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541,165,883,756 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Distribution regression is the problem of learning a regression function from samples of a distribution to a single set-level label. For example, we might attempt to infer the sentiment of texts based on word-level features, to predict the label of an image based on small patches,
or even perform... |
541,165,883,757 | arxiv | \section*{Abstract}
The Cryo-EM 3D particle reconstruction is essential for identifying protein and uncover the biological mechanism of the macro-molecules. In this paper, we use Kam method for reconstruction. Kam method is \textit{ab-initio}, and it assumes that the projection angles of the particle are uniformly dis... |
541,165,883,758 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The solar photosphere is threaded by a complicated distribution of magnetic field concentrations of opposite polarities. Above the photosphere, in the equatorial region, the positive and negative flux concentrations typically connect to one another in a non-trivial way, creating complicated topo... |
541,165,883,759 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
The mathematical investigation of the mirror phenomenon observed in physics
\cite{GrPl,CLS,COGP} has long been vexed by the basic question how broadly
mirror pairs exist. Mirror symmetry is certainly too wide a phenomenon to even
imagine an answer that is immediately satisfying from all perspec... |
1,941,325,217,792 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Structures consisting of two closely spaced quantum dots (QDs) have attracted
much interest in the past years both in
experiment\cite{Bayer2001,Krenner2005,Stinaff2006,Bracker2006,Robledo2008,Goryca2009,
Shulmman2012} and in
theory.\cite{Bester2004,Schliwa2001,Szafran2005,Szafran2008,Gawarec... |
1,941,325,217,793 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We start this article by introducing the relevant conception to $t$-designs. Let $v, k, \lambda$, and $t$ be positive integers such that $v>k\geq t.$ Let $\mathcal{P}$ be a set with cardinality $\mid\mathcal{P}\mid=v$ and $\mathcal{B}$ be a multi-set of $k$-subsets of $\mathcal{P}$ with $\mid \... |
1,941,325,217,794 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mathbb{P}$ be the space of $n\times n$ complex positive
definite matrices. The \emph{Bures-Wasserstein distance} on ${\Bbb
P}$ is the metric defined as
\begin{equation}
d(A,B) = \left [\tr\,(A+B) - 2\, \tr\,\left(A^{1/2}BA^{1/2}
\right)^{1/2}\right ]^{1/2}.\label{eq1}
\end{equation}... |
1,941,325,217,795 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Impulsively fast magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous phenomenon widely observed in magnetized space, solar, astrophysical, and laboratory fusion plasmas~\cite{yamada10,ji11,lin_cranmer_farrugia_2008,zweibel_yamada_2009}. However, fast collisionless reconnection mechanisms based on non-MHD (Mag... |
1,941,325,217,796 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In a broad formulation of a contextual bandit problem, an agent chooses an arm (action) based on a context (observation) and previous interactions with an environment. In response, the environment transitions into a new hidden state and provides a reward and a new context. The goal of the agent ... |
1,941,325,217,797 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Galaxy morphology and classification are an essential step in
understanding how galaxies form and evolve. Morphology is rich in
clues to the internal and external physical processes that have
molded galactic shapes. It is, however, non-trivial to determine
exactly what a given morphology actuall... |
1,941,325,217,798 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For $x$ in the escape set of a Markov interval map $f$, see \cite{RMP10}, we find a relative graph algebra $C^\ast(\mathcal{G},V_x)$, see \cite{Tom}, with $\mathcal{G}$ encoding the dynamics of $f$ and a carefully chosen subset $V_x$ of vertex set of $\mathcal{G}$, and a permutative representat... |
1,941,325,217,799 | arxiv | \section{Plasma types and definitions}
Plasmas are often described as the fourth state of matter, alongside gases, liquids and solids; a definition which
does little to illuminate their main physical attributes. In fact, plasmas can exhibit behaviour characteristic of all three
of the more familiar states depending on... |
1,941,325,217,800 | arxiv | \section{Preliminaries}\label{section:preliminaries}
In this paper, we discuss probability distributions on projective systems of set partitions and permutations. We now introduce notation and terminology which we need in our development.
A permutation $\sigma$ of a set $A\subset\mathbb{N}$ is a one-to-one and ont... |
1,941,325,217,801 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The friction between gas and dust in a merger event can have an important impact on the evolution of the galaxies involved. Minor mergers are usually defined as the collision between two galaxies with a mass ratio smaller than 1:3-1:4. Enhanced star formation when compared with isolated objects ... |
1,941,325,217,802 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For the next decade, the highest-energy experiments in particle physics will be
performed at the \mbox{(anti-)}proton--proton colliders {\sc Tevatron} and LHC.
