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3,212,635,538,506 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Estimating left ventricular (LV) myocardial motion is important for the detection of LV dysfunction and the diagnosis of myocardial diseases~\cite{Claus2015,Puyol2019}.
Most of recent cardiac motion tracking approaches utilize cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images to estimate a dense motio... |
3,212,635,538,507 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since its conception \cite{Starobinsky:1979ty,Starobinsky:1980te,Guth:1980zm,Kazanas:1980tx} and subsequent early development \cite{Mukhanov:1981xt,Linde:1981mu,Albrecht:1982wi,Mukhanov:1982nu,Hawking:1982cz,Starobinsky:1982ee,Guth:1982ec,Bardeen:1983qw}, primordial inflation remains the best p... |
3,212,635,538,508 | arxiv | \section{Model and result}
Let us recall the continuous time {\it random walk pinned to random walk model} studied in \cite{BS09}, which we will abbreviate from now on as the
{\it random walk pinning model} (RWPM). Let $X$ and $Y$ be two continuous time random walks on ${\mathbb Z}^3$ starting from the origin, such th... |
3,212,635,538,509 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Ultracold temperatures are routinely obtained in dilute atomic gas
experiments using evaporative cooling. Here, an energy-selective loss
process removes the most energetic atoms; provided these atoms have a
high enough energy, rethermalization of the remaining atoms leads to a
lower temperature~\... |
3,212,635,538,510 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In a major step beyond classifying early-type galaxies (ETGs) according to their morphology alone, the spatially-resolved velocity fields arising from recent volume-limited IFS (integral-field spectroscopy) surveys (SAURON, {\sc ATLAS}$^{\rm 3D}${}, CALIFA) have provided deeper insight into the... |
3,212,635,538,511 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}}
The \emph{median absolute deviation around the median} (\(\operatorname{MAD}\)) is a widely used measure of statistical dispersion
which is often used as a robust alternative to the standard deviation.
For a sample \(X = \{ X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_n \}\) of i.i.d. random variabl... |
3,212,635,538,512 | arxiv | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
Let $d\geq 2$ and let
$ 2\leq n_1<n_2<\dots<n_d$ be a sequence of integers. Let $\Lambda=\diag(n_1,\dots, n_d)$ be the $d\times d$ diagonal matrix. Let $\bD=\{\bi_1,\dots,\bi_N\}\subset\prod_{j=1}^d\{0,1,\dots,n_j-1\}$.
For any $\bi\in\bD$ and $z\in\mathbb{R}^d$, we define $S_{\bi}... |
3,212,635,538,513 | arxiv | \section{Multi-period Model Formulation}
In this section, a one-shot multi-period scenario-oriented energy-reserve co-optimization model is proposed as an extension of the single-period co-optimization model (II) in \cite{ref1}. The proposed multi-period co-optimization model still follows assumptions (i) and (iii)-(v)... |
3,212,635,538,514 | arxiv | \section{Overview}
Let $X_w$ be the Schubert variety of the complete flag variety ${\rm
Flags}({\mathbb C}^n)$ associated to a permutation~$w$ in the
symmetric group~$S_n$. One would like to describe and classify the
singularities of $X_w$, as well as calculate invariants measuring
their complexity. Solutions to suc... |
3,212,635,538,515 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For $\alpha\in\mathbb C$ the generalized Laplace-Beltrami operator
\begin{equation}
L(\alpha)=\frac{\alpha}2\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i\frac{\partial}{\partial
x_i})^2+\frac1{2}\sum_{i<j}^n\frac{x_i+x_j}{x_i-x_j}(x_i\frac{\partial}{\partial
x_i}-x_j\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j})
\end{equation}
is the Hamilt... |
3,212,635,538,516 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusions}
We presented a method that learns how to sample a point cloud that is optimized for a downstream task. The method consists of a simplifying network, S-NET, followed by a post-processing matching step. We also suggested a network, termed ProgressiveNet, for ordering a point cloud according to the... |
3,212,635,538,517 | arxiv | \section{\label{intr}Introduction}
Dynamical scalar fields are ubiquitous in some commonly considered types of fundamental physics theory, and they will naturally couple to the rest of the theory's degrees of freedom. For example, these couplings unavoidably exist in string theory \cite{Taylor}. While several dimensio... |
3,212,635,538,518 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Heavy-quark production in the $ep$ colliding-beam experiments with DESY HERA
offers a novel way of testing perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
First results for the charm-quark photoproduction cross section
