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1,941,325,217,888 | arxiv | \section{Eavesdropping on mixed states}
In the six state protocol with mixed states
Alice sends instead of pure states one of the following
six mixed states (either deliberately, or due to unavoidable noise in the
transmission channel):
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho^{\scriptscriptstyle i}={(1-p)}\proj{i}+ \frac{{p}}{2} {\... |
1,941,325,217,889 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The transfer plays an important role both in stable homotopy theory of classifying spaces and group cohomology. Given a finite group $G$ and a prime $p$, if $S$ is a Sylow $p$-subgroup, the properties of the transfer imply that the mod $p$ cohomology of $G$ injects into the mod $p$ cohomology of... |
1,941,325,217,890 | arxiv | \section*{Supplemental Material}
\twocolumngrid
|
1,941,325,217,891 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
We address the numerical solution of fractional-order parabolic equations, of order $\alpha\in(0,1)$, of the form
\beq\label{problem}
D_t^{\alpha}u+{L} u=f(x,t)\qquad\mbox{for}\;\;(x,t)\in\Omega\times(0,T]
\eeq
subject to an initial condition $u(\cdot,0)=u_0$ in $\Omega$, an... |
1,941,325,217,892 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The analysis of sub-cortical structures and pathological regions in brain Magnetic Resonance (MR) images is crucial in clinical diagnosis, treatment plan and post-operation assessment. Taking the Hippocampus for an example, the segmentation of this sub-cortical structure in brain MR images has be... |
1,941,325,217,893 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The formation of terrestial planets or of giant planets by core
accretion requires the build up of a population of planetesimals. To
form these bodies, dust grains need to grow from micron to kilometer
sizes, i.e. grains need to increase in size by at least nine orders of
magnitude in size scale... |
1,941,325,217,894 | arxiv |
\section*{Acknowledgments}
We would like to acknowledge the Stanford Machine Learning Group (\url{stanfordmlgroup.github.io}) and the Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (\url{AIMI.stanford.edu}) for infrastructure support. Thanks to Alistair Johnson for support in the radi... |
1,941,325,217,895 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $\Omega $ be a smooth bounded open set of $\mathbb{R}_{x}^{N}$ (the $N
-dimensional numerical space of variables $x=\left( x_{1},...,x_{N}\right)
) with $N\geq 2$. We consider a compact subset $T$ of $\mathbb{R}_{y}^{N}$
with smooth boundary and nonempty interior such that
\begin{equat... |
1,941,325,217,896 | arxiv | \section{The bulk spin Hall conductivity in the normal state}
As the system is analogous to the metallic phase of Kane-Mele (KM) model,
we would have the spin Hall conductivity. In the Fourier space,
\begin{eqnarray}
H_0&=&\sum_{\bm k,\sigma}\sum_{l,l'} c_{\bm k l \sigma}^\dagger (\hat{h}_{0\bm k \sigma})_{l l' } c_... |
1,941,325,217,897 | arxiv |
\section{Closed Annotated Partial Orders}\label{sec:closure}
In this section we develop the core algorithmic concepts that will be used in the enumerative exploration of the $\mathcal{\mathcal{VHB}}$.
