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2,869,038,154,228
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Motivation} The bounded derived category of coherent sheaves $D^b(\mathrm{coh} Z)$ of a smooth projective variety $Z$ is one of the most important invariants. It determines the variety up to isomorphism when the (anti-)canonical line bundle is ample \cite{BO}. It is expected to pla...
2,869,038,154,229
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Star formation is one of the key processes that drives the evolution of galaxies. Understanding when, where, and how stars are formed remains one of the major goals of extragalactic astronomy. Internal processes like supernovae and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) feedback \citep{Efstathiou2000,Crot...
2,869,038,154,230
arxiv
\section*{Acknowledgements} \input{acknowledgements/Acknowledgements} \printbibliography \clearpage \input{atlas_authlist} \end{document} \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Following the observation~\cite{HIGG-2012-27,CMS-HIG-12-028} of a Higgs boson, $H$, with a mass of approximately 125~GeV~\cite{CMS-HI...
2,869,038,154,231
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} Let $k$ be a global function field of characteristic a prime number $\rho$. Let $\mathbb{F}_q$, $q:=\rho^n$, be the field of constants of $k$. Let $\infty$ be a place of $k$ and let $\mathcal{O}_k$ be the Dedekind ring of functions $f\in k$ regular outside $\infty$. We denote by $...
2,869,038,154,232
arxiv
\section{Introduction} X-waves are a well-known example of a localized wave packet, and have been central to many efforts to generate optical pulses that are able to resist diffraction~\cite{hernandez_book07a}. They were originally introduced as a superposition of Bessel beams. that are non-diffracting solutions of...
2,869,038,154,233
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Cartesian differential categories, introduced by Blute, Cockett, and Seely in \cite{blute2009cartesian}, formalize the theory of multivariable differential calculus by axiomatizing the (total) derivative, and also provide the categorical semantics of the differential $\lambda$-calculus, as intro...
2,869,038,154,234
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{intro}} The possibility of the Standard-Model (SM) Higgs field serving as the portal to dark matter \cite{Patt:2006fw} has been extensively phenomenologically studied in the past two decades. A viable scenario involves a gauge singlet Higgs field which mixes with the SM Higgs field through a...
2,869,038,154,235
arxiv
\section*{Abstract} {\bf We study the possibility of charge order at quarter filling and antiferromagnetism at half-filling in a tight-binding model of magic angle twisted bilayer graphene. We build on the model proposed by Kang and Vafek~\cite{kang2018}, relevant to a twist angle of $1.30^\circ$, and add on-site and e...
2,869,038,154,236
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Black holes (BHs) inhabit the center of almost all massive galaxies and span a wide range of masses, from $10^6~M_\odot$ to several $10^9~M_\odot$, depending strongly on the properties of the host galaxy \citep{Kormendy1993,Magorrian1998,Gebhardt2000,Ferrarese2000,Tremaine2002,Kormendy2004,Green...
2,869,038,154,237
arxiv
\section{Coordinate-free Linear Algebra}\label{sec:linear_algebra} In this section we answer the question: What is a coordinate-free approach and why do we care? With this objective in mind, we define abstract vector spaces, bases, and linear maps. A secondary objective of this section is to show that thinking of a lin...
2,869,038,154,238
arxiv
\section{Experiments} \label{sec:exp} We perform several experiments to validate different design choices in NAT. We then evaluate the quality of our features by comparing them to state-of-the-art unsupervised approaches on several auxiliary supervised tasks, namely object classification on ImageNet and object classifi...
2,869,038,154,239
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In high energy collisions of heavy ions in RHIC or LHC, the most important ingredients for producing quark gluon plasma ( QGP ) are small x gluons in the nuclei~\cite{1,2,3,4,5}. The small x gluons with also small transverse momenta are sufficiently dense in the nuclei and so they may be treated ...
2,869,038,154,240
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \begin{figure}[t] \vskip -0.15in \centering \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{supporting_curve.pdf} \vskip -0.1in \caption{Performance improvement of Soft Truncation.} \label{fig:st_thumbnail} \vskip -0.2in \end{figure} Recent advances in the generative models enable creating of highly realist...
2,869,038,154,241
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The study of entanglement entropy has been a deeply fascinating and instructive one in both the fields of high energy \cite{Ryu:2006bv} and condensed matter physics \cite{Laflorencie:2015eck}. In particular, it appears to have deep connections with both geometric and topologic...
