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2,869,038,154,028 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Many engineering optimization problems can be formulated to quadratic programming (QP) problems. For example, model predictive control (MPC), which has been widely used in many industrial processes \cite{Qin_2003}. However, the solving of the QP problem is often computationally demanding. In pr... |
2,869,038,154,029 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent The discovery of Maxwell's equations covariance with respect to the
conformal group $C = \left\{ L, D, P_4, S_4 \right\} $
(where $L$,$D$,$P_4$,$S_4$ mean \mbox{Lorentz-,} \mbox{Dilatation-,} \mbox{
Poincar\`e-,} and special conformal transformations respectively building up
$C$)~\c... |
2,869,038,154,030 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
The ability of reinforcement learning (RL) agents to solve very large problems efficiently depends on building and leveraging knowledge that can be re-used in many circumstances. One type of such knowledge comes in the form of
options \cite{Sutton:1999:MSF:319103.319108, Pr... |
2,869,038,154,031 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Discourse markers are universal linguistic events subject to language variation. Although an extensive literature has already reported language specific traits of these events (e.g.~\cite{Fraser1990,Fraser1999,Fischer2000,Beeching2014,Ghezzi2014}), little has been said on their cross-language be... |
2,869,038,154,032 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\{\xi_n\}$ be a sequence of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, and $\{a_n\}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers. We consider the random series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n\xi_n$. Such random series are basic objects in time series analysis and in regression mo... |
2,869,038,154,033 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\paragraph{Why euclidean field theory?}
During the last two decades it turned out that
the techniques of euclidean field theory are
powerful tools in order to construct
quantum field theory models.
Compared to the method of canonical quantization in Minkowski space,
which, for example, has ... |
2,869,038,154,034 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The double Hawking temperature $2T_H$ appears in some approaches to the Hawking radiation from the black hole and cosmological horizons considered as quantum tunneling.
In the case of the black hole horizon, the $2T_H$ is the result of the incorrect choice of reference frame, while the correct c... |
2,869,038,154,035 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, the investigation of entanglement properties in systems
with many degrees of freedom has become a challenging line of research
which has put into evidence a growing number of connections between
quantum information and computational science, statistical mechanics,
quantum field theory ... |
2,869,038,154,036 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
A major goal of computable structure theory is to understand the relationship between structure and computability. For example, on the computability side, a computable structure (model) $\mathcal{A}$ is said to be \emph{computably categorical} if any computable structure that i... |
2,869,038,154,037 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Power losses due to the turbine wake are reported as high as 20\% \citep{barthelmie2008flow}. In addition to other conditions of ambient flow and wind turbines, e.g. turbulence intensity of incoming flow, and thrust and power coefficients of a wind turbine, the velocity deficit and turbulence int... |
2,869,038,154,038 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Although Moore's Law has governed the semiconductor industry for over half a century, it is widely observed and recognized that Moore's Law is becoming harder to sustain. ``Integration of separately packaged smaller functions'' is considered the extension by Moore himself~\cite{Moore.2006} and th... |
2,869,038,154,039 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{intro}
\subsection{Background and Related Work}
The next generation power grid, i.e., the smart grid, relies on advanced control and communication technologies. This critical cyber infrastructure makes the smart grid vulnerable to hostile cyber-attacks \cite{Liang16,wang2013cyber,yan201... |
2,869,038,154,040 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgment}
Support by Grants-in-Aid (Nos.~14084206 and~17340116)
from MEXT/JSPS, Japan, is acknowledged.
Useful discussion with A. Hatabu is appreciated.
|
2,869,038,154,041 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
In this paper we consider a number of at first apparently unrelated questions.
First, we study the set of closed geodesics with a single self-intersection (Section \ref{geodonegen}). We show that any such geodesic is contained in an embedded pair of pants (Theorem \ref{pantsthm}) and use that ... |
2,869,038,154,042 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We fix once for all a real number $M>0$ and a bounded connected open set $\Omega$ in $\mathbb R^2$ of class $C^{3}$.