We introduce \emph{annotated partial orders}, which are traditional partial orders over events, with additional ... |
1,941,325,217,898 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The observed flatness, isotropy, and homogeneity of the universe on large scales strongly suggest that the universe
underwent a period of inflation at early times (for a review see \cite{Dine:2003ax}). An important consequence of this epoch is that pre-inflationary
relics are exponentially dilu... |
1,941,325,217,899 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the fascinating features of proteins is their ability to lock
into a specific, folded structure. This feature is often crucial to
their function. A key structural unit which frequently appears in
proteins is the helix. Helical structures also appear in other
molecules, such as in DNA, ... |
1,941,325,217,900 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $D$ be an integral domain with quotient field $K$, and let $L$ be a field extension of $K$. The \emph{Zariski space} $\mathrm{Zar}(L|D)$ of $L$ over $D$ is the set of all valuation domains containing $D$ and having $L$ as quotient field. This set was originally studied by Zariski during its ... |
1,941,325,217,901 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Random interlacements on $\mathbb{Z}^d$, with $d \geq 3$, is a Poissonian soup of doubly infinite random walk paths. It is often used in the study of the local structure of a simple random walk covering a fixed proportion of the volume of a torus $(\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z})^d$, see e.g. \cite{pr... |
1,941,325,217,902 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is an elegant and effective technique in Riemannian geometry to consider
the minimum-length curve in each nontrivial free homotopy class of closed
curves in a compact Riemannian manifold. Such a minimum-length curve
always exists and is a smooth closed geodesic. This idea is, for exa... |
1,941,325,217,903 | arxiv | \section*{References}}
\newif\ifAMStwofonts
\ifAMStwofonts \else
\def\pi{\pi}
\def\mu{\mu}
\def\partial{\partial}
\fi
\def {\mathrm{d}}{{\mathrm{d}}}
\def \mathrm{d}x{\mathrm{d}x}
\def \mathrm{d}y{\mathrm{d}y}
\def \mathrm{d}z{\mathrm{d}z}
\def \mathrm{d}t{\mathrm{d}t}
\def \mathrm{d}I{\mathrm{d}I}
\newcomm... |
1,941,325,217,904 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and modern-day Artificial Intelligence (AI) seek to mimic the considerable power of a biological brain to learn information from data and robustly perform a variety of tasks, such as text and image classifications, speech recognition, machine translation, and se... |
1,941,325,217,905 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Clusters of galaxies, by virtue of being both relatively rare objects
and the largest gravitationally bound systems in the Universe, provide
stringent constraints on theories of structure formation. The two
cluster properties that are most commonly discussed in this context
are the abundance and... |
1,941,325,217,906 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A complete graph or clique is a graph that contains an edge for every pair of distinct vertices. Diameter of a graph is the length of a longest shortest path in the graph. Any clique has diameter $1$. A generalization of this notion is $s$-club, a graph of diameter $s$. In general graphs, finding... |
1,941,325,217,907 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
The emission of Hawking radiation \cite{Hawking} from black holes has been a favourite
topic in the literature since it combines the most fascinating objects of the General
Theory of Relativity with the manifestation of a quantum effect in curved spacetime.
One of the oldest b... |
1,941,325,217,908 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Many hypothesised candidates for dark matter are proposed to have weak coupling to established standard model particles, such as photons\cite{Goodsell:2009aa,Abel:2008aa}. This includes axions\cite{Peccei:2008aa,Preskill:1983aa} and paraphotons\cite{Okun,Jaeckel:2008aa} which have both been sub... |
1,941,325,217,909 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
In the framework of superstring and $M$-theory compactifications,
there are always moduli fields coupled
in a very special way to the gravitational and matter sector of the
effective $N=1$ four-dimensional supergravity.
The gravitational and the scalar field
part of the effective L... |
1,941,325,217,910 | arxiv | \section{Theoretical Methods}
Let us consider two particles moving on the surface of a sphere of radius R. The coordinates of the particle
on the surface of a sphere are given by $\Omega\equiv(\theta,\phi)$. The time independent Schr\"odinger equation
for two particles, on the surface of a sphere, is given by (in a.u... |
1,941,325,217,911 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In his seminal paper \cite{Plotkin}, Gordon Plotkin explores the
relationship between the operational (reduction) semantics and the denotational
semantics of the functional programming language PCF. PCF is a call-by-name
typed lambda calculus with the ground types boolean and integer,
and any fu... |
1,941,325,217,912 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
All our graphs are simple and undirected, and we allow uncountable graphs. We start by stating basic definitions. For graphs $F$, $G$ and $H$, we write $F \to (G,H)$ if every red-blue coloring of the edges of $F$ produces a red copy of $G$ or a blue copy of $H$. A red-blue coloring o... |
1,941,325,217,913 | arxiv | \section{\sc Introduction}
In many applications in the physical, environmental, and biomedical sciences, the experimental conditions
may change during the exposure period. This research is motivated by a study on altitude decompression sickness (DCS), a condition caused by a decrease in pressure and lower oxygen leve... |
1,941,325,217,914 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Let $X$ be a smooth projective variety
and $f\colon X\longrightarrow X$ a surjective endomorphism on $X$
both defined over $\var{\Q}$.
Here an endomorphism simply means a self-morphism.