$\sigma(\gamma p\to c\bar c+X)$ were presented
by ZEUS \cite{der} and H1 \cite{aid... |
3,212,635,538,519 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}\label{S:one}
Given a finite set of tiles $\mathcal{A}$ and a finite set of forbidden patterns $P$, a $d$-dimensional tiling is an element of $\mathcal{A}^{\mathbbm{Z}^d}$ where the local conditions imposed by $P$ are satisfied at every point of $\mathbbm{Z}^d$. This basic model captures geometr... |
3,212,635,538,520 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
On the largest scale, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, but on scales up to 100~Mpc, galaxies clump together into filaments, walls, and voids to form a sponge-like foam, the large scale structure \citep{bharadwaj04}. Large, under-dense regions of space which exist between the filaments, ... |
3,212,635,538,521 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}
\IEEEPARstart{H}{igh} impedance fault (HIF) is detrimental to public safety, and the arcing increases a fire hazard. Protecting distribution systems from HIF is very challenging, as the fault current is usually too low to be detected by over-current relays \cite{review}. Among th... |
3,212,635,538,522 | arxiv | \subsection*{Modeling random network growth}
\label{sub:modeling_random_network_growth}
The research and development of random graph models that consistently characterize structural phenomena observed empirically in social and complex networks dates back to the work of Paul Erd\H{o}s and Alfr\`{e}d R\`{e}nyi in their ... |
3,212,635,538,523 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Magnetic reconnection plays a very important role in solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and other solar activities. The problem of flare energy release has been puzzling people for many years before the development of magnetic reconnection mechanism. The first pioneers in this field of magn... |
3,212,635,538,524 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The twenties century has witnessed the birth and growth of
the field of exactly solvable models in statistical mechanics.
It began with the Lenz-Ising model of Ising\cite{ising} and its
solution in two dimensions by Onsager.\cite{onsager}
Beginning in the 1960's the field of exactly sol... |
3,212,635,538,525 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Thin shells in General Relativity (GR) and field theories in general
are weak (distributional) solutions to the field equations whose pathological
behaviour is concentrated to a single hypersurface (or a series of
nonintersecting hypersurfaces) in spacetime. In GR such solutions
may describe ene... |
3,212,635,538,526 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Airy equation
\begin{gather}
\label{airy}
f(t)''+tf(t)=0
\end{gather}
admits solutions given by integrals
\begin{gather}
\label{airy_1}
f(t)=\int_\Gamma \exp{\left(\frac{1}{3}\lambda^3+\lambda t \right)}d\lambda,
\end{gather}
where $\lambda\in{\mathbb{C}}$ is an auxiliary complex parameter (... |
3,212,635,538,527 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Alan Connes introduced the Rokhlin property in ergodic theory to operator algebras (\cite{Con}).
Several versions of the Rokhlin property for automorphisms on $C^*$-algebra s have been studied (for example
\cite{HO}, \cite{Ro}, \cite{Ks1}, \cite{Nk}, \cite{Iz}, \cite{Iz2} and \cite{P1},
to name... |
3,212,635,538,528 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Viscosity is a dominant parameter determining the rheological characteristics of fluid mechanics. Needless to say, the accurate measurement of viscosity is important in many fields; e.g., the viscosity of slurry consisting of waters and limestone considerably affects the hydration and hardening p... |
3,212,635,538,529 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Kernelization investigates exact preprocessing algorithms with
performance guarantees. Similarly as in parameterized complexity
analysis, in kernelization we study \emph{parameterized problems}:
decision problems where each instance $I$ comes with a parameter
$k$. A parameterized problem is sa... |
3,212,635,538,530 | arxiv |
\section{Experiments}
\label{sec:exp}
We use real world graphs to evaluate our algorithm on (1) the efficiency of \kw{GKMiner} compared to the existing general rule-based mining approach \kw{SAKey}~\cite{symeonidou2014sakey}; and
(2) the effectiveness of \kw{GKMiner} for the task of data linking compared to \kw{SA... |
3,212,635,538,531 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, the distributed average tracking problem for a team of agents is studied, where each agent uses local information and local interaction to calculate the average of individual time-varying input signals, one per agent.
