{F... |
3,212,635,538,345 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Quantitative phase analysis (QPA) by powder diffraction is one of the only truly phase-sensitive methods of analysis, as it can distiguish and quantify phases based on their unique crystal structures \cite{Madsen-VolH-2019}. Within the QPA of diffraction data, analyses can be divided into two s... |
3,212,635,538,346 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
Optimization is ubiquitous across science and industry. Specifically,
the field of combinatorial optimization---the search for the minimum of
an objective function within a finite but often large set of candidate
solutions---is one of the most important areas in the field of... |
3,212,635,538,347 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\noindent Powder bed fusion (PBF) is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) where metal powder is melted by a laser or electron beam in a layer-wise fashion to enable the production of geometrically complex parts \cite{heinl}. AM undergoes continuous progress towards a technology... |
3,212,635,538,348 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec0}
The two-proton ($2p$) radioactivity of nuclei was predicted for the first time by Zel'dovich~\cite{Zel1960} and Goldansky~\cite{Goldansky1960,Goldansky1961} in the 1960s.
It was treated as a new exotic decay mode with the simultaneous emission of the two protons from the unbound eve... |
3,212,635,538,349 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The question of the nature of the superonducting state in SrTiO$_{3}$ (STO)
recently has been sharply brought into focus. There are at least two main
issues driving the current debate about superconductivity in STO. One is the
observation of the superonducting state at extremely low dopings, wel... |
3,212,635,538,350 | arxiv | \section{Two Systems in Cascade} \label{sec.Cascade}
The proof of the theorem can be found in Appendix \ref{appendix.Vert}. The theorem allows one to verify that a given composition of cascaded contracts refines a contract on the composite system by verifying three implications, each of them can be cast as a linear ... |
3,212,635,538,351 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In 1940 Alonzo Church introduced in~\cite{Church40} a version of
simple type theory with lambda-notation now known as \emph{Church's
type theory}. Church's students Leon Henkin and Peter B. Andrews
extensively studied and refined Church's type theory. Henkin proved
that Church's type theory is... |
3,212,635,538,352 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The use of 8-20MHz radio noise, measured by short-wave radars for
the diagnosis of the lower part of the ionosphere, is an intensively
developed method \cite{BERNGARDT_2018,Bland_2018,Bland_2019,Berngadt_2019,Chakraborty_2019}.
The physical processes that cause this effect \cite{Berngadt_2019}
a... |
3,212,635,538,353 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A nontrivial group is called left-orderable if there exists a strict total order on the set of group elements which is invariant under left multiplication. We will say that a closed 3-manifold is orderable when its fundamental group is left-orderable.
The reason why we care about left-orderabili... |
3,212,635,538,354 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the major open problems in theoretical physics is how to
construct a consistent theory of quantum gravity. This long-standing
issue has been approached in various different ways.