Then, for $\varepsilon>0$ small, we consider the Neumann eigenvalue problem
\begin{equation}\label{Neumann}
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
-\Delta u_{\varepsilon}=\lambda(\varepsilon)\... |
2,869,038,154,043 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep neural networks (\textsc{Dnn}s) have advanced the state of the art in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as machine translation~\cite{Vaswani:2017:NIPS}, semantic role labeling~\cite{Strubell:2018:EMNLP}, and language representations~\cite{bert2018}. The strength of \text... |
2,869,038,154,044 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding the nucleosynthesis and evolution of Asymptotic Giant
Branch (AGB) stars are of primary importance as they are the major
factories of some key elements in the Universe (Busso et al.
1999, Herwig 2005). They are the predominant sites for the slow
neutron-capture nucleosyntesis, ... |
2,869,038,154,045 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is a crucial method for a wide range of KG-based applications including question answering, recommendation systems and drug discovery. Prominent examples include \emph{addictive} (or \emph{translational}) family \citep{DBLP:conf/nips/BordesUGWY13,DBLP:conf/aaai/Wang... |
2,869,038,154,046 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The initial value formulation of general relativity provides a powerful
tool for studying time-dependent solutions, especially in situations where one
cannot solve the equations explicitly. The initial value constraints can place
restrictions on the possible topologies and geometries of... |
2,869,038,154,047 | arxiv |
\section{Analysis}\label{sec:analysis}
We finally analyze the different components of our proposed model
by investigating, i.a., mapping matrices and attention weights.
\paragraph{Meta-Embeddings.}
We first analyze the rank of the mapping matrices $Q_i$ (see Section \ref{sec:meta-embeddings}) of our models trained... |
2,869,038,154,048 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) are classical examples of mesophases or intermediate phases of matter between the solid and liquid phases, with a degree of long-range orientational order \cite{dg}. Nematics are directional materials with locally preferred directions of molecular alignment, describ... |
2,869,038,154,049 | arxiv | \section{\bigskip Introduction}
This paper is a sequel to \cite{Li2}\ and \cite{Li}, in which we studied the
diagonalizations of self-adjoint operators modulo norm ideal in semifinite von
Neumann algebras. (see \cite{Kadison},\cite{M1}-\cite{M3} or \cite{V} for more
details about von Neumann algebras.) In particu... |
2,869,038,154,050 | arxiv | \section{Introduction }
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved increasing demand in many practical applications \cite{chen2015deepdriving}\cite{hinton2012deep}\cite{krizhevsky2012imagenet}. However, studies over the past few years have also shown intriguing issue that DNN models are very sensitive and vulnerable t... |
2,869,038,154,051 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since 1998, when Riess et al. used SNIa data to statistically indicate that the expansion of universe is accelerating \cite{riess1998}, physicists have been providing various theories to explain this acceleration, including $f(R)$ theory \cite{Capo}, Brans-Dicke theory \cite{Brans}, and dark e... |
2,869,038,154,052 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Analyses by \cite{Schelhaas2003} showed that storms were responsible for more than half the total damages in European forests for the period 1950--2000. The majority of this forest damage occurred in the Alpine zone of mountainous regions. In Austria, for the period 2002--2010, ... |
2,869,038,154,053 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The physics of equilibrium phase transition in the Ising model is
well understood \cite{st}. However, the mechanism behind the
nonequilibrium phase transition is not yet explored rigorously and the basic
phenomenology is still undeveloped. It is quite interesting to study
how the system behaves i... |
2,869,038,154,054 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The short scale size (50-100 km) electromagnetic fields in the ELF range are generated below Earth's ionosphere by variety of phenomena such as lightning discharges \citep{helliwell73,uman87,inan85,berthelier08,master83,milikh95}, impulsive fields created by seismic events \citep{hayakawa06} or ... |
2,869,038,154,055 | arxiv | \section{Temperature Parameter}\vspace{-12pt}
We explored the effects of the temperature parameter (Fig.~\ref{fig:temp_vs_time}).
Temperature is a value between 0 and 100 that users specify to control how much frame-to-frame differences should be encouraged. Temperature controls the weight of the video stability loss (... |
2,869,038,154,056 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Superstring theories enjoy a number of interesting
properties at first sight not shared by ordinary
four-dimensional field theories.