2,869,038,154,242
arxiv
\section{Applications} \label{sec:applications} In this section we look into two applications in maritime safety for which information about both $H_s$ and $T$ are used. One is an extension of the fatigue damage application considered in \citet{lit:hildeman}. The other is a method of estimating the risk of capsizing d...
2,869,038,154,243
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Web has gained so much importance in the market economy during the last two decades because of the development of new Internet-based business models. Among those, \emph{online advertising} is one of the most successful and profitable. Generally speaking, online advertising -- also referred to...
2,869,038,154,244
arxiv
\section{Introduction -- Luminous Blue Variables} \section{Introduction -- Crucial Distinctions Among LBVs} Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) or S Doradus variables have attracted attention in recent years for two mutually independent reasons. Normal hot-star winds cannot account for sufficient mass loss \citep{Fu...
2,869,038,154,245
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Conventional quantum field theories in flat space require the Minkowski metric $\eta_{\mu\nu}$ as an indispensable background structure in order to introduce a notion of time and causality, and to construct actions with interesting ``nontopological'' and covariant terms. Many concepts known for ...
2,869,038,154,246
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many galaxy clusters are sources of radio emission. One such class of sources found in galaxy clusters are that of radio mini-halos. Mini-halos are diffuse, steep-spectrum synchrotron sources found in the cores of so-called ``cool-core'' clusters. These sources typically are associated with a ce...
2,869,038,154,247
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sectionintroduction} \subsection{Statement of the Theorem}\label{subsectionstatement} Goodwillie's isomorphism \cite{GoodWillieRelativeK86}: \begin{equation}\label{equgoodwillie} K_{n+1}(R,I)\otimes\mathbb{Q}\cong HC_{n}(R,I)\otimes\mathbb{Q}, \end{equation} relating the relative algebrai...
2,869,038,154,248
arxiv
\section{Proof of \cref{algbb}} In order to prove \cref{algbb}, we define the relevant notions in detail. Let $A$ be a (not necessarily finite) set of symbols and $R\subseteq A^*\times A^*$. The pair $(A,R)$ is called a \emph{(monoid) presentation}. The smallest congruence of $A^*$ containing $R$ is denoted by $...
2,869,038,154,249
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A contact structure $\xi$ on an oriented $3$-manifold $M$ is an oriented tangent plane distribution such that there is a $1$-form $\alpha$ on $M$ satisfying $\xi=\ker\alpha$, $d\alpha|_{\xi}>0$, and $\alpha\wedge d\alpha>0$. Such a $1$-form is called a contact form for $\xi$. A curve in $M$ is s...
2,869,038,154,250
arxiv
\section{Introduction} With the increase in travel demand, congestion has became an escalating issue nowadays impairing the efficiency of transportation systems. To mitigate this effect, substantial amount of efforts have been devoted into developing novel technologies and policies for traffic management in the last fe...
2,869,038,154,251
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Stellar bars are common features in disc galaxies on a broad range of stellar masses and local environments \citep[e.g.][]{jo04,sh08, bara08, nairbfrac, masters12, skibba12, abreu12, pg15}. Because of their elongated shape, bars can exert a significant gravitational torque onto the host galaxy s...
2,869,038,154,252
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} \input{sections/introduction} \section{Related Work} \label{sec:related-work} \input{sections/related} \section{Preliminaries} \label{sec:problem} \input{sections/problem} \section{Overview of Tunable-LSH} \label{sec:naive} \input{sections/naive} \se...
2,869,038,154,253
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Denote by $\mathbb{B}^n$ the unit ball in $\mathbb{C}^n$. For a domain $D\subset\mathbb{C}^n$, the Carath\'eodory and Kobayashi-Eisenman volume elements on $D$ at a point $p \in D$ are defined respectively by \begin{align*} c_D(p) & = \sup \Big\{ \big\vert \det \psi^{\prime}(p) \big\vert^2 : \psi...
2,869,038,154,254
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Despite decades of tremendous experimental and theoretical efforts, the nature of dark matter (DM) is still elusive. Among the different possibilities, the idea that small collapsed structures, or primordial black holes (PBH) could account for all or part of the lacking mass is ...