The problem has found applications in distributed sensor fusi... |
3,212,635,538,532 | arxiv | \section{Approaching the chiral limit in QCD}
\label{sec:cl}
Chiral perturbation theory (CHPT) is the appropriate tool to analyze the quark mass
dependence of baryon properties. CHPT is the effective field theory (EFT) of
QCD, based on its symmetries and their
realization~\cite{Weinberg:1978kz,Gasser:1983yg,Gasser:198... |
3,212,635,538,533 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{s1}
As one of the fundamental operators in modern analysis, the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator
\[M(f)(x) = \sup_{r>0}\frac1{r^n}\int_{|x-y|<r}|f(y)|dy,\]
has played very important roles in several fields, such as Harmonic analysis, ergodic theory and index theory.
It was well known th... |
3,212,635,538,534 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent Gelfand numbers are fundamental concepts in approximation theory and Banach space geometry. From a geometric point of view, the Gelfand numbers of an embedding between two (quasi-)normed spaces $X$ and $Y$,
given by
$$c_m(\mathrm{Id}:X\rightarrow Y) = \inf\Big\{\sup_{x\in B_X\cap M} \... |
3,212,635,538,535 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Entangled states of many quantum bits are essential resources in
emerging technologies including quantum computing, secure
communication, and measurement devices that promise to outperform
`classical' digital technologies in fundamental ways. While such
applications drive the study of multipart... |
3,212,635,538,536 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding is being able to look at something from different perspectives, and realizing it's the same thing. At least to me anyway. There are parts of physics that overlap with philosophy and math, and I find that a better understanding of the connection between them provides an insight that... |
3,212,635,538,537 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Internal symmetry may provide a mechanism of stabilization of extended objects
in a scalar field theory with an appropriate self-interaction~\cite{Rosen,Coleman:1985ki}. Constructions with extra
scalar fields are also possible~\cite{Friedberg:1976me} depending on the
existence of a second symm... |
3,212,635,538,538 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $q\geq2$ be a positive integer, then every real $x\in[0,1]$ has a $q$-adic
representation of the form
\[
x=\sum_{h=1}^\infty d_h(x)q^{-h}
\]
with $d_h(x)\in\mathcal{D}:=\{0,1,\ldots,q-1\}$. We call a number
$x\in[0,1]$ {\it normal} with respect to the base $q$ if for any $k\geq1$
an... |
3,212,635,538,539 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:theory}
In recent years, the values of the forward-backward asymmetry (\ensuremath{A_\text{FB}}\xspace) of top-quark-pair production measured at the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at Fermilab have been consistently larger~\cite{CDFLJAfb,*D0LJAfb} than those predicted by the st... |
3,212,635,538,540 | arxiv |
\subsection*{Introduction}
The swampland program offers a list of criteria that every consistent theory of quantum gravity must admit \cite{Obied:2018sgi,Ooguri:2018wrx,Agrawal:2018own,Garg:2018reu} (see \cite{Brennan:2017rbf,Palti:2019pca} for review). The conditions are deduced from string theory constructions and ... |
3,212,635,538,541 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{S:Intro}
Measurements of the weak lensing effect can be subject to biases caused by inaccuracies in the algorithmic methods used to determine a galaxy's shape \citep{step1,step2,great08,great10,great3}, measure the point spread function of a system \citep{2017MNRAS.468.3295H,2019A&A...624A... |
3,212,635,538,542 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and the second most commonly occurring cancer in men worldwide \citep{globalcancer2020,GANDAGLIA2021877}. However, most cases are indolent and immediate treatment is usually unnecessary \citep{Pernar2018, Albertsen2005}. An analysis of the Medicar... |
3,212,635,538,543 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is pervasively applied in modern communication systems, such as wireless local area networks (WLAN) \cite{ref_DWIFI} and the upcoming fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system~\cite{Ref_5G}. In the OFDM system, the overall perform... |
3,212,635,538,544 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection
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\begin{document}
\title{Two-pho... |
3,212,635,538,545 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgment}
The work presented in this paper has been partially supported by the HisDoc III project funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation with the grant number $205120$\textunderscore$169618$.