For a superstring theory,
(1) the basic entity is
a string of size $O(10^{-32}$) cm, with massless levels and excitation
energies $O(10^{19}$) GeV;
(2) loop corr... |
2,869,038,154,057 | arxiv | \section*{Appendix A: Finite Temperature Calculations }
To calculate the differential conductivity and noise correlations above zero temperature we used the relations given in Ref. \cite{Anantram-1996} given in our notation by
$$I_\alpha=\frac{e}{h}\sum_{\alpha,i,j}sgn(\alpha)\int dE[\delta_{\alpha\beta}\delta_{ij}-|S_... |
2,869,038,154,058 | arxiv | \section{Introduction, summary and conclusions}
Results coming from RHIC have raised the issue of how to
calculate transport properties of ultra-relativistic partons in a
strongly coupled gauge theory plasma. For example, one would like
to calculate the friction coefficient and jet quenching parameter,
which are me... |
2,869,038,154,059 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The leading structures of the nucleon in deeply inelastic scattering
processes are described in terms of three twist-2 parton distribution
functions -- the unpolarized $f_1^a(x)$, helicity $g_1^a(x)$, and
transversity $h_1^a(x)$ distribution. Owing to its chirally odd nature $%
h_1^a(x)$ escapes... |
2,869,038,154,060 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recognizing Textual Entailment~(RTE) is one of the basics of Natural Language Understanding~(NLU) and NLU is a subclass of Natural Language Processing~(NLP). Textual entailment is the relationship between two texts where one text fragment, referred to as \textit{`Hypothesis~(H)'} can be inferred ... |
2,869,038,154,061 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since the unanticipated discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates, the single-band Hubbard model \cite{Hubbard_PRSLA_1993} has been the focus of an unparalleled level of theoretical scrutiny and associated algorithmic development.\cite{LeBlanc_Gull_PRX_2015,Lieb_Wu_RPL_1968... |
2,869,038,154,062 | arxiv | \section{\textbf{Introduction}}
\indent In this work we consider global existence of smooth
solutions of the Cauchy problem
\begin{equation}\label{eq1}
\left \{
\begin{aligned}
&\partial_{tt}\phi-\partial_{x_i}\big(g^{ij}(t,x)\partial_{x_j}\phi\big)+\phi^5=0,~~\mathbb{R}_t
\times
\mathbb{R}_x^3,\\
&\phi(... |
2,869,038,154,063 | arxiv | \section{ Introduction}
In this paper, we construct a reference score for online peer assessments based on HodgeRank~\cite{jiang2011statistical}. Peer assessment is a process in which students grade their peers’ assignments~\cite{falchikov2000student, topping1998peer}.
A peer assignment system is used to enhance stude... |
2,869,038,154,064 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An abundance of astrophysical observations indicate that the majority (85\%~\cite{Planck}) of the mass of the universe exists in some unidentified form, called `dark matter'. The Lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model of the universe ascribes the following characteristics to the dark matter... |
2,869,038,154,065 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and summary}\label{sec:Intr-Summ}
The concept of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) is a central one in quantum physics, both in statistical
mechanics and quantum field theory and particle physics.
The definition of SSB is well-known since the middle sixties
\cite{Ru}, Ch.6.5.2., as well as \ci... |
2,869,038,154,066 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Broad deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in safety-critical domains, such as autonomous driving and aircraft landing, necessitates the development of approaches for trustworthy AI. One key ingredient for trustworthiness is \emph{explainability}: the abi... |
2,869,038,154,067 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Shape fluctuation in nuclei is an important aspect of quantum many-body physics
and is known to appear in transitional regions of the nuclear chart as,
for example, shape coexistence and $\gamma$-soft nuclei\cite{heyde11}.
To investigate such shape fluctuation phenomena,
we need a theory to go ... |
2,869,038,154,068 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We start off by recalling the definition of Hall-Littlewood functions in the context of a general symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra (see, for example,~\cite{carter}). Let $\mathfrak g$ be such an algebra with Cartan subalgebra $\mathfrak h$. Let $\Phi\subset \mathfrak h^*$ be its root system and... |
2,869,038,154,069 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The instance segmentation problem deals with the pixel-wise delineation of multiple objects, combining segment-level localization and per-pixel object category classification.
This task is more challenging than semantic segmentation, for example the number of object instances is not fixed, unli... |
2,869,038,154,070 | arxiv | \section{Science}
Millimiter-wave astronomy offers a variety of important scientific targets: from line emission of interstellar molecules to continuum emission of the CMB.
The W-band lies at an interesting transition between frequencies where Galactic emission is dominated by free-free and synchrotron, and frequenci... |
2,869,038,154,071 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\noindent
Several implementations have been considered for circuital quantum information processing (QIP) \cite{QIP_DiVincenzo,Review_Ladd,Review_BulutaNori,Review_SiQIP_Morton}.