Fix an ample divisor $H$ on $X$ defined over $\var{\Q}$
and take a Weil height function $h_H... |
1,941,325,217,915 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of the properties of highly excited molecules has yielded great insight into the details of chemical dynamics. While much of the work has focused on energy partitioning in the products of photodissociation or reactions \cite{Eppink1999, Polanyi1987}, a great deal of insight has also bee... |
1,941,325,217,916 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Consider a dynamical system given by a real variable, $V$, and a complex
variable, $J$, with Poisson brackets
\begin{equation} \label{VJ}
\{V,J\}= i\delta J\quad,\quad \{V,\bar{J}\}=-i\delta\bar{J}\quad,\quad
\{J,\bar{J}\}= 2i\delta V
\end{equation}
for a fixed real $\delta$. If we identify
$H... |
1,941,325,217,917 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}}
The ability to automatically recognize a person's context (\emph{i.e.\/},~where they are, what they are doing, who they are with,~\emph{etc.\/}) is greatly beneficial in many domains. Health monitoring and lifestyle interventions have traditionally been based on manual, s... |
1,941,325,217,918 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The rise of high throughput techniques has dramatically increased the resolution of biological data, often
approaching the maximum possible for the data type (e.g., all genes in an organism or all nucleotide
positions in a genome). The promise of this data is that it allows researchers to te... |
1,941,325,217,919 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
With the advances of micro- and nanotechnology simulation tools
for rigorous solutions of Maxwell's equations have become an
important tool in research and development.
Designing, e.g., a nanooptical component or a metrology tool is
usually assisted by computer simulations, and simulations a... |
1,941,325,217,920 | arxiv | \subsubsection*{Notation and Terminology}
$\ZZ_+$ is the set $\ZZ_+=\{0,1,2,\dots\}$ of all non-negative integers.
$j\RR=\{s\in\CC:\ \tx{Re}(s)=0\}$,
$\CC_+= \{s\in\CC:\ \tx{Re}(s)>0\}$, $\TT=\{z\in\CC:\ |z|=1\}$, and
$\DD_+=\{z\in\CC:\ |z|>1\}$
are the frequently referenced subsets of the complex plane $\CC$:
t... |
1,941,325,217,921 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Given a genus-$g$ Heegaard splitting of a closed orientable $3$-manifold, the genus-$g$ {\it Goeritz group} is the group of isotopy classes of orientation-preserving homeomorphisms of the manifold preserving each of the handlebodies of the splitting setwise.
When a manifold a... |
1,941,325,217,922 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Main Results}
In the past few decades, there have been several discoveries in the field of quantum information science
which utilize quantum mechanical principles to enhance
our abilities to compute and communicate \cite{ekhane-NC}.
An important connecting string in this area is the no... |
1,941,325,217,923 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{into}
The exponential growth of visual and pictorial content undoubtedly drives an increasing need for image similarity quantification that can be utilized for various computer vision applications. The similarity of two images is often measured with respect to some attributes, for instance... |
1,941,325,217,924 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A convex partition of $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $n$ parts is a covering $\mathcal{P}=\{C_1,\dots,C_n\}$ of $\mathbb{R}^d$ consisting of closed convex bodies with pairwise disjoint interiors. We say that a hyperplane $H\subset\mathbb{R}^d$ avoids a set $C$ if it does not intersect its interior.
The cl... |
1,941,325,217,925 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $C$ be a curve of genus $2$ over a number field $k$, with Jacobian $J$. In an effort to describe the (finite) set $C(k)$, we are led to the study of $J(k)$. To determine its rank, we refer to a well-known exact sequence
\begin{equation}\label{exact}
0 \to J(k)/2J(k) \to \Sel^{(2)}(k,J) \to ... |
1,941,325,217,926 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In nuclear reactions the detailed studies of the three-flavor
processes, including $u$, $d$ and $s$ quarks, will be mandatory to
develop fundamental nuclear theories of hadrons and nuclei, as well as
the large spectacular cosmic objects like neutron stars.
Having a core with supra-nu... |
1,941,325,217,927 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
We consider a compact, smooth, three-dimensional manifold $V$,
diffeomorphic to
\[
K(0,r_0,r_1) := \left\{ {\vec x} \in \mbox{\msb R}^3 \, \Big| \,
(r_0)^2 \leq \sum_{i=1}^3 (x^i)^2 \leq (r_1)^2 \right\} \, .