2,869,038,154,255
arxiv
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction} Cellular control systems are inherently spatial, as reactions in a network involve macromolecules confined to certain locations or sub-compartments. For example, MAPK pathways involve sensing a stimulus by receptors localized to the cell membrane, propagating the signal in the c...
2,869,038,154,256
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In 1998, the concept of continuous-time quantum walk on graphs was proposed firstly by Farhi and Gutman in \cite{Farhi}. Suppose that $M$ is a symmetric matrix associated with a connected graph $G$, such as adjacency matrix, Laplacian matrix, signless Laplacian matrix of $G$ and so on. Then th...
2,869,038,154,257
arxiv
\section{Introduction and result} \label{sec:Intro} K\"uhne in \cite{Kuehne:An_effective_result_of_Andre-Oort_type} and independently Bilu, Masser and Zannier in \cite{Bilu-Masser-Zannier} have studied the Andr\'e-Oort conjecture in the case of the Shimura variety $\mathbb{P}^1(\mathbb{C}) \times \mathbb{P}^1(\mathbb{C...
2,869,038,154,258
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In much of machine learning, the central computational challenge is optimization: we try to minimize some training-set loss with respect to a set of model parameters. If we treat the training loss as a negative log-posterior, this amounts to searching for a maximum \emph{a posteriori} (MAP) solu...
2,869,038,154,259
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The search for magnetic semiconductors with a Curie temperature $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ above room temperature (RT) is currently one of the major challenges in semiconductor spintronics.\cite{Dietl:2000_S,Zutic:2004_RMP,Jungwirth:2006_RMP} In single-phase samples the highest Curie temperatures reported ...
2,869,038,154,260
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{s1}} Let $\sR^-$ and $\sR^+$ be, respectively, the subsets of all negative and all positive real numbers and $\chi_E$ refer to the characteristic function of the subset $E\subset \sR$ -- i.e. \begin{equation*} \chi_E(t):=\left \{ \begin{array}{ll} 1 & \text{ if } t\in E, \\ ...
2,869,038,154,261
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Our motivation for this work is twofold. On one hand, in a recent paper \cite{AkHaSz2014}, two of the co-authors of the present paper studied a certification method for approximate roots of exact overdetermined and singular polynomial systems, and wanted to extend the method to certify the mu...
2,869,038,154,262
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Main Results} Given an abelian group $A$ with an action of a finite group $G$, summation along the orbit provides a natural map $\nm_G\colon A_G \to A^G$ from the co-invariants to the invariants. In general, this map may have both non-trivial kernel and cokernel. However, when $A$ i...
2,869,038,154,263
arxiv
\section{Introduction} We study a combinatorial object, which we call a GRRS (generalized reflection root system), see~\Defn{defnGRRS}. The classical root systems are finite GRRSs without isotropic roots. Our definition of GRRS is motivated by Serganova's definition of GRS introduced in~\cite{VGRS}, Sect. 1, and by the...
2,869,038,154,264
arxiv
\section{\bf Introduction and Results}\label{sec1} Let $G$ be any group and $n$ a non-negative integer. For any two elements $a$ and $b$ of $G$, we define inductively $[a,_n b]$ the $n$-Engel commutator of the pair $(a,b)$, as follows: $$[a,_0 b]:=a,~ [a,b]=[a,_1 b]:=a^{-1}b^{-1}ab \mbox{ and } [a,_n b]=[[a,_{n-1} b...
2,869,038,154,265
arxiv
\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% {0.5ex\@plus 0ex \@minus -.5ex}% {0.5ex\@plus 0ex}% {\normalfont\bfseries} } \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {0.5ex\@plus 0ex \@minus -.5ex}% {0.5ex\@plus 0ex}% {\normalfont\bfseries} } \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z...
2,869,038,154,266
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} The case for physics beyond the Standard Model, in the form of non-baryonic Dark Matter (DM), is overwhelming. The evidence, based solely on gravitational interactions, has cast light on the large-scale properties of the dominant DM components. However the detailed comp...
2,869,038,154,267
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Treatment effect estimation in the presence of unobserved confounding variables is a very challenging problem, arising in many areas including statistics, biology, computer science and economics. With some additional domain knowledge, such as the existence of instrumental variables or negative co...
2,869,038,154,268
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Pedestrian detection is an important task in computer vision. It is a fundamental component of many applications, such as video surveillance, autonomous driving, etc. Benefiting from the development of deep learning in recent years, especially the proposal of Convolutional Neural Network~(CNN)...