Nevertheless, scalability is still an issue for many architectures.
In this framework, a Complementary... |
2,869,038,154,072 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro
Sundials~\cite{HindmarshEtAl:Sundials:2005} is a suite of six numeric
solvers:
\textsc{\it CVODE}{}, for \aclp{ODE},
\textsc{\it CVODES}{}, adding support for quadrature integration and sensitivity
analysis,
\textsc{\it IDA}{}, for \aclp{DAE},
\textsc{\it IDAS}{}, adding suppo... |
2,869,038,154,073 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{introduction}
Joint models of longitudinal and event-time data have been extensively studied. It has the following general form:
\begin{equation}\label{joint model}
\begin{aligned}
&\lambda\left(t,Z(t)\right)=\lambda_{0}
\left(t\right)
\exp\left(b^{\top}Z(t)\right)\\
&Z\left(t\right)=\mat... |
2,869,038,154,074 | arxiv |
\section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENTS}
We would like to thank Charlie Guinn for discussions about calibration and tomography techniques.
This work is funded in part by EPiQC, an NSF Expedition
in Computing, under grants CCF-1730082/1730449; in part
by STAQ under grant NSF Phy-1818914; in part by NSF
Grant No. 2110860; by the US... |
2,869,038,154,075 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Suppose that \(T \colon M \to M\) is a dynamical system,
and \(v \colon M \to {\mathbb{R}}^d\) is an observable.
Let \(v_n = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} v \circ T^k\) denote the Birkhoff sums.
Given a probability measure \(\mu\) on \(M\), let
\((v_n, \mu)\) denote the discrete time ran... |
2,869,038,154,076 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The classical theory of total positivity concerns matrices in
which all minors are non-negative. While this theory was pioneered
by Gantmacher, Krein, and Schoenberg in the 1930's, the past decade
has seen a flurry of research in this area initiated by
Lusztig \cite{Lusztig1, Lusztig2, Luszti... |
2,869,038,154,077 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
In this paper we consider an optimal control problem in the presence of uncertainty: the target function is the solution of an elliptic partial differential equation (PDE), steered by a control function, and having a random field as input coefficient. The random field is in principle infinite-di... |
2,869,038,154,078 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Bayesian non-parametric statistics is a field that has been
introduced by Ferguson in 1973 and has become increasingly popular
among the theoretical statisticians in the past few decades. The
philosophy behind this field is to assume that the common
(unknown) distribution $P$ of a given sample
$... |
2,869,038,154,079 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both social behavior and mental health \cite{nation2006patterns}. ASD is typically diagnosed with behavioral tests, and recently functional MRI (fMRI) has been applied to analyze the cause of ASD \cite{di2017enhancing}.
... |
2,869,038,154,080 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Due to the increasing popularity and use of open source software (OSS), a large number of OSS ecosystems have emerged,
containing huge collections of interdependent software packages. \changed{These ecosystems are usually supported by large communities of contributors, and can... |
2,869,038,154,081 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{concept.pdf}
\caption{Long-tailed video recognition. General video recognition methods are overfitted on head classes, while long-tailed video recognition focuses on the performance of both head and tail classes, especially... |
2,869,038,154,082 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Considering online platforms, most use cases of generative modeling applications are motivated by the need to capture user behavior. When in need to answer questions such as "How long do we need to wait for the next user's visit?" or "What is the optimal time of recommending winter coats?" predic... |
2,869,038,154,083 | arxiv | \section{Introduction\label{INTRO}}
The \textit{collision problem} is to decide whether a black-box function
$f:\left[ n\right] \rightarrow\left[ n\right] $\ is one-to-one (i.e., a
permutation) or two-to-one function, promised that one of these is the case.