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\section{Classification Task}
\label{toc:Classification Task}
\begin{f... |
3,212,635,538,546 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fundamental properties of the nucleon such as its charge radius, magnetic moment
and axial charge have been studied experimentally for over 50 years.
This work focuses in computing these fundamental properties within the
lattice QCD formulation using twisted mass fermions (TMF). Several $N_f=2$ a... |
3,212,635,538,547 | arxiv | \section{Equations of motion of vortex sources}
It is well known~\cite{Kirh} that the dynamics of point vortices in a
plane (vortex lines) in an ideal incompressible fluid can be described by
the (Hamiltonian) system of first-order equations
\begin{equation}
\label{eq_1}
\dot{\bar{z}}_k^{} = \frac{1}{2\pi} \sum_{l \ne... |
3,212,635,538,548 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In QCD, the U(1)$_A$ part of the tree-level flavor symmetry $\text{U}(N_f)_L\times\text{U}(N_f)_R$ is
broken by the axial anomaly, leading to only $N_f^2-1$ pseudoscalar Goldstone bosons
in the spontaneous breaking of $\text{U}(1)_V\times \text{SU}(N_f)_L\times\text{SU}(N_f)_R\to \text{U}(N_f)_... |
3,212,635,538,549 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec-introduction}
The standard model (SM) of particle physics has proved
to be remarkably successful in describing phenomena
up to the highest energy scales that have been probed.
Nonetheless,
the SM is widely viewed to be incomplete.
Many extensions have been proposed to provide a more ... |
3,212,635,538,550 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The topological classification of quantum matter has recently attracted a lot of attention \cite{kitaevPeriodic,KitaevLectureNotes,MPSphaseII,Schnyder1,Schnyder2,HasanKaneReview,KaneMeleQSH,KaneMeleTopOrder,ZhangTopologicalReview}. It seems that this perspective provides us with some system pro... |
3,212,635,538,551 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Supervised ordinal regression (OR) problems have made great process in the past few decades, such as \cite{chu2007support,fathony2017adversarial,niu2016ordinal,Gu2015IncrementalSV,gu2018regularization}. However, in various practical fields, such as facial beauty assessment \cite{yan2014cost}, cre... |
3,212,635,538,552 | arxiv | \section{License Agreement}
SOMIM}\newcommand{\version}{version~1.0\ is an open-source code that, for a given set of statistical
operators, implements a Search for Optimal Measurements by using an Iterative
Method. \copyright\ 2007 K.L. Lee, W.K. Chua, S.Y. Looi and B.-G. Englert.