The cross section for, for example, the inclusive production of a high-$p_T^{}$
hadron $h$ at such machines can be schematically writt... |
1,941,325,217,803 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\PARstart{R}{ecently} there has been a new paradigm to improve the spectrum efficiency of a cognitive radio network by introducing active cooperation between
the primary and cognitive systems \cite{Ephremides-07}-\cite{CCRN-Zheng}. As illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:ccrn}, the cognitive system he... |
1,941,325,217,804 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The structure of multidimensional persistence modules is known to be very complicated, with no complete discrete invariant \cite{carlsson2009theory}.
In the $2$D case, one idea for extracting information is to restrict them along lines in order to obtain $1$D persistence modules, which have stru... |
1,941,325,217,805 | arxiv | \section{Formation of the local moment\label{Sec:LocMom}}
The local moment determines the asymptotic behavior of the spin susceptibility
\begin{align}
\chi_x =
\frac{m^2_\mathrm{loc}}{T}
\quad \mathrm{for} \quad T\to 0
\, .
\end{align}
From our finite-temperature data, it is more convenient to extract $m_\mathrm{l... |
1,941,325,217,806 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Bounds on the multiplicity of a ring $S$ in terms of other invariants of $S$ (and analyses of the rings achieving these bounds) have attracted a strong interest over the last 130 years, from the classical lower bound ${\rm deg}\,X\geq {\rm codim}\,X +1$ for non-degenerate projective varieties to ... |
1,941,325,217,807 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\vspace{-0.6em}
Rain degenerates the visibility of images and affects vision algorithms severely. By restoring the background information in rain scenes, rain removal is helpful for improving many computer vision systems including autonomous driving, intelligent photography and... |
1,941,325,217,808 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Galaxy clusters are the largest virialised objects in the Universe, and serve as a powerful laboratories for astrophysics and cosmology. One of the outstanding questions for cluster formation includes a dichotomy in the properties of cluster cores \citep{DeGrandi2002,McCarthy2004,McCarthy2008,Ed... |
1,941,325,217,809 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Extreme value distributions, describing the
fluctuations of the k$^\mathrm{th}$ largest value in a set of random variables
\cite{Gumbel,Galambos}, have recently been shown
to play a role in physics well-beyond their standard area of application.
Such distributions are indeed found analytically ... |
1,941,325,217,810 | arxiv | \subsection*{References}
|
1,941,325,217,811 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
When a dwarf galaxy falls in to the Milky Way (MW) potential and is tidally disrupted, its stars become members of the MW stellar halo. The orbital timescales of these stars are long compared to the age of the Galaxy; thus, long after these debris have lost their spatial association, they remai... |
1,941,325,217,812 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation
are nonlinear integrable differential equations, and their Hirota bilinear forms play a crucial role in generating their soliton solutions,
a kind of exponentially localized solutions, des... |
1,941,325,217,813 | arxiv |
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
This paper presents an online primal-dual algorithm for the edge-weighted
bipartite matching problem
that is $0.5086$-competitive,
resolving a long-standing open problem in the study of online algorithms.
In particular, this work merges and refines the results of
Fahrbach ... |
1,941,325,217,814 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $p_G(k)$ be the {\em chromatic polynomial} of a simple graph $G$ that is $p_G(k)$ is the number of proper $k$-colorings of $G.$ In 1980 Akiyama and Harary \cite{AKH} raised the following question `Is there a graph $G$ that is not self-complementary and has a chromatic polynomial that equal... |
1,941,325,217,815 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Whether acting as a teacher, an editor, or a creative partner, both artificially intelligent systems (AI) and human users can learn from each other to improve not only their own design and stylistic techniques, but also their ability to evaluate their own work for quality.
Interactive evolution... |
1,941,325,217,816 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Formulation of the macroscopic irreversibility in terms of the entropy production and its application to the upper bound on the efficiency of heat engines was a cornerstone in the development of thermodynamics. The Clausius relation, which relates energy exchanges with thermal reservoirs to the ... |
1,941,325,217,817 | arxiv | \section{Bjorken scenario of a heavy-ion collision}
\label{sec:Maire-BjorkenScenario}
Under sufficiently high energy densities, it becomes possible to create an exotic state of partonic matter,
the so-called Quark-Gluon Plasma.