\]
Denote by $\partial V$ its boundary. Limiting cases $r_0
\rightarrow 0$ and/or $... |
1,941,325,217,928 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{submission}
Despite reports of superhuman performance on test datasets drawn from the same distribution as the training data, computer vision models still lag behind humans when evaluated on out-of-distribution (OOD) data \cite{dodge2017study}. For example, models lack robustness to small ... |
1,941,325,217,929 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The shadows of two-dimensional objects are line segments, so it is easy to construct examples of two objects such that one hides behind the other but has a larger area than the other. However, in three dimensions, since shadows have shapes, the question is more complicated. In \cite{Klain1}, i... |
1,941,325,217,930 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}
Recent advances in the fabrication and synthesis of ultra-thin layered materials with unit cell thickness has boosted the art of continuously
tailoring the properties of materials. Among these, graphene, a two dimensional (2D) material of carbon atoms, exhibit unique electroni... |
1,941,325,217,931 | arxiv | \section{Appendix}
\section{Introduction}
\rev{
Developing control systems capable of autonomous operation in diverse, unstructured environments requires control algorithms that learn from experience. Therefore, rapid advances in machine learning algorithms (e.g., see \cite{rasmussen2006gaussian, goodfellow2016dee... |
1,941,325,217,932 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Plasmas are statistical classical/quantum systems involving
charge constituents. Notable are electromagnetic plasmas
whereby the underlying constituents interact through long
range Coulomb fields. The simplest theory of electromagnetic
plasmas is the One Component Plasma (OCP) whereby the const... |
1,941,325,217,933 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
In algebraic graph theory it is common to define a matrix or family of matrices using a simple graph. Properties of a such a matrix or matrices are then analyzed to make connections to a property of the graph. One such connection exists between the independence number $\alpha(G... |
1,941,325,217,934 | arxiv | \section{Introduzione}
Esiste un interessante sito web\footnote{\url{https://www.win.tue.nl/~gwoegi/P-versus-NP.htm}} curato da G.J.Woeginger che raccoglie oltre un centinaio di contributi
di autori che asseriscono di risolvere {\em in un senso o nell'altro} (!) il
problema dell'uguaglianza tra le classi di... |
1,941,325,217,935 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is easy to measure $\tau$ {\pol}$P_\tau$ as it is reflected in the kinematic
distribution of its decay products. Moreover, the best channel for measuring
$\tau$ \pol is also the best channel for $\tau$ identification, i.e. the
1-prong
hadronic $\tau$ decay channel. In particular a simple kine... |
1,941,325,217,936 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Human facial perception (of identity, emotions, personality dimensions, attractiveness \cite{walker2016,little2011,leopold2010}) has been the subject of an intense and multidisciplinary research in the last decades. In particular, facial attractiveness is a research topic in many different dis... |
1,941,325,217,937 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{S:intro}
In this paper we consider the problem of estimating the number of isomorphism
classes of principally polarized abelian varieties $(A,\lambda)$ such that $A$
lies in a given isogeny class of simple ordinary abelian varieties over a finite
field. We approach this problem by subdivi... |
1,941,325,217,938 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Random point processes on finite spaces are probabilistic distributions that allow to model random selections of sets of items from a finite collection. For example, the basket of a random customer in a store is a random subset of items selected from that store. In some contexts, random point pr... |
1,941,325,217,939 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The small collision systems such as $p/d$+A collisions
have been considered a good laboratory to quantify cold
nuclear matter effects, a necessary baseline for
understanding the effects of the hot and dense medium
produced in A+A collisions. This assumption has been
confirmed by sev... |
1,941,325,217,940 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}
Let~$F/\bQ_p$ be a finite extension. The Breuil--M\'ezard conjecture, as originally formulated in~\cite{BMmultiplicites} and generalized in~\cite{Kisinstructure} and~\cite{EGBM}, provides a description of the singularities of potentially semistable deformation rings for~$G_F = \Gal(\overline{F}... |
1,941,325,217,941 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{he} concept of crowdsourcing \cite{howe2006rise} can be traced back to 2006. The basic idea is to divide one complicated or massive task into multiple smaller tasks that can be completed by multiple participants. Crowdsourcing has also been used to find... |
1,941,325,217,942 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The wealth of new data provided by the Cassini mission (and in
particular, the collection of independent radial wave optical
depth profiles of Saturn's rings) opens the possibility to use
wave dynamics to establish physical diagnostics of ring physics to
a level of accuracy substantially higher ... |
1,941,325,217,943 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It has become clear in recent years that the morphology of Planetary
Nebulae (PNe) is much more complicated than was previously
thought. This revolution has been brought about mainly due to
spectacular observations of PNe using the Hubble Space Telescope (see
reviews by Bruce Balick, Howard Bond,... |
1,941,325,217,944 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The detailed observation of the Lyman alpha forest at red-shift $z=2$, the
result from the WMAP experiment, and the observation of the light element
ratio combined with standard nucleosynthesis, all point to the baryon
density (expressed as a present day fraction of the closure density of
t... |
1,941,325,217,945 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the past several years, deep learning has emerged as a ``go-to''
technique for classification.