SOMIM}\newcommand{\version}{version~... |
3,212,635,538,553 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{intro}}
Long $\gamma$--ray bursts (GRBs) are linked to the collapse of a massive star which forms a rapidly rotating
black hole \citep{piran04,mesz2006}. In addition, a large ordered magnetic field may be induced by the angular
momentum of the accretion disk \citep{Zhang2004}. Energetic outf... |
3,212,635,538,554 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
\subsection{Shannon capacity of graphs}
This paper is about the Shannon capacity of graphs, which was introduced by Shannon in~\cite{MR0089131}. %
Let $G$ be a (finite simple) graph with vertex set $V(G)$ and edge set $E(G)$. An independent set \jeroen{(also called stable set)} in~$... |
3,212,635,538,555 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec-intro}
We study scattering theory for the one-dimensional matrix Schr\"odinger Hamiltonians on $\mathbb{Z}$ of the form
\begin{align}\label{introeq}
H = H_{0} + V,
\end{align}
where $H_{0}$ is {(an energy shift of)} the discrete Laplace operator and $V$ is a self-adjoint ma... |
3,212,635,538,556 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An \textit{LOCC measurement} is a quantum measurement on multipartite space that can be implemented by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). A set of $n$ pure states $\{[v_1],\dots, [v_n]\}$ in multipartite space is \textit{locally (unambiguously) discriminable} if there exists an... |
3,212,635,538,557 | arxiv | \section{Rough ideas}
\section{Introduction}\label{s 1}
\par Let $G$ be an infinite group. Given a finite index subgroup $H$, we set $[G:H]$ to denote the index of $H$ in $G$. For $k\in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 1}$, let $a_k(G)$ be the number of finite-index subgroups $H$ of $G$ such that $[G:H]=k$. In \cite{grunewa... |
3,212,635,538,558 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
The ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity of the Higgs mass in the standard model (SM) makes it difficult to understand how the Higgs can remain light in the presence of heavy new physics. Mass corrections resulting from top quark loops can dominate the Higgs mass, dragging it up to the c... |
3,212,635,538,559 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element in the periodic table and the most abundant in the Universe. While hydrogen makes up about 75\% of the baryonic mass, it constitutes only a tiny fraction of the overall mass-energy budget. The latter is thought to be dominated by dark matter (26.2\%) and... |
3,212,635,538,560 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The universality of the CNOT plus all 1-qubit gates guarantees that all $N$-qubit unitaries can be composed out of elementary 1-qubit and 2-qubit gates \cite{Nielsen2010}. Nevertheless, the construction of specific multi-qubit gates, such as an $N$-Toffoli gate (a NOT controlled by $N-1$ control ... |
3,212,635,538,561 | arxiv | \section{Oxford Everett}
The salient difference between classical and quantum mechanics is the noncommutativity of the operators representing the physical magnitudes (`observables') of a quantum mechanical system---or, equivalently, the transition from a classical event space, represented by the Boolean algebra of (Bo... |
3,212,635,538,562 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is well known that the presence of a large background magnetic field
$\vec B$ has a significant impact on the physics of strongly interacting
particles, leading to important effects on both hadron properties and QCD
phase transition
features~\cite{Kharzeev:2012ph,Andersen:2014xxa,Mirans... |
3,212,635,538,563 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\textit{This contribution is based on this paper \cite{Orusa:2021tts} done in collaboration with Luca Orusa, Mattia Di Mauro, Fiorenza Donato (University of Turin and INFN, Turin), and on additional reasoning by the speaker, following the material presented during the talk at the conference. I re... |
3,212,635,538,564 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is generally believed that our universe is very well described on
large scales by a Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW)
model. However, on small scales, extremely large departures of the
mass density from FLRW models are commonly observed, e.g., on
Earth\footnote{If we go to scales o... |
3,212,635,538,565 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Let $K$ be a finite extension of $\mathbf{Q}_p$ (or, more generally, a finite extension of $W(k)[1/p]$ where $k$ is a perfect field of characteristic $p$). Let $\overline{K}$ be an algebraic closure of $K$ and let $\mathbf{C}_p$ be the $p$-adic completion of $\overline{K}$. Let $\mathcal{O}_K$ ... |
3,212,635,538,566 | arxiv | \section{%
\@startsection{section}{1}
{\z@}
{2.0ex plus 0.8ex minus .1ex}
{1.0ex plus .2ex}
{\bfseries\large\centering\MakeUppercase}%