The QGP consists in a high-density medium of strongly interacting matter,
made of quarks... |
1,941,325,217,818 | arxiv | \section{Proofs}
\subsection{Proof of Theorem \ref{theorem:sorr}}
\label{proof_theorem_sorr}
\begin{proof}
To prove Theorem 1, we need the following lemma.
\begin{lemma}[\cite{ogryczak2003minimizing}]. $\phi_k(S)$ is a convex function of the elements of $S$. Furthermore, for any $i\in [1,n]$, we have $\sum_{i=1}^k s_... |
1,941,325,217,819 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Does the distribution of masses of stars forming in isolation differ
from those forming in clustered environments? The initial mass function
inferred from local field stars appears to be consistent with that
seen in clusters \citep[e.g.,][]{Bastian10}, however, the local
field star population is... |
1,941,325,217,820 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we consider nonlinear dynamical system described by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE's) of the form
\begin{equation} \label{eqn: ODE intro}
\dot{x}(t) = f(x(t),u(t),w(t)), \quad u \in U,\quad w \in W, \quad x(0)=x_0\in \mathbb{R}^n,
\end{equation}
where $f:\mathbb{R}^n \times \m... |
1,941,325,217,821 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Tensor networks for quantum lattice systems
have their origins in the proposal twenty-five years ago of
\textit{matrix product states} (MPS) \cite{fannes_finitely_1992,
schollwock_density-matrix_2011,verstraete_matrix_2009}
(introduced as finitely
correlated states \cite{fannes_finitely_199... |
1,941,325,217,822 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\input{Introduction.tex}
\section{Preliminaries}
\input{Preliminaries.tex}
\section{Robots' Dynamics in Presence of Two Faults}
\input{TwoFaults.tex}
\section{Conclusion}
\input{Conclusion.tex}
{\small
\subsection{Model and Notation}
Let $X$ denote a set of identical robots moving on... |
1,941,325,217,823 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Radio polarisation studies are powerful probes of the physical processes that shape the evolution of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) and of the magnetic field structure in these sources. Moreover, they provide us with a unique tool to investigate the properties of the magnetoionic medium... |
1,941,325,217,824 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have received great attention in recent years. Many DNNs that are artificially designed by researchers have been applied to many scenarios, such as image classification~\cite{simonyan_2015_vgg,He_2016_resnet}, object detection~\cite{re_2015_faster, R... |
1,941,325,217,825 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A \emph{symplectic matrix} is a matrix $A \in \mathbb{K}^{2N \times 2N}$ over
a field $\mathbb{K}$
that is defined by the property
\begin{equation}
A^T J A = J \quad \text{ where } \quad
J := \begin{bmatrix} O & I_N \\ -I_N & O \end{bmatrix},
\quad I_N := (\text{identity in } \mathbb{K}... |
1,941,325,217,826 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} After regaining independence in 1918, the Second Republic of Poland had to build a unified modern state out of territories formerly under occupation of the three superpowers of Russia, Germany and Austro-Hungary. This required, among other things, creating a common educational system. Few academ... |
1,941,325,217,827 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Unexpected accelerating expansion of the universe was first
discovered by observing type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) (Riess et al.
1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999). Independent observations from
baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) (Eisenstein et al. 2005;
Percival et al. 2007), the anisotropy spectrum o... |
1,941,325,217,828 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Stellar population models \citep{tinsley_1972, bruzual_1983, bruzual_and_charlot_2003, leitherer_et_al_1999, maraston_1998,maraston_2005,maraston_and_stromback_2011, vazdekis_etal_1996,vazdekis_etal_2010, vazdekis_etal_2012,fioc_and_rocca_1997,conroy_etal_2009, thomas_etal_2003, thomas_etal_2011}... |
1,941,325,217,829 | arxiv | \section{Statement of the Task}
The manuscript is concerned with the evaluation of the principal value of the quadruple integral
\cite{GlasserSIAMR31}
\begin{equation}
F(a) = P\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{dx}{x^2}
\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{dx'}{x'}
\int_{-1}^1 dy
\int_{-1}^1 dy'
\frac{x-x'}{(x-x')^2+(y+y')^2}\Delta(x,... |
1,941,325,217,830 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Pre-trained language models (PLM) leverage large-scale unlabeled corpora to conduct self-supervised training. They have achieved remarkable performance in various NLP tasks, exemplified by BERT \citep{bert}, RoBERTa \citep{roberta}, XLNet \citep{xlnet}, and GPT series \citep{gpt, gp... |
1,941,325,217,831 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
In the expanding Universe there are many ways to define the distance between two objects, among which the luminosity distance and angular diameter distance are two widely used definitions. The former is defined by the fact that the brightness of a distant source seen by ... |
1,941,325,217,832 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The attention of the high energy physics community has been focussed on
the prospects of new physics search at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) \cite{review}.