In particular, object image recognition performance has been
significantly improved due to the rapid progress of Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs)~\cite{Krizhevsky2012}.
On the other... |
1,941,325,217,946 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently neural networks have made an impressive comeback in the field of machine learning. ConvNets or Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are consistently pushing the state-of-the-art in areas like computer vision and speech processing. One of the reasons for this revival is the increasing ava... |
1,941,325,217,947 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{A}{ge} is one of the most important parameters describing individuals in a medical context. For instance, age has a significant impact on the establishment of working diagnoses and the choice of appropriate diagnostic tests \cite{RN1}. Similarly, age is al... |
1,941,325,217,948 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and the statement of the result}
Let $(X,L)$ be a polarised K\"ahler manifold of complex dimension $n$. We have
\begin{itemize}
\item $\mathcal{H} (X,L) :=$ the set of all positively curved hermitian metrics on $L$,
\item $\mathcal{B}_k :=$ the set of all positive definite hermitian forms on... |
1,941,325,217,949 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
PICsIT is the high-energy layer of the IBIS \citep{U03} instrument on-board
the \emph{INTEGRAL} satellite, operating in the energy range between $200$~keV
and $\sim 10$~MeV \citep{DC03}.
Scientific pointings are acquired in Standard Mode, which is the combination
of the two sub-modes: Spectral... |
1,941,325,217,950 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Kondo problem describes a magnetic impurity screened by the spin of the electrons in the Fermi sea,
forming a collective singlet state\cite{HewsonBook,cox1998exotic}.
Its simplest formulation is through the so-called Kondo impurity model:
\begin{equation}
H = \sum_{k\sigma} \epsilon_k c_{k\s... |
1,941,325,217,951 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A single layer of graphite or graphene is an element
of various carbon-based materials
such as carbon nanotubes.~\cite{SDD}
These materials are eminently suitable for future nanotechnology
and thus fundamental understanding of the electronic properties
is indispensable.
The electronic proper... |
1,941,325,217,952 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec1a}\vspace{-4mm}
\subsection{The tree reconstruction problem}
The tree reconstruction problem, as an interdisciplinary subject, has been studied in numerous contexts including statistical physics, information theory, and computational biology. The reconstructability plays a crucial rol... |
1,941,325,217,953 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
\label{Sec::Introduction}
In the last years, composite laminates subject to thermodiffusive phenomena have been largely used in the design and fabrication of renewable energy devices characterized by a multi-layered configuration, such as lithium-ion batteries \citep{Ellis1,Salvadori1}, solid ox... |
1,941,325,217,954 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
The price of anarchy (PoA) is a classical topic in algorithmic game theory and has been investigated intensively during the last two decades in both atomic and non-atomic congestion games, starting with the pioneering paper of
\cite{Roughgarden2002} on the PoA of pure Na... |
1,941,325,217,955 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
Deep learning has enabled remarkable progress in a variety of vision tasks over the past years. One crucial factor for this progress is the design of novel neural network architectures. Most of current employed architectures are designed by human experts, which is time-consuming... |
1,941,325,217,956 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
Heterogeneity is a crucial aspect of the flow of amorphous materials. If these material are driven by an external shear, one observes localized particle rearrangements, called shear transformations (STs), taking place in a small region while the rest of the system deforms elasti... |
1,941,325,217,957 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\par Star forming regions generally show significant substructure on a variety of scales. Observations of the dust continuum have found that many star forming regions are threaded by networks of filaments, often connected to ``hubs" of dense gas and clusters of stars \citep{Myers_2009, Andre_2010... |
1,941,325,217,958 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Aquila rift is part of a dark lane of cosmic dust flowing prominently through the central region of the galactic plane of the Milky Way, forming the Great Rift.