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\title [\ ] {A generalization of moment-angle manifolds with non-contractible orbit spaces}
\author{Li Yu}
\address{Department of Ma... |
3,212,635,538,567 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Main Result}
\label{s:intro}
The tasks of sorting a list, diagonalizing a matrix, and solving a linear programming problem are traditionally solved with computer science algorithms, for example the quicksort algorithm for sorting or the simplex method for solving linear programs. Brockett \... |
3,212,635,538,568 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The problem of the generation of magnetic fields is an old one in
cosmology \cite{parker,zeldovich}. The general approach is to
identify mechanisms for the generation of seed fields
\cite{turner}-\cite{olinto}, which can become amplified into fields on
galactic scales. Considerable attenti... |
3,212,635,538,569 | arxiv | \section{#1}}
\def\sxn#1{\sect{#1}}
\def\subsxn#1{\subsect{#1}}
\def\subsubsxn#1{\subsubsect{#1}}
\font\mybb=msbm10 at 12pt
\def\bb#1{\hbox{\mybb#1}}
\def\bb{K} {\bb{K}}
\def\bb{S} {\bb{S}}
\def\bb{Z} {\bb{Z}}
\def\bb{T} {\bb{T}}
\def(a) {(a)}
\def {\cal {F}} {{\cal {F}}}
\def {\cal {A}} {{\cal {A}}}
\def(10){(10)}
\t... |
3,212,635,538,570 | arxiv | \section{Capacity per Unit-Energy of Non-Random Many-Access Channels}
\label{Sec_nonrandom}
\input{nonrandom.tex}
\input{random.tex}
\input{discussion.tex}
\section{Conclusion}
\label{Sec_conclusion}
In this work, we analyzed scaling laws
of a Gaussian random \edit{MnAC} where the total number of users as w... |
3,212,635,538,571 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}INTRODUCTION}
In recent years, a vigorous research effort to demonstrate spintronic devices \cite{wolf01,zutic04} has been pursued. One of the motivations has been that spin-based devices are identified as one of the most promising alternatives to traditional, charge-based logic devices by t... |
3,212,635,538,572 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
The AM Canum Venaticorum (AM CVn) stars are ultra-compact binaries with periods from $5.4$ \citep{Roelofs10} to $65$ minutes and optical spectra dominated by helium (see, e.g. \citealt{Nelemans05,Ramsay07} for recent reviews). These systems consist of a white dwarf accreting matter via a hel... |
3,212,635,538,573 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Global propagating magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) waves in the solar atmosphere were firstly observed in the dense solar chromosphere. They are historically called Moreton waves\citep[e.g.,][]{moreton60,moreton64,warmuth04a}, and are observed as arc-shaped bright propagating fronts at speeds of about... |
3,212,635,538,574 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
As our world becomes better connected and more open ended, and autonomous agents are no longer science fiction, a need arises for enabling groups of agents to cooperate in generating a plan for diverse tasks that none of them can perform alone, in a cost-effective manner.... |
3,212,635,538,575 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\subsection{The logistic function}
A logistic function is
$$ u(t)=\frac {u_0 } {u_0+(1-u_0)e^{-Mt} }$$
with $M$ a positive constant and $u_0$ positive and less than 1.
The function was introduced by Pierre Francois Verhulst \cite{Ve} to
model the population growth.
At the beginning of the ... |
3,212,635,538,576 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The last three decades have seen a flood of interest in the study of non-selfadjoint operators in Quantum Mechanics, both from a physical point of view, due to the possibility of a new quantomechanic formulation involving quasi-selfadjoint or $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric observables, and from a math... |
3,212,635,538,577 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The ability to characterize quantitatively the roughness of a solid surface is important for both basic science reasons and applications. Among the basic science reasons are the in-situ monitoring of the growth of crystals to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for them and the fact that adhesi... |
3,212,635,538,578 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The rich variety of novel strongly-correlated electron phenomena observed in the
family of Ce$T$In$_5$ ($T$=Group VIII transition metal) heavy-fermion
compounds,\cite{Thompson03} such as the coexistence of unconventional superconductivity
and magnetism under pressure\cite{Hegger00,Park06} or ... |
3,212,635,538,579 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
More than ten years have passed since the discovery of first extrasolar
low mass planets (with masses 0.02, 4.3 and 3.9 $M_{\oplus}$) around
pulsar PSR B1257+12 \citep{wolfra}
and the first hot Jupiter orbiting 51 Pegasi, a Solar-type star
\citep{mayque}.