2,869,038,154,269
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec.1} In this note we characterize the set of all Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices $A$ whose entries have modulus $1$ or $0$. We comment that the real matrices in this set whose diagonal entries are all nonzero, and hence necessarily $1$, belong to the set of {\bf correlation ma...
2,869,038,154,270
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The current popularity of transformer-based models in Natural Language Processing is owed to their capacity in constructing semantically rich representations and to their ability to accommodate transfer-learning. This enables users to pre-train transformer-based language models on large unlabeled...
2,869,038,154,271
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Many problems in applied mathematics can be formulated and solved with the aid of matrix functions. This includes the solution of linear discrete ill-posed problems \cite{CR}, the solution of time-dependent partial differential equations \cite{DKZ}, and the determination of the most important n...
2,869,038,154,272
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Research communities seek to make the deployment of general artificial intelligence (AI) and deep neural networks (DNNs) used in everyday life as dependable as possible. Significant emphasis is placed on handling corrupted input (e.g. due to visual artifacts or to attacks) provided to the model...
2,869,038,154,273
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} The pair density (PD) functional theory has recently attracted particular interest because it provides the obvious way to improve on the density functional theory (DFT)\cite{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. Ziesche first proposed the PD functional theory about a decade ago\cite{1,2}, and then many worker...
2,869,038,154,274
arxiv
\chapter{General results on binary supersimple structures}\label{ChapGenRes} \setcounter{equation}{0} \setcounter{theorem}{0} \setcounter{case}{0} \setcounter{subcase}{0} We collect in this chapter a number of results that will be used later. We start with an easy but extremely useful proposition saying that all the t...
2,869,038,154,275
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The dual superconductor model of QCD confinement requires the vacuum to contain a condensate of (chromo) magnetic monopoles. This led several authors to consider embedded, usually Abelian, subgroups within gauge groups. The early focus was on the $U(1)$ subgroup of $SU(2)$, with analyses by Savvi...
2,869,038,154,276
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart{A}{ccess} remote control of everything in the world will intelligently be provided through the internet in the next 20 years. We will offer a method to improve energy efficient consumption for processing queries on the Internet of things. The importance of the issue becomes clear w...
2,869,038,154,277
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The importance of evolution can hardly be overstated, in so far as it permeates all sciences. Indeed, in the 150 years that have passed since the publication of {\em On the Origin of the Species} \cite{darwin:1859}, the original idea of Darwin that evolution takes place through descent with modi...
2,869,038,154,278
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Identifying ligands that bind tightly to a given protein target is a crucial first step in drug discovery. Experimental methods such as high-throughput screening are time-consuming, and costly, while physics-based methods are computationally expensive and can be inaccurate \cite{MacConnell2017, ...
2,869,038,154,279
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Prior to the their introduction by the Soviet chess program KAISSA in the late 1960s, bitboards were used in checkers playing programs as described in \citeaby{samuel59}. The elegance and performance advantages of bitboard-based programs attracted many chess programmers and bitboards were used...
2,869,038,154,280
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \indent The Bogoliubov--de Gennes (BdG) equation and the gap equation describe spatially inhomogeneous states in various kinds of condensed matter systems, such as superconductors\cite{DeGennes}, polyacetylene\cite{TakayamaLinLiuMaki}, and ultracold atomic Fermi gases. The equivalent equations a...
2,869,038,154,281
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \subsection{Motivation: Arnold diffusion and instabilities} By Arnold-Liouville theorem a completely integrable Hamiltonian system can be written in action-angle coordinates, namely, for action $p$ in an open set $U\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ and angle $\theta$ on an $n$-dimensional torus $\mathbb...
2,869,038,154,282
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In his landmark 1977 paper, Purcell elucidated the unique challenges faced by microorganisms attempting to propel themselves in an inertia-less world \cite{purcell77}. In the creeping flow limit, viscous stresses dominate, and thus shape-changing motions which are invariant under time reversal ...
2,869,038,154,283
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Of the current ensemble of $\sim$30 free-floating young planetary mass objects \citep[]{Gag14, Gag15}, PSO J318.5-22 \citep[]{Liu13} is the closest analogue in properties to imaged exoplanet companions. \citet[]{Gag14} and \citet[]{Liu13} identify it as a $\beta$ Pic moving group member \citep...