It is gratifying to note that the proton -proton collisions with
stable beams is now operational at an energy ($\sqrt{s}$ = 7 $Te... |
1,941,325,217,833 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Trapped ultracold atoms provide an ideal system to implement quantum
simulations of interacting lattice systems~\cite{bloch08}:
a key tool is given by the use of optical lattices~\cite{lewenstein12},
which are used for instance to study Josephson dynamics~\cite{cataliotti01} and
Mott-superfl... |
1,941,325,217,834 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Even though boundary value analysis\slash testing~\cite{white1980domain,clarke1982close,ostrand1988category,reid1997empirical} is a core technique in software testing, it has been acknowledged in the literature that establishing and maintaining correct\slash meaningful behavior at boundaries requ... |
1,941,325,217,835 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The Odderon is certainly one the most important problems in strong interaction physics. It was introduced \cite{LN} in 1973 on the basis of asymptotic theorems \cite{AsymptTheorems}, \cite{Cornille} and was rediscovered later in QCD \cite{Odderon-B, Odderon-KP, OdderonQCD-1, Odderon... |
1,941,325,217,836 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec_intro}
In physics there is the natural need to reduce the complexity of real-world physical systems for the formulation of mathematical models and therefore to work with idealizations. A well-known example of this is the notion of a point particle, which represents an object whose prop... |
1,941,325,217,837 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}\label{intro}
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Consider a general sequential decision-making framework, where a decision-maker (DM) interacts with an initially unknown environment iteratively. At each time step, the DM first observes the current state of the environment, and then chooses ... |
1,941,325,217,838 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
For a poset $P$ and a field $K$, we let $KP$ denote the vector space of finite linear combinations
of elements of $P$.
Differential posets are posets $P$ naturally equipped with linear operators
$U,D: KP \to KP$ satisfying $DU - UD = I$. Differential posets were introduced by Stanley in~\cite{St... |
1,941,325,217,839 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A submanifold $M$ of a Euclidean space $\mathbb{E}^{m}$ is said to be of
finite type if its position vector $x$ can be expressed as a finite sum of
eigenvectors of the Laplacian $\Delta $ of $M$, that is,
x=x_{0}+x_{1}+...x_{k}$, where $x_{0}$ is a constant map, $x_{1},...,x_{k}$
are non-c... |
1,941,325,217,840 | arxiv |
\section*{Introduction}
Over the past fifty years, research funding in the United States has failed to keep pace with growth in scientific activity. Funding rates in grant competitions have plummeted (Fig.~\ref{fig:nih}, \cite{cole1978,nih2015,deb2017,nsf2017}) and researchers spend far more time writing grant propos... |
1,941,325,217,841 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Massive black holes at the centers of galaxies disrupt stars
that pass within the tidal radius of the black hole, resulting
in a process of transient accretion
\citep[e.g.,][]{1988Natur.333..523R}. Dynamical models predict that
these processes occur every $10^3$ to $10^5$ y per galaxy
\citep{2... |
1,941,325,217,842 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Voice conversion (VC) aims to modify the speech of one speaker (source) to sound like that of another speaker (target).
Cross-lingual VC is a special case where the source and target speakers speak different languages.
It is the enabling technology for many real world applicat... |
1,941,325,217,843 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Neutron stars (NS) are thought to be born as the stellar remnants of
supernova explosions involving massive star progenitors. It has long
been assumed that NSs begin life as fast $\sim 10$ ms radio pulsars
emitting non-thermal radiation, with the Crab and Vela pulsars as the
canonical examples... |
1,941,325,217,844 | arxiv | \section{}
\section{Tully-Fisher at 4.5 $\mu$m.}
For 32 edge-on galaxies, spanning Hubble type and mass, we fit the edge-on infinite disk model by \cite{vdKruit81a} on the IRAC mocaics; the stellar dominated 4.5 $\mu$m and the PAH emission at 8 $\mu$m, with the stellar contribution subtracted \citep[][]{Pahre04a... |
1,941,325,217,845 | arxiv | \section{Proof}
Let $G$ be a planar graph. Without loss of generality, we suppose that $G$ is
$2$-connected. This means that the boundaries of its faces are circuits. For
any instance $(G,H,r,c)$, we define $r(e) = 0$ for every edge $e \notin E(H)$.