Since then, more than two hundred ga... |
3,212,635,538,580 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and main results}
\label{sec-intro-distri}
In this paper, we consider the following initial-boundary value problems
(IBVPs, in short)
\begin{equation}
\label{equ-u-distri}
\left\{
\begin{alignedat}{2}
&\mathbb{D}^{(\mu)}_t u - \Delta u + p(x)u=0
&\quad& \mbox{in $\Omega\times(0,T)$,}
\\
&u|_{t=0... |
3,212,635,538,581 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{Sec1}
\lettrine[lines=2]{F}ault diagnosis addresses the problem of identifying and
isolating faults by detecting deviations of the actual behavior of a dynamic system
from its desired behavior, which is an important task in large-scale complex systems \cite{2015ASurvey}. Various approaches ... |
3,212,635,538,582 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The braid groups $B_n$ were introduced by E.~Artin in~1925~\cite{A1},
in a geometric and intuitive manner, and further studied in 1947 from
a more rigourous and algebraic standpoint~\cite{A2,A3}. These groups
may be considered as a geometric representation of the standard
everyday notion of brai... |
3,212,635,538,583 | arxiv | \section{I. Introduction}
The discovery of an unusual quantum Hall effect (QHE) in bilayer
graphene has stimulated great interest in the study of the
electronic transport properties of this new material~\cite{K. S.
Novoselov,R. V. Gorbachev,S. V. Morozov,E. A. Henriksen,E. McCann,J.
Nilsson,J. G. Checkelsky,Y. Hasegaw... |
3,212,635,538,584 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Generic case complexity was introduced a few years ago~\cite{KMSS1} as a way of estimating the difficulty of recursively unsolvable problems in combinatorial group theory. More recently generic complexity and related ideas have proved useful in cryptanalysis of public key systems\cite{MSU}.
Com... |
3,212,635,538,585 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In 1695, Leibniz laid the foundations of fractional-order derivative which means the extension of integer-order derivative concept \cite{0}, but the first systematic studies seem to have been made at the beginning and middle of the nineteenth century by Liouville, Riemann, and Holmgren. Liouvill... |
3,212,635,538,586 | arxiv | \section{Methods}
\label{sec:methods}
In this paper we address (i) projecting i.i.d.\ data $X = \{x_i\}_{i=1}^{N}$ with $x \in \mathrm{R}^{n}$ into a lower-dimensional representation $z \in \mathrm{R}^{m}\; (m<n)$ using auto-encoders and (ii) learning an unsupervised (hierarchical) probabilistic model that can be use... |
3,212,635,538,587 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Despite ongoing efforts to improve study design and statistical analysis of epidemiological research, failure to rule out non-causal explanation of empirical findings has prompted substantial discussions in the health science \cite{ioannidis2005most,hernan2016using}. A powerful tool increasingly... |
3,212,635,538,588 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In general, it is difficult to directly seek for exact solutions including solitons of nonlinear wave equations in the soliton theory and integrable system. If one can find a proper Lax pair~\cite{lax} of a nonlinear wave equation, then, based on its Lax pair, one may find its solutions by mea... |
3,212,635,538,589 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The success of machine learning algorithms often depends upon data representation \cite{bengio2013representation}.
Representation learning -- where we learn alternative (low dimensional) representations of data -- has become common for processing information on non-Euclidean domains, such as the ... |
3,212,635,538,590 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
As part of the effort to discover and characterise astronomical gravitational wave (GW)
sources, a worldwide programme of electromagnetic (EM) follow-up has been established
(\cite[Abbot et al. 2016a]{abbott-a}). The programme is organised under the auspices of a series of Memoranda of
U... |
3,212,635,538,591 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank A.A. Shrivastava and N.K. Ratheesh for providing MG1655WT plasmid and D. Gandavadi for preparing the microtubule samples. We thank G.B.M. Wisna for useful discussions and manuscript review.