Up to now it is not clear which of those approaches, ranging as far
as from non-perturbative canonical quantu... |
3,212,635,538,355 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The central parsec of the Milky Way (MW) is a very special region of our Galaxy. It not only hosts the central supermassive black hole, associated with Sgr A*, with well determined mass \citep{ghe08, gil09}, but also contains a significant number of early-type stars, including some in the Wolf... |
3,212,635,538,356 | arxiv | \section{Diophantine conditions on the weights}
\label{sec:experiments}
Next, we comment on some number theoretic questions
that show up when comparing Theorems \ref{thrm:Laurent} and
\ref{thrm:GFinLaurent}. Obviously, in order for the symplectic
quotient of the circle action associated to the weight vector
$A=(a_1,\d... |
3,212,635,538,357 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding the emergence of spacetime is a profound question in the holographic description of quantum gravity. The seminal work of Ryu-Takayanagi (RT)~\cite{Ryu:2006bv} and Hubeny-Rangamani-Takayanagi (HRT)~\cite{Hubeny:2007xt} showed that entanglement entropy in conformal field theories is ... |
3,212,635,538,358 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The present experiments on neutrino oscillations confirms that there is mixing between different flavours of neutrinos ($\nu_e$, $\nu_{\mu}$, $\nu_{\tau}$). For mixing of three active neutrinos there could be $CP$ violating phase in the mixing matrix. This could be probed in future neutrino osci... |
3,212,635,538,359 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\input{sections/1.introduction.tex}
\section{Related Work}
\input{sections/2.relatedwork.tex}
\section{System Design}
\input{sections/3.design.tex}
\section{Evaluation and Results}
\input{sections/4.experiments.tex}
\input{sections/5.evaluation.tex}
\section{Discussion}
\input{sections/6.dis... |
3,212,635,538,360 | arxiv | \section{Detecting Binaries with Pulse Timings}
\label{intro}
Binary star systems are significant in astronomy because their orbits often permit the calculations of important astrophysical parameters including mass, radius, and density. Binarity plays an apparently crucial role in the story of the hot subdwarf B (sdB... |
3,212,635,538,361 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In~\cite{baker-norine}, Baker and Norine introduced the terminology of divisors
and linear equivalence on finite graphs in analogy with the theory of algebraic
curves. In this paper, we develop a higher-dimensional generalization of this
theory on what we call tropical complexes. A tropical comp... |
3,212,635,538,362 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent
Mathematical physicist have devoted a great deal of study to the theory of harmonic mappings between Riemannian manifolds, \cite{hhhh,s1, D1}. Let $\psi:(M,g)\longrightarrow (N,h)$ be a smooth map from a compact Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ to an arbitrary Riemannian manifold $(N,h)$... |
3,212,635,538,363 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
Decomposition by
\cmss (into subgraphs called \textit{atoms}) was
introduced by Tarjan \cite{Tarjan85}
in 1985
as a useful hole- and antihole-preserving decomposition. It turns out that this decomposition is unique when clique \textit{minimal}
separators are used \cite... |
3,212,635,538,364 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The omnipresence of protostellar disks (PSDs) \citep{hartmann1998} provides birth sites and incubators for
emergence of planets \citep{cameron1978, hayashi1985, lin1985, ida2004ApJ}.
The temperature distribution in these disks inferred from their observed spectral energy distr... |
3,212,635,538,365 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Random graphs are mathematical models which have applications in a wide spectrum of domains. \myER{} graph $G(n,p)$ is one of the oldest and most-studied models for networks \cite{newmanrandom}, constructed by adding edges between all pairs of $n$ vertices with probability $p$ independently.
It... |
3,212,635,538,366 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As it is well-known, thermodynamical functions and some formulas of
the classical thermodynamics can be deduced from Gibbs canonical or
grand canonical ensemble. However, all thermodynamics, even the heat
exchange, has deeply dynamical nature and demands extra dynamics (this
is even more true fo... |
3,212,635,538,367 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Energetic ions accelerated in corotating interaction regions (CIRs) have elemental abundances very close to the fast solar wind composition, except for the overabundance of $^{4}$He, Ne and C \cite{lab1}. The overabundance of $^{3}$He has been recently reported by Mason \etal \cite{lab2}, sugges... |
3,212,635,538,368 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, permutations are of the letters ${1,2,\dots,n}$ (for
various $n$) and a \emph{pattern} in a permutation $\pi$ is a
subsequence in $\pi$, the relative sizes of whose elements come in
some prescribed order. For example, a $123$-pattern is simply an
increasing subsequence of length ... |
3,212,635,538,369 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Point estimates in parametric models are widely used in subsequent
analyses, in particular
for inference based on asymptotic theory or in simulation methods like
the bootstrap. They are also used to compute the
sample sizes in planning experiments, prediction errors in model
a... |
3,212,635,538,370 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, there was a revival of interest in the $N=2$ vector-tensor (VT)
multiplet \cite{Kelly}, mainly due to the fact that it describes the
axion/dilaton complex in heterotic $N=2$ four-dimensional supersymmetric
string vacua \cite{WKLL}. The VT multiplet is a variant representation of
the $N=... |
3,212,635,538,371 | arxiv | \section{Preliminaries\label{prelim.}}
The main goal of this paper is to relate the moduli space of analytically
equivalent germs of quasi-homogeneous functions with their bi-Lipschitz
classes. In order to turn our statements more precise, and to give appropriate
answers, we need to introduce some terminology.