The two known sites of star formation in the Aquila Rift cloud complex, namely the Serpens South \citep{Bontemps201... |
1,941,325,217,959 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Transmitter side channel state information (CSIT) is crucial to the \emph{DoF} performance in downlink BC, but the CSIT in practice is subject to latency and inaccuracy. Since Maddah-Ali and Tse have showed the usefulness of the delayed CSIT \cite{Tse10}, many researches have investigated the \e... |
1,941,325,217,960 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The X-ray source Cep X-4 was discovered in a transient high level
X-ray flux in 1972 by the satellite OSO-7 (Ulmer et al. 1973).
Early positions, accurate only to a fraction of degree, led to a
suggested identification with the massive O6.5V star HD 206267,
responsible for the excitation of th... |
1,941,325,217,961 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Semantic relationships between named entities often span across multiple sentences.
In order to extract inter-sentence relations, most approaches utilise distant supervision to automatically generate document-level corpora~\cite{peng2017,song2018n}. Recently, \citet{Patrick2018} introduced multi-... |
1,941,325,217,962 | arxiv | \section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the instantaneously most luminous events known in the Universe. They arise in at least two varieties, long and short \citep{kouveliotou93}. The majority of long bursts are thought to arise from the collapse of very massive stars, an origin secured thr... |
1,941,325,217,963 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
There are interesting and profound analogies between particle physics
and superconductivity.
This was first pointed out by Y. Nambu, and he invented a concept
of spontaneous symmetry breaking in particles
physics\cite{nam61a,nam60b}.
The global $U(1)$ phase invariance is spontaneously broken i... |
1,941,325,217,964 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the last 40 years matrix models have attracted enormous attention in mathematical physics. Besides their direct applications, matrix models provide a useful playground for quantum field theory and as such they have been extensively studied (see \cite{Morozov:1994hh} and references therein).... |
1,941,325,217,965 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Topological insulators in photonic lattices are an {exciting and active area of current research}.
Among the distinguished features of these systems are the presence of the topologically protected edge modes that under the right set of conditions propagate unidirectionally{, without backscatter ... |
1,941,325,217,966 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{M}{}illimeter wave (mmWave) systems have recently been realized as promising candidates for next generations of the wireless technologies. MmWave systems are high beamforming gain MIMO systems, as a large number of antenna elements can be packed in a small aperture area. However, t... |
1,941,325,217,967 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) has become a standard technique in machine learning and data analysis. NMF is a linear dimensionality reduction technique for nonnegative data where both the basis elements and the weights of the linear combinations are imposed to be nonnegative:
Given ... |
1,941,325,217,968 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of static contact angles and shapes of both sessile and pendant
drops on a substrate has been an important issue in engineering sciences,
including: drop condensation \cite{SBKM11}, biomedical (or
biological) microelectromechanical systems, drug delivery, to cite only a few.
Contact ang... |
1,941,325,217,969 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and Background}
\label{intro}
The number of TeV blazars has grown rapidly over the past few years;
the current generation of ground-based TeV gamma-ray telescopes has detected a total of 58 AGN
as of this writing (tevcat.uchicago.edu).
The majority of these (41 of 58, or about 70\%) belong to th... |
1,941,325,217,970 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In many problems of engineering and science, the response variable of interest suddenly jumps or sharp changes locally. For example, in geostatistics, the responses of different rock strata shows sharp changes at the boundaries of different rock types \citet{kim2005analyzing}. In materials scienc... |
1,941,325,217,971 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Over the last few years, the study of scattering amplitudes has revealed a number of surprising connections with mathematics. Crucially, deep ties to geometry, topology and combinatorics \cite{Mizera:2017cqs,Mizera:2017rqa,Mizera:2019gea, ArkaniHamed:2012nw,Arkani-Hamed:2013jha... |
1,941,325,217,972 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Temperature $T$ and density are controllable parameters of the system.