\ Together with its close variants, the collision pr... |
2,869,038,154,084 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The introduction of singlet neutrino fields which can propagate in
extra spatial dimensions as well as in the usual three dimensional space
may lead to naturally small Dirac neutrino masses, due to a volume
suppression. If those singlets mix with standard neutrinos they may
have an impact on n... |
2,869,038,154,085 | arxiv | \section{Eigenface analysis}
Figure \ref{figure:pca_and_faces} plots the visualization of the eigenfaces corresponding to the top six principal components that explain $78.2\%$ of the total variance.
\begin{align*}
\underbrace{f_1, f_2, ...,f_{21}}_{\text{basic faces}}, \xrightarrow{\text{PCA}} eigenfaces \\
(... |
2,869,038,154,086 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The algebra $\gl(\infty)$ is the most basic example of a complex locally-finite
Lie algebra, i.e. a limit of finite-dimensional complex Lie algebras. Its
representation theory has been a very active area of study for the last ten
years. See for example \cites{PS11a,PS11b,DCPS16,HPS19,GP19,PS19... |
2,869,038,154,087 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
The goal of sequential data assimilation is to estimate the true state of a dynamical system $\x^\textnormal{true} \in \Re^{\Nstate \times 1}$ using information from numerical models, priors, and observations. A numerical model captures (with some approximation) the ph... |
2,869,038,154,088 | arxiv | \subsection*{Abstract.}
``Dual composition'', a new method of constructing energy-preserving
discretizations of conservative PDEs, is introduced. It extends
the summation-by-parts approach to arbitrary differential operators
and conserved quantities. Links to pseudospectral, Galerkin,
antialiasing, and Hami... |
2,869,038,154,089 | arxiv | \section{Introduction: negative type and generalized roundness}\label{sec:1}
A notion of generalized roundness for metric spaces was introduced by Enflo \cite{En2} (see Definition \ref{NTGRDEF} (c)).
Enflo constructed a separable metric space of generalized roundness zero that is not uniformly
homeomorphic to any metr... |
2,869,038,154,090 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The three dimensional distribution of galaxies has the potential to tell us a lot about the physics governing our Universe.
However, the imprint of the composition and history of our Universe on its structure is usually quantified in terms of the linear power spectrum. From there it is a fair way... |
2,869,038,154,091 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Image noise can cause performance degradation on various tasks \cite{Koziarski2017image}.
To solve this, image denoising techniques are developed for image recovery.
One of the early deep learning approaches for denoising is \cite{zhang2017beyond} that propose DnCNN, a residual learning strateg... |
2,869,038,154,092 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\setcounter{figure}{0}
\setcounter{table}{0}
In this paper, we develop a fifth order Hermite weighted essentially non-oscillatory (HWENO) scheme with artificial linear weights for one and two dimensional nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. The idea of ... |
2,869,038,154,093 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:1}
Isoscalar (IS) monopole and dipole excitations have been extensively
investigated by $\alpha$ inelastic scattering experiments.
Significant low-energy IS strengths
have been observed in various nuclei and attracting great interests (see for example,
Refs.~\cite{Harakeh-text... |
2,869,038,154,094 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Object recognition is a challenging problem especially at a large scale because of variabilities in object appearance, viewpoint, illumination and pose \cite{DengECCV2010,tim2011tpami,LempitskICCV2009}. Fully/strongly annotated data is thus typically required to learn a generalisable model for ... |
2,869,038,154,095 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we review Shelah's strong covering property and its
applications, in particular, to pairs $(W,V)$ of models of set
theory with $V=W[r],$ for some real $r$. We also consider the
consistency results of Shelah and Woodin on the failure of $CH$
by adding a real and prove some re... |
2,869,038,154,096 | arxiv | \section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENT}
We would like to thank our colleagues for their kind help and support throughout the project. Yiqun Fu helped with data pre-processing. Leonard Liccardo, Wesley Reynolds, Christopher Heineman, and Douglas Wells helped with training data collection.
\end{small}
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
\... |
2,869,038,154,097 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For continuous channels, Infinite Constellation (IC) codes are the natural coded-modulation scheme.
The encoding operation is a simple one-to-one mapping from the information messages to the IC codewords.