2,869,038,154,284
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Affective understanding is a task that aims to predict the viewer expressions evoked by the videos, which could be applied to video creation and recommendation. With the rapid increase of video content on the Internet, this technique becomes even more desired and has attracted enormous interest r...
2,869,038,154,285
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The advent of quantum mechanics at the beginning of the 20th century marks an important step into a new era of physics. The classical theory was left behind and it became possible to describe physical processes occurring at the atomic length scale of $\unit[10^{-10}]{m}$. Quantum mechanics w...
2,869,038,154,286
arxiv
\section{Introduction and main results} The idea of the spin injection from ferromagneic metal to paramagnetic metal was first proposed by Aronov \cite{bib:Aronov2}. In the spin injection process the charge current flow between the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic metals produces the non-equilibrium magnetization in the ...
2,869,038,154,287
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is one of the most central problems in combinatorial optimization. The problem asks to find a shortest closed walk visiting each vertex at least once in an edge-weighted graph, or alternatively to find a shortest Hamilton cycle in a complete graph where t...
2,869,038,154,288
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Copula-based models have been widely used in many applied fields such as finance \citep{Embrechts/McNeil/Straumann:2002,Nasri/Remillard/Thioub:2020}, hydrology \citep{Genest/Favre:2007,Zhang/Singh:2019} and medicine \citep{Clayton:1978,deLeon/Wu:2011}, to cite a few. According to Sklar's represe...
2,869,038,154,289
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The Croatian Physical Society organizes the annual Summer school for young physicists [1], intended to reward elementary and high school students for their accomplishments on the national physics competitions. The schools typically consists of half-day lectures combined with workshops, experimen...
2,869,038,154,290
arxiv
\section{Introduction} One of the most fundamental questions in the study of composition operators is to characterize when such an operator is well-defined and continuous in terms of its symbol. The goal of this article is to consider this question for weighted locally convex spaces of one real variable smooth functio...
2,869,038,154,291
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{Sec:Intro} \IEEEPARstart{A}{n} array of new technologies that can contribute to beyond 5G (B5G) and the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks are being proposed and extensively investigated, including massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) \cite{BJORNSON20193} or utilizing hig...
2,869,038,154,292
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{sec0} Quantum entanglement, which is recognized as an essential ingredient for testing local hidden variable theories against quantum mechanics, has extensive application in quantum computing and quantum information processing. It is well known that multipartite entangled states have many ...
2,869,038,154,293
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{i} Time evolution of the density $\varrho = \varrho(t,x)$ and the velocity $\vc{u} = \vc{u}(t,x)$ of a compressible barotropic viscous fluid can be described by the Navier--Stokes system \begin{eqnarray} \label{i1} \partial_t \varrho + {\rm div}_x (\varrho \vc{u}) &=& 0, \\ \label{i2} \p...
2,869,038,154,294
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} The growth of blood vessels is a complex multiscale process called angiogenesis that is the basis of organ growth and repair in healthy conditions and also of pathological developments such as cancerous tumors \cite{fol74,car05,fig08,car11}. Cells in an incipient tumor located i...
2,869,038,154,295
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Overwhelming evidence from astrophysical observations indicates that only 20\% of the matter in the universe is made of ordinary matter, while the remaining 80\% is made of some form of matter called ``dark matter''~\cite{Bertone:2004pz}. Although these indirect astrophysical o...
2,869,038,154,296
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The AdS/CFT conjecture \cite{Maldacena:1997re} allows us to give geometrical descriptions of super-conformal field theories in different dimensions in terms of a given brane configuration in Supergravity. For the case of $\mathcal{N}=4$ Supersymmetric theories, these gauge/gravity dualities had ...
2,869,038,154,297
arxiv
\section*{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} Automatic analysis of electrocardiograms (ECGs) promises substantial improvements in critical care. ECGs offer an inexpensive and non-invasive way to diagnose irregularities in heart functioning. \textit{Arrhythmias} are abnormal heartbeats which alter both the morphology and...
2,869,038,154,298
arxiv
\section{Introduction} TikTok, a short-form video-sharing platform with over one billion active users \cite{stokel2022tiktok}, is currently one of the largest social media platforms in the world. Despite its popularity, the platform’s apparent influence on public understanding of the Russian invasion of Ukraine remain...