We say that two demand edges $s_1t_1$, $s_2t_2$ are crossed if they ... |
1,941,325,217,846 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Pairs of tensor fields on manifolds, which are compatible in a certain sense, were studied by Magri and Morosi \cite{magrimorosi},
in view of their application to integrable hamiltonian systems. Besides Poisson-Nijenhuis manifolds -- manifolds equipped with a Poisso... |
1,941,325,217,847 | arxiv | \section{\uppercase{Introduction}}
Strongly correlated electronic systems may have insulating phases
that originate entirely from electron-electron interactions. These insulators, and
their phase transitions to metallic phases have a long history
reaching back into the pioneering work
of Mott~\cite{Mott90_MITs, Im... |
1,941,325,217,848 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A neutral, isolated fullerene molecule is an eminently stable and
symmetrical system. The fullerene ions (either negative or positive) along
with the electronically excited neutral molecule, particularly the
long-lived triplet exciton, undergo instead Jahn-Teller (JT) distortions.
The negative i... |
1,941,325,217,849 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
With a finite poset $\mathcal{P}$ consider its \emph{linear extension graph} $G(\mathcal{P})$, which has the linear extensions of $\mathcal{P}$ as vertices, with two of them being adjacent exactly if they differ only in a single adjacent transposition. The linear extension graph was... |
1,941,325,217,850 | arxiv | \section{The main result}
We consider convex functions $u(x_{i})$ defined on a domain in ${\bf R}^{n}$
and write
$J=\det(u_{ij})$, where $(u_{ij})$ is the Hessian $\left( \frac{\partial^{2}u}{\partial
x_{i}\partial x_{j}}\right)$. Let $\psi$ be any smooth, strictly convex function on the half-line
$(0,\infty)$ and co... |
1,941,325,217,851 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), $MX_2$ ($M=Mo, W; X=S, Se, Te$), represent a new class of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials inspired by the discovery of graphene \cite{Novoselov2005}. In contrast to graphene, monolayer TMD has a direct band gap \cite{Jin2013,Zhang20... |
1,941,325,217,852 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
According to the recent IPCC report on climate change, global temperature is expected to reach the 1.5°C threshold in the next decades~\cite{ipcc-2021}. In the fight against climate change, the energy and power sector is going through numerous changes such as phasing out of coal-based generation,... |
1,941,325,217,853 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}
Ever since Pauli~\cite{PAULI} proved that there cannot exist a selfadjoint
time operator $T$ that commutes canonically with a bounded-from-below
Hamiltonian $H$, there have been many attempts to construct meaningful time
operators in quantum mechanics.
One way to circumve... |
1,941,325,217,854 | arxiv | \section*{Background \& Summary}
Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death worldwide \cite{world2012atlas}, causing a large body of research to focus on the understanding of coronary anatomy and blood flow, disease progression and treatment options \cite{garcia2009computed, goodacre2013systematic, van2018ctc... |
1,941,325,217,855 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{chap:tdr:introduction}
Understanding the fundamental constituents and forces of nature is one of the strongest motivations for society to support experimental and theoretical physics.
This has been again proven for example by the enormous public resonance on the likely discovery of the Hi... |
1,941,325,217,856 | arxiv | \section{Standard Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Links to \textsc{I-MLE}\@\xspace}
\label{apx-mle}
In the standard MLE setting \citep[see, e.g., ][Ch. 9]{murphy2012machine} we are interested in learning the parameters of a probability distribution, here assumed to be from the (constrained) exponential family (se... |
1,941,325,217,857 | arxiv |
\section{Grid obstacle representation in $3$-dimension}
\label{app:embedding3D}
In this section, we show the existence of obstacle representation in three dimension. The proof of the existential result is based on the following theorem by Pach \emph{et al.}~\cite{PachTT97}.
\begin{theo}[\cite{PachTT97}] \label{theo:... |
1,941,325,217,858 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms are a popular and well-studied methodology that can be used to draw samples from posterior distributions.