... |
3,212,635,538,372 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathbb{F}_q$ be a finite field with $q$ elements. For a given trascendental element $x$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$, the field of fractions of the ring $\mathbb{F}_q[x]$ is denoted as $\mathbb{F}_q(x)$ and it is called a rational function field over $\mathbb{F}_q$. An (algebraic) function field $F$... |
3,212,635,538,373 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In~\cite{A:S}, we studied the action of the permanent on $GL_2({\mathbb{Z}}_n)$ and counted the number of invertible matrices which have permanent congruent to $x \pmod{n}.$ Let $$G_{3}(n,x) = \{M \in GL_3({\mathbb{Z}}_n) \mid perm(M) \equiv x \pmod{n} \}.$$ Let $g_3(n,x)$ denote... |
3,212,635,538,374 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the Standard Model of electroweak interactions~\cite{SM},
the quark mass eigenstates are related to the weak eigenstates
via the unitary $3\times3$ Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) Matrix
$V_{\rm CKM}$~\cite{ckm}.
The nine elements in this matrix,
$V_{ij}$, where $i={\rm u,c,t}$ and $j={\rm d,s... |
3,212,635,538,375 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There has been recently a great deal of interest in simulating the
real-time dynamics of quantum systems, open or closed, prepared in a
nonequilibrium state \cite{Rev}. These investigations have been
spurred by recent experimental breakthroughs in the ability to watch
out-of-equilibrium dynamic... |
3,212,635,538,376 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the main mysteries of the quasar phenomenon is the associated
powerful outflows that come in a variety of forms. These outflows
can be manifest as extremely energetic relativistic jets $> 100$~kpc
in extent or massive broad absorption line (BAL) winds. Furthermore,
the existence of ... |
3,212,635,538,377 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Memory for quantum states of light is a necessary component for any future
quantum optical computer \cite{Simon10}. In order to extend the storage
procedure to squeezed states , we need squeezed light that is resonant to the
atomic medium we are using for storage, namely $^{87}$Rb or $^{85}... |
3,212,635,538,378 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has proved a fruitful database for
uncovering extremely low surface brightness satellites of the Milky
Way (MW). Spectroscopic studies have confirmed ten recently
discovered satellites to be the least luminous ($-6.5 \lesssim M_V \lesssim
-2$, not including Canes Ve... |
3,212,635,538,379 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The non-Abelian local gauge invariance, which was formulated
by Yang and Mills in \cite{yang},
requires that all interactions must be invariant under
independent rotations of internal
charges at all space-time points.