2,869,038,154,299
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{introduction:sec} The evolution of young stellar objects (YSOs), over a wide range of masses, seems to be characterised by significant accretion from a magnetised circumstellar disc and ejection of collimated jets. Both processes are tightly related: jets can remove excess angular momentu...
2,869,038,154,300
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro_grad} The physical, chemical, and kinematic information carried by the stellar spectra are fundamental for understanding how the Milky Way formed and evolved. The increasing demand for stellar spectra by astronomers engaged in Galactic archaeology led to large spectroscopic surveys th...
2,869,038,154,301
arxiv
\section{INTRODUCTION} Semantic description and understanding of dynamic road scenes from an egocentric video is a central problem in realization of effective driving assistance technologies required to interpret and predict road user behavior. In the driving context, scene refers to the place where such behaviors o...
2,869,038,154,302
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A key issue in computational neuroscience is the interpretation of neural signaling, as expressed by a neuron's sequence of action potentials. An emerging notion is that neurons may in fact encode information at multiple timescales simultaneously \cite{fairhall2001multiple,wark2009timescales,pa...
2,869,038,154,303
arxiv
\section{Introduction}\label{intro} For a projective algebraic variety $X\subset {\mathbb P} W$, the \ti{$k$-th secant variety} $\sigma_k(X)$ is defined by \begin{equation} \sigma_k(X) = \overline{ \bigcup_{x_1\cdots x_k\in X}{\mathbb P} \langle x_1\cdots x_k\rangle }\subset {\mathbb P} W \end{equation} where $\la...
2,869,038,154,304
arxiv
\section{The Eigenvalues of the Periodic Landau Hamiltonian} \label{Spectrum_Landau_Hamiltonian_Section} In this appendix, we investigate the eigenvalues of the periodic Landau Hamiltonian and their multiplicity. We shall fix an arbitrary charge $q\in \mathbb{N}$ and we consider the space $L_{\mathrm{mag}}^{q,2}(...
2,869,038,154,305
arxiv
\section{{\small {\bf Introduction}}} \vskip 10pt\noindent Stock loan is a simple economy where a client(borrower), who owns one share of a stock, borrows a loan of amount $q$ from a bank (lender) with one share of stock as collateral. The bank charges amount $c(0\leq c\leq q)$ from the client for the service. ...
2,869,038,154,306
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \IEEEPARstart In recent years, ID verification systems have been exposed to variations of presentation attacks. For instance, they compare the user selfie with a picture of the photo ID extracted from the user ID card or passport, where the critical challenge becomes ensuring whether or not the I...
2,869,038,154,307
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is nowadays an essential tool of theoretical and observational cosmology. Recent advances in the observations of the CMB angular fluctuations in temperature and polarization \citep[e.g. ][]{WMAP5-basic,WMAP5-params} provide a detailed description of the glob...
2,869,038,154,308
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Representations of the symmetric group $S_m$ have a long and beautiful history in mathematics. Partitions of $m$ biject with the irreducible representations of $S_{m}$ given by Specht modules; these representations have a basis corresponding to standard Young tableaux. The relations that allow us...
2,869,038,154,309
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:1} The structures of aggregates of atoms or molecules found in nature have been widely studied in disordered systems\cite{Gavezzotti,Cusack}. In these studies, the transitions caused by the break up of an aggregation in which atoms are connected through bonds constructing a network...
2,869,038,154,310
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The state of a complex ecosystem is frequently described by a probability distribution on the nodes of a weighted network. For example, a microbial community may be modeled on a network in which each node represents a taxon and the main interactions between pairs of taxa are represented by weigh...
2,869,038,154,311
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The real algebraic variety of representations from a $3$-manifold group $\pi_1(M)$ to $SU(2)$ or $SO(3)$ has long been a subject of interest, giving rise as it does to useful invariants such as the Casson invariant and the $A$-polynomial \cite{CCGLS}. In the case where $\partial M$ is a torus -...
2,869,038,154,312
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction} Often time series data experiences multiple abrupt changes in structure which need to be taken into account if the data is to be modelled effectively. These changes known as changepoints (or equivalently breakpoints) cause the data to be split into segments which can the...
2,869,038,154,313
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Forecasting for multiple time series with complex hierarchical structure has been applied in various real-world problems \cite{dangerfield1992top, athanasopoulos2009hierarchical, liu2018flexible, jeon2018reconciliation}. For instance, the international sales forecasting of transnational corporati...