Over the past few years these algorithms have been extended to tackle problems where the model likelihood is intractable \cite... |
1,941,325,217,859 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section_intro}
Multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) has its root from the beginning of NMT era \cite{dong-etal-2015-multiTask_NMT,firat-etal-2016-multiWay_MNMT}
but only made its first milestone when Google's end-to-end MNMT arrived \cite{johnson-etal-2017-googles} where the arti... |
1,941,325,217,860 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In digital communications, we typically assume that the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at the receiver provides a sufficiently fine grained quantization of the magnitude of the received signal.
However, for very high data rate short link communication the power consumption of the ADC becomes a... |
1,941,325,217,861 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Duality transformations have provided a useful tool for investigating many
theories both in the continuum and on the lattice. The term duality has been used
to describe many types of transformation.
A common property of these transformations is a mapping from the
strong coupling region of on... |
1,941,325,217,862 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The main advantage of block-coordinate algorithms is to result in
implementations with reduced complexity and memory requirements
per iteration. These benefits have long been recognized
\cite{Ausl71,Ceaj71,Orte70} and have become increasingly
important in very large-scale problems. In additio... |
1,941,325,217,863 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this work we consider the computation of expectation values at the output of a shallow quantum circuit. Suppose we are given an $n$-qubit quantum circuit $U$ of depth $d=\mathcal{O}(1)$ along with $n$
single-qubit operators $O_{1},\dots,O_{n}$. If each operator $O_j$ is Hermitian then the ten... |
1,941,325,217,864 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Security protocols implement secure communication over insecure channels,
by using cryptography.
Despite underpinning virtually every communication over the internet,
new flaws that compromise security are routinely discovered
in deployed protocols.
Automatic protocol verificat... |
1,941,325,217,865 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Charge density waves (CDWs) have been predicted in cuprates not long after the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity \cite{Zaanen1989, Machida1989} and are now considered as a generic property of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cuprates, although their microscopic origin and... |
1,941,325,217,866 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sec.intro}
The concept of quasi-PDFs for hadrons has been proposed recently in the seminal papers by Ji~\cite{Ji:2013dva, Ji:2014gla} and has received a lot of attention.
Different from the standard parton distribution functions (PDFs) which are defined through the light-cone correlat... |
1,941,325,217,867 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In the last few years there has been growing interest in
non-perturbative effects coming from Euclidean D-brane instantons
\cite{Becker:1995kb}, mainly due to the realization
\cite{Blumenhagen:2006xt,Ibanez:2006da,Florea:2006si} that they could
be used for solving some longstanding difficulties ... |
1,941,325,217,868 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Conformal and projective structures date back to Cartan \cite{Cartan23b,Cartan24,Cartan37} and have since been studied by a few authors. In the 1960s, Kobayashi-Nagano \cite{KobayashiN64} worked on projective structures, while Ogiue \cite{Ogiue67} worked on conformal Cartan connections. Both geo... |
1,941,325,217,869 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the major goals of relativistic heavy ion collision experiments is to study a transition from a hadron gas to the quark-gluon plasma. The RHIC Beam Energy Scan experimental program is devoted to searching for the critical point of this transition by lowering collision energy from 200 GeV ... |
1,941,325,217,870 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this article we are concerned with three problems, namely (a) generalized Lieb's inequality (b) uniqueness of non-negative super-solutions and (c) local Faber-Krahn estimate, of
seemingly different flavor but related by heat kernel estimates and hitting time estimates. The central theme of... |
1,941,325,217,871 | arxiv | \section{RKKY interaction in $n$ dimensions}
We begin with conventional form of the exchange interaction
between the localized moment ${\bf J}$ and electron spin density
${\bf s}({\bf r})$ :
\begin{equation}
V({\bf r})=
-A {\bf J}({\bf R}) {\bf s}({\bf r}) \delta({\bf R}-{\bf r})
\end{equation}
He... |
1,941,325,217,872 | arxiv | \section{Model equations for a ternary composition}
In general, PNP-type models consider the solvent as an effective background medium. This assumption, however, breaks in the high concentration limit, e.g., in ionic liquids. Respectively, we derive a ternary model by considering first model equations for asymmetric p... |
1,941,325,217,873 | arxiv | \section{\bf Conclusions and directions of future research}
The problem of computing the Euclidean dimension of a given graph is an interesting and difficult one.