The gauge principle allows very little arbitrariness: the interaction of matte... |
3,212,635,538,380 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}
Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit the unique effect of ``remembering'' their original shape after deformation and heating [``shape memory effect'' (SME)], and moreover, they show ``super-'' or ``pseudoelastic'' behavior (SE), i.e. recoverable strains of up to 8\%.\cite{buchots:98} T... |
3,212,635,538,381 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A little over a decade after their discovery \citep{Lorimer:2007qn}, \acrfullpl{frb} remain an enigmatic class of radio transients. \acrshortpl{frb} are characterized by one or multiple very bright ($\sim\mathrm{Jy}$) and very brief ($\sim\mathrm{ms}$) bursts of radio photons, and have been detec... |
3,212,635,538,382 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion}
\noindent In this paper, we have begun to explore highly efficient and accurate CNN architectures with binary weights and activations. Specifically, we have proposed to directly decompose the full-precision network into multiple groups and each group is approximated using a set of binary bases whi... |
3,212,635,538,383 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, we discuss the blow-up solutions for the following semilinear heat equations
\begin{equation}\label{equation}
\begin{cases}
u_{t}\left(x,t\right)=\Delta u\left(x,t\right)+f\left(u\left(x,t\right)\right), & \left(x,t\right)\in \Omega\times\left(0,+\infty\right),\\
u\left(x,t... |
3,212,635,538,384 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Bright structures can often be observed inside the umbra, either as umbral dots or light bridges (LBs). While the term ``light bridge" is often used to denote a bright lane separating a sunspot's umbra into two parts, several classifications were proposed, which also included ``penumbral'' or ... |
3,212,635,538,385 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Tungsten (W) will be used for plasma facing components in ITER, because this
material fulfils essential requirements such as low erosion rate, low
tritium retention and good thermal properties \cite{W}. The effects of the W
wall on tokamak plasma performances have been intensively studied d... |
3,212,635,538,386 | arxiv | \section{\textbf{Properties of the prime detecting function}}
In our previous paper \cite{RAbrarov} we introduced the prime detecting function (PDF) with outcomes 1 for primes and 0 for composite numbers. In the general form the PDF looks like
\begin{equation} \label{Eq_1}
\begin{aligned}
p_{}^\delta \left( n \righ... |
3,212,635,538,387 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The far-from-equilibrium behavior of isolated quantum systems and in particular their relaxation towards equilibrium still evades a unifying description. It has been conjectured that these systems generically relax to a state of local thermal equilibrium according to the eigenstate thermalizatio... |
3,212,635,538,388 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Color is an integral and omnipresent element of many statistical
graphics and data visualizations. Therefore, colors should be carefully
chosen to support all viewers in accessing the information displayed
\citep{color:Tufte:1990, color:Brewer:1999, color:Ware:2004, color:Wilkin... |
3,212,635,538,389 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The mapping class group ${\rm Mod}(\Sigma_g)$ of a closed connected orientable
surface $\Sigma_g$ of genus $g$ is the group of
orientation--preserving diffeomorphisms of $\Sigma_g\to \Sigma_g$ up to isotopy. We are interested in
generating ${\rm Mod}(\Sigma_g)$ by three involutions, elements o... |
3,212,635,538,390 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
High harmonic generation (HHG) is a unique fingerprint of ultrafast electron dynamics in solids\cite{Chin2001,Ghimire2011,Schubert2014, Hohenleutner2015,Vampa2015,Luu2015,Garg2016,Yoshikawa2017,*Hafez2018,Schmid2021,You2017,Sivis2017,*Garg2018,Vampa2015b,Tancogne2017,Yue2022,Park2022,Luu2018,*Li... |
3,212,635,538,391 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{Notation}
We let ${\mathbb N}_0:={\mathbb N}\cup\{0\}$.
Throughout our paper, we let $k$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$. Also, unless otherwise noted, all our subvarieties are assumed to be closed. In general, for a set $S$ contained in an algebraic variety... |
3,212,635,538,392 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For undefined notions and terminology, we refer to Oxley \cite{oxley2006matroid}. A matroid $M$ is \textit{quotient} of a matroid $N$ if there is a matroid $Q$ such that, for some $X\subset E(Q)$, $N=Q\backslash X$ and $M=Q/X$. If $|X|=1$, then $M$ is \textit{an elementary quotient} of $N$. A m... |
3,212,635,538,393 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The relay channel was introduced by van der Meulen in 1971
\cite{Meulen:71}. In this setup, a single transmitter with channel input $X^n$ communicates with a single receiver with channel
output $Y^n$, where the superscript $n$ denotes the length of a vector. In addition, an external transceiver, ... |
3,212,635,538,394 | arxiv | \section{The HBT puzzle\label{Int}}
One of the most unexpected, and as yet unexplained, experimental results found at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) concerns the description of particle interferometry observables \cite{hbtreview}. It was originally expected that the deconfined matter would be a highly vis... |
3,212,635,538,395 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{}
A vital role of topology in quantum transport phenomena in solids
has been recognized as a driving force of a {\it dissipationless} current.