At sufficiently high $T$, we expect that the confinement is violated and the chiral symmetry is recovered
because the effective coupling at the thermal energy scale becomes small due to the asymptotic freed... |
1,941,325,217,973 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Since its realization as a truly two-dimensional (2D) material,
graphene has attracted much interest, both due to fundamental science and
technological importance in various fields \cite{1}. However, the realization of a
tunable band gap, suitable for device fabrications, is still challenging an... |
1,941,325,217,974 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Hyperspectral imagery captures information about objects across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. These images possess much more amount of useful information compared to standard RGB images and are especially useful in fields like remote sensing and medical diagnosis. The main proble... |
1,941,325,217,975 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\noindent \textbf{Motivation}. There is a whole area of parameterized algorithms and kernelization investigating the \textit{complexity ecology} (see for example~\cite{niedermeier2010reflections}),
where the objective is to consider a \emph{structural} parameter measuring how `... |
1,941,325,217,976 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the last years, deep imaging of nearby galaxies have revealed a plethora of low-surface brightness features, such as dwarf galaxies, stellar streams, shells, and tidal debris. Such features unlock crucial information for galaxy formation and are regarded as tests for the current cosmological... |
1,941,325,217,977 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The electrical transport properties of weakly disordered quantum degenerate
crystalline conductors are normally controlled by occupation probabilities of
states close to the Fermi surface that change in response to electric fields or temperature gradients.
Transport properties then depend on th... |
1,941,325,217,978 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Drop impacts on a solid substrate result in short-time dynamics that involve spreading, splashing, receding and/or bouncing \cite{clanet2004,yarin2006,Deegan2008,eggers2010,bird2010}. Understanding and controlling the post-impact dynamics, including the interaction with the substrate \cite{Bird2... |
1,941,325,217,979 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The mechanostat theory of bone proposed by Frost \cite{Frost1987, Frost2003} describes the adaptation of bone tissues to their mechanical environment by a simple feedback loop. Regions of bone experiencing high mechanical loads become consolidated, while regions of bone experiencing low mechanica... |
1,941,325,217,980 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\noindent Laumon spaces for the group $GL_n$ parametrize flags of torsion-free sheaves on ${\mathbb{P}}^1$:
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:flag finite}
{\mathcal{F}}_1 \subset ... \subset {\mathcal{F}}_{n-1} \subset {\mathcal{O}}_{{\mathbb{P}}^1}^{\oplus n}
\end{equation}
whose fibers near $\infty ... |
1,941,325,217,981 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
Recent years have witnessed great progress in applying graph theory to study MRI-derived brain networks, to discover novel biomarkers for clinical phenotypes or neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease or AD) ~\cite{hao2013multimodal,uludaug2014general,calhoun2016mu... |
1,941,325,217,982 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Information Extraction (IE) is a key step in Natural Language Processing (NLP) to extract information, which is useful for question answering and knowledge base population, for example.
Relation Extraction (RE) is a specific case of IE~\cite{grishman2012information} with the focus on the identi... |
1,941,325,217,983 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Six years after William Rowan Hamilton's fundamental discovery of quaternions,
in 1849 James Cockle introduced a related algebra of ``coquaternions'',
which in modern language is called the algebra of split quaternions
$\HR$. As an algebra, $\HR$ is isomorphic to the real $2\times2$ matrice... |
1,941,325,217,984 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{section1}
The production of most industrially important chemicals involves
catalysis. Catalysis is relevant to many aspects of environmental
science, e.g. the catalytic converter in automobiles and the
dynamics of the ozone hole. Catalytic reactions are preferred in
environmentally f... |
1,941,325,217,985 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies has been conducted on the neutrino oscillation with a great success of measuring neutrino mixing angles. But, some experiments for the neutrino oscillation revealed more or less disagreements with the three-flavor neutrino model, which ... |
1,941,325,217,986 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Semi-supervised learning (SSL),
which exploits the prior knowledge from the unlabeled data to improve performance,
has attracted considerable attention in recent years.
Manifold regularization,
such as
laplacian regularized least squares (LapRLS) \cite{belkin2006manifold},
laplacian suppor... |
1,941,325,217,987 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\paragraph{Causal compatibility.}
The problem of causal compatibility is the problem of deciding whether a given probability distribution can arise from a given causal structure.
The study of causal compatibility in quantum mechanics can be traced back to Bell's theorem \cite{bell_einstein_196... |
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