The decoding operation is equivalent to finding the ``closest''\footnotemark{} IC codewor... |
2,869,038,154,098 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Consider the following discrete boundary value problem for a bounded open set $\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^2$ with the exterior ball condition. For each integer $n > 0$, let $u_n : \mathbb{Z}^2 \to \mathbb{Z}$ be the point-wise least function that satisfies
\begin{equation}
\label{e.fde}
\b... |
2,869,038,154,099 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\par Boussinesq equation introduced by French mathematician Joseph Boussinesq has the form
\begin{equation}
u_{tt} + p u_{xx} + q \left( u^2\right)_{xx} + r u_{xxxx} = 0, \label{1}
\end{equation}
where p, q and r are constants. The Boussinesq equation have several applications in the real world. ... |
2,869,038,154,100 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
The goal of this paper is to study the nonexistence of nontrivial sign-changing solutions to a class of fractional elliptic inequalities and systems with variable-exponent nonlinearities, namely
\begin{equation}\label{1}
(-\Delta)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}} u+\lambda\, \Delta... |
2,869,038,154,101 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
The classical \lq \lq no hair\rq \rq theorem stated that all
information about the collapsing body was lost from the outside
region except the three conserved quantities: the mass, the
angular momentum, and the electric charge. This loss of
information was not a serious problem in ... |
2,869,038,154,102 | arxiv | \section{\@ifstar{\origsection*}{\@startsection{section}{1}\z@{.7\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}{.5\linespacing}{\normalfont\scshape\centering\S}}}
\def\@startsection{section}{1}\z@{.7\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}{.5\linespacing}{\normalfont\scshape\centering\S}{\@startsection{section}{1}\z@{.7\linespacing\@plus\lin... |
2,869,038,154,103 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Normalization techniques~\cite{ba2016layer,ioffe2015batch,ulyanov2017instance,wu2018group} such as batch normalization (BN) \cite{ioffe2015batch} are indispensable components in deep neural networks (DNNs) \cite{he2016deep,huang2017densely}. They improve both learning and generalization capaci... |
2,869,038,154,104 | arxiv | \section{Motivation}
In the paper, we deal with the so-called mild bounded ancient solutions to the 2D Navier-Stokes equations in half-space with the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. As it has been explained in \cite{KNSS}, \cite{SS}, and \cite{SS1}, such type of solutions appears as a result of re-scaling s... |
2,869,038,154,105 | arxiv | \section*{Acknowledgments}
This research is partly supported by NSF Grants DMS-11-07012, DMS-09-15139, SES-08-51521
and NSA Grant H98230-08-1-0104.
|
2,869,038,154,106 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Model-based Design (MBD) of embedded systems is nowadays a standard,
easy and efficient way for capturing and verifying embedded software functional
requirements.
The main idea is to move away from manual coding, and
with the help of mathematical models create executable specifications using a ... |
2,869,038,154,107 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{Abschn: Einleitung}
The center vortex picture is one of the most intuitive and prolific explanation of
colour confinement in strong interactions. It was first proposed by Mack and Petkova
\cite{mack}, but lay dormant until the advent of new gauge fixing techniques
which permitted the det... |
2,869,038,154,108 | arxiv | \section*{Resumen}
\end{center}
\justify
Uno de los desafíos de la física teórica hoy en día es la unificación de la relatividad general y la teoría cuántica de campos, o equivalentemente, la formulación de una teoría de gravedad cuántica. Ambas teorías, bien comprobadas experimentalmente durante el siglo pasado, pres... |
2,869,038,154,109 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The research of control and planning in multi-agent systems (MASs) has been developing rapidly during the past decade with the growing demands from areas, such as cooperative vehicles~\cite{Mahony_RAM_2012, Cichella_CSM_2016}, Internet of Things~\cite{Ota_TSG_2012}, intelligent infrastructu... |
2,869,038,154,110 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
The appearance and growth of online markets has had a considerable impact on the habits of consumers, providing them access to a greater variety of products and information on these goods. While this freedom of purchase has made online commerce into a multi-billion doll... |
2,869,038,154,111 | arxiv | \subsection{Assumptions on $\xi(p)$ and $\zeta(p)$}
The result of Eq.~(\ref{D}) assumes that the derivative $\partial D/\partial \alpha_{\text{\tiny R}}$ at $\alpha_{\text{\tiny R}}=0$ does exist. The latter is not the case, e.\,g., for the model of Dirac fermions, where $D\propto 1/\alpha_{\text{\tiny R}}$~\cite{iDMI-... |
2,869,038,154,112 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Silica aerogels(aerogels) are a colloidal form of glass, in which globules of
silica are connected in three dimensional networks with siloxan
bonds.
They are solid,
very light, transparent and their refractive index can be controlled in
the production process. Many high energy and nuclear phy... |
2,869,038,154,113 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The contextuality of quantum theory is a fundamental sign of its nonclassicality that has been investigated for several decades.