The Berry curvature~\cite{Berry} in momentum and real spaces
induces the velocity of Bloch electrons~\cite{Luttinger1954},
resu... |
3,212,635,538,396 | arxiv |
\chapter{Freestanding Silicene} \label{Freestanding}
\abstract*{Each chapter should be preceded by an abstract (10--15 lines long) that summarizes the content.}
Obtaining a freestanding 2D graphene flake is relatively easy because it has a naturally occurring 3D layered parent material, graphite, made up of graphen... |
3,212,635,538,397 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
General relativity is the simplest gravity theory that incorporates Einstein's guiding principles, has a consistent mathematical structure, and, with the inclusion of dark matter and a cosmological constant, successfully accounts for all experimental tests \cite{Will}. However, it does not seem ... |
3,212,635,538,398 | arxiv | \section{Model of the hyperaccreting disk}
The model computations are based on the 2 dimensional, general
relativistic MHD code HARM2D, described in Ref.~\refcite{gammie}.
The nuclear equation of state is discussed in detail in Ref.~\refcite{janiuk}.
The goal of our preliminary test calculations is to investigate th... |
3,212,635,538,399 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
Knots and hotspots, which have been detected in radio, optical, and X-ray bands (e.g., Harris \& Krawczynski 2006), are substructures of kpc--Mpc jets in radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Their emission in the radio-optical band usually can be fitted with the... |
3,212,635,538,400 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Relativistic plasmas with nonthermal power-law energy distributions are ubiquitous in astrophysical systems such as
\ac{PWN} \cite{Meyer2010, Buehler2014},
jets from \ac{AGN} \cite{Begelman1984, Hartman1992}
and their radio lobes \cite{Hardcastle2009},
and
black-hole accretion-disk coronae \cite{... |
3,212,635,538,401 | arxiv | \section{Analytical model of dynamical heating}
\label{app:ana_model}
Let us suppose that a substructure (e.g., a satellite galaxy or a giant baryonic clump) is orbiting in a larger spherical host following the NFW density profile (\autoref{eq:nfw_rho}). Several physical mechanisms transfer the orbital energy and angu... |
3,212,635,538,402 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Traditional automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems employ a modular design, with different modules for acoustic modeling, pronunciation lexicon, and language modeling, which are trained separately. In contrast, end-to-end (E2E) models are trained to convert acoustic features to text transc... |
3,212,635,538,403 | arxiv | \section{#2
\newcommand{\Sec}[1]{{Sec.~\ref{sec:#1}}}
\renewcommand{\subsection}{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{0pt}%
{-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}%
{1.5ex plus .2ex}%
{\centering\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand{\startappendices}{%
\setcounter{equation}{0}%
\setcounter{section}{1}%
... |
3,212,635,538,404 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
In 1916 Ramanujan \cite{R} studied the Euler product associated to Ramanujan's $\tau$-function defined as
$$
\Delta(z)=e^{2\pi i z}\prod_{n=1}^\infty(1-e^{2\pi inz})^{24}
=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\tau(n) e^{2\pi inz}
$$
for $\Im(z)>0$. This $\Delta(z)$ is a Hecke-eigen cusp form of weight 12 for ... |
3,212,635,538,405 | arxiv | \chapter{Introduction}
\label{chap:Introduction}
The Set Cover Problem (SCP) and Set Packing Problem (SPP) are standard NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. Their decision problem versions are shown to be NP-Complete in \cite{karp}.
Because we cannot expect to solve all instances of these problems exac... |
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