RH acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award... |
3,212,635,538,592 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
Weirdness of quantum mechanics is usually presented by way of contradiction with simple classical intuitions that we hold about the world. Many of these paradoxes are often raised in the debates on the interpretation of the theory, and in particular the possibility of its hi... |
3,212,635,538,593 | arxiv | \section*{Supplementary information}
\subsection*{Details of the TM measurements and focusing process.}
\paragraph{TM measurement} The TM of the MMF is measured using the technique detailed in Ref.~\cite{popoff_measuring_2010}. At the input, the SLM is divided into $32 \times 32 = 1024$ macropixels composed of $16$ p... |
3,212,635,538,594 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
All Galactic star formation occurs within molecular clouds \citep{mckee07}. Since the processes that
form and sculpt molecular clouds set the initial conditions for star
formation, the spatial and kinematic structure of molecular clouds provides clues
about the star formation process.
CO is ... |
3,212,635,538,595 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent progress in device miniaturization has led to an increased interest in adsorption of liquids on substrates structured topographically on the micron- and nanoscale \cite{Herminghaus2008,Rauscher2008,Quere2008,Seemann2005,Seemann2011}. The influence of the substrate structure on the mor... |
3,212,635,538,596 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{sec:intro}}
Star-forming processes determine much of the appearance of the visible
Universe: the shape of the Initial Mass Function (IMF) and its
normalisation (the star-formation rate) are, together with stellar
evolution theory, key ingredients in determining the chemical
evolution of a ga... |
3,212,635,538,597 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
The phenomenological implications to the decay of the neutral pion
from the introduction of new dark particles are discussed.
We calculate the
contribution to the
$\pi^0$
decay width and then we extend the theory by adding dark sector vector particles which interact through $\gamma^\mu$, $\sigma... |
3,212,635,538,598 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Bandwidth shortage in the current wireless communications is one of the most critical barriers to meet the ever-increasing demand for high data rates in the 5G and beyond. Hence, a large amount of unoccupied bandwidth has recently been considered in the mmWave spectrum, i.e., the frequency range ... |
3,212,635,538,599 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec_intro}
Traditionally, automated affect recognition has focused on either visual modality such as facial expressions or audio in terms of speech emotions. Vocal bursts such as gasps, groans, and grunts, which are known to convey affect in human communication, have not been studied in d... |
3,212,635,538,600 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Investigations of critical behavior of
systems with continuous symmetry of the order parameter attract a lot of attention and represent considerable fundamental and practical interest \cite{Ma}.
Strong fluctuation effects playing an important role in low dimensional \cite{Auerbach,Book_de_Jong... |
3,212,635,538,601 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Following the pioneering work of Shannon on information theory, Kullback and Leibler defined a divergence of two probability measures $P$ and $Q$ \cite{kullback-leibler-1951} \[D_{KL}(P||Q)= \sum_{x} P(x) \log \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)} \text{ with the convention } 0 \cdot \infty... |
3,212,635,538,602 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
In recent years, high angular resolution observations of protoplanetary disks have revolutionized our view of disk evolution and showed that small-scale structures such as concentric rings and spiral arms are ubiquitous \citep[e.g.,][]{Andrews+18,FLong+18}, suggesting that plane... |
3,212,635,538,603 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The need for an efficient phase space generation of multiparticle final states resulted in a large number of programs. These tools offers various degree of generality of the application that improve the integration of the differential cross sections. In addition, they allow for efficient gener... |
3,212,635,538,604 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Introduction}
As the wireless cellular networks evolve towards the 5G generation, it is
expected that the number of Base Stations (BSs) per area will noticeably
increase~\cite{boccardi2014vodafone}, leading to \emph{network
densification}. The availability of multiple proximate and int... |
3,212,635,538,605 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
String vacua with magnetic fields turned on in the compact extra dimensions (``flux compactifications'') have attracted much attention since many years. The crucial feature is that their contribution to the energy of the system depends on the moduli of the geometry which supports them, so to pro... |
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