In this paper, we determined this quantity for twelve well known graphs. Admittedly, we focused on rather
small graphs, but even so, some of the embeddi... |
1,941,325,217,874 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Present LHC data already provide convincing evidence that the scalar particle observed at the LHC is the one predicted by the Brout-Englert-Higgs breaking mechanism~\cite{Englert:1964et,Higgs:1964pj} of the $SU(2)_L \times U(1)_Y$ symmetry as implemented in the Standard Model (... |
1,941,325,217,875 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Most striking findings at RHIC are the large elliptic flow $v_2$~\cite{Ackermann:2000tr}
and the strong suppression of nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}$~\cite{Adcox:2001jp}.
The $v_2$ is defined by the second harmonic Fourier coefficient of
azimuthal particle... |
1,941,325,217,876 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Runaway electrons (RE), thermal electrons accelerated to relativistic energies during the rapid termination of a magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) plasma, pose a threat to ITER if they are not avoided or mitigated before they hit the wall, causing damage to plasma facing components \cite{Hender2... |
1,941,325,217,877 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Time series are an important and ubiquitous source of data that correspond to sequences of observations ordered in time \cite{SantosK16}. Time series data are produced from a wide range of natural phenomena and human activities such as weather readings, stock prices, physiologic... |
1,941,325,217,878 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\mc{M}$ be a complex star-algebra, and $\Exp{\cdot}$ a star-linear functional on it. Let $\Gamma(\mc{M})$ be the complex unital star-algebra generated by non-commuting symbols $\set{X(a): a \in \mc{M}}$ and $1$, subject to the linearity relations
\[
X(\alpha a + \beta b) = \alpha X(a)... |
1,941,325,217,879 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The idea of topological defects that present internal structure was first
introduced in \cite{wit85}, within the context of modeling superconducting
strings. It was also explored by other authors \cite{lsh85,mac88} in
different contexts, and more recently the works \cite{mor94,mor95}
also inves... |
1,941,325,217,880 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Annotating images by computers is crucial for accessing the many unlabeled images at a semantic level.
Due to the semantic gap, i.e., the lack of correspondence between visual features extracted from the pictorial content and a user's interpretation of the content, image auto-a... |
1,941,325,217,881 | arxiv | \section{Conclusion}
\label{section:conclusion}
In this work, we consider a mmWave frequency-selective setting, in which a PGA algorithm in conjunction with spatial-frequency waterfilling jointly optimizes the RIS phase matrix and power allocation matrices per subcarrier. This work is an extension from the sub-6 GHz na... |
1,941,325,217,882 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
A hot subdwarf is a member of one of the subdwarf B (sdB), helium sdB (He-sdB), subdwarf O (sdO) or helium subdwarf O (He-sdO) classes.
These stars are recognized and classified by properties of their spectra, such as the profiles and relative strength of hydrogen and helium spec... |
1,941,325,217,883 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\looseness=-1
Encouraging \emph{orthogonality} in neural networks has proven to yield several compelling benefits.
For example, orthogonal initializations allow extremely deep vanilla convolutional neural networks
to be trained quickly and stably~\citep{xiao2018dynamical, saxe2013exact}.
And i... |
1,941,325,217,884 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Understanding cryosphere dynamics is key to modelling climate change.
The contribution of land ice to global mean sea level (GLMS) rise for medium emissions scenarios is projected to be at least 0.10 m with some models predicting a contribution of up to 0.27 m \cite{Cazenave20... |
1,941,325,217,885 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In view of compactness geometry, it is important to understand notions of curvature lower bounds in spaces with low regularity. It is natural to ask if $C^0$ structure is sufficient to define the scalar curvature lower bound as opposed to the theory of Ricci curvature and sectional curvature. ... |
1,941,325,217,886 | arxiv | \section{Revised outline}
\section{Introduction}
One of the most crucial factors in determining the size of magnetic-confinement based fusion energy (MFE) reactors is the level of plasma confinement achieved \cite{Doyle:07}. In MFE-relevant plasmas, the dominant physical processes which determine this confinement ar... |
1,941,325,217,887 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Massless Dirac electrons in single-layer graphene offer an opportunity to study condensed-matter counterparts of
relativistic effects and to achieve new regimes in quantum many-body systems \cite{CastroNeto,Novoselov,Kotov}.
Low-energy electronic excitations in this material obey the Dirac equati... |
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