2,869,038,154,314
arxiv
\subsection{Keywords} exponential series, infinite series, Cauchy-Euler operator \subsection{Mathematical Classification} Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 11L03, 30E10, 30K05, 30B10, 30C10, 30D10 \end{abstract} \subsection{} \tableofcontents{} \section{Introduction} \subsection{General} Our study focuses on a ...
2,869,038,154,315
arxiv
\section{Introduction} A proper and precise understanding of the processes induced by neutrino interactions is required in the analysis of neutrino oscillation experiments. For instance, at intermediate energies, above $0.5$ GeV, one pion production becomes relevant. Most of the theoretical models for this reaction as...
2,869,038,154,316
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro} \begin{figure*}[th!] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{Method_outline_wider.jpg} \caption{Pictorial representation of our method. (a) We train an auto-encoder to reconstruct point clouds of car shapes, (b) we then train another network to predict the drag co...
2,869,038,154,317
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In this paper we take the first steps in studying the collider phenomenology of supersymmetric models that have some approximate conformal symmetry, which is reflected in the fact that the superpartners of the standard model (SM) particles have a continuous spectrum~\cite{Continuum} rather tha...
2,869,038,154,318
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There is a continued interest in improving time resolution of scintillator detectors. Such improvements are especially challenging in case of the registration of low energy gamma quanta where the time resolution is limited by the low statistics of scintillation photons. Superior time resolution...
2,869,038,154,319
arxiv
\section{Introduction} In recent years the numerical simulation of lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) has developed into an enormously successful method for obtaining precise values of several Standard Model parameters. It is the only truly {\it ab initio} method available for doing nonperturbative studies of QCD. ...
2,869,038,154,320
arxiv
\section{Unbiasedness and consistency}\label{sec:theory} Unbiased or asymptotically unbiased estimates of $\tau_{it}$ can be obtained with all four methods described in this review. For each one of them, we now describe the sampling framework and the main assumptions for the unbiasedness to hold. For ease of exposit...
2,869,038,154,321
arxiv
\section{Introduction} The discovery of fast radio bursts (FRBs) has inspired renewed interest of the astrophysical community in coherent emission mechanisms. An extremely high brightness temperature of the observed emission implies that the emission mechanism is coherent, i.e., a large number of particles must emit ...
2,869,038,154,322
arxiv
\section{Introduction} There are many classification problems where observations are time consuming and/or expensive. One example arises in health care analytics, where physicians have to make medical decisions (e.g. a course of drugs, surgery, and expensive tests). Assume that a doctor faces a discrete set of medical...
2,869,038,154,323
arxiv
\section{Introduction\label{introd}} A quantum field theory should provide two items: the Hilbert space of the physical states and the (perturbative) expression of the scattering matrix. In perturbation theory the Hilbert space is generated from the vacuum by some set of free fields i.e. it is a Fock space. In theorie...
2,869,038,154,324
arxiv
\section{Introduction} \cite{murray_physiological_1926} proposed the first law for the optimal design of blood vessels, based on a trade-off between the power needed to make blood circulate in the vessel and the metabolic power needed to maintain blood. His work was based on the original researches developed by \cite{...
2,869,038,154,325
arxiv
\section{Appendix} We present proofs for theorems stated in the main paper.\\ \begin{theorem} Suppose that $\forall (\mathbf{x}_i, y_i) \in \mathcal{D}, \mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{R}^d: \|\nabla \ell(\mathbf{w}^\top \mathbf{x}_i, y_i)\|_2 \leq C$. Suppose also that $\ell''$ is $\gamma$-Lipschitz and $\| \mathbf{x}_i \|_2...
2,869,038,154,326
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Classical mechanics of a particle on $\mathbb{R}^n$ is often described by endowing a symplectic structure on its phase space $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$. Given a point $(p,q)\in \mathbb{R}^{2n}$, the point $p$ describes the position and $q$ describes the momentum of a particle. In quantum physics, function...
2,869,038,154,327
arxiv
\section{Introduction} Let $\mu$ be a probability on $G:={\rm GL}_d(\mathbb{R})$, $d \geq 2$. Then, $\mu$ induces a random walk on $G$ by letting $$S_n: = g_n \cdots g_1,$$ where $n \geq 1$ and the $g_j$'s are independent and identically distributed random elements of $G$ with law given by $\mu$. The study of th...