While contextuality was originally established as a property specific to the formalism of quantum theory~\cite{BellContext, KS}, it has, in more recent times, been fu... |
2,869,038,154,114 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most challenging problems in string theory is the quest for string vacua which give rise to the phenomenology observed in nature. In addition to realizing the experimentally observed gauge symmetries and matter content, realistic string models should also account for finer details, suc... |
2,869,038,154,115 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Attractors generated by iterated function systems are among the first fractal sets a mathematician encounters. The familiar middle third Cantor set and the Koch curve can both be realised as attractors for appropriate choices of iterated function system. Attractors generated by iterated function... |
2,869,038,154,116 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Taurus cloud complex is one of the nearest star-forming regions
\citep[$d\sim140$~pc,][references therein]{gal18} and has a relatively
large stellar population \citep[$N\sim500$,][this work]{ken08},
making it well-suited for studies of star formation
that reach low stellar masses and have go... |
2,869,038,154,117 | arxiv |
\section{Technical Lemmas}
\begin{lemma}\label{lem:nonexist_ratio_2_global}
For any integer $d\geq2$ define the sequence
\[ g(d)=\left(1+d^{-\frac{1}{2(k_d+1)}}\right)^{k_d}+\frac{2\sqrt{d}}{\ln
d\left(1+\frac{\ln d}{2d}\right)^d}
\qquad\text{where}\;\; k_d=\left\lceil\frac{\ln d}{2\ln\ln d}\right\rceil .
\]
Then $\l... |
2,869,038,154,118 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A sequence $(x(n))_{n\geq1}\subseteq[0,1)$ is \emph{uniformly distributed modulo $1$} if the proportion of points in any subinterval $I \subseteq[0,1)$ converges to the size of the interval: $\#\{n\leq N:\,x(n)\in I \}\sim N|I| $, as $N\rightarrow\infty$. The theory of uniform distribution dat... |
2,869,038,154,119 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The compositions of current power grids undergo radical changes. As of now, power grids are still dominated by big conventional power
plants based on fossil fuel or nuclear power exhibiting a large power output. Essentially, their effective topology is locally star-like with transmission lines go... |
2,869,038,154,120 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Spiral structures are the most prominent features of disk galaxies, but their
physical origin is still debated. Pitch angle ($\varphi$), defined as the
angle between the tangent of the spiral and the azimuthal direction, describes
the degree of tightness of a spiral arm \citep{Binney}.
As ... |
2,869,038,154,121 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Understanding the chemical evolution of nearby galaxies has become
more and more interesting in the recent past, given the wealth of new,
detailed data available for their stellar and gaseous components. M33 (NGC 598)
is an ideal laboratory for testing chemical evolution models.
As a nearby b... |
2,869,038,154,122 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There has been a great deal of attention devoted in recent
years to the properties of the hot X-ray-emitting plasma
(the intracluster medium, hereafter ICM) in the central
regions of massive galaxy groups and clusters. To a large
extent, the focus has been on the competition between
radiat... |
2,869,038,154,123 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recent developments in point cloud data research have witnessed the emergence of many supervised approaches \cite{Qi2017,qi2017pointnet++,wang2019dynamic,li2018pointcnn,wang2019graph}. Most efforts of current research are dedicated into two tasks: point cloud shape classification (a.k.a. shape r... |
2,869,038,154,124 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Common generalization guarantees used to motivate supervised learning approaches under the empirical risk minimization framework (ERM) rely on the assumption that data is collected independently from a fixed underlying distribution. Such an assumption, however, is not without shortcomings; for i... |
2,869,038,154,125 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s1}
The quiet Sun covers most of the solar surface, in particular at activity minimum, but
also plays an important role even during the active phase of the solar cycle. The magnetic
field in the quiet Sun is composed of the network \citep{1967SoPh....1..171S},
internetwork \citep[IN,][]... |
2,869,038,154,126 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There are a variety of astrophysical systems which experience mass
loss on a time-scale much shorter than the dynamical time of the
system, leading to a significant shift in the dynamics.
One example
of this phenomenon, highlighted in the recent literature, is the
merger of a binary black hol... |
2,869,038,154,127 | arxiv | \section{Definitions and Basic Results}
\label{sec:1} This section provides some standard graph theoretic definitions and develops an efficient notation for what will follow. Since this paper deals only with directed graphs rather than undirected graphs, the term ``graph'' will have that meaning. Undirected graphs fit... |
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